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AnnArbor, MI48106 WEAVING A CLOAK OF DISCIPLINE: HAWAI'I'S CATHOLIC SCHOOLS, 1840-1941 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY AUGUST 1994 By Patricia M. Alvarez Dissertation Committee: Cedric Cowing, Chairperson Idus Newby Pauline King James McCutcheon Anna Keppel ABSTRACT Beginning in 1840, the Sandwich Islands Mission of the Roman Catholic Church operated a system of schools to facilitate the conveyance of the church's religious message. In the early years of this endeavor, French missionaries taught Hawaiian youths a modified form of monastic discipline that made important concessions to the indigenous culture in order to gain acceptance. The missionaries competed for Hawaiian adherents with American Protestants, who taught an external form of discipline. When the Catholic school first appeared, Americans already exerted a powerful influence over the politics and economy of the Islands and limited the impact of the Catholic initiative, though the Catholics won their share of Hawaiian converts. In little more than fifty years after Catholic schooling began, Americans transformed the Hawaiian­ ruled Kingdom of Hawai'i into an American-controlled republic and won annexation to the United States as a territory. Ideas of Progressive education flowed in quickly during the territorial period, and created the modern educational system through regulation of teachers and schools. Priests of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, who ran the Catholic schools, benefited in the early years from the assistance of both the French and Hawaiian governments. They accepted direction from Rome and financial iii assistance from lay people abroad. They taught their schools initially in the Hawaiian language but changed to English because of the influence uf Americanization. Sisters of the order demonstrated their adherence to the parti~ioning aspect of church discipline by establishing private institutions for girls. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, a succession of Catholic congregations in the United States responded to the mission's requests for teachers to staff the schools. They brought with them a modernized form of culture and discipline that transformed aspects of Catholic education but not its underlying message. The school uniform introduced at this time sYmbolized the congregations' acceptance of state regulation as well as stricter church discipline. However, the mission status of the church and the continued influx of immigrants into Hawai'i kept the religious message conveyed in the schools from becoming as narrow as that in its American counterparts. lV TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations vi Preface viii Chapter I Loose Cloaks of Meaning 1 Chapter II Common School Threads 54 Chapter III English Spindles 108 Chapter IV Mission-School Na Holoku (Dresses) 153 Chapter V German-American Starch 198 Chapter VI Well-Tailored Suits 257 Chapter VII Parochial School Uniforms 318 Appendix A Government Common Schools, 1847-1854 374 Appendix B Catholic Common Schools by Island 375 Appendix C Catholic Common School Dates of Operation 377 Apperid.i.x D Nineteenth-Century Mission Schools 381 Appendix E Private and Parochial Schools, 1900-1940 383 Glossary 386 Bibliography 388 v ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE FOOTNOTES ABCFM American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions AGMAR Brothers of Mary, Congregational Archives, Rome Annales de la Congregation des Sacres-Coeurs APF Association (Societe) de la Propagation de la Foi Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi BML Bishop Museum Library, Honolulu BOE Board of Education, Kingdom of Hawai'i C.S.J. Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet CSJSL Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, Congregational Archives, St. Louis, MO CSJSP Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, Provincial Archives, St. Paul, MN DPI Department of Public Instruction-Kingdom, Republic, and Territory of Hawai'i Report of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Hawai'i, HSA HMCSL Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library, Honolulu HSA Hawai'i State Archives, Honolulu M.M. Foreign Mission Sisters of Saint Dominic (Maryknoll Sisters) MMNY Maryknoll Sisters Archives, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York MMH Maryknoll Sisters, Regional Archives, Honolulu O.S.F. Sisters of the Third Franciscan Order Minor Conventuals (Franciscans) OSFA Sisters of St. Francis Third Order Minor Conventual, Congregational Archives, Syracuse, New York Vl PCR Privy Counc~l Reports, F.O. & EX, Kingdom of Hawai'i, HSA PFR Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, Rome PIAR Administrative Records: Reports, Public Instruction, HSA PICR Curriculum Records: Catholic Schools, Public Instruction, HSA PILB Letterbook, Public Instruction, HSA PIMB Minutebook, Public Instruction, HSA PIRM Report of the Minister of Public Instruction, 1846- 1855, 1896-1899; President of the Board of Education, 1856-1895; Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1900-1941; Kingdom, Republic, and Territory of Hawai'i, HSA PMA Pacific Marianist Archives, Cupertino, CA SAS St. Anthony's School, School Office, Wailuku SFCS St. Francis [Convent] School, Library, Honolulu SJS St. Joseph's School, School Office, Hilo SLC St. Louis School, School Office and Archives, Honolulu S.M. Society of Mary (Marianist Brothers) SS.CC. Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary and of the Perpetual Adoration of the Most Blessed Sacrament (Sacred Hearts) SSCCSH Sisters of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts, Sacred Hearts Convent Archives, Honolulu SSCCFR Fathers of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts, Congregational Archives, Rome SSCCSR Sisters of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts, Congregational Archives, Rome UH Hamilton Library, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu vii PREFACE aRe who would find God must accept discipline." Sirach 33: 14. The history of Roman Catholic mission schools in Hawai'i from 1840 to 1941 centers around religious quarrels of a sort that are repugnant to most Americans today and incomprehensible even to Catholics. The actions of early Catholic missionaries in the Sandwich Islands, who forced their way into Honolulu with the help of French gunboats, smacked of the early modern European religiousr~uarrels that modern notions of toleration condemn. The Catholic schools those missionaries established conveyed a set of values we today consider authoritarian and backward. This dissertation examines the confrontation between these Catholic missionaries and their Protestant counterparts in the Sandwich Islands as it played itself out in the schools the two groups established in the nineteenth century and continued to operate into the twentieth century. It seeks to understand the operative values that guided the Catholic school project, especially as that project confronted the growing challenge of twentieth-century liberalism. Protestant missionaries from r-he United States arrived in the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1820, and w i.t.hi n twenty years had acquired considerable influence over Island affairs. They assisted the viii indigenous rulers in the creation of Western-style systems of government and law. Their schools instructed Hawaiian children in reading, writing, and arithmetic--and in Protestant Christianity. In 1840, Catholic missionaries from the Sacred Hearts congregation, backed by French warships, secured an equal right to proselytize in the Kingdom. Shortly thereafter, the Hawaiian chiefs made attendance at Protestant missionary schools mandatory. Sacred Hearts priests viewed this "law" for what it was, the product of a plot to snatch away the children of Catholic converts and thereby negate Catholic proselytizing. The result of their protest was a separate system of schools, notably augmented over the next century,