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Assessment and Evaluation of Biodiversity on National Level

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Assessment and Evaluation of Biodiversity on National Level MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICAL PLANNING ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY ON NATIONAL LEVEL REPORT and National Catalogue (Check List) of Species May, 2010 Design & Print: TRENCH - Skopje CIP - Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека “Св. Климент Охридски”, Скопје 504.3/.7(497.7)(047) АНАЛИЗА на валоризација на биодиверзитетот на национално ниво : извештај со национален каталог (листа) на видови во дигитален формат. - Скопје : UNDP, 2010. - 100 стр. : илустр. ; 21 см Библиографија: стр. 79-99 ISBN 978-9989-188-66-4 а) Биодиверзитет - Македонија - Извештаи COBISS.MK-ID 83098634 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not neces- sarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or their Member States. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning expresses appreciation to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Develop- ment Programme (UNDP) for the technical and financial support provided during the production of this publication. We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Svetozar Petkovski for prepar- ing this Report and compiling the National Catalogue (Check Lists) of Species based on the published data on the country’s biodiversity. The Report also re- quired examination of scientific papers on biodiversity accumulated by many generations of scientists and researchers. We would like to extend a special debt of gratitude to those who have played a key role in bringing to fruition the National Catalogue (Check Lists) of Species, thus contributing toward a better understanding of the marvelous biodiversity richness of the country: Fungi (Fungi and Lichens - Lichenoid Fungi): Prof. Dr. Mitko Karadelev (Biological Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje, Macedonia); Algae (Algae): Prof. Dr. Zlatko Levkov (Biological Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje, Macedonia); Plantae (Plants): Acad. Prof. Dr. Vlado Matevski (Biological Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje, Macedonia); Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles): Dr. Vesna Sidorovska (Mac- edonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Macedonia); Syrphidae (Hover- flies):D r. Vladimir Krpach (Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Macedonia); Gastropoda Terrestria (Terrestrial Gastropods): M.Sc. Snezhana Jovanovich (Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Macedonia); Odonata (Dragonflies & Damselflies), Neuroptera (Net-winged Insects), Cara- bidae (Ground Beetles) and Curculionoidea (Weevils): M.Sc. Branislava Mihajlova (Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Macedonia); Araneae (Spiders): Mrs. Emilija Stojkoska (Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Macedonia) and Acad. Prof. Dr. Hristo Deltshev (Biological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria); We would also like to thank the following persons and institutions for gener- ously sharing copies of important empirical documents: Mrs. Biljana Kuzevs- ka (Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Macedonia), Dr. Georg Dzukic (Biological Institute Sinisha Stankovic, Belgrade, Serbia), Prof. Dr. Stoyan Beshkov (National Natural History Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Prof. Dr. Boris Krystufek (Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia). We would also like to emphasize that in regard to the taxonomic group of Plan- tae (Plants), the National Catalogue (Check Lists) of Species is incomplete and remains yet to be updated. This document should be considered as work in progress and it will be updated once new information and research data become available. 4 Contents 1. Introduction. 7 2. Biogeography. 11 2.1. Terrestrial (Land) Biocycle . 12 2.1.1. Biochore Arboreal. .12 2.1.1.1. Boreal (Taiga). .12 2.1.1.2. Broadleaved Arboreal . .13 2.1.2. Biochore Eremial . .16 2.1.2.1. Steppes. .16 2.1.2.2. Irano-Turanian Deserts. 17 2.1.2.3. Aegean-Anatolian Semi-Deserts. .17 2.1.3. Biochore Oreo-Tundral (Arcto-Mountain or Arcto-Alpine) . .18 2.1.3.1. Arctic (Tundra) . 21 2.1.3.2. Palaeo-Mountain . .21 2.2. Freshwater Biocycle. 22 2.2.1. Biochore of Permanent Waters: Lakes & Rivers. 22 2.2.2. Biochore of Temporary Waters: ponds, marshes, temporary pools and glacial lakes. 25 3. Assessment of Biodiversity. 29 3.1. Key Ecosystems . .29 3.1.1. Forest Ecosystems. .29 3.1.2. Mountain Ecosystems. 32 3.1.3. Dry Land/Grassland Ecosystems. 33 3.1.4. Wetland Ecosystems . .34 3.2. Vegetation. 38 3.3. Species Diversity. .39 3.3.1. Fungi (Fungi). .39 3.3.2. Lichens (Lichenes). .40 3.3.3. Algae (Algae). .40 3.3.4. Flora (Plants) . .41 3.3.5. Fauna (Animals) . 43 5 4. Evaluation of Biodiversity. 55 4.1. Evaluation of Fungi. 59 4.2. Evaluation of Lichens . 59 4.3. Evaluation of Algae . 60 4.4. Evaluation of Flora (Plants) . .60 4.5. Evaluation of Fauna (Animals). .62 4.5.1. Evaluation of Invertebrates. 62 4.5.2. Evaluation of Fishes (Pisces). 64 4.5.3. Evaluation of Amphibians. 66 4.5.4. Evaluation of Reptiles . .67 4.5.5. Evaluation of Birds . .68 4.5.6. Evaluation of Mammals. 73 5. References. 79 7 1. Introduction A unique set of geological, climatic and anthropogenic factors have combined to make the Balkans one of the most biologically intriguing and valuable areas in the Northern Hemisphere. It is now widely appreciated that the Balkans does represent a significant “sump” for, at least, European biodiversity. Despite this, there is still little understanding of the Balkan Biodiversity above the level of simple species description. The extremely high level of endemism in the Balkans compared to other parts of Europe is perhaps the most striking element of comparative patterns of biodiversity (Griffiths, 1998). The Balkans with Macedonia in its central part, contain some of the most extreme environments, and boast the additional diversity of their cave and lake environments which is unsurpassed in other parts. Certainly, compared to other temperate regions on Europe, it is quite outstanding. Coupled with the importance of the geographic location in a transitional zone open to a variety of floral and faunal influences, it is not surprising the notion that the Balkans are indeed the centre of European biodiversity (Reed et al., 2004). Macedonian lakes are of varied origins. The largest lake, Ohrid, is outstanding being a steep-sided graben formed through rifting in a similar fashion to Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi in the East African Rift system, or Lake Baikal. The diversity of taxa in ancient lake environments has also been linked to long-term environmental stability. Levels of endemism for Lake Ohrid are unique and comparable exclusively to other ancient lakes outside Europe. Existing continuously for millions of years, such lakes are distinguished by their rich and unique faunas and undoubtedly constitute “hot spots” of biodiversity (Illies, 1978; Petkovski, 2003). The origin of this apparent species biodiversity is controversial, and several authors have attempted to explain the origin of aspects of these unique biodiversity, albeit with varying degrees of success. Most evoke the clear Paratethyan affinities of the biodiversity of Lake Ohrid and certain elements of that of the karst and, at least in the case of freshwater invertebrates, Paratethyan relictualism must be considered. Many of these species clearly do have their roots in a more ancient, more diverse fauna, and have survived and diverged because of the special conditions that have prevailed there. Although there has been considerable Holocene human impact on the Biodiversity, the absence of 8 major phases of Pleistocene glaciations has allowed particular ecosystems (and particularly aquatic ecosystems) and their associated species to survive for extended periods. Macedonia thus represents an area in which ancient groups have survived and diversified, untroubled by the waves of extinction that accompany glaciations. In addition to this, the Macedonia is clearly important as “meeting point” for the biodiversity of three continents so that, in the case of the less sedentary animal groups, many aspects of Macedonian biodiversity now are believed to have been strongly affected by land bridge exchanges between the Balkans and Anatolia. These exchanges will have been governed by isostatic sea level changes associated with Pleistocene cycles of glaciations. In the case of Macedonia, simple figures of relative species richness do not bring out the real importance of the country in terms of its conservation value. The additional significance of Macedonia as an important region of environmental stability for evolution and the maintenance of biodiversity during Quaternary glacial fluctuations has already been stressed. As in most regions, the effects of human impact on the environment further complicate conservation issues. More recently, there has been marked acceleration in environmental degradation due in a large part to agricultural intensification, but Macedonia is again outstanding in the degree to which forest ecosystems have survived in certain regions, even if in a modified state. Most notably, some of the largest remaining European populations of threatened mammals (Brown Bear, Wolf, Balkan Lynx, Wildcat, Otter, Marbled Polecat, Lesser Mole Rat, Souslik, Chamois and Bats), as well as the European populations of birds of prey, survive in the mountains and gorges of the protected areas, which is direct reflection of the quality of composition and area remaining intact. Macedonia
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