Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2017) 41: 323-328 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Short Communication doi:10.3906/zoo-1601-46

Tarsonemid (, Heterostigmatina) found in association with bark beetles (Insecta, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Iran

1, 2 3 Wojciech L. MAGOWSKI *, Ali AHADIYAT , Hadi OSTOVAN 1 Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 2 Department of Entomology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

Received: 20.01.2016 Accepted/Published Online: 20.09.2016 Final Version: 04.04.2017

Abstract: The authors report on the presence of species of the family in association with three bark beetle species (Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston, 1857), Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius, 1775), and S. multistriatus (Marsham, 1802)) in two provinces in Central and Northern Iran. The following species are new for the fauna of Iran: Heterotarsonemus hajekae Smiley and Moser, 1985, H. magowskii Khaustov, 2001, and Tarsonemus crassus (Schaarschmidt, 1959). The genus Heterotarsonemus is newly recorded in Asia. The new record of H. hajekae is the second ever known in the world and H. magowskii is now established as new phoront of the bark beetle host O. erosus. Tarsonemus crassus is recorded outside the Europe for the first time. The taxonomy, identification, relationships with beetle hosts, and biogeography of the newly recorded mite species are briefly discussed.

Key words: Taxonomy, Tarsonemidae, Orthotomicus, Scolytus, host association, Ulmus, Pinus

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) None of the tarsonemids are known to be true parasites of are one of the most important pests of woody plants, with bark beetles, but many use them as phoretic carriers and immense economic impact, attacking unthrifty, broken, sometimes can carry and propagate spores of fungi they over-mature, dying, or, rarely, even healthy hosts (Wood, are feeding on (Moser, 1985; Lombardero et al., 2003). 1982). Among bark beetle species, the larger European Tarsonemid fauna associated with scolytines has been elm beetle, Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius, 1775), the smaller well studied in some parts of the world (Lindquist, 1969a, European elm beetle, S. multistriatus (Marsham, 1802), 1969b; Smiley and Moser, 1974; 1985; Moser et al., 1989; and the Mediterranean pine engraver beetle, Orthotomicus Khaustov and Magowski, 2003; Magowski and Khaustov, erosus (Wollaston, 1857), are considered harmful pests of 2006; Magowski, 2010), but is little known in Iran. To date, several species of forest and ornamental trees. The first of only a small number of publications have reported six these species is distributed in Asia and Europe, while the identified and one unidentified species of Tarsonemidae other two are found on most continents (Bright, 2014). living in association with bark beetles in Iran (Ostovan and All of them are considered destructive pests of forest Kamali, 1997; Ahadiyat et al., 2004; Magowski et al., 2007; and ornamental trees in Iran (Abai, 2009). Bark beetles Magowski, 2010; Arabzadeh et al., 2012). The purpose of share their microhabitats with many species of mites and the present study was to present new and corrected data other microorganisms. Mites of the family Tarsonemidae on species belonging to the genera Pseudotarsonemoides are considered important biofactors in association with Vitzthum, 1921, Heterotarsonemus Smiley, 1969, and bark beetles and their communities (Lindquist and Tarsonemus Canestrini and Fanzago, 1876 recovered from Bedard, 1961; Moser, 1985; Lombardero et al., 2003, and galleries and individuals of three bark beetle species from others). The feeding habits of tarsonemid associates of Tehran and Guilan provinces in Iran. The taxonomic bark beetles are mostly unknown (Pseudotarsonemoides, classification of Tarsonemidae, detailed diagnoses, and Heterostarsonemus, many Tarsonemus) but some descriptions of genera reported herewith can be found in Tarsonemus species are considered fungivores (Lombardero Lindquist (1986). Mite specimens were removed manually et. al. 2000) while fewer (Iponemus Beer and Nucifora, from bark samples or insect individuals collected from 1965) feed on eggs of their insect hosts (Lindquist, 1969b). forests and minor wooded areas during two periods in * Correspondence: [email protected] 323 MAGOWSKI et al. / Turk J Zool

Iran. The first sampling was carried out from 1995 to Tribe: Tarsonemini Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877 1997 in various parks and landscapes of two provinces: Genus: Tarsonemus (T.) Canestrini and Fanzago, 1876 Tehran (Nārmak: 35°45′N, 51°31′E; Sa’adat Abad: T. (T.) crassus (Schaarschmidt, 1959): 1♀ on Ulmus 35°46′N, 51°22′E) and Guilan (Rasht: 37°16′N, 49°34′E), sp., Rasht, Guilan Province, 31 May 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; and the second sampling was conducted several times 1♀, 4♂♂, 1 lv in gallery of S. scolytus on Ulmus sp., Rasht, between 2006 and 2010 in pine forests in the western Guilan Province, 31 May 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; 1♂ in gal- region of Tehran Province (Chitgar Park and Peykān- lery of S. multistriatus on Ulmus sp., Rasht, Guilan Prov- shahr, 35°44ʹ N, 51°12ʹ E, 1013 m a.s.l.). Mites were ince, 1 June 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; 1♂, 1 lv in gallery of S. mounted on microscopic slides in Hoyer’s medium and scolytus on Ulmus sp., Rasht, Guilan Province, 1 June 1997, subsequently examined with an Olympus BX 50 phase leg. H. Ostovan; 1♀ in gallery of S. scolytus on Ulmus sp., contrast microscope. The material originates from 15 Rasht, Guilan Province, 3 June 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; 1♀ samples. Each sample is represented by collection data phoretic on S. multistriatus on Ulmus sp., Tehran (Nārmak differing by at least one characteristic (e.g., collection region), Tehran Province, 28 May 1997, leg. H. Ostovan. date) from another. The material collected by H Ostovan T. (T.) fusarii Cooreman, 1941: 1♂ in gallery of S. is stored permanently at the Department of Entomology, multistriatus on Ulmus sp., Tehran, Tehran Province, 7 College of Agricultural Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic July 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; 1♀ insect host not mentioned, Azad University (Shiraz, Iran), and that by A Ahadiyat most probably Scolytus sp. on Ulmus sp., location not in- and A Valizadeh at the Department of Entomology, dicated (probably Tehran), 15 April 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and 1♀ phoretic on S. multistriatus on Ulmus sp., location not Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (Tehran, Iran) indicated (probably Tehran), 16 April 1997, leg. H. Osto- ♀ and the Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, van; 1 in gallery of S. multistriatus on Ulmus sp., Tehran (Sa’adat Abad region), Tehran Province, 16 April 1997, leg. A. Mickiewicz University (Poznań, Poland). Collected H. Ostovan; 1♀ in gallery of S. multistriatus on Ulmus sp., samples represent three identified and one unidentified Tehran (Sa’adat Abad region), Tehran Province, 27 May bark beetle species and/or their galleries. The identified 1997, leg. H. Ostovan. tarsonemid individuals belong to three genera and five T. (T.) spp. indet.: 1♀ insect host not indicated, on Ul- species. Three mite specimens could only be identified mus sp., location not indicated (probably Tehran), 20 April to genus level: two of the genus Tarsonemus and one 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; 1♀ in gallery of S. multistriatus on Pseudotarsonemoides. A list of mite species in systematic Ulmus sp., Tehran (Sa’adat Abad region), Tehran Province, order (with their sampling data transcribed from the 27 May 1997, leg. H. Ostovan. original labels) is given below. Identification of the mite material collected in this Family: Tarsonemidae Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877 study has been difficult for multiple reasons. Most im- Subfamily: Pseudotarsonemoidinae Lindquist, 1986 portantly, the taxonomy of nearly all tarsonemid species- Tribe: Pseudotarsonemoidini Lindquist, 1986 groups involved is insufficiently understood. The majority Genus: Pseudotarsonemoides Vitzthum, 1921 of publications originating from the past century contain P. innumerabilis Vitzthum, 1923: 2♀♀ in gallery of S. a number of issues, of which outdated descriptions are the multistriatus on Ulmus sp., Tehran, Tehran Province, 7 July most challenging. A serious effort to sort out the Nearc- 1997, leg. H. Ostovan; P. sp. indet.: 1♀ in gallery of S. sco- tic fauna of bark beetle tarsonemid associates by Smiley lytus on Ulmus sp., Rasht, Guilan Province, 1 June 1997, and Moser (1974) was only a partial success. Insufficient leg. H. Ostovan. insight into some morphological characters resulted in Subfamily: Tarsoneminae Canestrini and Fanzago, confused diagnoses. Those vague diagnostics and out- 1877 dated publications (e.g., Vitzthum, 1921; 1923) being the Tribe: Hemitarsonemini Lindquist, 1986 primary source of data make our identification of the Genus: Heterotarsonemus Smiley, 1969 Pseudotarsonemoides species less reliable. Furthermore, H. hajekae Smiley and Moser, 1985: 2♀♀ in gallery scarce records on the intraspecific variability in the genus of S. multistriatus on Ulmus sp., Tehran (Sa’adat Abad re- Tarsonemus, particularly for T. crassus and T. fusarii, could gion), Tehran Province, 24 September 1997, leg. H. Osto- render the identifications reported herein uncertain. Suski van; H. magowskii Khaustov, 2001: 4♀♀ in galleries of O. (1970), describing the male of T. crassus, contributed to erosus on Pinus eldarica Medvédev, 1903, Peykān-shahr, amending its diagnostics, and Magowski and Moser (2003) near Tehran, Tehran Province, 14 February 2006, leg. A. updated its in-group classification, but still little is known Ahadiyat; 8♀♀ in galleries of O. erosus on P. eldarica, Chit- of its natural variability. Specimens identified here asT. gar Park, near Tehran, Tehran Province, 24 January 2010, crassus differ in certain minor morphological characters leg. A. Valizadeh. from the current diagnostic standard. Tarsonemus fusarii,

324 MAGOWSKI et al. / Turk J Zool T. - Tarsonemus, - Tarsonemus, T. , Current taxonomic taxonomic Current a record of status confirmed unconfirmed, unconfirmed, probable confirmed confirmed confirmed confirmed unconfirmed unconfirmed confirmed confirmed unconfirmed unconfirmed unconfirmed unconfirmed confirmed confirmed Scolytus Sc. - , Orthotomicus - Reference Ostovan and Kamali (1997), Kamali and Ostovan report present Ostovan and Kamali (1997) Kamali and Ostovan present report present present report present et al . (2004) Ahadiyat Magowski et al . (2007), Magowski (2010) Magowski (1997) Kamali and Ostovan et al . (2012) Arabzadeh Ahadiyat et al. (2004) Ahadiyat present report present Ostovan and Kamali (1997) Kamali and Ostovan Ostovan and Kamali (1997) Kamali and Ostovan Ostovan and Kamali (1997) Kamali and Ostovan Ostovan and Kamali (1997) Kamali and Ostovan present report present present report present Province Province Alborz, Tehran Alborz, Guilan, Guilan, Mazandaran Tehran Tehran Tehran Alborz, Tehran Tehran Fars Alborz, Tehran Alborz, Tehran Tehran Tehran Guilan, Guilan, Mazandaran Tehran Tehran Guilan, Guilan, Mazandaran Guilan, Tehran Guilan, Guilan, Guilan, . Mite and beetle records lacking species identification are omitted. omitted. are species lacking identification beetle and records . Mite Relationship between mite between mite Relationship beetleand in galleries, phoretic on on in galleries, phoretic beetles in galleries, phoretic on on in galleries, phoretic beetles in galleries in galleries - in galleries on in galleries, phoretic beetles - - in galleries, phoretic on beetle on in galleries, phoretic in galleries in galleries in galleries, phoretic on on in galleries, phoretic beetles in galleries in galleries, phoretic on on in galleries, phoretic beetles in galleries . - Heterotarsonemus Tree host Tree Elm Elm Elm Pine trees Fruit Apricot, plum Apricot, Elm Apple Fruit trees Fruit Elm Elm Elm Elm Elm Elm Elm Bark beetleBark species Sc. multistriatus Sc. scolytus Sc. multistriatus O. erosus O. Sc. amygdali Sc. amygdali Sc. multistriatus beetles bark apple Sc. amygdali Sc. multistriatus Sc. multistriatus Sc. scolytus Sc. multistriatus Sc. scolytus Sc. multistriatus Sc. scolytus Sc. scolytus

Pseudotarsonemoides, H . P - Pseudotarsonemoides,

nr. ips nr. ips nr. Tarsonemid mites associated with bark beetles in Iran reported in the present and previous studies. Abbreviations: O. Abbreviations: studies. previous and in the present reported beetles bark with associated in Iran mites Tarsonemid nr. bachmaieri nr. sp. (T.) (S.) sp. 1 (S.) sp. 2 Mite species Mite P. innumerabilis P. H. hajekae H. magowskii T. (S.) amygdali T. T. T. pseudolacustris (T.) T. T. (T.) fusarii (T.) T. subcorticalis (T.) T. triarcus (T.) T. T. (T.) crassus crassus (T.) T. S.- Schaarschmidtia Table.

325 MAGOWSKI et al. / Turk J Zool on the other hand, is a well-known and widespread species T. subcorticalis remains uncertain, as similarly has been (see Kaliszewski and Sell, 1990). Samples from the present realized in the case of two other closely allied Crimean collectings reveal some atypical morphological variability populations of T. nr. endophloeus Lindquist, 1969 spp. with regards to its sejugal apodeme. Unlike T. crassus, T. 1 and 2 by Khaustov and Magowski (2003). Apart from fusarii is not an obligate associate of bark beetles. As the T. fusarii, another two species, namely T. nr. bachmaieri latter is found in a variety of terrestrial habitats (mostly and T. pseudolacustris (Table), are not regular associates soils and deteriorating organic substrates) one may specu- of bark beetles. An indiscriminative method of material late that this variability reflects the suboptimal conditions collecting (by examination of twigs and bark from trees encountered in bark beetles galleries. In his original paper, occupied with bark beetles) provided an impression of a Khaustov (2001) reported H. magowskii phoretic on Hy- more intimate association, which may not be true. pophloeus pini Panzer, 1799 (Tenebrionidae) and in galler- Before the present study, six identified and one un- ies of Orthotomicus longicollis (Gyllenhal, 1827). Thus, our identified species of the family Tarsonemidae had been record adds a new host, namely O. erosus. We observed a reported to be associated with bark beetles in Iran (Os- relatively high density of H. magowskii moving within the tovan and Kamali, 1997; Ahadiyat et al., 2004; Magowski sawdust in galleries, whose individuals could occasionally et al., 2007; Magowski, 2010; Arabzadeh et al., 2012 – see be seen upon uropodine mites (probably of the genus Tri- Table), making it the most species-rich mite family in this chouropoda); however, this association may be accidental habitat context (Ahadiyat, personal observations) in this (see Camerik, 2010a). Our finding of T. crassus represents country. Three tarsonemid species were reported in as- the first extra-European record, associated with same sociation with S. amygdali Guerin-Meneville 1847, four beetle host as in Europe. This association appears more with S. multistriatus and three with S. scolytus (Table). The stringent and host-specific in nature and perhaps obligate results of our study increased the number of identified (Camerik, 2010b). The multitude of situations where T. fu- tarsonemid species to nine. It has also brought the total sarii is found suggests that the notion of “host affiliation” of the genus Tarsonemus species up to six, making it the related to this species and bark beetles cannot be safely most diverse genus among Acari associates of bark beetles applied, even though some sparse records (e.g., Khaustov in Iran. Among all the studied species of bark beetles, S. and Magowski, 2003) of co-existence with Scolytinae are multistriatus appears the most suitable host, apparently known. Of the two species, namely T. crassus and T. fusarii, presenting a set of optimal microhabitats for six identified reported as phoretic in this study, the phoresy of the latter species of Tarsonemidae. Pseudotarsonemoides innumera- is questionable as a natural aptitude. bilis is the only species (among those reported herewith) The present knowledge on identities of reported Irani- found in four provinces of Iran. an species of tarsonemids co-occurring with bark beetles Nearly all tarsonemid species presented herewith (ex- is summarized in the Table. It is conceivable that identi- cept for T. fusarii and P. innumerabilis) are new to the Ira- fications of four recorded species should be re-examined nian fauna. Heterotarsonemus magowskii and H. hajekae in the light of recent taxonomic literature. Both Iranian are both reported worldwide for the second time; more- records of “T. ips” (referred to in the Table as spp. nr. ips over, H. magowskii is the first extra-European record and 1 and 2) in Ostovan and Kamali (1997) and Arabzadegh H. hajekae the first extra-American record. Consequently, et al. (2012), respectively, were published prior to or un- both Heterotarsonemus species represent first records from awarely of the revision of the subgenus Schaarschmidtia Iran and, in a wider context, from Asia. by Magowski (2010), and so the vital diagnostics of this compound group could have not been applied. As origi- Acknowledgments nally T. ips is known to be associated almost exclusively We thank Dr Mikhail Mandelshtam (Russian Academy with pines in North and Central America (Magowski, of Sciences) for identification of bark beetles, and Ahmad 2010), it is unlikely that two recorded populations found Valizadeh (Organization of Urban Sights and Landscape, on elm or apple trees in Iran would represent that, or even District 18 of Tehran Municipality, Tehran, Iran) for help- one and the same species. Similarly, two other species of ing in collecting some material. We are grateful to Dr AM the T. minimax group (T. triarcus and T. subcorticalis) were Camerik (School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sci- recorded in Iran before the work by Magowski and Moser ences, University of the Witwatersrand, Republic of South (2003). While T. triarcus seems to be an exclusively North Africa) for her criticism, remarks, and English language American species, the identity of Eurasian populations of editing, which greatly improved the manuscript.

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