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Use of Solar Passive Concepts in the Avadh Architectural Buildings and Their Modified Impact*

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Use of Solar Passive Concepts in the Avadh Architectural Buildings and Their Modified Impact* Indian Journal of History of Science, 50.1 (2015) 163-181 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i1/48120 Project Report Use of Solar Passive Concepts in the Avadh Architectural Buildings and their Modified Impact* Usha Bajpai and Sachin Gupta** The sun and its energy supply has been a architecture. The Avadh Rulers beginning from fundamental influence since the origin of the Muhammad Amin Saadat Khan to Wajid Ali Shah human species. The rise of the first cities between built many fascinating structures in the 5000 to 6000 years ago reflected the culmination magnificent cities of Faizabad and Lucknow in of a gradual process of proto-urbanization which the period 1720 to 1856. In the beginning, the had been taking place for many thousands of years buildings constructed by them were confined to prior to the formation of urban concentrations. The Faizabad alone, but later on the main centre of sun, wind and water were the guiding principles architectural activity shifted to Lucknow. These for urban planning. The early settlements in Syria, buildings included Gulab Bari, Moti Mahal and Egypt, Iran, China, Greece and South and North Tomb of Bahu Begum in Faizabad and Bara America were the examples of the period ranging Imambara, Chhota Imambara, Shahnajaf from 3500 BC to 900 AD. The architecture for Imambara, Sikander Bagh, Saadat Ali’s Tomb, the agricultural age developed in terms of Lakshman Tila, Rumi Darwaza, Jama Masjid, simulation and comforts. In early modern Mausoleum in Kaiserbagh, Dilkusha Gardens and architecture in India, the building technologies of Moti Mahal in Lucknow. the Mughals drew considerable attraction. The dream of Mughal architects was to create the The style of these buildings may be ultimate diaphanous wall and powerful rulers decadent and hybrid but it has its own special spared no expense in creating their palaces. The characteristics such as fish motif at the gates, multi-functional membrane/screen carved out of domes with golden umbrellas, vaulted halls, white marble allowed the greatest comfort in arcaded pavilions, underground chambers and inside/outside spaces. labyrinths. There was a sudden stalemate in the field After the Avadh Rulers, came the British of architecture after Shahjahan’s death. But, the era. There was little left in the treasury of the Nawabs of Avadh kept it alive. In Avadh Rulers Nawabs of Lucknow to be invested in architectural era, the field of architecture saw re-interpretation projects and their days of glory were fast coming of the existing styles and experimentation in the to a sad end, precipitated by the British presence. fusion of the occidental and the oriental style of The group of buildings became the stage for the * The project was accomplished under the sponsorship of Indian National Commission for History of Science between December 2009 and June 2013. **Coordinator, Renewable Energy, Centre of Excellence in Renewable Energy Education and Research (New Campus), Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226 007, Email: [email protected] 164 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE most dramatic events of the 1857 Mutiny or 1. Introduction Uprising and the siege of Lucknow. 2. Climatic Condition The British Rulers built or modified many 3. Comfort and Solar Passive Techniques buildings at Lucknow, which included the Residency, La Martinere College (built by French 4. Avadh Buildings adventurer General Claude Martin, it presents a 5. European Buildings curious mélange of Indian and European architectural features), Clock Tower, Chattar 6. British Buildings Manzil (at present housing the Central Drug 7. Conclusion Research Institute), Canning College (which is at present the University of Lucknow), Medical 1. Introduction College (which is at present the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Medical University), the In early years in India there was no Charbagh Railway Station, the Council House and electricity but people created shelters in such a Banarsi Bagh. General Claude Martin built his way that they fulfilled their need of comfort in own residence now known as Kothi Farhat Baksh. the habitat. But today’s buildings are energy This small but beautiful building is a unique dazzling. They consume more and more energy example of Indo-European architecture. The Kothi to fulfill the need of comfort and also increase Hayat Baksh was also built in this era which emission of greenhouse gases, caused by fossil became the residence of the Governor and came fuels to power the heating and cooling to be known as Governor House. requirements of the buildings. The design and modeling of low-energy buildings is a challenging Some of the concepts used in the planning and complex problem of increasing importance. and construction of the above buildings may be Informing the uncertainty of architects during the passive solar cooling or heating techniques early design stages for decision making is very being used on modern day architectural buildings important. But old architects had the solution of for the purpose of energy conservation and use of these problems. They had used lots of passive renewable energy. They may also be bioclimatic techniques to restrict heat flow to-and-from a concepts for climatic region of Lucknow and building. But today’s architects have forgotten all Faizabad. However, the British Architectural these techniques, so there is a need to study these buildings have some modified or advanced techniques for modern buildings. The energy features than those used in Avadh Architectural crisis, along with concern of emission of buildings. greenhouse gases has again brought these The project is aimed to study the solar techniques in the limelight. Economic benefits of passive heating and cooling concepts used in the use of these techniques are also being seen, Avadh architectural buildings and also the especially in Third World countries facing energy bioclimatic concepts. The project also aims to crisis. Passive solar heating is a well-established analyze the modifications in these concepts in concept used in buildings in regions with colder European and British architectural buildings. The climates. Concepts of passive solar heating are project was undertaken by detailed studies of used while developing passive cooling techniques. Avadh, European and British era buildings in Passive cooling can be defined as the removal/ Faizabad and Lucknow. The Project was carried restriction of heat from/to the environment of out under the following chapters: building by utilizing the natural processes of USING SOLAR PASSIVE CONCEPTS IN THE AVADH ARCHITECTURAL BUILDINGS 165 rejecting heat to the ambient atmosphere by include the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere convection, evaporation and radiation or to the and biosphere; while the human factors can adjacent earth by conduction and convection. include land use and consumption of other natural Buildings can be designed and oriented in such a resources. Changes in any of these factors can way that windows, doors, indoor spaces, etc. are cause local, regional, or even global changes in located and oriented to take maximum advantage the climate. of the local climate. The role of landscaping The relationship between people, climate around the building, e.g. trees, vegetation and and buildings is non-linear and complexly water ponds have also been used to maximum interdependent. Climate also affects the use of effect. land, the type of crop that can be grown or the In region falling around the tropic-of- animal husbandry that can be practiced. These cancer, the summer is very hot and indoor air variations in the use of land can cause regional temperatures in single story buildings are well climatic changes- such as the spread of desert above comfort zone. As an example, in developing conditions due to deforestation. Microclimate countries, in villages where people have started variations can be caused by presence of trees, grass to build houses with reinforced-cement-concrete and water. Built up areas and cities would tend to (RCC) roofs, instead of traditional designs have their own microclimate which would differ involving high sloping roofs with earthen significantly from the climate of the region. Mangalore tiles (baked clay roof tiles). These new Ground reflecting surfaces and artificial buildings now need cooling and with power crisis topographical features can affect wind flow, solar and high energy cost the only option remaining is radiation and hence temperature patterns. It is now the adoption of passive cooling techniques. The established that the consumption of energy in cities state-of-art of solar passive cooling techniques has for buildings and transport etc. can make very been given by many researchers. Some of the significant changes to temperature. known techniques for passive cooling, viz. Sky- therm, insulated roof and wall, roof pond, earth– The most important strategy for low- air tunnel and ventilation. The discussion energy design of buildings is to design and build regarding such techniques has been widely according to the climate where the building is addressed in a number of experimental and located. Geographically, the climatic conditions numerical studies. The project reviews various are diverse and hence the designer is required to passive-cooling and heating techniques used in our describe and interpret climate in ways that are Avadh architectural buildings and how they have relevant to building design. been modified in European and British buildings in the composite climate of Lucknow and 2.1 Climatic zones in India Faizabad. India possesses a large variety of climates ranging from extremely hot desert regions to high 2. Climate altitude locations with severely cold conditions Climate (from Greek Klima) is defined as similar to northern Europe. Within India it is certain conditions of temperature, dryness, wind, possible to define six regions with distinct light, etc. of a region. Different regions of the climates. The six climates are normally designated world have diverse characteristic climates. A place as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold or region’s climate is determined by both natural and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite.
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