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SPACE, RELIGION, and the CREATURELINESS of APPALACHIA Dissertation Submitted to the College of Arts and Scie

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SPACE, RELIGION, and the CREATURELINESS of APPALACHIA Dissertation Submitted to the College of Arts and Scie OF MOUNTAIN FLESH: SPACE, RELIGION, AND THE CREATURELINESS OF APPALACHIA Dissertation Submitted to The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology By Scott Cooper McDaniel UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio May 2018 OF MOUNTAIN FLESH: SPACE, RELIGION, AND THE CREATURELINESS OF APPALACHIA Name: McDaniel, Scott Cooper APPROVED BY: ____________________________________________ Vincent J. Miller, Ph.D. Faculty Advisor ____________________________________________ Silviu Bunta, Ph.D. Faculty Reader ____________________________________________ Kelly Johnson, Ph.D. Faculty Reader ____________________________________________ Anthony Smith, Ph.D. Faculty Reader _____________________________________________ Norman Wirzba, Ph.D. Outside Faculty Reader _____________________________________________ Daniel S. Thompson, Ph.D. Chairperson ii © Copyright by Scott Cooper McDaniel All rights reserved 2018 iii ABSTRACT OF MOUNTAIN FLESH: SPACE, RELIGION, AND THE CREATURELINESS OF APPALACHIA Name: McDaniel, Scott Cooper University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Vincent J. Miller The following dissertation articulates a constructive theology of creatureliness that speaks from within the particularities of Appalachia’s spatial topography and religious culture. I analyze the historical development and ecological implications of industrial resource extraction, specifically the practice of mountaintop removal, within the broader framework of urbanization and anthropocentricism. Drawing on the unique religio-cultural traditions of the region, particularly its 19th century expressions of Christianity, I employ a spatial hermeneutic through which I emphasize the region’s environmental and bodily elements and articulate a theological argument for the “creaturely flesh” of Appalachia. iv Dedicated to Jade and Beatrice v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are numerous individuals that have made this dissertation possible. I would first like to thank Dr. Vince Miller, whose generosity and encouragement have proven invaluable in the completion of this dissertation. His constant support and advocacy of my research interests and this project has been integral to its completion I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee – Dr. Silviu Bunta, Dr. Kelly Johnson, Dr. Anthony Smith, and Dr. Norman Wirzba – for their support and time. Their questions and comments were challenging and insightful, and they have compelled me to a deeper consideration and explanation of my approach, perspective, and conclusions. Additionally, I would like to thank my parents, Rusty and Martha Necessary. Their immense love and support for my goals has been unwavering. I am “of the mountains” because of them. Finally, none of the following would be possible without my wife, Jade McDaniel. Her infinite patience, unwavering support, and fervent love constantly reveal to me what it means to be “creaturely.” Whether reading chapter drafts, talking out ideas, or providing me the time and space to work, she has challenged and encouraged me to pursue this project to its end. This dissertation is as much hers as it is mine. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………......iv DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………….....v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………...vi INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 I. Development……………………………………………………………………….2 II. Concern………………………………………………………………………..........8 III. Dialogue…………………………………………………………………………..11 CHAPTER ONE THE RURALITY OF NATURAL LIFE: HENRI LEFEBVRE, URBAN ABSTRACTION, AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF EVERYDAY RESISTANCE…………………………………………….......................................................24 I. Vignette – Harlan County, Kentucky 1931………………………………………...24 II. Dialectique of Triplicité and the Overcoming of Abstract Space: Hegel, Marx, and the Dialectical Thought of Henri Lefebvre...............................................................34 A. Hegel and Marx: The Limits of Knowledge and the Possibilities of Materialist Critique…..............................................................................................35 B. Triadic Spatiology: Henri Lefebvre and the Aufhebung of Lived Space……………………………………………………………………...40 III. The Right to the City: The Ancient Polis and Modern Abstraction………………..50 A. For the Political City: The Ancient City-State contra Urbanization….…….53 B. Against Abstraction: Representations of Space, Urbanization, and the Political City………………………………………………………….........57 IV. Marginal Subversion: Rurality, Nature, and Lived Space…………………………..64 vii A. Rus and Chora: The Opening of a Counter Space………………………….68 B. On the Level of Natural Life: Lefebvre, Religion, and the Agro-Pastoral Festival……………………………………………………………………75 V. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...87 CHAPTER TWO “CONTACT WITH THE EARTH”: PERIPHERAL IDENTITY, URBAN EXTRACTION, AND THE MYTH(S) OF APPALACHIAN RURALITY……………………………………………………………………………….90 I. Vignette – Yellow Creek Valley, KY 1887………………………………………....90 II. An Ancient Fringe: Peripheral Identity and Pre-Modern Urbanization……………………………………………………………………....95 A. “Peripheral Identity”: Ego-Boundaries and Liminal Spaces……………….97 B. Feudal Urbanization: Lowland Burghs and the Bureaucratic Ethos…………………………………………………………………….101 III. Pre-Industrial Appalachia: Agrarianism in the Mountains………………………...105 A. Appalachian Roots: Donald Davis and Bioregional History……………...106 B. Mountain Agrarianism: Ronald Eller and Pre-Industrial Appalachia...……113 IV. Civilization Comes to Appalachia: Railroads, Company Towns, and Late Nineteenth Century Urbanization………………………..…………………121 A. To Unite a Nation: Moral Development and the Railroad Sublime…………………………………………………………………..126 B. “Machines to Live In”: Company Towns and the Power of Urban Capital…………………………………………………………………....133 V. “Where There Were Mountains”: Mountaintop Removal and Urban Extremity in Appalachia…………………………………………………………………….139 VI. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………148 CHAPTER THREE ALONG THE VEGETAL MARGINS: EDNA ALEXANDER, URBAN EVANGELIZATION, AND THE ELEMENTAL IMAGINATION OF APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN RELIGION…………………………………………...155 I. Vignette – Eastern Kentucky, Mid-Twentieth Century………...…………………155 viii II. Appalachian Mountain Religion: A Religious Sensibility of Mountaineers and Mountains………………………………………………………………………..166 A. Multiplicity of Equals: Place and Community……………………………169 B. Experience(s) of Grace: Values and Practices……………………………180 III. “A Peculiar People”: Metropolitan Representations of Appalachia………………189 A. Local Color Essays and Cultural Commodification………………………190 B. Denominational Home Missions and Regional Evangelization…………..195 IV. Remembering the Residue: Elemental Imagining Towards the Land……………..202 A. Poiesis and Ecology: Imagination and the Earth…………………………..207 B. Living in the Brown: Edna Alexander and the Encounter with Dead Leaves…………………………………………………………………...218 V. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………230 CHAPTER FOUR ELEMENTAL BRIERS AND WILD CLIFFS: MERLEAU- PONTY, URBAN DISCARNATION, AND THE PROVOCATIONS OF THE FLESH…………………………………………………………………………………..233 I. Vignette – Eastern Kentucky, Late-Nineteenth Century…………………....….…233 II. Anthropocentrism and the Limits of Nature: Lefebvre and Merleau- Ponty.….………………………………………………………………………...240 A. Natural Poiesis: Lefebvre and Nature’s Creativity………………………..242 B. Generative Being: Merleau-Ponty and the Common Tissue of Existence.................................................................................................................249 III. Carnal Ontos: Merleau-Ponty and the Flesh of Being…………………………..…253 A. Intertwining of the Flesh: Animality and the Limitation of Lateral Overcoming……………………………………………………………...257 i. Ineinander…………………………………………………………258 ii. Lateral Overcoming………………………………………………....262 B. Be(wild)ering Elementality: Of Vegetal and Lithic Flesh…………………269 i. Elementality and Vegetal Flesh………………………………………271 ix ii. Wild Being and Lithic Flesh………………………………………...286 IV. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………298 CHAPTER FIVE WITHIN THE MOUNTAIN FOLD: THEOLOGY, AGRARIANISM, AND THE CREATURELY PARTICULARITY OF APPALACHIA………………………………………………………………………….300 I. Vignette – Powell Mountain, VA 2018…………………………….…………….300 II. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..301 III. Theologies of Creation: The Possibilities and Limitations of the Agrarian Interpretation……………………………………………………………………310 IV. Toward a Theology of Creatures: From the Perspective of Appalachia…………..320 A. Strange Kinship with a Mud Turtle: Animal Creatureliness………….…...322 B. Elementality of Leaf and Brier: Vegetal Creatureliness…………………...325 C. The Wild Regolith of Mrs. Allen’s Homestead: Lithic Creatureliness……………………………………………………………329 V. Where Creatureliness Becomes: The Mountain Roots of Appalachia’s Creatures…………………...…………………………………………………….332 VI. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………341 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………343 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………….348 x INTRODUCTION “I’m telling you, every day you’re leaving a place you won’t be coming back to ever. What are you going to leave behind? What are you taking with you? Don’t run off and leave the best part of yourself.” - Jim Wayne Miller “Yet often the mountain gives itself most completely when I have no destination, when I reach nowhere in particular, but have gone out merely to be with the mountain as one visits a friend with no intention but to be with him.” - Nan Shepherd Appalachia begins like a heartbeat. Elemental pulses shift water
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