DOCSLIB.ORG

Sauria Sines: Novel Short Interspersed Retroposable Elements That Are Widespread in Reptile Genomes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sauria Sines: Novel Short Interspersed Retroposable Elements That Are Widespread in Reptile Genomes J Mol Evol (2006) 62:630–644 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-005-0201-5 Sauria SINEs: Novel Short Interspersed Retroposable Elements That Are Widespread in Reptile Genomes Oliver Piskurek,1 Christopher C. Austin,2 Norihiro Okada1 1 Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan 2 Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Received: 20 August 2005 / Accepted: 16 December 2005 [Reviewing Editor: Dr. Martin Kreitman] Abstract. SINEs are short interspersed retrotrans- ubiquity of Bov-B LINEs previously demonstrated in posable elements that invade new genomic sites. squamate genomes, suggests that these LINEs have Their retrotransposition depends on reverse trans- been an active partner of Sauria SINEs since this criptase and endonuclease activities encoded by SINE family was generated more than 200 million partner LINEs (long interspersed elements). Recent years ago. genomic research has demonstrated that retroposons account for at least 40% of the human genome. Key words: Sauria SINE — Bov-B LINE — tRNA Hitherto, more than 30 families of SINEs have been — Lizards — Snakes — Varanus — Squamata gen- characterized in mammalian genomes, comprising ome evolution 4600 extant species; the distribution and extent of SINEs in reptilian genomes, however, are poorly documented. With more than 7400 species of lizards and snakes, Squamata constitutes the largest and most diverse group of living reptiles. We have dis- Introduction covered and characterized a novel SINE family, Sa- uria SINEs, whose members are widely distributed SINEs (short interspersed elements) are nonviral among genomes of lizards, snakes, and tuataras. Sa- retrotransposable repetitive sequences with a length uria SINEs comprise a 5¢ tRNA-related region, a of 70–500 bp that are widespread among eukaryotic tRNA-unrelated region, and a 3¢ tail region (con- genomes (Weiner et al. 1986; Okada 1991; Schmid taining short tandem repeats) derived from LINEs. and Maraia 1992; Deininger and Batzer 1993). While We distinguished eight Sauria SINE subfamilies in some SINEs are derived from 7SL RNA (Ullu and genomes of four major squamate lineages and Tschudi 1984) or 5S rRNA (Kapitonov and Jurka investigated their evolutionary relationships. Our 2003), most SINEs are derived from tRNA (for a list data illustrate the overall efficacy of Sauria SINEs as of references see Ohshima and Okada 2005). Hence, novel retrotransposable markers for elucidation of the tRNA-like secondary structure as well as the squamate evolutionary history. We show that all conserved RNA polymerase III–specific internal Sauria SINEs share an identical 3¢ sequence with promoter sequences (designated A and B boxes) al- Bov-B LINEs and propose that they utilize the lows new SINE elements to be distinguished from enzymatic machinery of Bov-B LINEs for their own other repetitive elements in the genome. SINEs can retrotransposition. This finding, along with the amplify nonautonomously by a copy-and-paste mechanism, in which the initial amplification of a Correspondence to: Norihiro Okada; email: [email protected]. SINE at the parent locus is followed by integration of ac.jp a SINE copy at the genomic target site. This retro- 631 transposition of SINEs is dependent on autonomous Myr were addressed by several other investigators as partner LINEs (long interspersed elements) that en- well (Hamada et al. 1998; Hillis 1999; Miyamoto code reverse transcriptase (RT) and endonuclease 1999; Okada et al. 2004; Shedlock et al. 2004). (EN) for their own amplification (Eickbush 1992; Mammalian orders have received special attention Luan et al. 1993). Since most LINE/SINE pairs share with respect to the detection and characterization of an identical 3¢ tail sequence in eukaryotic genomes novel SINE families. To date, tRNA-derived SINE (Ohshima et al. 1996; Okada et al. 1997), RTs en- families are one of the most abundant genomic coded by LINE partners recognize the matching 3¢ components in species of all four major placental tails of SINEs and thus initiate SINE replication via mammalian clades proposed by Murphy et al. (2001). retrotransposition in trans. This mechanism of SINE They are present in genomes of laurasiatherians, amplification was demonstrated experimentally by which include carnivores, cetartiodactyls, chiropter- our group for active LINE/SINE pairs in the eel ans, eulipothyphlans, perissodactyls, and pholydo- genome (Kajikawa and Okada 2002; Kajikawa et al. tans (e.g., see Shimamura et al. 1997, 1999; Nikaido 2005). Okada et al. (1997) proposed that LINEs can et al. 1999; Kawai et al. 2002), in genomes of the be divided into two groups, the stringent type and the Euarchontoglires, namely, primates, dermopterans, relaxed type, depending on the relative specificity of scandentians, rodents, and lagomorphs (Cheng et al. recognition of their own RT 3¢ end. Most LINE 1984; Britten et al. 1988; Schmid 1996; Nishihara family RTs strictly recognize a specific sequence at et al. 2002; Schmitz and Zischler 2003; Piskurek et al. their 3¢ tail, whereas in the mammalian LINE family, 2003; Ray et al. 2005), as well as in genomes of the L1, no such 3¢ end-specific region (except the poly[A] afrotherian clade (Nikaido et al. 2003; Nishihara tail) is needed for RT recognition (Moran et al. 1996). et al. 2005) and in genomes of xenarthrans (Churakov The L1-encoded RT-dependent retrotranspositional et al. 2005). mechanism in trans is also believed to be the driving In contrast, very little progress in SINE research force of Alu-SINE amplification in primates (Jurka has been made for reptile genomes, although the 1997; Esnault et al. 2000; Ohshima et al. 2003) and Sauropsida represent the sister group of mammals. CYNt-SINEamplification in flying lemurs (Piskurek Whereas there are approximately 4600 species of et. al. 2003; Piskurek and Okada 2005). Retrotrans- mammals, more than 16,000 extant species of birds, posed CYNt-SINEsin flying lemurs are composed crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and turtles are known. exclusively of tRNA-related regions, along with a Hitherto, the only example of reptile SINEs that were poly(A) tail that is proposed to serve as a recognition characterized and applied as molecular markers to site for L1 RTs. Recently, Churakov et al. (2005) infer reptilian phylogeny of one turtle family (Batag- characterized tRNA-related mobile elements with uridae) is the tortoise polIII/SINE in hidden-necked poly(A) tails in the genome of armadillos and pro- turtles, the discovery of which dates back about 20 posed that DAS elements recruited the enzymatic years (Endoh and Okada 1986; Endoh et al. 1990; machinery of L1 LINEs as well. Ohshima et al. 1996; Sasaki et al. 2004). While the The retroposition site of offspring copies is almost Bataguridae represent the major group of turtles random, although a slight sequence preference for the (about 60 extant species), squamate reptiles, with target site has been reported (Jurka 1997). Also, the more than 7400 extant species of lizards and snakes, copy-and-paste mechanism of retrotransposition is are the largest and most diverse group of living rep- intrinsically unidirectional. In addition, no mecha- tiles (Zug et al. 2001). The order Sphenodontia rep- nism is known for the precise removal of SINEs from resents the sister group of the Squamata and consists any genome (Shedlock and Okada 2000; Batzer and of only two surviving species of tuatara (genus Deininger 2002). Thus, in phylogenetic studies the Sphenodon) from New Zealand (Zardoya and Meyer insertion of a SINE at a specific genomic location 1998; Rieppel and Reiz 1999; Rest et al. 2003). represents the derived character state for all species Sphenodontia and Squamata together form the Le- that share a SINE at an orthologous genome site. In pidosauria. contrast, the ancestral state is the absence of a SINE In this study we describe a novel tRNA-derived at a particular genomic location. Because of these SINE family that is widely distributed among lepi- characteristics, SINEs are thought to be homoplasy- dosaurian genomes. We first discovered mobile ele- free molecular markers for evolutionary studies ments in the genome of the common wall lizards (Okada et al. 1997; Shedlock and Okada 2000). In the (Podarcis muralis, suborder Sauria) and subsequently last decade, a growing body of literature has dem- characterized tRNA-derived SINEs of the same onstrated that SINEs are extremely effective markers family in two additional major lineages of lizards and for elucidating evolutionary history (Murata et al. in the genome of snakes. We designate this new SINE 1993; Takahashi et al. 1998; Nikaido et al. 1999; family as Sauria SINE. We examine and discuss Sa- Schmitz et al. 2001; Terai et al. 2004; Ray et al. 2005). uria SINE evolution, such as the genealogy of certain Their limitations for divergence times up to 150–200 SINE subfamilies in genomes of lizards and snakes, a 632 possible secondary structure for the tRNA-like 5¢ sequenced with an ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied end, and we discuss the short 3¢ sequence that origi- Biosystems), and partial SINE regions of additional Squamata nated from the Bov-B LINE. Furthermore, we give species were aligned with SINEs already identified in the common wall lizard. Subsequently, universal SINE primers were designed an example of how to use the Sauria SINE family as a for Sauria SINEs in lizards and snakes (SQ1F, CCCWG marker for the evolution of monitor
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Phylogenomic Analysis of Turtles ⇑ Nicholas G
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83 (2015) 250–257 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A phylogenomic analysis of turtles ⇑ Nicholas G. Crawford a,b,1, James F. Parham c, ,1, Anna B. Sellas a, Brant C. Faircloth d, Travis C. Glenn e, Theodore J. Papenfuss f, James B. Henderson a, Madison H. Hansen a,g, W. Brian Simison a a Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA b Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA c John D. Cooper Archaeological and Paleontological Center, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA d Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA e Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA f Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA g Mathematical and Computational Biology Department, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, CA 9171, USA article info abstract Article history: Molecular analyses of turtle relationships have overturned prevailing morphological hypotheses and Received 11 July 2014 prompted the development of a new taxonomy. Here we provide the first genome-scale analysis of turtle Revised 16 October 2014 phylogeny. We sequenced 2381 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci representing a total of 1,718,154 bp of Accepted 28 October 2014 aligned sequence. Our sampling includes 32 turtle taxa representing all 14 recognized turtle families and Available online 4 November 2014 an additional six outgroups. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and species tree methods produce a single resolved phylogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Chromosome Painting and NOR Distribution Suggest a Complex Hybrid Origin of Triploid Lepidodactylus Lugubris (Gekkonidae)
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Comparative Chromosome Painting and NOR Distribution Suggest a Complex Hybrid Origin of Triploid Lepidodactylus lugubris (Gekkonidae) Vladimir A. Trifonov1,2*, Alessio Paoletti3, Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi3,5, Tatiana Kalinina1,2, Patricia C. M. O’Brien4, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith4, Massimo Giovannotti3 1 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia, 2 Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 3 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy, 4 Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 5 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine Sezione Pesca Marittima,Ancona, Italy * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Trifonov VA, Paoletti A, Caputo Barucchi V, Abstract Kalinina T, O’Brien PCM, Ferguson-Smith MA, et al. (2015) Comparative Chromosome Painting and NOR Parthenogenesis, unisexuality and triploidy are interesting but poorly studied phenomena Distribution Suggest a Complex Hybrid Origin of Triploid Lepidodactylus lugubris (Gekkonidae). PLoS occurring in some reptile species. The mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris) repre- ONE 10(7): e0132380. doi:10.1371/journal. sents a complex of diploid and triploid parthenogenetic mostly all-female populations pone.0132380 (males occur quite rarely) widely distributed in coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Editor: Roscoe Stanyon, University of Florence, Oceans. Here, we study karyotypes of a male and two female L. lugubris (LLU) triploid indi- ITALY viduals (3n = 66) using comparative painting with Gekko japonicus, Hemidactylus turcicus Received: October 10, 2014 and H. platyurus chromosome specific probes to visualize the homologous regions and to Accepted: June 13, 2015 reveal genus specific rearrangements.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Iguanine Lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) As Determined by Osteological and Myological Characters David F
    Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series Volume 12 | Number 3 Article 1 1-1971 Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters David F. Avery Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State College, New Haven, Connecticut Wilmer W. Tanner Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib Part of the Anatomy Commons, Botany Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Avery, David F. and Tanner, Wilmer W. (1971) "Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters," Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series: Vol. 12 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol12/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. S-^' Brigham Young University f?!AR12j97d Science Bulletin \ EVOLUTION OF THE IGUANINE LIZARDS (SAURIA, IGUANIDAE) AS DETERMINED BY OSTEOLOGICAL AND MYOLOGICAL CHARACTERS by David F. Avery and Wilmer W. Tanner BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME Xil, NUMBER 3 JANUARY 1971 Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
    [Show full text]
  • A Small Lepidosauromorph Reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland
    A SMALL LEPIDOSAUROMORPH REPTILE FROM THE EARLY TRIASSIC OF POLAND SUSAN E. EVANS and MAGDALENA BORSUK−BIAŁYNICKA Evans, S.E. and Borsuk−Białynicka, M. 2009. A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica 65, 179–202. The Early Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice quarry near Kraków, southern Poland, has yielded a diversity of fish, amphibians and small reptiles. Two of these reptiles are lepido− sauromorphs, a group otherwise very poorly represented in the Triassic record. The smaller of them, Sophineta cracoviensis gen. et sp. n., is described here. In Sophineta the unspecial− ised vertebral column is associated with the fairly derived skull structure, including the tall facial process of the maxilla, reduced lacrimal, and pleurodonty, that all resemble those of early crown−group lepidosaurs rather then stem−taxa. Cladistic analysis places this new ge− nus as the sister group of Lepidosauria, displacing the relictual Middle Jurassic genus Marmoretta and bringing the origins of Lepidosauria closer to a realistic time frame. Key words: Reptilia, Lepidosauria, Triassic, phylogeny, Czatkowice, Poland. Susan E. Evans [[email protected]], Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Uni− versity College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka [[email protected]], Institut Paleobiologii PAN, Twarda 51/55, PL−00−818 Warszawa, Poland. Received 8 March 2006, accepted 9 January 2007 180 SUSAN E. EVANS and MAGDALENA BORSUK−BIAŁYNICKA INTRODUCTION Amongst living reptiles, lepidosaurs (snakes, lizards, amphisbaenians, and tuatara) form the largest and most successful group with more than 7 000 widely distributed species. The two main lepidosaurian clades are Rhynchocephalia (the living Sphenodon and its extinct relatives) and Squamata (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians).
    [Show full text]
  • Tiago Rodrigues Simões
    Diapsid Phylogeny and the Origin and Early Evolution of Squamates by Tiago Rodrigues Simões A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta © Tiago Rodrigues Simões, 2018 ABSTRACT Squamate reptiles comprise over 10,000 living species and hundreds of fossil species of lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians, with their origins dating back at least as far back as the Middle Jurassic. Despite this enormous diversity and a long evolutionary history, numerous fundamental questions remain to be answered regarding the early evolution and origin of this major clade of tetrapods. Such long-standing issues include identifying the oldest fossil squamate, when exactly did squamates originate, and why morphological and molecular analyses of squamate evolution have strong disagreements on fundamental aspects of the squamate tree of life. Additionally, despite much debate, there is no existing consensus over the composition of the Lepidosauromorpha (the clade that includes squamates and their sister taxon, the Rhynchocephalia), making the squamate origin problem part of a broader and more complex reptile phylogeny issue. In this thesis, I provide a series of taxonomic, phylogenetic, biogeographic and morpho-functional contributions to shed light on these problems. I describe a new taxon that overwhelms previous hypothesis of iguanian biogeography and evolution in Gondwana (Gueragama sulamericana). I re-describe and assess the functional morphology of some of the oldest known articulated lizards in the world (Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus), providing clues to the ancestry of geckoes, and the early evolution of their scansorial behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile” Diversity and Evolution George A
    “Reptile” Diversity and Evolution George A. Lozano Department of Biology University of Ottawa Summary Sauropsids Turtles Diapsids/Saurians Plesiosaurs † and ichthyosaurs † Lepidosaurs Tuatara Squamates (snakes, geckos, iguanas, monitors ) Archosaurs (crocodiles, dinosaurs, pterosaurs ) Dinosaurs 2 George A. Lozano Amniota Synapsida Sauropsida Diapsida Turtles Ancestral amniotes & Turtles Turtles - Testudina 250 species Carapace (vertebrae and ribs) Appendicular girdles INSIDE the shell Beak, no teeth (along with aves) Ear ossicle columella (ind?) 4 George A. Lozano Sauropsida Diapsida/Sauria Turtles 250 Archosaurs Ichthyosaurs† Lepidosaurs Plesiosaurs† 9.1K 7K Ear ossicle collumella, 3 rd ind. evol.) Lepidosaurs “scaly” reptiles 6700 species : 4000 lizards, 2700 snakes Tuatara: ancestral diapsid skull Squamata: derived diapsid skull, hemipenes Iguanas Geckos Snakes Skinks Gila monsters, monitor lizards, Komodo dragon 6 George A. Lozano Tuatara Turtles Squamates Modified Euryapsid: Aves diapsid Plesiosaur Ichthyosaur Snakes 8 George A. Lozano Sauropsida Diapsida Turtles Archosaurs Crocodiles Dinosaurs Pterosaurs† Dinosaurs Ornithischians† Saurischians •Ceratopsids •Duck-billed dino Sauropods† Theropods •Stegosaurus •Ankylosaurus Dinosaurs Ornithischians† Saurischians •-ceratops (uni, tri…) •Duck-billed dino Sauropods† Theropods •Stegosaurus •Diplodocus •Ankylosaurus •Brachiosaurus T. rex † Velociraptor † Birds 12 George A. Lozano Sauropod and ornithischian (ankylosaurus) 13 George A. Lozano 14 George A. Lozano Dinosaurs
    [Show full text]
  • Elachistosuchus Huenei Janensch, 1949 (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Triassic of Germany and Its Relevance for the Origin of Sauria
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Anatomy of the Enigmatic Reptile Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Triassic of Germany and Its Relevance for the Origin of Sauria Gabriela Sobral1☯*, Hans-Dieter Sues2☯, Johannes Müller1☯ 1 Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany, 2 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, Washington, DC, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Sobral G, Sues H-D, Müller J (2015) Abstract Anatomy of the Enigmatic Reptile Elachistosuchus huenei Janensch, 1949 (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the The holotype and only known specimen of the enigmatic small reptile Elachistosuchus hue- Upper Triassic of Germany and Its Relevance for the nei Janensch, 1949 from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Arnstadt Formation of Saxony-Anhalt Origin of Sauria. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0135114. μ doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135114 (Germany) is redescribed using CT scans of the material. This re-examination revealed new information on the morphology of this taxon, including previously unknown parts of the Editor: Shree Ram Singh, National Cancer Institute, UNITED STATES skeleton such as the palate, braincase, and shoulder girdle. Elachistosuchus is diagnosed especially by the presence of the posterolateral process of the frontal, the extension of the Received: January 27, 2015 maxillary tooth row to the posterior margin of the orbit, the free posterior process of the Accepted: July 19, 2015 jugal, and the notched anterior margin of the interclavicle. Phylogenetic analyses using two Published: September 9, 2015 recently published character-taxon matrices recovered conflicting results for the phyloge- Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all netic position of Elachistosuchus–either as an archosauromorph, as a lepidosauromorph or copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, as a more basal, non-saurian diapsid.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosecurity Risk Assessment
    An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries RIRDC Publication No. 11/141 RIRDCInnovation for rural Australia An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries by Dr Robert C Keogh February 2012 RIRDC Publication No. 11/141 RIRDC Project No. PRJ-007347 © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-320-8 ISSN 1440-6845 An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries Publication No. 11/141 Project No. PRJ-007347 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • An Early Late Triassic Long-Necked Reptile with a Bony Pectoral Shield and Gracile Appendages
    An early Late Triassic long-necked reptile with a bony pectoral shield and gracile appendages JERZY DZIK and TOMASZ SULEJ Dzik, J. and Sulej, T. 2016. An early Late Triassic long-necked reptile with a bony pectoral shield and gracile appendages. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (4): 805–823. Several partially articulated specimens and numerous isolated bones of Ozimek volans gen. et sp. nov., from the late Carnian lacustrine deposits exposed at Krasiejów in southern Poland, enable a reconstruction of most of the skeleton. The unique character of the animal is its enlarged plate-like coracoids presumably fused with sterna. Other aspects of the skeleton seem to be comparable to those of the only known specimen of Sharovipteryx mirabilis from the latest Middle Triassic of Kyrgyzstan, which supports interpretation of both forms as protorosaurians. One may expect that the pectoral girdle of S. mirabilis, probably covered by the rock matrix in its only specimen, was similar to that of O. volans gen. et sp. nov. The Krasiejów material shows sharp teeth, low crescent scapula, three sacrals in a generalized pelvis (two of the sacrals being in contact with the ilium) and curved robust metatarsal of the fifth digit in the pes, which are unknown in Sharovipteryx. Other traits are plesiomorphic and, except for the pelvic girdle and extreme elongation of appendages, do not allow to identify any close connection of the sharovipterygids within the Triassic protorosaurians. Key words: Archosauromorpha, Sharovipteryx, protorosaurs, gliding, evolution, Carnian, Poland. Jerzy Dzik [[email protected]], Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland and Wydział Biologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Centrum Nauk Biologiczno-Chemicznych, ul.
    [Show full text]
  • New Verified Nonindigenous Amphibians and Reptiles in Florida Through 2015, with a Summary of Over 152 Years of Introductions
    WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & IRCF AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 189 23(2):110–143 • AUG 2016 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCED SPECIES FEATURE ARTICLES . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: New VerifiedOn the Road to Understanding the Nonindigenous Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Amphibians Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198 and ReptilesRESEARCH ARTICLES in Florida through 2015, with a . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 Summary. The Knight Anole of(Anolis equestris over) in Florida 152 Years of Introductions .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 1 1 2 3 3 4 Kenneth L. KryskoCONSERVATION, Louis A. Somma ALERT, Dustin C. Smith , Christopher R. Gillette , Daniel Cueva , Joseph A. Wasilewski , 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kevin M. Enge. , Steve A. Johnson , Todd S. Campbell , Jake R. Edwards , Michael R. Rochford , Rhyan Tompkins , World’s Mammals11 in Crisis .............................................................................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Now, on to Mesozoic Marine Reptiles
    Now, on to Mesozoic Marine Reptiles NOT DINOSAURS! • They are reptiles, but some have adopted different skull fenestration • “Euryapsid” and “Anapsid” conditions are likely modified Diapsids • First reptiles returned to the sea in the Permian (Mesosaurus) How they are related: Sauropterygia Mosasauridae Thalattosuchia Dinosauria Phytosauria Lepidosauromorpha Crurotarsi Prolacertiformes Archosauromorpha Thalattosauriformes? Ichthyosauromorpha Sauria Claudiosaurus Neodiapsida Morphology • 4 basic body plans (Baupläne): (a) Thunniform advanced ichthyosaur (b) Long neck/small head plesiosaur (elasmosaur) (c) Short neck/big head pliosaur (d) Undulatory mosasaur (and basal ichthyosaur) • + “functional group 3” after Robert L. Carroll (“swimming lizards”) Morphological Trends • Limbs become rigid, often with hyperphalangy (many phalanges) • Polydactyly in ichthyosaurs Morphological Trends • (A) Merriamia (basal ichthyosaur) manus • (B) Opthalmosaurus (Jurassic ichthyosaur) manus • (C) Elasmosaurus (Cretaceous plesiosaur) manus • (D) Nothosaur pes • (E) Mosasaur pes Morphological Trends • Thoracic stiffening a usual trend • Lateral flexion directed posteriorly, or propulsion moved paraxially Carrier’s Constraint • Because of their sprawling gait, *GASP!* reptiles cannot breathe and run at the same time Ahhh… • Same applies to marine reptiles with lateral flexion (they breathe air!) *GASP!* • Solved by moving propulsion posteriorly, stiffening thorax, or moving limbs independently of spine Triassic Seas • Pangea beginning to break up • Marine
    [Show full text]
  • Phylonyms; a Companion to the Phylocode
    Pan-Lepidosauria J. A. Gauthier and K. de Queiroz, new clade name Registration Number: 118 2009; Evans and Borsuk-Bialylicka, 2009; Evans and Jones, 2010; but see Müller, 2004; De!nition: !e total clade of the crown clade Jones et al., 2013). More recently, kuehneosaurs Lepidosauria. !is is a crown-based total-clade have been inferred to be stem archosaurs close de"nition. Abbreviated de"nition: total ∇ of to Trilophosaurus buettneri by Pritchard and Lepidosauria. Nesbitt (2017), although Simões et al. (2018) placed them as either stem saurians or stem Etymology: Derived from pan (Greek), here archosaurs depending on the analysis, but in referring to “pan-monophylum,” another term either case only distantly related to T. buettneri. for “total clade,” and Lepidosauria, the name !e Early Triassic Sophineta cracoviensis and the of the corresponding crown clade; hence, “the Middle Jurassic Marmoretta oxoniensis have been total clade of Lepidosauria.” more consistently regarded as stem lepidosaurs, although that inference depends upon cor- Reference Phylogeny: Gauthier et al. (1988) rect association among disarticulated remains Figure 13, where the clade in question is named (Evans, 1991; Waldman and Evans, 1994; Lepidosauromorpha and is hypothesized to Evans, 2009; Evans and Borsuk-Bialylicka, include Younginiformes, which is no longer con- 2009; Evans and Jones, 2010; Jones et al., 2013; sidered part of the clade (see Composition). Renesto and Bernardi, 2014). Depending on the analysis, Simões et al. (2018) inferred S. Composition: Pan-Lepidosauria is composed cracoviensis to be either a stem lepidosaurian of Lepidosauria (Pan-Sphenodon plus Pan- or a stem squamatan, but they consistently Squamata, see entry in this volume) and all inferred M.
    [Show full text]