DNA Barcoding Ταυτοποίηση Ειδών Ιχθύων Των Εσωτερικών Υδάτων Της

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DNA Barcoding Ταυτοποίηση Ειδών Ιχθύων Των Εσωτερικών Υδάτων Της ΑΡΗ΢ΣΟΣΔΛΔΗΟ ΠΑΝΔΠΗ΢ΣΖΜΗΟ ΘΔ΢΢ΑΛΟΝΗΚΖ΢ ΢ΥΟΛΖ ΘΔΣΗΚΧΝ ΔΠΗ΢ΣΖΜΧΝ ΣΜΖΜΑ ΒΗΟΛΟΓΗΑ΢ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΜΔΣΑΠΣΤΥΗΑΚΧΝ ΢ΠΟΤΓΧΝ ΔΦΑΡΜΟ΢ΜΔΝΖ ΓΔΝΔΣΗΚΖ ΚΑΗ ΒΗΟΓΗΑΓΝΧ΢ΣΗΚΖ DNA barcoding ηαπηνπνίεζε εηδψλ ηρζχσλ ησλ εζσηεξηθψλ πδάησλ ηεο Διιάδαο Μεηαπηπρηαθή Γηπισκαηηθή Δξγαζία Αιέμαλδξνο Σζνχπαο Δπηβιέπσλ Καζεγεηήο: Αιέμαλδξνο Σξηαληαθπιιίδεο Θεζζαινλίθε, 2018 ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI FACULTY OF SCIENCES SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY MASTER’S DEGREE PROGRAM APPLIED GENETICS AND BIODIAGNOSIS DNA barcoding identification of Greek freshwater fish species MSc Diploma Thesis Alexandros Tsoupas Supervisor Professor: Alexandros Triantafyllidis Thessaloniki, 2018 Πίνακας περιεχομένων ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟ΢ ............................................................................................................................... 1 ΠΔΡΗΛΖΦΖ ................................................................................................................................ 3 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.ΔΗ΢ΑΓΧΓΖ .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Βηνπνηθηιφηεηα ................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Ζ έλλνηα ηνπ είδνπο ζηελ ηαμηλνκία .................................................................................. 9 1.3 Γελεηηθή ηαπηνπνίεζε εηδψλ........................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Γελεηηθνί δείθηεο ....................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2 Μηηνρνλδξηαθφ DNA ................................................................................................ 11 1.4 DNA barcoding ............................................................................................................... 13 1.5 Γελεηηθή απφζηαζε θαη DNA barcoding gap .................................................................. 16 1.6 Πξνεγνχκελε έξεπλα ..................................................................................................... 17 1.7 ΢θνπφο ηεο εξγαζίαο ..................................................................................................... 19 2. ΤΛΗΚΑ ΚΑΗ ΜΔΘΟΓΟΗ ......................................................................................................... 21 2.1 ΓΔΗΓΜΑΣΑ ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 ΑΠΟΜΟΝΧ΢Ζ ΓΔΝΧΜΗΚΟΤ DNA ................................................................................ 23 2.2.1 Απνκφλσζε DNA κε ρξήζε Υισξνθνξκίνπ-CTAB ................................................ 23 2.2.2 Έιεγρνο απνκνλσκέλνπ DNA ................................................................................ 24 2.3 ΑΛΤ΢ΗΓΧΣΖ ΑΝΣΗΓΡΑ΢Ζ ΠΟΛΤΜΔΡΑ΢Ζ΢ (PCR) ...................................................... 25 2.3.1 Γεληθά ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Δλίζρπζε ηνπ γνληδίνπ COI κε ρξήζε PCR ............................................................ 28 2.4 ΑΛΛΖΛΟΤΥΗ΢Ζ ............................................................................................................. 29 2.4.1 Γεληθά ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Αιιεινχρηζε ηνπ γνληδίνπ COI ................................................................................ 30 2.5 ΑΝΑΛΤ΢Ζ ΑΠΟΣΔΛΔ΢ΜΑΣΧΝ ΑΛΛΖΛΟΤΥΗ΢Ζ΢........................................................ 31 2.5.1 Έιεγρνο θαη επεμεξγαζία ησλ αιιεινπρηψλ ........................................................... 31 2.5.2 Φπινγελεηηθή αλάιπζε θαη αμηνιφγεζε ησλ DNA Barcodes .................................. 32 3. ΑΠΟΣΔΛΔ΢ΜΑΣΑ-΢ΤΕΖΣΖ΢Ζ ........................................................................................... 35 3.1 ΑΠΟΜΟΝΧ΢Ζ ΓΔΝΧΜΗΚΟΤ DNA ................................................................................ 37 3.2 ΑΠΟΣΔΛΔ΢ΜΑΣΑ PCR ΚΑΗ ΑΛΛΖΛΟΤΥΗ΢Ζ΢ ............................................................. 38 3.3 ΦΤΛΟΓΔΝΔΣΗΚΖ ΑΝΑΛΤ΢Ζ ........................................................................................ 39 3.3.1 Γέλνο Alburnoides ................................................................................................... 39 3.3.2 Γέλνο Alburnus ........................................................................................................ 42 3.3.3 Γέλνο Barbus ........................................................................................................... 46 3.3.4 Γέλνο Carassius ...................................................................................................... 52 3.3.5 Γέλνο Chondrostoma ............................................................................................... 53 3.3.6 Γέλνο Cobitis ........................................................................................................... 55 3.3.7 Γέλνο Cyprinus ........................................................................................................ 57 3.3.8 Γέλνο Economidichthys ........................................................................................... 58 3.3.9 Γέλνο Gambusia ...................................................................................................... 60 3.3.10 Γέλνο Gasterosteus ............................................................................................... 61 3.3.11 Γέλνο Gobio ........................................................................................................... 62 3.3.12 Γέλνο Lepomis ....................................................................................................... 64 3.3.13 Γέλνο Luciobarbus ................................................................................................. 65 3.3.14 Γέλνο Oxynoemacheilus ........................................................................................ 67 3.3.15 Γέλνο Pachychilon ................................................................................................. 69 3.3.16 Γέλνο Pelasgus ..................................................................................................... 70 3.3.17 Γέλνο Petroleuciscus ............................................................................................. 73 3.3.18 Γέλνο Pseudorasbora ............................................................................................ 74 3.3.19 Γέλνο Rhodeus ...................................................................................................... 74 3.3.20 Γέλνο Sabanejewia ................................................................................................ 77 3.3.21 Γέλνο Salmo .......................................................................................................... 78 3.3.22 Γέλνο Squalius ...................................................................................................... 79 3.3.23 Γέλνο Telestes ....................................................................................................... 85 3.3.24 Γέλνο Vimba .......................................................................................................... 88 3.4 Μέζεο γελεηηθέο απνζηάζεηο .......................................................................................... 89 3.5 Δθηίκεζε ηεο απνηειεζκαηηθφηεηαο ηνπ DNA barcoding ............................................... 91 4. ΒΗΒΛΗΟΓΡΑΦΗΑ .................................................................................................................... 95 ΠΑΡΑΡΣΖΜΑ Α ..................................................................................................................... 107 ΠΑΡΑΡΣΖΜΑ Β ..................................................................................................................... 125 ΠΑΡΑΡΣΖΜΑ Γ ..................................................................................................................... 126 ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟ΢ Ζ παξνχζα δηπισκαηηθή εξγαζία πξαγκαηνπνηήζεθε θαηά ηελ πεξίνδν 2015-2017, ζηνλ ηνκέα Γελεηηθήο, Αλάπηπμεο θαη Μνξηαθήο Βηνινγίαο ηνπ ηκήκαηνο Βηνινγίαο ηνπ Αξηζηνηειείνπ Παλεπηζηεκίνπ Θεζζαινλίθεο, ππφ ηελ επίβιεςε ηνπ Αλαπιεξσηή Καζεγεηή ηνπ ηκήκαηνο, Αιέμαλδξνπ Σξηαληαθπιιίδε. Καηά ηελ δηάξθεηά ηεο, ε ζπλεξγαζία κνπ κε ηα ππφινηπα κέιε ηνπ εξγαζηεξίνπ ζεσξψ πσο ππήξμε άςνγε θαη γηα απηφ ζα ήζεια λα ηνπο επραξηζηήζσ. Πξσηίζησο, ζα ήζεια λα επραξηζηήζσ ηνλ θχξην Αιέμαλδξν Σξηαληαθπιιίδε, γηα ην γεγνλφο φηη κε επέιεμε γηα απηήλ ηελ εξγαζία θαη κνπ εκπηζηεχζεθε ηελ δηεθπεξαίσζή ηεο. Σνλ επραξηζηψ επίζεο γηα ηελ θαζνδήγεζε θαη ηηο ζπκβνπιέο ηνπ θαζ’ φιε ηελ δηάξθεηα ηεο πξαγκαηνπνίεζεο θαη ζπγγξαθήο ηεο εξγαζίαο, ηηο δηνξζψζεηο θαη ηελ θαηαλφεζή ηνπ ζε φια ηα ιάζε θαη ηηο παξαιήςεηο κνπ. Αθφκα, επραξηζηψ ηελ θπξία Γήκεηξα Μπφκπνξε, Δπίθνπξε Καζεγήηξηα ηνπ Σκήκαηνο Βηνινγίαο ηνπ Α.Π.Θ., ηνλ θχξην Μάλν Κνπηξάθε, Σαθηηθφ Δξεπλεηή ζην Ηλζηηηνχην Αιηεπηηθήο Έξεπλαο (ΗΝΑΛΔ), ηνλ θχξην Ησάλλε Λενλάξδν, Καζεγεηή ζην Παλεπηζηήκην ησλ Ησαλλίλσλ (ΠΗ) θαη ηηο εξεπλεηηθέο ηνπο νκάδεο, κεηαμχ απηψλ ηελ Όιγα Πεηξίθε, ηνλ Μαλψιε Σζαθνχκε, ηνλ Αξγχξε ΢απνπλίδε θαη ηνλ Ηεξεκία Υνπζίδε γηα ηηο πξνζπάζεηεο πνπ θαηέβαιαλ ψζηε λα καο πξνκεζεχζνπλ κε δείγκαηα, γηα ηελ ηαπηνπνίεζε ησλ δεηγκάησλ θαη γηα ην ελδηαθέξνλ πνπ έδεημαλ γηα ηελ εξγαζία
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