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Elemental Pursuits of Survival: the 1St Marine Division on Guadalcanal and New Britain

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Elemental Pursuits of Survival: the 1St Marine Division on Guadalcanal and New Britain ELEMENTAL PURSUITS OF SURVIVAL: THE 1ST MARINE DIVISION ON GUADALCANAL AND NEW BRITAIN (Spine title: Elemental Pursuits of Survival) (Thesis format: Monograph) by Dylan A. Cvr Graduated Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Dylan A. Cyr, 2009. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50213-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50213-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners Dr. Brock Millman Dr. Jonathan Vance Supervisory Committee Dr. Aldona Sendzikas Dr. Jeff Hopkins Dr. Andrew Hunt The thesis by Dylan Adam Cyr entitled: Elemental Pursuits of Survival: The 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal and New Britain is accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board n Abstract This project is the first of its kind, where the concept of physical environmental adversity is applied to the history of the 1st Marine Division in the South Pacific, focusing on common riflemen while the unit provides the framework. Elemental Pursuits of Survival: The 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal and New Britain argues that for the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal and New Britain, 1942-44, environmental adversities were an essential component of both the experience of these battles, by the men who fought them, and to the functionality of the Division as an organization. This project challenges long-held beliefs in military history that the role of the environment is only mere background to human events. This project also challenges important concepts dominant in the literature, particularly that racism was the defining characteristic of the Pacific War. Another major implication of this project is that environmental adversities narrowed the individual Marine's scope of existence. While immersed in New Britain's rainforests, concrete immediacies became the individual's central focus. Environmental adversities emerged as one of two primary challenges, secondary only to combat in terms of mortality and potential trauma. Research is based primarily on correspondence with elderly veterans. Published and unpublished memories provided significant substance along with a few contemporary sources that have been unexplored until now. Archival research was conducted at Archives II of the National Archives and Record Association in College Park, Maryland and at the Marine Corps Audiovisual Research Archives and Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections, Gray Research Center, both in Quantico, VA. Keywords ~ World War II, The Pacific War, the war in the South Pacific, Veterans, Memory, Oral History, War and Memory, Military History, Geo-Military History, Environmental History, Cultural Geography, US Marine Corps, 1st Marine Division, 5l Marine Regiment, Soldier Experience. in At some point in his tour of duty he subconsciously develops a fatalistic resignation, and thereafter concerns himself very little with the profundities of life. Though he may have an awareness of such things as honor and fidelity and eternity, he applies himself primarily to the immediate and elemental pursuits of survival: Where is the water and food? How do we get it? What's the best way to stay warm and dry? Who's shooting at us, and from where?1 1 James Johnston, The Long Road of War: A Marine's Story of Pacific Combat (1998), 68. IV Dedicated to Melvin Cyr Royal Canadian Army Service Corps, 193 9-1945 France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany Acknowledgements A distinctive thanks is given to all the veterans who responded to my inquiry for information, especially those who shared personal memories and engaged in a meaningful dialog so I could write this dissertation. A deeply appreciative thanks is due to Dr. Herschel Cox, Anthony C. Chillemi, Melvin Crathers, Ralph I. Evans, Donald F. Fall, Charles Frankel, Robert C. Shedd, George Peto, Jr., and David Slater. A special thanks to Jim Johnston for correspondence and memoir and to Leslie S. Harrold who copious writings were invaluable, and to Henry J. Paustian for continually answering my inquisitive emails. These two veterans gave life to my mental image of their wartime experience, although Harrold's insights are saved for subsequent projects. Three veterans passed away during the dissertation writing: to William Kapp, John B. Loomis, and Henry Paustian. The original research included veterans who participated at Peleliu and Okinawa. Since these battles are not in this volume, they are not cited here. Nonetheless, their insight was invaluable to this project and I'll continue to work for their history in subsequent projects. Thanks to John Hayes, Floyd E. Nighswonger, D. T. Hargraves Jr., E. Joe Marquez, Eugene Stramel, and James L. Quinn in this regards. Thanks also to Christopher Wright, Ret. Colonel USMCR, my integral connection to the Marine Corps, and to my advisor, Dr. Brock Millman, the University of Western Ontario, Department of History, who guided this projected. Thanks goes to Chris Speed at the University of Western Ontario, Department of History, for years of assistance. Thanks is given to Dr. Fred Allison at the USMC History Division, Oral History Branch, to Patrick Osborne and Tim Nenninger at the National Archives and Records Association, to Andre Sobocinski at the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, to Tony Magnotta at the Marine Corps Audiovisual Research Archives, to Laura Lacey and James Ginther at the Gray Institute, to the staff at the 1st Marine Division Association, to Annette Amerman at the USMC History Division, to Elizabeth Mantz at Weldon Library, UWO, to John Ashburne in Kyoto, and to Chris Majewski for those arduous days on Okinawa. Financial support was warmly received from The Ley and Lois Smith Fund at the University of Western Ontario (via Professor B. Forester) and twice from The Marine Corps Heritage Foundation in Quantico, Virginia. Personal thanks are due to the following: to peers Matt Trudgen, Forest Pass, Joshua Perell, Jessica van Horssen, Teresa Iacobelli, Richard Holt, Liam van Beek, to friends Justin Boisvert, Robert Hall, Lee O'Neil, Benjamin Pottruff, Cenk Saracoglu, and Adrienne Byng, to Dr. Jonathan Vance and Dr. Aldona Sendzikas for years of tutelage, and to my family—sister Julia and parents Maria and Roger. Sincerely, Dylan A. Cyr VI Roll Call Veteran Voices: Cited in this project, in alphabetical order: Roy Alderman, Thomas Barry, Ray Bauml, Elliot Bauss, Dallas Bennet, Henry Berry, Norris Byron, Jack Cannal, Anthony C. Chillemi, Vincent Russell (Russ) Clay, Herschel A. Cox, Jr., Melvin Cruthers, Raymond Davis, Jim Donoghue, Ralph I. Evans, Donald F. Fall, Clifford Fox, Charles Frankel, William Hawkins, Bill Jenkins, James (Jim) Johnston, William Kapp, Robert Leckie, John P. Leonard, Jr., James M. Masters, George McMillan, Ore Marion, Henry J. Paustian, George Peto, Jr., Stanley Piter a, Warner Pyne, Irving Reynolds, Leonard Roaen, William Schwacha, Carl Scott, David Slater, Eugene B. Sledge, Lee Stack, Luman Slawson, Bob Stiles, Hubert R. Strong, Samuel Taxis, Richard Washburn, Bruce Watkins, Dean Winters, Ralph M. Wismer, and Carl Wood. Also included are General Alexander A. Vandegrift, several anonymous Marines, and even some Japanese voices. These men were overwhelmingly in the 5th Marine Regiment, but voices here cover several officers, raiders, corpsmen, artillerists, and two Defense Battalion veterans. vn Table of Contents Certificate of Examination ii. Abstract and Keywords iii.
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