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Osiris, Planeta Gaseoso... Y Migrante; Se Acerca Cada Vez Más a Su Estrella

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Osiris, Planeta Gaseoso... Y Migrante; Se Acerca Cada Vez Más a Su Estrella INFO GRA CIENCIA FÍA 19 razon.com.mx LUNES 12.04.2021 • La Razón CADA AÑO LLEGAN A LA TIERRA 5 MIL TONELADAS DE POLVO ESPACIAL. Expertos del Centro Nacional para la Investigación Científica de Francia estudiaron partículas cósmicas durante 20 años y determinaron que la mayor fuente de material CIENCIA extraterrestre en la Tierra forma parte de la lluvia cósmica que proviene de cometas que transitan por la órbita de nuestro planeta. SE FORMÓ MÁS LEJOS DE SU SOL DE LO QUE SE ENCUENTRA AHORA UBICACIÓN El planeta gaseoso se encuentra en la constelación Pegaso, el sistema IK Pegasi, se ubica a 154 años luz de distancia, siendo el Osiris, planeta gaseoso... y migrante; candidato a supernova más cercano a la Tierra. se acerca cada vez más a su estrella Pegaso Gráficos Roberto Alvarado y Luisa Ortega UN EQUIPO DE ASTRÓNOMOS INTERNACIONALES liderado por la Universidad de Warwick, de Inglaterra, y pu- blicado en la revista Nature descubrió que el planeta gaseoso Osiris o HD209458b se formó a mayor distancia de su estrella de lo que se encuentra actualmente, a sólo 7 millones de kilómetros, lo que equivale a un veinteavo de la dis- tancia de la Tierra al Sol; el hallazgo fue posible gracias a que los científicos descubrieron abundantes moléculas de car- bono durante su formación, lo que sólo es posible si orbitaba mucho más lejos de su estrella durante su nacimiento, apro- ximadamente a una distancia como la de Júpiter o Saturno en nuestro sistema solar; en el mismo estudio los expertos consiguieron medir por primera vez en la historia hasta seis moléculas de la atmósfera de un exoplaneta para determinar su Planeta Osiris composición y es la primera vez que los astrónomos las usan para señalar con exactitud donde se forman estos planetas gigan- tes; para realizar estos descubrimientos los investigadores utilizaron el Telescopio Nazionale Galileo para obtener espectros de alta resolución de la atmósfera del exoplaneta cuando pasaba frente a su estrella anfitriona en cuatro ocasiones distintas. ÓRBITA La comunidad científica piensa que este tipo de planetas en órbitas inferiores a 0.1 unidades HD 209458B astronómicas sufren una considerable pérdida de QUE ES UN “JÚPITER CALIENTE” La observación para determinar la composición de Osiris se realizó en dos masa debido a la evaporación. partes: se analizó el espectro del planeta con su estrella conjuntamente y Son mundos fuera de nuestro sistema solar que después con el mismo cuerpo detrás de su Sol. Tierra orbitan sus estrellas en menos de un día terrestre. EL ESCAPE Estrella 1 Venus HD 209458 La atmósfera Cercanía al Sol La exterior se extiende y calienta Estos mundos “alienígenas” son tanto por la estrella cercana conocidos entre los científicos que comienza a escapar de la Mercurio como planetas gigantes gaseo- gravedad del planeta. Sol sos que orbitan sus estrellas más 2 cerca de lo que lo hace Mercurio en nuestro Sol. El hidrógeno, el carbono Tipo y el oxígeno Posee característi- Se evaporan en la atmósfera PLANETAS JÚPITER cas similares a las superior del planeta bajo el El primero extrasolar de nuestro Sol, sólo abrasador calor de la estrella. descubierto fue el llamado que su tamaño es HD 209458 b 51 Pegasi b y es de tipo mayor. 3 Júpiter caliente. Los astrónomos Estiman que la cantidad de gas de hidrógeno que escapa de Pertenece a un tipo 51 Pegasi b de planeta extrasolar Constelación: Pegaso HD 209458b es de al menos 10,000 toneladas por segundo. conocido como “Júpiter Masa: >1.06 calientes“: planetas Periodo orbital: 42,307 días gigantes y gaseosos en Descubrimiento: Año 1995 Eclipses relacionados órbitas bajas. Durante estos eventos, la atmósfera superior cubre el 15 por ciento de la cara Diámetro: HD 75289 b de la estrella madre. Composición Constelación: Vela 1.3 veces el de Posee sodio en la atmósfera Júpiter. Masa: >0.47 10 inferior, hidrógeno en eva- Periodo orbital: 0,048 días Días tarda aproximada- poración en la atmósfera Descubrimiento: Año 1999 mente un planeta gaseoso superior, oxígeno y carbono en orbitar su estrella en la atmósfera superior. HISTORIA DE OSIRIS 1999: Descubrimiento. Ingresó al Salón de la Fama astronó- HD 179949 b mico cuando pasó frente a su estrella Constelación: Sagitario Intensidad madre y la eclipsó parcialmente. Masa: >0.92 La NASA clasificó su brillo Periodo orbital: 3,092 días como estrella de séptima Clase nueva de Descubrimiento: Año 2000 magnitud (visible con planeta extrasolar 2001: El Hubble detectó el ele- binoculares). Fue clasificado de esta manera por mento sodio en la parte inferior el mecanismo de evaporación tan de la atmósfera del planeta HD tremendo que posee. 209458b. HD 168746 b Constelación: Serpens 2003: Hidrógeno en la atmósfera Masa: >0.23 Cola de hidrogeno superior detectado con el telesco- Periodo orbital: 6,403 días Tiene 200,000 pio Hubble. Signos de evaporación. Descubrimiento: Año 2002 El kilómetros de largo. 2004: Oxígeno y carbono detec- Distancia planeta tados en la atmósfera superior. Se Se encuentra a 150 años HD209458b ha propone un mecanismo de evapo- luz de la Tierra en la cons- recibido el nombre de ración tan distintivo que se clasifica HD 73256 b telación de Pegaso. Osiris en honor al dios Constelación: Pyxis una clase completamente nueva de egipcio de los muertos, planetas extrasolares, los planetas Masa: >1.87 debido a su tamaño y a Periodo orbital: 2,549 días ctónicos, que son los núcleos de lo caliente que es por gigantes gaseosos evaporados. Descubrimiento: Año 2003 su cercania con su estrella. COMPARATIVO La unidad de masa de Júpiter (Mj) es usada para medir masas de otros planetas gaseosos, TELESCOPIOS DEL ESTUDIO sobre todo planetas extrasolares y enanas marrones. El gaseoso HD 209458b, situado a 150 años luz de distancia de la Tierra, fue el primero fuera del sistema solar identificado por la técnica de tránsito y a su estudio se han unido tres telescopios. Nazionale Galileo Hubble Spitzer Telescopio italiano de 3.58 metros de Orbita en el exterior de la at- Fue un observatorio espacial diámetro instalado en la isla de La Pal- mósfera, en órbita circular infrarrojo, el cuarto y último de HD 209458 b Júpiter ma, en el archipiélago de las Islas Ca- alrededor del planeta Tierra a los Grandes Observatorios de Masa: Es 220 Masa: Es 318 veces narias. Pertenece al Observatorio del 593 kilómetros sobre el nivel la NASA. Otros telescopios es- veces la masa mayor que la de la Roque de los Muchachos, uno de los del mar, con un periodo orbital paciales en el infrarrojo que han terrestre. Tierra. lugares astronómicos más importantes entre 96 y 97 minutos. precedido al Spitzer fueron los del Hemisferio Norte. telescopios IRAS e ISO. 19LR3688.indd 3 11/04/21 19:39.
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