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This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 27 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

The Etruscan World

Jean MacIntosh Turfa

Etruscan Origins and the Ancient Authors

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 Dominique Briquel Published online on: 17 Jun 2013

How to cite :- Dominique Briquel. 17 Jun 2013, and the Ancient Authors from: The Etruscan World Routledge Accessed on: 27 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203526965.ch3

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 O rubbed shoulders,theycould notbutbestruckbythesingularityoftheirlanguage,and that alreadyexistedinAntiquity: atthetimewhenGreeks,EtruscansandRomans arisen forancientauthors.On thispoint,modernscholarshaveonlyresumedadebate advanced. Thispaperwillconsider howthe“age-oldquestionofEtruscanorigins”had spoke alanguagerelatedtoEtruscan. themselves intheirownlanguage(1.30.3);inscriptionsshow thattheRhaetiansactually evoke thenameRasennathat,accordingtoDionysiusofHalicarnassus,Etruscans gave from thenorth,inregionwhereweknowRhaetians. Theirnamehadappearedto 1856: thiswastherequirementthatancestorsof EtruscanscameovertheAlps Niebuhr andT. MommsenintheirhistoriesofRome,publishedrespectively in1811and reprised bythebignamesofGermanlearningnineteenth , suchasB.G. on theoriginandhistoryofvariousancientpeoplesItaly”) publishedin1753.Itwas in hisRecherchessurl’origineetl’anciennehistoiredesdifférentspeuples del’Italie(“Researches natives ofItaly. Athirdwasaddedinmoderntimes,fi where weknowtheminhistorictimes,thatistosaybymakingautochthonous, that whichconsidersthemanextensionoftheoldestestablishedpopulationslocales inherited fromAntiquity:thatwhichmaintainstheEtruscanscameEastand that maybeconsideredtobasedonscientifi to beconvincing.ThreemaintheseshavebeenadvancedinthehistoryofEtruscanstudies remains openandthatcontradictorytheorieshavebeenproposed,noneofwhichcanclaim include asectiondealingwiththequestionoforigins:onecanonlynotethatdebate noted(1.30.2),waslikenootherknown.AnytreatiseonEtruscologywill formative elementsandcharacteristicfeatureswerederived;itslanguage,asDionysiusof arise concerningtheEtruscans:wedonotknowhowthispeoplewasformed,orwhenceits question ofEtruscanorigins,”seeChapter2).Thisisinfactonetheclassicissuesthat Massimo Pallottinodesignatedthisas“l’annosaquestionedelleoriginietrusche” This isnottheplacetoresume considerationoftheissueoranalyzevarioustheories addition tothepersistentobscurityoftheirlanguage,isquestionorigins. ne aspectoftheEtruscanmysteryandfascinationthattheyevokeinpublic, ETRUSCAN ORIGINSAND THE ANCIENTAUTHORS CHAPTER THREE Dominique Briquel 36 cally admissiblearguments. Two were rst bytheFrenchmanNicolasFréret, 1

(“the age-old Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 the debate of the linguistic data: the comparison he drew between Etruscans and the debateoflinguisticdata: thecomparisonhedrewbetweenEtruscansandPelasgians evidence oflanguageandculture. Dionysiuswasalreadywellawareoftheimportance in erudition. Today, anessentialaspectoftheproblemoriginsincludes areviewofthe issue, sinceitisnotconfi nedto repeating theviewsofhispredecessorswithabookish controversial issueandnotsimplytostatehisownposition. at leasttakencare,ararityamongancienthistorians, to makeafullstatementon of scholarship,TheAntiquities.We nolongerhavetheworkofVarro andDionysiushas older contemporary, thegreatRomanscholarVarro, whorecordeditinhisgreatwork has merit:itislikelythatheusedinformationhad beencollectedbyhisslightly not conductexhaustiveresearchintotheworksof authors hementions,hisview fi fthcenturybc.AlthoughDionysius was arhetorician,notscholar, andprobablydid would beatalosstoknowthePelasgiandoctrineaspresented bythishistorianofthe instance, ifwedidnothavehisquotationfromthe a text, his testimonyisallthemorepreciousbecause,exceptforHerodotuswhomwehave ofLydia (1.28.2),HellanicusofLesbos(1.28.3)andHerodotus(1.29.3), recognize inamodernscientist.Heoftenspecifi callyquoteshispredecessors,suchas completeness andobjectivityinpresentingtheviewsofhispredecessorsthatwewould descended fromtheancientPelasgians.Heexposeswholerangeoftheories,witha the existenceofotherdoctrines,Lydian thesisandthethatrecognizedthemas the Etruscans,whoweretohimnativesofItaly. Butthatdidnotstophimconsidering was oftenconsideredthefi rstEtruscologist. of hisfi rstbook(1.26–30),toalongexcursusontheEtruscanissue. dynasty oftheTarquins. ConcerningEtruscanorigins,Dionysiushasdevotedfi vechapters existence ofRome,tothepointwhereitwasruledinsixthcenturybcbyEtruscan in Etruscans–who,asweknow, playedaveryimportantroleintheearlydaysof other peopleswithwhomtheRomanswereincontact,Dionysiusbecameinterested whoadoptsanarrowlyRomanocentricviewandtellsusvirtuallynothingabout extended itsempireacrosstheMediterraneanworld.Thisisakeysourcebecause,unlike to raiseGreeks’awarenessoftheoriginsandearlyhistorycity, whichhadthen rhetorician whosettledinRomeatthetimeofAugustus,andwroteRomanAntiquities We havealreadytwiceinvokedthetestimonyofDionysiusHalicarnassus,Greek ideological signifi cance. of theEtruscansexpressedaperspectiverapportwiththispeople–andthushadan appearances, atrulyscientifi ccharacter, butthatthepositionstakenvis-à-visorigin and whattheissueswere.Itisnotirrelevanttonotethatdebatehadnot,despite that existedinancienttimes,soitisusefultounderstandwhythisdiscussiontookplace Hellas. Inasense,themodernproblemofEtruscanoriginsonlyprolongsdiscussion the time,butonethatGreeksrepresentedashavingprecededthemselvesonsoilof colonists fromLydia, yetalsolinkingthemtothePelasgians,anextinctpopulationat one, byfarthemostwidespread,expressedHerodotus,thatfi rstEtruscanswere of autochthonyortheircomingbysea,thelatterappearingintwodistinctversions, was nounequivocalanswer:theancientauthorswerealreadyadvancingopposingviews, had alreadyposedthequestion,wheredidthispeoplecomefrom?Buteventhenthere Moreover, hisapproachwascomparable tothatfoundinmodernpresentationsofthe There isnothinglikeitelsewhereinGreekandLatinliteraturethatwhyDionysius – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors 3 theauthorshecitesarenolongeraccessibleexceptfor afewfragments.For 37 2 Hehadhisownopinionontheoriginof PhoronisofHellanicusLesbos,we Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 ) Statementofopposingarguments: I) Introduction(1.26.2):presentationoftwoviewstheoriginEtruscans,as • demonstrates therigorofDionysius’method: doctrines thattheauthordemonstratesvalidityoftheoryautochthony. and criticismofthearguments submitted.Itisthroughthesubsequentrejectionofother prefers, butanapproachthatreachesthisconclusiononlyafterasystematicdiscussion theory. Onedoes not fi ndinhisworkaperemptorystatementofthedoctrine,whichhe the discussionandadvancesitsconclusion,leadingtoselectionofautochthonist exposition thereforeseemsimpeccable:wecansaythesameabouthowDionysiusconducts they differmorefromtheLydians thanfromthePelasgians”(1.30.1).Themethodof gods astheLydians normakeuseofsimilarlawsorinstitutions,butintheseveryrespects again hetookcarenottoneglectit,notingthattheEtruscans“neitherworshipsame the Etruscanlanguagebycomparisontomostdiverselanguages.Asforculturaldata, which haveengagedgenerationsofmoreorlessenlightenedspiritswhosoughttoexplain been virtuallyprovedbycontradiction,inthefailureofcountlessattemptsatdecipherment agree withnoneotherinitslanguage,”indicatingacorrectnessofobservationthathas language. Dionysiusreportedin1.30.2,“itisfoundtobeaveryancientnationand Etruscan languagecouldnotbereducedtoeitherofthese or eventoanyotherknown the Etruscansat1.30.1,“theydonotusesamelanguages”) “their languages are differentandpreservenottheleastresemblancetooneanother,” for or didinvolvethetraitsoflanguage(forEtruscansandPelasgians(1.29.2), B-1)Detailedpresentation ofthedoctrineEtruscansasimmigrants,inboth • A)Shortpresentationofthethesisautochthony(1.26.2),relativetoauthorswho • others callthemforeigners”). natives ofItalyandoneasimmigrants(“somedeclarethemtobeItaly, but The excursusistoolongtoquoteverbatim,butasummaryinoutlineformclearly b) The formofthelegenddiffersfromthatwhichisthenreported(ascribedto Presentation ofafia) rstversionofthe legendof Tyrrhenos, sonofAtysking detail, thestatementofDionysiusisasfollows: Xanthus theLydian (1.28.2);thenoneinvolvingthePelasgians (1.28.3–4).In forms, thefi rstusingthe Lydians (1.27–28.1), concludingadiscussionquoting towers, turseis,thatthispeoplehadbuiltandinwhichtheylived. Etruscans inGreek,“,” formerly“Tyrsenians,” fromthenameof our onlywitness.Thisthesisadvancesapreciseexplanationofthename are notnamed(“thosewhomakethemanativerace”)andtowhichDionysiusis ) Briefpresentationoftwoothervariants ofthetheoryLydian origins,amending ) portion ofthepopulationtoleavecountryforItaly(1.27.3–4). ) inthatthereisnomentionofafamine wouldhaveforceda which owesitsGreekname,Tyrrhenia, tohim(1.27.1–2). gave itthenameofLydia, whilehisbrotherTyrrhenos lefttocolonizeEtruria, , thencalledMaeonia,whosesonLydos inheritedhisfather’ kingdomand some textsactuallyheisthe father ofbothLydos andTyrrhenos. Lydian mistress,.Inthesecond, hisfatherisTelephus; accordingto legend (1.28.1).Inthefi rst,theheroisgiven asthesonofHeraclesandhis the genealogyofTyrrhenos andundoubtedly basedonlatere-workingsofthe – DominiqueBriquel 38 4 thusfi nding thatthe 6 5 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 Conclusion:accuracyoftheautochthonistthesis(1.30.2).Thisconclusionispresented • II) Discussion andrejectionofdoctrinesthatdonotfollowDionysius,thistimetheorder the othertwotheses. of theEtruscansasanindigenous populationofItalyisinitsreasoningarejection of theEtruscansbylanguage andculturaltraits)thejustifi cationof thedoctrine does notextendthearguments whichcanbeinvokedinhisfavor(thatis,theisolation that thenationmigratedfrom nowhereelse,butwasnativetothecountry.” Dionysius with themostexplicitmodesty:“thoseprobablycomenearest tothetruthwhodeclare B)DiscussionoftheLydian theory:thiswasalreadyinitiatedbythecitationof • B-2)PresentationofthedoctrineinvolvingPelasgians(1.28.3–4). • A)DiscussionofthePelasgianthesis. • theory (1.30.1). is reversed:fi rstacritiqueofthePelasgianthesis(1.29),followedbythat Lydian between Lydians andEtruscans,butwithoutgoingintodetail(1.30.1). Etruscans. Asnoted,Dionysiusstressestheculturaland linguisticdifferences conclude thattheirlanguageandethniccharacterdistinguished Pelasgiansfrom on Tyrrhenos, aswelltheauthorityofHerodotus(1.57.3),allowing himto (1.28.2),bywhoseauthorityDionysiusquestioned themeritsoftradition b) Another traditiononthePelasgians,notreallyaboutEtruscanorigins,explains b) ThesispresentedbyacontemporaryofHerodotus,HellanicusLesbos,inhis a) ) AreferencetoapassageinHerodotus(1.57.3),quoted verbatim,onthelanguage b) PotentialforconfusionbetweentheEtruscansandPelasgiansbecause theywere a) d) Reference toXanthos,thefid) fth-centurybc Lydian author(1.28.2).Infactthis – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors Myrsilus, wholivedinthethirdcenturybc(1.28.2). This traditionofAthenianoriginisattributedtoanauthora retained inthenameof“Pelargic/Pelasgian Wall” oftheAthenianAcropolis. migration, thenamePelarges, thatistosay“storks”inGreek,anancientform opposite course,travellingfromItalytoGreece,andreceivingbecauseoftheir how Tyrrhenians (so theEtruscansbytheirGreekname)wouldhavedone passage quotedverbatimbyDionysius(1.28.3). genealogical work,thePhoronis,devotedtodescendantsofPhoroneus,ina distinct peoples(1.29.3–4). and Etruscansdonotspeakthesamelanguageare to beperceivedastwo neighbors whoareTyrrhenians, thereforeEtruscans:itfollowsthatPelasgians text, thelanguageofPelasgiansCortonaisdistinctfromthattheir (according tothereadingadoptedinRomanAntiquities).Inthis spoken bythePelasgiansofPlaciaandSylacepeopleCortonain considering RomeanEtruscancity(polisTyrrhenis , 1.29.1–2). only theEtruscansthemselvesbutalsoLatinsandUmbrians,topointof in ItalywherethepastGreeksindiscriminatelydesignatedasTyrrhenians not established neareachother;examplesofconfusionsthathaveoccurred,notably led byasonofAtyscalledTyrrhenos. his owncountry”wasignorantofthetraditionemigrationtoItalybyLydians man andwhomayberegardedasanauthoritysecondtononeonthehistoryof that theLydian historian“whowaswellacquaintedwithancienthistoryasany passage isalreadyusedtocriticizetheLydian thesis:Dionysiuslikestopointout 39 7

History ofAttica, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 a dialectofthisgroup). (which correspondstothefactthatArcadiansofEvander wereregardedasspeaking supported bysomeancientauthors,thatLatinwasGreek(1.90),initsAeolianvariant complacently reinterpretedasneeded,headdedthelinguisticargument, actually the twonationsclashedinTrojan War. To thisaccumulation ofvarioustraditions, allowingusto move ontotheembarrassingfactthat nation astrulyGreekany,” (1.45–69), withagenealogicaldemonstrationtosuggestthat“theTrojans toowerea expedition tocapturetheherdsofGeryon(1.34–44),andthenTrojans ofAeneas of Evander(1.31–33),thecompanionsHeraclesleftbehinduponhisreturnfrom they were“barbarophones”andspokeabarbarianlanguage(1.17–30),oftheArcadians the Pelasgians,defi nedasGreeksdespitethe expressstatementofHerodotus(1.57)that in theregionoffi rst,theAborigines,arbitrarilyconsideredtobeArcadians(1.10–16),of had onlyreceivedpeopleofHellenicdescent.Heserializedthetraditionsarrival barbarians whohadatonetimeinhabitedLatium,disappeared,thesoilofRome absurd, tous)thesisheclaimeddemonstrateinBookI:oncetheSiculi,indigenous even become,overtime,thebestrepresentativesofHellenism.Thisparadoxical(ifnot can hardlyberegardedasscientifi callyfounded:thatthe Romans wereGreeksandhad know thathispurposeinwritingtheRomanAntiquitieswastodefendathesiswhich do theEtruscologistswhentheymakehimfi rstrepresentativeoftheirspecialty. We of theoratorHalicarnassus,itseemsparadoxicaltoregardhimasatruescholar– this passage,actuallyraiseotherquestions.Forifwetakeintoaccountthepersonality bequeathed tous. remains oneofthefi nestexamplesofanalysisandscientifi cdiscussionthatAntiquityhas cannot failtoadmirehowtherhetoricianofHalicarnassusconductedhisinquiry, which Greek andLatin.Intotal,ifonereferstothetypeofdebatepossibleinhistime, Etruscan languageanditsheterogeneityinrelationtoIndo-Europeanlanguages like analysis, weshouldatleastgivehimcreditforfullyperceivingthepeculiarnatureof right onthispointand,althoughhedidnothaveavailablethemeansofmodernlinguistic Etruscans seemsrathertobegthequestion,butletusnotbeoverlycritical.Dionysiusis the mostdecisive.Itmustbesaidthathisbriefstatementonuniquecharacterof issues oflanguageorcivilization,whichintheeyesmodernEtruscologistsareobviously satisfying. Hemaybeaccusedofinsuffi cientlydevelopingpositiveaspects,including Dionysius’ ultimatelynegativedemonstrationoftheautochthonyEtruscansisnot institutions tothoseofGreece,thenotionthatRomewas atitsoriginHellenic. ignores themanytraditionsthat proposedGreekheroesorpeoplesasthesourceofthis or the otherItalianpeopleswere barbarians–andthatiswhythehistoriansystematically whomightbenefi tfromsuchanorigin,whichlentthem prestigeamongtheGreeks; Romans (andthosetowhom theywererelated,suchastheLatins)onlyones in autochthonist theory. ThethesisoftheHellenism ofRomecarriedforhimacorollary:the we mayunderstandwhyDionysiushadcometospeakof theEtruscans–andadopt these” (1.89.2).Nowitisintheperspectiveofthistotally artifi cialvision of Romethat Romans tobebarbarians,“onewillfi ndnonationthatismoreancientorGreekthan subjected toRomanrule,byshowingthemthattheyshould not,infact,considerthe at thebeginningofhisbook,toreconcilecompatriots tothefactthattheyhadbeen Dionysius wasbased,hasnoscientifi c validity: itrespondedtothedesire,clearlystated However, theseriousnessand(tooureyes)scientifi capproachofDionysius,asin Obviously, thethesisofHellenismRomans,onwhichhistoric visionof 8 And,throughouthishistory, heconstantlycomparesRoman – DominiqueBriquel 40 9 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 its values. more thanthebarbariansofItaly, withoutanyrelationshipwiththeGreekworldand Etruscans indigenouspalliatedthisdiffi culty:beingindigenous,theEtruscanswereno privilege oftheRomanstobeonlyrepresentativesHellenisminItaly. To make with theGreeks,integratingthemintotheirownworld–andsoriskedjeopardizing strict linguisticsenseoftheterm,barbarians)haddisadvantagereconcilingthem Etruscans formerPelasgiansorLydians (sincetheydidnotspeakGreekwere,inthe mentality, thatwe mustunderstandDionysius’choiceoftheautochthonistthesis. against theEtruscansforcontrol(“thalassocracy”)ofseasborderingItaly. waters offCumae,hadembarked,atthetimeofDionysiusI(431–367bc)onastruggle , whichinthe timeofHieron(474bc)hadalreadydefeatedtheEtruscansin which thiswascreated,onecanthinkofSyracusanhistorians.ThatgreatGreekcity hero Tyrrhenos associated withthethesisofLydian origin).Asfortheenvironmentin of thepeopleinGreek(presumablyoppositiontoexplanationeponymous explanation ofthenameTyrrhenians byturseis,“towers,”whichcorrespondstothename hideout forpirates,thereputationthatattachedtoEtruscans intheGreekworld. the lootingbyfactthatinattackingthisexternalharborofCaere,hehadtakena especially attackedtheshrineofPyrgi (whichnamealsomeans“towers”)andhadjustifi it wasforDionysiusaGreekcity, and GreeksoftensawRomeasanEtruscancity, inGreekpolisTurrhenis (1.29.2),whereas the dominantgroupinItaly, northoftheareadirectlyaffectedbyHelleniccolonization, and especiallyofRome.DionysiuswasobligedtoconsiderthattheEtruscanshadbeen impossible nottomentionthem;giventheroletheyplayedinhistoryofancientItaly that peopleorcityofthepeninsula.ButEtruscansposedaparticularproblem:itwas been usedbyDionysius. and itisinthissensetoo,despitetheappearanceofapurely scientifi ctreatise,thatit has in thetowerstowhichtheyowedtheirname.Thispresentation wasclearlyderogatory– , theEtruscanswereonlyItalianbarbarians,clinging totheirpiratelairsandliving Herodotus, orofancientPelasgians,accordingtoearlierviews espousedbyHellanicusof Far frombeingdescendantsoftheLydians, accordingtothedoctrine inheritedfrom entourage ofDionysiuscameupwiththispresentation of theoriginEtruscans. , anditislikelyinthiscontext,seekingtojustify hisactions,thatscholarsofthe The conductofthemasterSyracusehadattractedwidespread condemnationofthe suggested, thevisionthatEtruscansheldoftheirownorigins): to showitwasborninaHellenicmilieu(anddoesnotrefl ect,ashassometimesbeen the EtruscansasItalianbarbariansandthustodevaluetheminrelationGreeks. historical work.Anditseemstohavebeentherefromthebeginning,itsaimpresent depreciate theEtruscansvis-à-visRomans,whowerethemselvesatcentreofhis arguments scientifi callyrelevanttous,wasinpartideologicallyoriented:itcontinued the affi rmationoftheEtruscans’autochthonybyDionysius,althoughsupported in thiscasetopresentthem unfavorably, byreducing themtomerebarbarians,without formed. Onehadtriedtoexpress apositionwithregardtotheEtruscansthemselvesand how thispeople,undoubtedly oneofthelargest indigenouspopulationsofItaly, was to scientifi cconcerns,norfromadesire to giveahistorically-basedexplanationas Dionysius isforustheonlywitnesstothisthesis.Butlittlehetellsenough Thus, farfromrespondingtoadisinterestedapproach,purelyscientifi cconcern The creationofthethesisEtruscan autochthonypresumablyoccurrednotinanswer – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors 11 Itisinthissense,negativetermsofitsimplicationsforethnicGreek 16 Hellenis(1.89.1). 41 10 Buttraditionslikemaking 13 itincludedan 14 Thetyrant 12 ed 15

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 fi rstpresentation(1.94). We willanalyze thistext, we shouldseehowthisdoctrinearoseandconsultthepassageofHerodotus,whichisits the templeofimperialcultwhoseconstructionhadbeendecided( a decreeaffi rmingtheirkinshipwiththepeopleofSardisin Lydia, whichwashometo during thereignofTiberius, theassembly(concilium)ofEtruscanpeoplehadissued fi gure. times –Dionysius,withhisadoptionoftheautochthonisttheory, isanisolateddissident dissemination inAntiquity. ItappearedtobecommonlyaccepteddoctrineinRoman of , Herodotus,whosedescriptioninHistories(1.94)ensuredaverywide Lydians andtheotherPelasgians. two doctrines,specifi callythosethatcontradictDionysiusofHalicarnassus,oneusingthe ideas aboutEtruscanoriginsthatprevailedinAntiquity. We mustnowconsidertheother artifi cialdevelopment,respondingtopoliticalends,thisisnotnecessarilytrueofother was intended.Butiftheautochthonisttheory, asDionysiuspresentsit,appearstobean anything torecommendthemintheeyesofGreekpublicforwhomthisdiscourse which involvesmanyotherconsiderations. Oneshouldbeawarethatthistextdoes not colonists senttoItalyandthere foundingEtruriawouldappearonlyafteralongprocess, and usinganumberofelements thatneedtobeexaminedindetail.Theideaof Lydian be analyzedasitoccurs.This isindeedarelativelylongtext,complexincomposition and specifi callyfrom Lydia. But,before drawing anyconclusionswhatsoever, itshould of thehistoricalperiodrecognizedastheirancestorshad comefrombeyondtheseas, failed toreferitasevidenceofatraditionshowing that thosewhomtheEtruscans and theproponentsoftheoryorientalorigin,whether ancientormodern,havenot after thenameofking’s sonwhohadledthemthither. have dwelteversince.(7)Theynolongercalledthemselves Lydians, butTyrrhenians, nations inturn,theycametotheOmbrici[Umbrians], wheretheyfoundedcitiesand sailed awaytoseekalivelihoodandcountry;tillatlast, aftersojourningwithmany and builtships,whereontheysetalltheirgoodsthatcould becarriedonshipboard,and Then onepartofthem,havingdrawnthelot,leftcountry andcamedowntoSmyrna the lottoremainthere,andhisson,whosenamewasTyrrhenus, ofthosewhodeparted. remain andtheotherleavecountry;hehimselfwastobeheadofthosewhodrew divided thepeopleintotwoportions,andmadethemdrawlots,sothatonepartshould to plaguethem,andratheraffl and ate.Thiswastheirmanneroflifeforeighteenyears.(5)Butthefaminedidnotcease that theymightnothavetoseekforfood,andthenextdayceasedfromtheirplay their discoverytolightenthefamine,theywouldplayforwholeofeveryotherday, except onlydraughts,whichtheLydians donotclaimtohavediscovered.(4)Then,using invented thegamesofdiceandknuckle-bonesball,allotherformspastime sought forremedies,anddiversplansweredevisedbymen.Thenitwasthatthey what patiencetheycould;presently, whentherewasnoabatementofthefamine,they Manes therewasgreatscarcityoffoodinallLydia. ForawhiletheLydians borethiswith at thetimetheycolonizedTyrrhenia. Thisistheirstory:(3)InthereignofAtysson among themandtheGreekswereinventedbyLydians: these,theysay, wereinvented developed andtheconcerns–againnotpurelyscientifi cones–towhichitresponded. We beginwith the thesisofLydian origin,forwhichtheauthorityoffather This textisofcourseparamountimportancetothecontroversy overEtruscanorigins, 1.94 (2):Accordingtowhattheythemselves[theLydians] say, thepastimesnowinuse 17 Signifi cantly, itwasadoptedbytheEtruscansthemselves: Tacitus tellsusthat, – DominiqueBriquel icted themyetmoregrievously. (6)Atlasttheirking 42 18 allowingustoseehowitcouldbe Annals 4.55).But Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 inventor, theprotosheuretesofgames. whom wasrelatedthetransitionfromoldethnicname ofMaeoniansintoLydians. tradition reportedbyXanthos(quotedDionysius1.28.2), appearedtobetheking the inventionofgamesinreignKingAtys,sonManes, who,alreadyinthelocal had tograspandinsertitintotheirnationaltraditions,placingthefaminewhichjustifi they hadnothingtoeat.TheLydians, consideringtheirnameasthe“peopleofgames,” with thesameintention:tohelphiscompanionsforget intheexcitementofgame,that blocked atAulis,orduringthesiegeofTroy itself)thattheGreekheroimaginedgames it wasalsoduringafamine(dependingontheversion,eitherwhenGreekfl Lydian informants isindeedclearonthispoint,animitationofthelegendPalamedes: it onlyhelpedjustifyattributingtotheLydians theinventionofgames: based onanideathatdoesnotappearexplicitlyinthetext,rather, asL.Paretihasshown, they themselvesrepresentedthebirthoftheirnationinthisway. presented asLydian: atnotimedidHerodotusattributeittotheEtruscansnorhesay of thegames,sendingaLydian colonytoItaly. Addedtothatthenarrativeis Etruscan originsonlybecauseofthegeneralcircumstancessurroundinginvention Lydians fl attered themselvesashavinginvented.Thehistoriandiscussestheproblemof incoveringanotherpoint:thequestionoforigingames,which in passing.HerodotushappenedtospeakaboutthemigrationofLydian coloniststo appear inthecontextofadiscussionthisparticularproblem.Thisisonlymentioned name wasnearthelinguisticbaseofLatinword the Greekcolonizationenterprises, whetherinageneralhistory(situationofstenochoria , worked foreighteenyears,proved insuffi cient!):faminewasoftenadvancedasjustifying as ameanstoaddressthefamine thathadstruckthem(thegames-solution,which embark attheGreekportof ).TheLydians weremovedtosendacolonyabroad Lydian paralleltothenarrativeofGreek colonization(Tyrrhenos andhiscompanionseven the sameobservationaboutotherpointsofstory:for many reasonsitappearstobea doubt theassertionofHerodotusthathereportsastory Lydian origin).Onecanmake the repertoireofHellenictraditionstakenupbyLydians (since thereisnoreasonto games, itbearsthemarkofascholarlyconstruction,making useofmotifsdrawnfrom of thedepartureLydian colonistsforEtruria.Bythisquestion oftheinvention that goesfarbeyondwhatwouldhavebeenthemererecording ofhistoricalmemory Palamedes, themselves, wasopposedtoaGreekdoctrinethatmaintainedthegameswereworkof in anotherway, by theirinventionofgames. not havetoappear, andthesubstitutionofnameLydians forMaeonianswasexplained name fromLydos, sonofAtys.InHerodotus,however, Lydos didnotappear:buthe ethnic name,Lydians: inthisformofthetradition,ancientMaeoniansreceivedtheir had nobrotherandtherewasLydos, whosenamewouldexplaintheappearanceof I havequalifi edasthe“vulgate,”andwhichDionysiuspresentsat1.27.3–4), Tyrrhenos that Herodotusgave,unliketheversionwasreleasedlaterunderhisname(which creation ofgameswasattributed.We mustrealizethatindeed,intheformofnarrative and meaning“play.” Bytheirname,then,theLydians appeartobethosewhomthe other Indo-Europeanlanguages(forexampleintheGreekverbloidorein,“play,” “mock”) The questionoftheinventiongamesisthuspivotalinthispassage.Butit Thus, theHerodoteanstoryseemsdependentonacomplex developmentprocess In fact,thisassertionoftheinventiongamesbyLydians, advancedbytheLydians – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors 20 oneofthearmyAchaeans,who,duringTrojan War, wasthefi 21 The history that Herodotus collected from his ThehistorythatHerodotuscollectedfromhis 43 ludus (“game”), butwhichexistsin 19 theirethnic eet was was eet 22 rst rst ed ed Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 the verynameoftheirpeople. temple ofthegreatnationalgodCarians, Mylasa, whoboreasanepithet (1.171): thusheexplainedthefactthatLydians andMysianswere allowedtoattendthe Lydos andMysos,respectivelyeponymousofCarians,Lydians andMysians, asbrothers with aseriesofsuchoffi cialclaimsofkinship:itwasamode expression expectedin understanding theydemonstrated inthepresent.Greekepigraphyhasfurnished us united theancestorsoftwo groups.Thiscommondistantoriginjustifi that sanctionedatreatyofalliance, tobepresentedasbasedonarelationshipthathad situations whereagoodrelationship existedbetweentwohumangroups,suchasthose common inAntiquity, bothintheGreekworldandelsewhere.It wasusualfor result ofsendingsettlerschoseninatimecrisis. a similarstoryabouttheMysians,towhomtheywererelated,explainingoriginas Magnesia ontheMaeander, closetoLydia. ItseemsthattheLydians hadalreadydeveloped the Delphicthemeofahumantithe,wasalsocitedforRhegionandCyrene,aswell of selectingthosewhohavetoleavetheirhomeland,combined,whereappropriate,with leaving forItalyweredesignatedbylot(andarethusnotvolunteers):thesamemethod foundation ofChalcidianRhegionorthefoundingCyrenefromThera).TheLydians “lack ofland”)orasareasonforthecreationthisparticularcolony(forexample, of KingAtys,Lydos andTorebos. Torebians spokecloselyrelatedlanguages because theydescendedfromtwobrothers,sons passage quotedbyDionysiusofHalicarnassus(1.28.2),explained thattheLydians andthe this modeofexpression,whichperceivedentirepeoples askinsmen.Xanthos,inthe ancestors oftheinhabitantsAtticaandIonians.TheLydians inturnhaddeveloped third sonofHellen,thebrotherDorosandAiolos);likeAthisIon,eponymous respectively eponymousforDoriansandAeolians,orthegrandsons(borntoXuthus, Hellen, sonofDeucalion,towhomtheywereeitherthesons;likeDorosandAiolos, names toeachofitsmajorsubdivisionswerealldescendantstheeponymousGreek components oftheGreekworldwasexpressedbyfactthatheroeswhogavetheir between twohumangroupsthatwemeetveryoften.Forexample,theunityofvarious has agenealogicalconnectionwithLydia. Butthisisamodeofexpressingrelationship kinship. TheeponymousherotowhomthenewpeopleinWest owetheirethnicname as thesonofLydian king.ThelinkingofLydians andEtruscansthuspassesastiesof between Lydians andEtruscans,thatatthehighestlevel,sinceTyrrhenos ispresented gave hisnametothenation.Thereisthereforeapersonalizedaspectinthisrelationship the nameofthispeople,byusingconvenientmethodeponymousherowho where theywouldhavelaidthegroundworkforfutureEtruria.Ittakesaccountof it wastofulfi llinthe Lydian atmosphereinwhichitwaselaborated. remain openandthatconsiderationofsuchatextcannotdecide,thanwiththefunction intervenes, onethathaslesstodowiththehistoricalbackground:aquestionwhichmust without anyreferencetohistoricalreality. Andthatiswhereanothertypeofaccount colonies insuchcircumstances.Butwemaybefacingatotallyartifi cialreconstruction, ancient timessentsomeofthemtoItalianshores,withGreekmotifsthefoundation the Lydians mayverywellhaveclothedtheirfolk-memoryofamigration,whichin is entirelyaGreekstoryofcolonization. We aredealingwithtraditionsofsyngeneia,“matching.” The textofHerodotusisnotlimitedtothepassageemigrantsfromLydia toItaly That thenarrativeformmodeledonHellenicparallelsisnotproofofnon-historicity: – DominiqueBriquel 25 24 HerodotusknewanothertraditionthatpresentedCar, 44 23 ThestorywereadinHerodotus1.94 26 Thesewereextremely ed the good the ed Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 diplomatic practice. fragment ofHellanicuspreservedbyDionysius(1.28.3), cited fromthePhoronis: the doctrinecanbeclearlydefi ned,aswellthefunctionofastory liketheonein a signifi cantlydifferentcontext:thistimetheplaceofEtruscansinshaping tradition wehavetoconsider, thatofthePelasgianoriginEtruscans, placesusin inhabit, andtheydevelopedanurbancivilization,being organized incities.Butthelast little: theyarerelatedtoUmbrians,presentedastheirpredecessors inthecountrythey context –whatthistextteachesusabouttheEtruscans themselvesisreducedtovery itself. We aredealingwithaLydian storyandcanrecognizewhatisexplainedin a Lydian historical realitycannotbeinferred. around theideaof a kinshipbetweenEtruscansand Lydians. Whetherornotitmeetsa by Herodotusmustbejudgedforwhatitis,ascholarlydevelopmentofvariouselements between theAegeanareaandItalianpeninsula.However, thecompositionpresented story, thosewho developed itwouldhaverememberedancientpopulationmovements But wecannotexcludeiteither:ispermissibletoimaginethatinbuildingsucha between JewsandSpartansshowsthatsuchstatementscouldbecompletelyartifi cial. historical traditionbasedonmemoriesofrealevents.Theassertionarelationship category isnotindoubt. tradition ofsyngeneiacouldhavebeencreated:butthatHerodotus’accountfallsintothis the Aegean.We mustacknowledgeourinabilitytodeterminemorepreciselyhowsucha not totheEtruscansofItalybutTyrrhenians whowereestablishedintheislandsof must admitthatwecangonofurtherintheanalysisofthistradition,sinceitmayrefer refl ectthegoodrelationsestablishedbetween Lydia andthe Tyrrhenian world.Butwe an activediplomacy. Itisprobablyinsuchasettingthatstorycouldbeborn,to atmosphere inthecourtofkingslikeMermnadai,suchasCroesus,whohadpursued brothers, asinthefragmentofXanthosquotedbyDionysius)isreminiscent as refi nedasthis(goingfarbeyondthesimpleassertionthat Lydos and Torebos were origin ofgames–toassertarelationshipbetweenEtruscansandLydians. Construction elements borrowedfromtheGreekworld–storiesofsendingcolonies,atraditionon the Lydian kingAtys,weareprobablydealingwithadevelopmentofthiskind, presented asbasedonveryancientkinship. But thisveryexaggerationshowshowitwascustomaryforthebondsoffriendshiptobe existed orthatthepeopleofSpartawereactuallyconsideredasdescendantsAbraham. brothers andtheyarethedescendantsofAbraham.”Itisdoubtfulthatsuchadocument fact that“ithasbeenfoundinwritingconcerningtheSpartansandJewstheyare no reasonnottoregarditasauthentic):Areiossupportedhisfavorableresponsewiththe response totherequestofallianceandfriendshipthatJonathanhadmadehim(thereis fi rst proceeding fromthere,they colonized thecountrynowcalledTyrrhenia. their shipsontheriverSpines intheIonianGulf,theytookCroton,aninlandcity;and reign thePelasgiansweredriven outoftheircountrybytheGreeks,andafterleaving son wasAmyntor, ’s sonwasTeutamides, andthelater son wasNanas.Inhis wasthesonofPelasgus, theirking,andMenippe,thedaughterofPeneus;his With thetraditionofLydian origin,wearequitefarfromtheEtruscan world In anyevent,suchanarrative,initself,cannotberegardedasrefl ectinganancient With Herodotus’ accountofthebirthEtruriaasacolonyfoundedbyson Book ofMaccabees(12.20–23),withtheletterthatAreioskingSpartasentin – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors 27 ThereisanexampleintheBiblethatalmostacaricature, 45 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 the Greeks.Yet itisremarkablethat,aloneamong barbarians,twoEtruscancities, ancient Pelasgians,theEtruscans werequasi-Hellenes. at leastasrelatedtoapeople withwhomtheGreekswerelinked.Inshort,considered as could beperceived,ifnotasGreeks inthestrictsense(becausetheydidnotspeakGreek), would beapositiveintheeyesofGreeks:being Pelasgian origin,theEtruscans heroes, representedbywriterslikeAcousilaosofArgos orPherecydesofAthens) published accordingtoanancientformofhistoriographybuiltaroundgenealogies to emigrateThessaly. Thesecomplexgenealogicalconstructions(whichHellanicus , whocorrespondstothePelasgosevokedbyHellanicus,andmadedecision in thesixthgeneration,anotherPelasgos,thistimegivenassonofPoseidonand daughter ofPhoroneus,whohadlivedinArgos inthePeloponnesebeforehisdescendant in theprecedingpassage(1.17.2),hadspokenofafi Athis andIon.ButPelasgosisnottheonlyheroknownbythatname:Dionysius, eponymous Helle who weknowwasconsideredthecommonancestorofallGreeksthroughhisson computation ofHellanicusifonecountsPelasgos)beforebeingdrivenoutbyDeucalion, in , thePelasgians hadlivedthereforfi vegenerations(whichcorrespondstothe in historicaltimes,asrelatedbyDionysius(1.17.3),statesthatafterthearrivalofPelasgos Another presentationofthevicissitudesestablishmentfi rstGreeksinHellas that onemustviewtheevictionofPelasgiansandtheirreplacementbyGreeks. is arivergod,personifyingthePeneiosthatfl birth oftheEtruscans. between PelasgoswhorepresentsthePelasgiansandNanasisresponsiblefor ascribe thistraditiontothesyngeneialegend,becauseitestablishesagenealogicallink formation oftheEtruscanethnosisattributed,heprogenyPelasgos:wecanstill descends fromPelasgosinthefourthgeneration.HeisaPelasgian,ittohimthat this groupconsistsofPelasgians–andwefi ndtheireponymoussource,becauseNanas name oftheEtruscansanditssubstitutionforformerethnicgroup.Inthistradition, local data.LiketheTyrrhenos ofHerodotus,itishewhocausestheappearance time itisnotanacronym,butapersonage,Nanas,whosename,weshallsee,refersto hero wholedthemigrationoffi rstrepresentativesofthenationintoItaly. Butthis Hecataeus ofMiletusandfollowedupinhisSurvey. (1.57) –aninvestigationfortunatelyconductednotby himbutbyhispredecessor extant inhistime,includingtheinhabitantsofPlacia and ScylaceontheHellespont only be“barbarophones,”asHerodotusconcludedaftera survey ofPelasgianpopulations of aGreekpeopledescendedfromthePelasgians).Prior to theGreeks,Pelasgianscould later times(especiallytheAthenians,presentedbyHerodotus 1.56,asthefi nestexample even beforethemselvesandconstitutingthesourceof several Hellenicpopulationsof a peoplewhomtheGreeksrepresentedashavingbeenestablished onthesoilofHellas the factthat,linguistically, theEtruscanswerebarbariansitthusconnected themwith eponymous Pelasgoswerecreated,betweenwhomhehadtoimaginebondsofkinship. of –especiallyinThessalyandtheArgolid –andthereforeseveralfi necessitated bythefactthatPelasgiantraditionswerewidespreadinseveralregions This Pelasgiandefi nitionofEtruscanscouldonlyhavepositiveconsequences asregards This PelasgosislinkedtoaThessaliancontext.Hisfather, ,husbandofMenippe, As inthelegendofLydian Tyrrhenos, theoriginofEtruscansislinkedtoa This traditionthenmadetheancientPelasgiansintoEtruscans.Whilepreserving , and his grandsons Doros, Aiolos and Xuthus, the last having begotten n, andhisgrandsonsDoros,AiolosXuthus,thelasthavingbegotten – DominiqueBriquel 46 ows inthisregion.ItisalsoThessaly 30 rst Pelasgos,sonofZeusandNiobe Hewellunderstoodanaspectthat gures ofan 28 were were 29 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 the ApenninesfromSpina; he madeithisbaseforconqueringthewholeofTuscany. relation tothetownofCortona, innorth-easternTuscany whichhereachedbycrossing introduces ustoacompletely differentcontext,thistimeEtruscan. been thefi rsttoreportthisdoctrine, already attheendofpreviouscentury, withHecataeusofMiletuswhoseemstohave the traditionofPelasgianoriginEtruscans(fi fthcenturybc), andprobably was developedbyDionysiusofHalicarnassus. about theidentityofapeople. bchadestablishedsuccessfultraderelationships.Thisisnotscientifi cinquiry Pelasgians andtheEtruscans,thesebarbarianswithwhomGreeksofsixthtofi fth to linkpeoplewhodonotspeakGreekbutareimportanttheGreeksaswere themselves andwhowerethereforebelievedtohavegoneelsewhere,defi nitelyserves of Thessaly–whowereknowntohaveoccupiedthesoilGreecebeforeGreeks In thetextofHellanicusreferencetoPelasgians–andspecifi callythePelasgians which bestmakesusfeeltheaffi rmationofatradition united theSpinetans,CaeritesandGreeks. a prestigiousfoundationforthebondsofexchangeandcommercialpartnershipwhich highlighted theirsyngeneiawiththisnearlyHellenicpeople,andconferredonthemselves trade withtheGreekworld.TheypresentedthemselvesasfoundedbyPelasgians, developed. mainly aroundthesetwocities(andalsoCortona)thattraditionsaboutthePelasgianswere hadtotakeadvantageoftheirPelasgicorigin:itissurelynocoincidencethat building atreasuryinthepan-HellenicsanctuaryofDelphi.ItisthoughtthatSpinaand on theAdriaticandCaereTyrrhenian Sea,wereaffordedthegreatprivilegeof was certainlyexercisedbytheEtruscanelement, precisely thesourceoftraditiontransmittedbyHellanicus. Etruscans andGreeksintheAdriaticSea.ItissuggestedthatpeopleofSpinawere sixth centuryandthebeginningoffourthbc–topromoteexchangebetween city ontheAdriaticattimethatPovalleywasbeingdevelopedbetweenlate the ancestorsofEtruscanswere–specifi callyrelatedtohistoricalSpinatheEtruscan Pelasgian foundation(1.18.3–5).Inotherwords,thePelasgianswerewellplaced,justas . Moreexplicitly, Dionysius,takingthelegend,willpresentcityofSpinaasa disembarked wasdefi nedbythe fi fth-centuryhistorianastheSpineticmouthof a familyname, “sonofTeutamos.” with LarissainThessaly, althoughitisabsurdtomakeanindividualname ofwhatwas andPylaiosthesonofLethos.Thisiswhere wefi nda Teutamid, associated defi nedas“livinginthefertileLarissa;”Homerdescribed as“Teutamid” two leaders, describing inIliad(2.840–843)thequotaofPelasgianswhocametoaid the Trojans, “defender” and“indicator.” AsforthenameofTeutamides, itisaloanfromHomer, of-agent ,-toraddedtotheverbsamuno,“Iforbid,”and phrazo, “Iexplain,”meaning Amyntor, whomwedonototherwiseknow, bearGreeknames,formedwiththesuffi x- Pelasgian rulersofThessalydescendedfromPelasgos, is purelyGreek.Phrastorand narrative ofHellanicus.ThebeginningHellanicus’text, withthegenealogyof This Nanas,wholedthemigration ofPelasgiansfromThessalytoItaly, iscitedin A detailofthetextHellanicusalsoenablesustoguesshowsurvivingnarrative It isprobablythePelasgiandoctrine,asinfragmentofPhoronisHellanicus, Spina wasacityinhabitedbyGreeksaswellEtruscans,althoughtheauthority – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors 31 Itisnocoincidenceeitherthat,aroundthetimethatHellanicusdeveloped 32 thesetwoEtruscancitieswerecentersofactive 47 34 35 33 whichclearlymadeitsmarkonthe Butthenamethatfollows, Nanas, TheplacewherethePelasgians syngeneia abouttheEtruscans. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 that thisCorythuswaslinkedtoamountain,wherehistombwouldhavebeen. even beforeitwasidentifi edwithAeneas. cult-place duringthesixthcenturybc,probablyformysteriousfi gureofPaterIndiges was originallythetombofaLatinchiefearlyseventhcenturybcbeforebecoming excavations oftheheröonAeneasatLavinium,describedbyDionysius(1.64.5),which object ofworshipbyitsinhabitants.We havediscoveredarealitysimilartothatinthe a characterconsideredveryimportantforthehistoryofcity, whichwasprobablythe to theGreekworld.Butitisbasicallysamelocalreality:existenceofatomb the samelegendarylocalhero,traditionsassociatedwithvariouswaysofrelatinghim the ancestorofAeneas,inVirgil’s time.Therehavethusbeenseveralinterpretationsof in thefourth/thirdcenturybc,timeofTheopompusandLycophron, andCorythus, fi fthcenturybc,thetimeofHecataeusandHellanicus,Ulysses, astheEtruscanNanos identifi edwithdifferent fi guresofGreekmyth:NanosthePelasgianaroundsixth/ whose tomb,locatedonhighgroundneartheEtruscancity, wasinthecourseofhistory welcomed him,reducedtoash,Gortynaia.”Soweassumetheexistenceofalocalhero, 806) recountedthat“afterhisdeath,, amountaininthecountryofTyrrhenians, Ulysses-Nanos thereisalsoaquestionoftomblocatedonmountain: (805– be thereturntohomeofhisancestors. Corythus, whichwerecognizeasCortona:thejourneyofaTrojan herotoItalyappears origin implyingthatDardanus,theancestorofAeneas,cametoTroad fromacityof developments. IntheAugustanage, intheAeneidresumedatraditionofEtruscan the typeNana/Nanos. avatars ofthesamelocallegend,rotatingaboutaheroCortonabearingname the sametownofCortonaasPelasgian-Nanas:itappearsthatwearedealingwithtwo versions, hereturnedtoItaly. that NanoswasthenamegivenbyEtruscanstoUlysseswhen,accordingcertain 806). TheseallusionsbyLycophron areilluminatedbyhisscholiasts,wherewelearn that OdysseusdiedamongtheEtruscans,at“Gortynaia,”istosay, inCortona(805– This NanosismentionedinapassageofLycophron’s Alexandra(1242–1244),whosaid in CortonaandwithanameverysimilartothatofHellanicus’Pelasgianking,Nanos. another traditionthatplaysaspecialroleinrelationtocharacterpresentedasestablished This cityappearstobethecapitalofEtruria,centerdodecapolis.Now, weknow of thePelasgianancestors the Etruscans,hadintegratedthisrelationshipwithapeople migration toItaly, theSpinetans,whohadmade theirstheportofarrivalonItaliansoil of theEtruscanfederation.By insertingtheCortonanNanosintohistoryofPelasgian , playedtheroleofmetropolis,acity that gavebirthtotheelevenothermembers the samewaythat,forresidents ofthesouthernpartEtruria,, thecityof whole ofTuscany, thecityfromwhichothercitiesofdodecapoliswerefounded– were traditionsofthisareawhereCortonawasviewedas theancientmetropolisof of citieswhichformedasorttrianglearoundthereligious centreofCortona.Sothey primarily fromnorth-easternTuscany, theregionofChiusi,,:agroup cities, colonialfoundationsofregulargrid-plan,suchas MarzabottoandSpina–came transforming theoldVillanovan culturemaintainedinBolognaand givingbirthtonew who arebehindthedevelopmentofEtruriainPoValley inthe latesixthcenturybc, of Greco-EtruscanSpina,attachedtoCortona?We mustconsiderthatthe Etruscans– Another tradition,morerecent,specifi esthebackground ofthese“Cortonan”legendary Why dowefi ndthistraditionofthePelasgianNanas, developedintheatmosphere 36 – DominiqueBriquel ItisnotedthatthisUlysses-Nanoswouldhavesettledin 39 48 37 CommentatorsonVirgil suggest,however, 38 Butfor Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 to theidentifi establishing ofTyrrhenians inanareawherethePelasgianshadoncebeenknownled the AegeanSea,anissuethatdoesnotconcernusdirectlyhere, in Italy. Whichever wayoneexplainsthepresenceofthesecousins of theEtruscansin Kaminia in1887revealedthattheyspokealanguageveryclosetotheEtruscanattested in thenorthernAegeanSea,especiallyLemnos,wherefamousinscriptionfound Caere, aPelasgiancitywheretraditionhasbeenparticularlylively. especially theEtruscansofSpina,butprobablyalsothoseotherregions,including before thisrelationship,rewardingforthem,wastakenoverbytheEtruscansthemselves, that theGreekswereabletoidentifyTyrrhenians-Etruscans withthePelasgians, at Brauron. toSamosortheabductionofgirlsparticipatinginAtheniancultArtemis such asthemetamorphosisintodolphinsofpirateswhohadattackedshipcarrying lasting impressioninthememoriesofGreeksandwereillustratedbyfamousepisodes, region hadalsobeenthetheatreofTyrrhenian pirates,whosedepredationshadlefta such asSamothrace–whosemysterieswereattributedtothisancientpopulation.But Pelasgians inAntiquitywastheAegean,withitsislands–especiallythosenorth, one mustentertainotherconsiderations.Butareawhereweadmittheexistenceof primary reasonfortheidentifi cationofEtruscanswithPelasgians. To understanditsappeal, refl ectedintheshapingoftraditionweknowfromHellanicus, doesnotexplainthe the Etruscansindisputablywerebarbarians–appearGreek. Pelasgians weretheirancestorshadapropagandavalueandmadethesebarbarians– the Greeks.Onceagainwearefarfrompurelyscientifi cconcerns.Theassertionthatthe advantage ofPelasgianancestrytogivethemanimageentirelyfavorableintheeyes partners. Again,thistypeofdiscourseonEtruscanoriginswasnotneutral:ittakes a prestigiousprehistorytheintensecommercialtiesthatboundthemtotheirHellenic Etruscans, andspecifi callythoseofSpina,haveusedthisformtraditiontoclothein reprised apresentationofthebirthEtruriaalreadyinHecataeus)showsthat the twelvecities,whichtheysharedwithinhabitantsofnorth-easternTuscany. linked toGreecewithatrulyEtruscantradition,abouttheformationoffederation importance fortheethnographicrepresentationsofGreeks. from anintellectualprocessnotedinarticlebyE.Bickermann whohasshownits of Etruscanorigins.Evenwhen theauthorsseemtohaveapproachedthisquestionwith to characterizethesetofdoctrines thathadbeenadvancedinAntiquityonthequestion historical foundation. with theGreeks.Ofcourse,it isdiffi culttoassumethatsuchconstructions havehadany certifi not beenthedeedofEtruscans.Buttheynonetheless playedapartinawarding in thecaseofPelasgians:assimilationtwo ethnicconceptsprobablyhas own traditionsinvolvingheroesorHellenicpeoples.This iswhatmusthavehappened they tendedtousetheirownrepresentations,attachingthem tothevastrepertoireoftheir to accountfortheseoriginesgentium–borrowfromthetitleofBickermann’s article– and thusbarbaric,population,theyposedthequestionof identityintermsoforiginand, Indeed, thepositivedirectionforGreeksinreferencetoPelasgians,ifclearly The textofHellanicusthatwashandeddowntousbyDionysius(whopresumably Thus, initially, theidentifi cationoftheEtruscanswithPelasgianswouldhaveresulted In factthisimpressionofaproblem thatdoesnotmeetscientifi c concernsreallyseems cate forvirtualHellenismthatcouldonlyfacilitatetheirprofi tabletraderelations – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors 40 ThosewhomtheGreekscalledTyrrhenians hadoccupiedsomeislands cation ofthetwoethnicconcepts. 49 42 Anditisthereforeinallprobability, 44 41 Facedwithanon-Greek, wemaythinkthatthis 43 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 pure science. ancient debate,whichlastedtomoderntimes,responded toissuesotherthanthoseof same debatethatwasconductedinAntiquity. Itisimportanttounderstand thatthis so longstrayedintoadead-endandreductionistdebate, itisprobablybecausethe origin ishistoricallysimplisticandwrong.ButifEtruscologists ofmoderntimeshave by thesuperpositionandmixingofdiverseelements.Anyattempttoexplaininterms all theyhavebeeninhistory. Everypeoplehasbeentheresultofameltingpot,formed such adebateisinsuffi cient:wecannotreduceapeopletosingle origintoaccountfor by contrastingdifferenttheories.We owetothisgreatItalianscholartheawarenessthat book people, itwasinthesametermsthatMassimoPallottinoclearlyemphasizedhis1947 those who,inmoderntimes,haveaddressedtheissueofformationEtruscan from scientifi cdiscourse. important roleinhowtheGreeksrepresentedtheirownpast.With allthiswearefar origin, identifyingtheEtruscansasabarbarouspeoplecertainly, butonewhoplayedan to whichitwouldbedangerousassignanyhistoricalbasis;orthatofthePelasgian between theLydians andEtruscans,respondingtoakindofnarrativepowerinAntiquity, favorable presentations:whetherthatoftheLydian origin,atypicalassertionofsyngeneia the timeoftheirstrugglesagainstEtruscans.Theothertwodoctrineswererather its values:werecognizeadevelopmentbyhostileGreeks,probablytheSyracusansat corollary thattheyweremereItalianbarbariansandunrelatedtoHellenism meaning ofadoctrinesuchasthis,makingtheEtruscansnativesItaly, carriedthe these traditionsweredisseminatedbetweenthehistoricalEtruscansandGreeks.The their primaryfunctionwastoaccountfortheconnectionsthatexistedattimewhen identifying theEtruscanswithPelasgians,orthattheyderivedfromLydian colonists, accounts, theyareclearlyartifi cial.Whetherfortheautochthonistthesis,orthat these possiblehistoricalmemorieshavebeenfullytakenupandintegratedinreworked eastern basinoftheMediterraneanandItalianpeninsula).Butinanycasewhere Italy couldhaveretainedthememoryofanancientpopulationmovementbetween origin ofEtruscansbelievethatthepassageHerodotusinwhichLydians cameto the textsofancientauthorswhohavediscussedthisissue(thefollowersEastern totally dismisstheideathatsomeproperhistoricalmemoriesmayhavesurvivedthrough at leastfromaGreekviewpoint(withtheautochthonistthesis).Onecanprobablynot picture thatcouldbeeitherpositive(withLydian andPelasgiantheses)orunfavorable, it appearsthattheywererespondingtootherpurposesandsoughtaboveallgivea the detachmentandobjectivityofscientist,aswithDionysiusHalicarnassus, Forafavorableappreciation ofDionysiusasanEtruscologist,see,Pallottino1947:81–2, 2 The greatItalianEtruscologist(1909–1995)dedicatedaspecialworktothequestion, 1 But onecannotfailtobestruckbythefactthatwhendebatewastakenup Altheim 1950:68–9,Heurgon 1951,Hus1980:301. edition, Pallottino1984:81–117. ed., 1942,followedbyneweditions in1947,1953,1957,1963,1968,1984).See,thefi nal Etruscologia, acleartreatmentoftheproblems, theories,andscholarswhodiscussedthem(1st published inRome1947:L’origine degliEtruschi . Onemayfi ndinPallottino’s handbook, L’origine degliEtruschi,thattheycontinuedtodebatetheoriginsofEtruscans – DominiqueBriquel NOTES 50 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 8 Quotedhere inthetranslationofA.D.Godley, Herodotus 18 OnthediffusionofLydian thesisatthistime,Briquel1991:479–88.It appears, atleast 17 Foramoredetailedstudy of thequestionseeBriquel1993. 16 ReferencesinBriquel1984: 196–201. 15 Onthisquestion,seeinpartCristofani1983,1989,GiuffridaIentile 1983,Gras1985.For 14 Thisthesis,somewhatexpanded,ispresented byMicali1832:97–9,DeSanctis1907:128, 13 TheattributionofEtruscanautochthonythatmadebarbariansthemcannotberegarded 12 ThismeaningofEtruscan autochthony intheworkofDionysiuswasmasterfullytreatedby 11 OntheissuesofviewingRomeaseitheraGreekoranEtruscancityseeVanotti 1999. 10 OnthehistoricalworkofDionysiusandmeaninghisdemonstration,refertoGabba 9 OnthethesisthatLatinoughttobeanAeolianGreekdialect,Collart1954:215–18,see 8 OnthistraditionseeBriquel1984:278–92,Gras1985:590–615. 7 OnthisversionofthelegendseeBriquel1991:138–54. 6 ThisversiondoesnotexactlyconformtothatinHerodotus1.94.Itconcernsapairofbrothers: 5 Hereandhereafter, quotingtheLoebClassicalText inthetranslationbyE.Cary(1937–1950). 4 ThereisnonethelessaproblemconcerningDionysius’citationofHerodotus(1.57.3),thatthe 3 0 Onthistradition,Briquel1991:47–9. 20 SeePareti1926: 60.Theideawasreprisedin Pallottino1947: 44,Sakellariou1958:71. 19 Solinus, Servius,RutiliusNamatianus, IsidoreofSeville. Tacitus, Statius,, Pollux,Appian,Tertullian, Justin,Festus,HyginustheFabelist, Flaccus, Valerius Maximus,Velleius Paterculus,Seneca,SiliusItalicus,PlinytheElder, by allusion,inCato,thePseudo-Scymnos,,Catullus, Virgil, ,,Verrius developments intheAdriatic,Braccesi1971,1977,2004. Pareti 1926:13,Pallottino1947:48,Torelli 1986:18,Gabba1991:113,n. 42. authochthonous originisobviouslypositive. Loraux 1981a,1981b):fortheinhabitantsofAttica,literallyborn fromthesoilofGreece,an 1979–1981, in thesamewayasAthenianauthochthony(onwhichsee,part, Montanari they performed,andwhatfortunesattendedthem”). government theyestablished,howgreatpoweracquired,whatmemorableachievements (1.30.4: “Inanotherbook,IshallshowwhatcitiestheTyrrhenians founded,whatforms of fact theDionysiushadplannedtowriteabookespeciallyonloftydeedsofthispeople of theEtruscansisincompatiblewiththeirroleinhistoryItaly, asshownby the ItwasdisputedbyGabba1991:104–105:suchanegative ethnicperception Musti 1970. 1991. Gabba 1963,Briquel1984:444–53. 91–123). in somewhatmodifi edform(whichIhavecalled the“Herodotean Vulgate,” seeBriquel1991: of theLydian originoftheEtruscanswasexpandedinthisversionandreferredtoHerodotus, Atys, anddoesnotnameanybrotherLydos. ItseemsthatintheHellenisticperiod,theory Tyrrhenos, whodepartstofoundEtruria.HerodotusonlymentionsthatTyrrhenos issonof Lydos whoremainsathomeandgiveshisnametothecountryuntilthencalledMaeonia, the Etruscans). 1984:104–10 (and101–68fortheplaceofCortonaintraditionaPelasgianorigin people ofthetwolittleHellesponttownsandEtruscancity. Onthissubject,seeBriquel – ortofollowDionysiusandthinkthatHerodotuswantedestablishalinkbetweenthe to followtheHerodoteanmanuscripttraditionandview–thatofDionysiusasincorrect Crestoniates, ofthecityCrestoneinChalchidice.Scholarsaredividedonwhether west Tuscany); themanuscriptsofHerodotusheredonotnameCrotoniates,but was similartothatoftheCrotoniates(andthusinhabitantsCortonainnorth- language ofthePelasgianswhoinhabitedPlaciaandScylace,twotownsonHellespont, Library, Cambridge,MA,1920,revised1926,1966). – chapter3:Etruscanoriginsandtheancientauthors 51 vol. 1 : 123–24(LoebClassical vol. 1 : Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 1 ProponentsofeachtheideasaboutoriginsEtruscanswereabletoaccountfor 41 OnthequestionofTyrrhenians oftheAegean,inadditiontoworkscitednote13,see 40 Onthetimingofidentifi cationoftherecipientmonumentwithAeneas,(and OntheexcavationatLavinium,Castagnolietal.,1972,1975;onheröonofAeneas, 39 SeeServiusandhisinterpolator, commentaryonVirgil, Aeneid3.167,170,7.209,10.719. 38 OnthislegendanditsEtruscanoriginseeColonna1983. 37 Formoredetails,seeBriquel1984:150–60. 36 SeeBriquel1984:145–9. 35 OnSpina,seeBerti,Guzzo1994andRebecchi1998. 34 We arenotnecessarilydealingwiththefi rstversionwhichlinkstheEtruscansandPelasgians, 33 Becausethedoctrine,informweknowfromHellanicusandwithaspecialroleattributed 32 SeeBriquel1984:3–30(Spina),169–224(Caere). 31 OntheHecataeanoriginofthispassageinHerodotusseeBriquel1984:130–3. 30 ForanaccessibleanalysisofthePelasgiantraditionssee Lochner-Hüttenbach 1960. 29 SeeMazzarino1966:58–70(Acousilaos),75–9(Hecataeus),vonFritz1967:65–71,Grant 28 ThecatalogueestablishedbyCurty(1995)lists88epigraphicdocumentscitingdecrees 27 Onthisnotion,Musti1963,Curty1995. 26 Herodotus,1.171:“Thereisanancienttemple ofCarianZeusatMylasa,inwhichtheMysians 25 Xanthos,citedbyDionysius,1.28.2: “He saysthatLydus andTorebus werethesonsofAtys; 24 ReferencesonthesedifferenttraditionsinBriquel1991:51–4(RhegionandCyrene),56–7 23 ForreferencesonAtysandManesseeBriquel1991:15–31. 22 Ontheimportanceofthemefi rstinventorinGreece,Kleingünther1933,Thraede 21 that therehadtobetheremnants oftworelatedgroupsdatingbacktoapre-Indo-European departed fromAsiaMinorforItaly. Otherscholars,based ontheautochthonistthesis,believed evidence ofagrouprelatedtothe Etruscanswhohadremainedbehindwhenthe At thetimeofitsdiscovery, Kaminiawasusedtosupport thethesisofOrientalorigin,as the presenceofTyrrhenians intheAegeanaspartoftheir visionoftheoriginsthispeople. Torelli 1974,Gras1976, C.DeSimone1996. and thecaseofNanas/Nanos/CorythusatCortona,Briquel1984: 166–7. Indiges, asynthesisisunfortunatelylacking.Forcomparisonoftheevidence fromLavinium Reate, besidestheSardinianSardus Pater),inwhichyoumustcertainlyplacetheLatin attached tonumerousItalianpopulations(knowninaPaterforPyrgi, AlbaFucens,Sabina, Cogrossi 1982,Grandazzi1988.Ontheimportantcategoryof fi guresoflegendary “fathers” assuming astagewhereitwouldhavebeenconsideredLatinus, sonofUlyssesandCirce),see Sommella 1971–1972,Sommella,Giuliani1977,1981. Complete dataanddiscussioninBriquel1984:161–5. see below. 144–5. to (andSpina)wasalreadyknownHecataeus,seeBriquel1984:125–6,135–6, 1970: 15–9. relating theancestryofpeoplesorcities. the samelanguageasCarians,thesehavenoshareinit.” were brothersofCar;theseshareinit,butthosewhobeinganotherracehavecometospeak and Lydians shareasbeingbrotherracesoftheCarians,fortheysaythatLydos andMysos even asdotheIoniansandDorians.’”OnTorebians seeBriquel1991:25–31. difference intheirlanguageandevennoweachnationscoffsatmanywordsusedbytheother, are these:‘FromLydus aresprungtheLydians, andfromTorebus theTorebians. Thereislittle in ,andfromthemthenationsoverwhichtheyreignedreceivedtheirnames.Hiswords that they, havingdividedthekingdomtheyhadinheritedfromtheirfather, bothremained (Magnesia ontheMeander),54–65(Mysians). 1962. – DominiqueBriquel 52 Pater Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 22:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203526965, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203526965.ch3 Fraschetti, A.(1989)“Eraclide Pontico eRoma‘cittàgreca’,”inA.C.CassioandD.Musti(eds) De Simone,C.(1996)ITirreni aLemnos.Evidenzalinguisticaetradizioni storiche,Bibliotecadi De Sanctis,G.(1907)StoriadeiRomani,I,: FratelliBocca. Curty, O.(1995)Lesparentéslégendairesentrecitésgrecques , Hautesétudesdumondegréco-romain Cristofani, M.(1983;2ndedn1989)GliEtruschidelmare,:Longanesi. Colonna, G.(1983)“Virgilio, Cortonae la leggendaetruscadiDardano,”ArcheologiaClassica,32, Collart, J.(1954)Varron, grammairienlatin , :LesBellesLettres. 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