Nation, State and the Economy in History Edited by Alice Teichova and Herbert Matis Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 0521792789 - Nation, State and the Economy in History Edited by Alice Teichova and Herbert Matis Index More information

Index

Abome kingdom 241 Arbeiderpartiet (Norway) 110 Aborigines, Australian 404–5, 408–9, 414, 418, aristocracies 16, 98, 254 419 armament economy 69 Administration of Soviet Assets in Austria Article 14 (Congo) 247 (USIA) 171 Article of Confederation (USA) 391 African slave trade 394 Article of Perpetual Union 391 African socialism (Senegal) 251 aryanisation 168, 188 afro-pessimism 248 Asano zaibatsu 336–7 agrarian-industrial society relation Asante empire 241 221–2 ASEA (electrical engineering group) 105 agriculture Associations d’Inter´ etˆ Rural (Rural Interest Australia 405, 410, 419 Associations) (AIR) 258 Austria 159, 162–3 associations, power of voluntary 89 British India 301, 304, 305 associative capitalism 103 China 310–12 Astrup, H.R. 92 France 47 Atlantic slave trade 241, 254 Hungary 159, 161 Australia 404–20 Israel 274, 277 Aborigines 404–5, 414, 418, 419 Senegal 263–4 agricultural protectionism 419 Serbia 208–9, 211, 214 alien land 404 Spain 121 Americas comparison 404 USA 398 British imperialism 404, 405 F. R. Yugoslavia 209 Britishness 412 AIR see Associations d’Inter´ etˆ Rural class inclusiveness 405, 407, 418 Albania 197 colonial socialism 408 alcohol 83, 94 Commonwealth Savings Bank 414 Allied Control Council 70 compromise 405, 406–7, 409–13, 414 America see American colonies, Spanish; Latin Conciliation and Arbitration Act America; United States of America (1904) 414 American colonies, Spanish 116, 119, 123 convict labour 410 American War of Independence 42 Court of Arbitration 414–15 ancien r´egime, France 40, 44, 52 deep historical structures 408–9 Andalusia 118 democratisation 410 Anschluss (1938) 166–8, 169, 171 dependency theory 407 anti-bureaucratic revolution, Serbia 204 depression (1930s) 416 anti-capitalism 106, 107, 108 dominion capitalism 407 anti-industrialisation ideology 106 exclusion policies 405 anti-Semitism 65, 68, 160, 168 export boom (1880s) 410–14 apanages 35 federation 412 Arabs see Israel; Mandatory Palestine First World War participation 415 Aragon 114, 115 GATT 419

424

Index 425

globalisation 418–20 identity 166–7 gold rushes 410 industrialisation 171–3 immigration, white 405, 414, 417, 418 industry 165, 169–70, 171, 172 Labour government, socialist agenda infrastructure 162–3, 167 (1941–1949) 416 Koerber-Plan 162 Labour parties 412, 413 Lander¨ 166, 169 labourist state debate 406–9 Lower Austria/Lower Danube integration labourist-protectionism 406–7, 415–18 168 land reform 410 metaphors for 167, 173, 174 Lib-Lab era (1905–17) 414 nation forming 166 liberal conservatives protectionism 416–17 nation-state idea 171–3 mineral export boom 417 national consciousness 174–5 monetarist policies 418 nationalisation 171–3 national framework building 414 nationalism 159–60 national identity (since 1986) 418–20 Ostmark (1938–45) 167, 168 nationalism 405 overseas investment reliance 174 origins and significance 404–6 population (1816) 59 penal colony 404 radicalisation 161 protectionism 411, 414–15, 419 railways 162, 165–6 public choice theory 408 Rechtstaat (state ruled by laws) 145 racial inclusion 405 reconstruction and integration 169–71 Second World War 416 Socialist Party 172 Snowy Mountains hydro scheme 417 Soviet Union 170 social democratic government, de-regulatory Sozialpartnerschaft (Austrian 418 employers–employees informal institution) South Eastern Australia (‘squattocracy’) 410 171 stagflation 417 state strength 149 state ownership 414 State Treaty (1955) 174 state-capital-labour compromise 409–13 trade, post-1945 170 theories of development 407, 408 see also Habsburg empire trade unions 411–12, 413, 414 Austria-Hungary, economic growth 198 unemployment 411 Austrian People’s Party (OVP)¨ 172 urbanisation 410 Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867) wool industry 405, 410 159–60, 161 working class, organised 407, 411, 413 authoritarian regimes 142, 147, 148, 149, 152, 378 Austria 137 autonomie interne regime, Senegal 257 agriculture 159, 162–3 Anschluss 166–8, 169, 171 Badeni riots (1897) 160, 161 Austrian Republic (1918) 163, 165–6, 167 Bairoch, P. 46 Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867) Bakuba kingdom 242 159–60, 161 Balkans banking 167 European Union 215 currency 61 modernisation 135, 145 Declaration of Neutrality (1955) 174 multinational entities 197–8 economic growth, post-1945 150 nation-states in 197–8, 199 economic integration 159–75 see also under specific countries economic viability 165–6 Banco de Londres y Mexico´ 360 electrical power 169 Banco do Brasil 367 European Economic Community 173–4 Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento European Union, membership (1995) 174 Economicoˆ 379 fear of immigrants 173 Banco Nacional de Mexico´ 360, 366 German Austrians 164–6 Bangladesh 292–3 Germany, relations with 166 see also East Pakistan GNP 163 Bank of England 19 Habsburg empire, dissolution of 165–6 Bank of Japan 340

426 Index

banking constitutions 374, 378, 381 Australia 414 customs income 354–5 Austria 167 democracy 378–80, 383 Brazil 365–8, 375, 379 economic growth 353–4, 382 Catalonia 115 economic reforms (post-1973) 381–2 Genoa 117 ELETROBRAS 379 international 41–2, 44 Estado Novo 378 Japan (1980s) 340–1 export commodities 353 Mexico 365–8 external trade 352–3, 354–6 Norway 84 federal government income (1910) 356 Scandinavia 88, 101 ﬁnancial crisis 358 Scottish 89 foreign debt 358, 382–3, 384 Senegal 258, 263 foreign investment 360–2, 379, 381 Spain 124 foreign trade GDP percentage 354 USA 397 Funding Loan 358, 367 banknotes 164 future 384–5 banknotes issue 47, 48, 100–1, 367, 390 globalisation 383 Banque Nationale du Sen´ egal´ (BNDS) 263 gold 367, 373–4 Banque Sen´ egalaise´ de Developpement´ Gold Conversion Loan 360 (BSD) 258 imperial government 351 Barcelona 115, 122, 124 import duties 375 Basque country 123, 126 import substitution policy 379–80, 381 Bastiat, Fred´ erique´ 89 independence (1822) 374 Bauer, Otto 164–5 independence movement (1789) 374 Belgian Congo 243, 246 industrial production (1919–39) 378 Bengal 292, 298, 300, 302, 303 industrialisation 375–6, 378–9 Beogradska banka, Serbia 206 internal markets 362 Bergstedt, Carl Fredrik 81, 86, 91 international debt policy 358–60 Berlin Treaty (1878) 202 investment, internal 359, 375 Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste 81 land reform struggle 380 Big Bang, Japan 339, 342 military 365 ‘big systems’ power, Serbia 205–8, 215 military regime 380, 383 billets de monnaie (paper money) 45 mineral exploitation 373–4 Bismarck, Otto von 63 modernisation (nineteenth century) 375–6 Black Death 45 monetary system 365–7, 368 Bleichroeder 361 Movimento Democratico´ Brasileiro 380 blue water strategy 20, 21–5 national identity 377 BNDS see Banque Nationale du Sen´ egal´ oligarchies 376–7 Bolsheviks 224–5 people 373, 384 Bonaparte, King Joseph 119 per capita income comparisons 354 Bonaparte, Napoleon 52 petroleum industry 379 boom and recession, Japan 338–42 plantation society 350–1 Bosnia-Hercegovina 198–9 political elites 349–50, 362, 377 bourgeoisie 40, 41, 52, 294 population (1690–1776) 374 Bras´ılia 379 and Portugal 351–2, 374 Braudel, Fernand 46, 47 protectionism 356, 375 Brazil 349–68 public ﬁnance initiatives 379–80 Atlantic slave trade 241 railroads 362–3, 365 authoritarian regime (1937–45) 378 regional wars 352 banking 365–8, 375, 379 Revolution (1930) 376–78 Catholic power 377 rubber export 353 civil society 358–9 ruling classes, regional 377 coffee 353, 357, 375–6, 377 shipping 363 colonial legacy 350–2 slave trade abolition 375, 376 commodities 356–7 state-building process 350–2, 374–5

Index 427

state intervention 349 social order 20 sugar production 373 Stamp Act (1765) 390 Taubate´ Agreement (1906) 375–6 strategic policy 20–5 taxation policy 354–6 taxation 25–8 territory 373, 384 trade competition with France 49 transport 375 unions 15 and USA 379, 380 British India 300–1 workers’ conditions 377–8 agriculture 301, 304, 305 world economy relations 352, 381 civil disobedience 298, 301–2 Brazil–United States Economic Commission civil disturbances 302–3 (1951) 379 community and identity 303–4 Brezhnev, Leonid 231 decolonisation costs 294 Briare, canal de 51 Defence Expenditure Agreement (1940) bridge metaphor 167, 173 302 Brisman, Sven 101 devolution process 297 Britain economic difficulties 301, 305 American colonies 390 electorates 297, 298 aristocratic elite 16 elite groups 293–4 and Australia 404 Government of India Act (1919) 296, Australian Britishness 412 297 Australian importance to 405 imperial India 296 borrowing and national debt 28 inflation 301, 302 capital formation 29 nationalism 294, 296 City of London 358 nature and purposes 291 colonial expansion, Africa 242 partition 292–3, 295, 296–301, 305 Currency Acts 390 political opposition to 297 defence expenditure 22 post-colonial state creation 303 domestic market unification 14 provincial legislatures 297–9 economic conflict with American colonies Second World War 299, 300, 302 390 see also India; Indian National Congress; and Eritrea 244 Muslim League; Pakistan foreign policy 20–5 British Mandate foreign trade 23, 24 Palestine 271 and France 49 see also Mandatory Palestine gold standard 60 Brno 168 guilds 17 Broch, Ole Jacob 81, 84–5, 90, 91 Hanoverian (1688–1815) 11 BSD see Banque Sen´ egalaisede´ Developpement´ indirect taxation 27 bubble, Japanese 340, 343–4 industrialisation and state 12 Bubble Act 1720 18 and Ireland 14 Bulgaria 135, 197 Justices of the Peace 17 Bureau du Commerce 50 labour market 15, 31 Burgundian state, fifteenth century 35 law, commodity operation 17–19 business 17, 18, 19, 99, 110 market regulation 13 community 51 mercantilism 21, 22, 30 family-controlled 335–6, 342 and Mexico 359 norms 103 Opium War 310 paper money prohibition 390 Caisse d’Escompte (1776) 48 property crime 14, 15 Caixa de Conversao (1906) 367–8 property rights 15 Cameron, R. 45 relations with Europe 21–2 Cameroon 244 resource misallocations 25 campagne de commercialisation (Senegal) 261 Royal Navy 22, 23–4, 37 canals 51, 162, 392, 397 slavery abolition 394 Canton 309 social disorder 16 Canton-Cohong system 310, 312–13

428 Index

capital data problems 136–7 Australia 406–7, 409–13 economic growth 134, 137–9, 140 labourist-protectionism 406–7, 409–13 fascist rule 147 scarcity and economic growth rates 140 inter-war years 134 see also state–capital–labour compromise Latin America, GDP comparisons with 137–8, capital formation, Hanoverian Britain 29 140–1, 142, 143 capital markets multinational context 145–6, 147 German Federation 60 national identities 146 Israel 283 national incomes (long-term) 136–7 US a constitution and 395–8 path to modernisation 134–6, 145–6, 147 capitalism political regimes and economic growth anti-capitalism 106, 107, 108 comparisons 149 associative 103 shocks, vulnerability to (table 7.3) 140–2, 151–2 birthplaces 46 Sonderweg thesis 134–6 dominion 407 Soviet model, adherence to 150 globalisation of 110 Soviet occupation 151 gold standard foundation of 93 Centralbanken for Norge 102 organised 96–110 Centre Regional´ d’Assistance pour le Slavophile 224 Developpement´ (CRAD) 258 state-initiated 98 Charles VIII (king of France) 38 Swedish labour movement 108 Charles XV (king of Sweden) 87 Carlists (carlistas) 119–20, 122 Chaunu, Pierre 39, 46 Carpathian Germans 187 chemistry, education in 102 Carpathian Ruthenia 188 China 308–22 carsija (Serbia, urban artists and merchants) agricultural sector 310–12 201–2 anti-Japanese views 326 cash-crop economies 254, 255 balance of payment 317 Casmance 253, 267 Canton-Cohong system 310, 312–13 Castile Confucian state 309 civil war (1474–6) 114, 115 currency (silver/liang) 309, 316, 326 fiscal burden 117–18 customs duties 313, 318, 321–2, 323 population (fifteenth century) 115 deflation 316–17, 326 prosperity 115 economic growth 312 secessions from 118 exports 308–9 silver 116 financial policy 309 textile industry 115, 117 foreign debts (1861–98) 312 Union of Arms 117–18 foreign exploitation 320 wool trade 115 GDP (1910) 327 Catalonia 117 industry 317, 319, 320, 325 and American colonies 119 investment, industry 317 autonomy 126 Jiangsu 317 banks 115 market-driven growth 312 nationalism 123, 126 military expenditure 324 nineteenth century 122 monopolies 309 population 115, 119 Nanking Treaty (1842) 310, 313 protectionism 122 Nanking Treaty Reform 310–17, 320–2 wars 115, 118 naval power 324–5 Catholic Church, Brazil 377 One-Hundred-Day Reform 325–6, 328 Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella) opium trade 309–10, 326 113–14 Opium War (1840–2) 308 ceddo aristocracy, Senegal 254 private sector 317 Central Committee of the CPSU 226 Qing state 310, 323–6, 327–8 Central and Eastern Europe railways 310, 311, 319, 320 authoritarian rule 147, 152 rebellions 310, 327–8 communist rule 137, 147 reformation of 326

Index 429

regional market conditions 317 legacies 239, 254–7, 332, 350–2 Russian colonisation 322 paternalism 246 semi-colonial 322 see also decolonisation, British India Shanghai 317, 322, 324 Colquhoun, Patrick 13 silk trade 309, 316 Combination Act 1800 15 silver currency (liang) 309, 316, 326 Comecon see Council for Mutual Economic silver price stabilisation 357 Assistance silver standard 309 Comite´ d’Etudes Economiques (Senegal) 257 Sino-Japanese war 322, 325–6 Commerce and Shipping Treaty (1866) 86 superiority of 308–9 commercial banking system, local 100, 101 taxation 310–12, 313, 314–15, 327 commodity and factor operation 17–19 tea trade 309–10, 312–13, 316 commodity regulation, Brazil 356–7 trade 309, 319, 326, 327 common law 18, 31 foreign 308–9, 310, 313–17, 326 common market and (dis)integration, Habsburg imports and exports 311 empire 160–1 war reparation demand 322 common prosperity, national wealth relation the West 309–10, 322 83 Westernisation Movement (1870–95) 323–6, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 327 231–2 Chirot, Daniel 136, 139 communal identity, partition of India 301 Chizhov, F. V. 224 communications, belief in 84–5, 90 CIS see Commonwealth of Independent States communism 133–4, 194–5, 199 Cisleithania 162–3, 165, 181 Central and Eastern Europe 147 citizenship 221 Communist Party City of London 30, 31, 358 Czechoslovakia 190 civil disobedience, British India 298, 301–2 Eastern bloc Soviet Union see CPSU 135 Civil Servant’s State (Embedsmannsstaten) 82 communities 68, 296, 303–4 civil society 144–5, 148–9, 244, 252, 293, 358–9 Compagnies d’ordonnance (standing army), civil wars 48, 62, 63, 114, 115, 119–20 France 43 civilised virtue 83 concentration camps 69 Cixi, Empress Dowager 326, 328 Confederation, Article of (USA) 391 class Congo 245–8 conﬂicts, Tsarist Russia 228 Article 14 247 inclusiveness, Australia 405, 407, 416–17, 418 Bakuba kingdom 242 nationalism 294 IMF 247 struggle, Norway and Sweden 99 nation without a state 247 working 59, 64, 407, 411, 413 national consciousness 244 classical liberalism 80 nationalism 246, 247 neo-classical perspective, South Asia 293–4 World Bank 247 co-operatives, Senegal 258, 261–2 Yugoslavia, comparison with 245 code of investment, Senegal (1962) 259–60 see also Belgian Congo; Zaire coffee elites 377 Congress of Vienna (1815) 59 coffee trade 353, 357, 375–6 conscription 59, 222 Cohen, Gary B. 147 consulados (mercantile courts) 115 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 34, 40, 45, 47, 49–50, continental commitment strategy 20 51 convict labour 410 collective farms, Serbia 210–11 copper money 117 Collins, J. B. 52 corporatism 127 colonial India see British India Corps of Commissioners, Slovak 189 colonial wars, Spain 119 corv´ees (forced labour) 43, 51, 200 colonialism cotton textile industry, USA 399–400 Africa 242–3 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance British 404 (Comecon) 70, 170, 173, 191 French 38 Court of Arbitration, Australia 414–15 ideology of 242 CPSU, Central Committee of the 226

430 Index

CRAD see Centre Regional´ d’ Assistance pour le economic structure 182 Developpement´ equalization programme (1946) 188, 189–90, credit 194 production and 102 ﬁve-year plans 190 Senegal 254–5, 258 foreign trade collapse 185–6 Croatia 198, 199 former 137 culture 241, 343 Fundamentalartikel 160 currencies Habsburg empire 181 Austria 61 Jews 184 China 316, 326 literacy 184–5 national 60 nationalism and impoverishment 186–7 Plaza Agreement 339 nationalities within 183–5, 188–9 Reichsmark 67 nationality and social structure 183, 184 Serbia 206, 208, 213 and Nazi Germany 187–8 silver 309, 316, 326, 356, 366 reform process 190–1 Spain (peseta) 124 Slovak–Czech relations 189–90 standardisation 85 socialist industrialisation 190 universal coin 90 Two-Year Reconstruction Plan 189–90 Weimar Republic 67 women’s employment rates 184 Currency Acts (1751, 1764) 390 see also Czech Lands; Slovakia customs duties, China 313, 318, 321–2 customs income Dakar 257, 262 Brazil 354–5 Dalmatia 198 collection 355 Danielsen, Rolf 97 Mexico 354–5 Danish-German war (1863–64) 87 customs unions 61, 159–60 Dawes Plan (1924) 67 Czech Lands 181 Deakin, Alfred 414 Czechoslovak Republic 181 debrouillardise (how to manage with nothing) economic indicators, correlations with 247 Slovakia 191–2 debt servicing 30 employment patterns 192–3 Declaration of Neutrality (1955) 174 Nazi Germany 187 decolonisation, British India 292–4, 296–301, occupational distribution 181 305 planned growth rate 194 Decretos de Nueva Planta (1716) 118 Slovakia equalisation 194 defence expenditure, Hanoverians 22 Slovakian economic indicators 191–2 Defence Expenditure Agreement (1940) 302 Czech Socialist Republic 191 deﬂation, China 316–17, 326 Czechoslovakia 181–93 democratic government agriculture 184 Brazil 378–80 Austro-Hungarian Compromise 160 Czechoslovakia 182–3 communism, fall of 194–5 economic growth relation 148 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 190 Norway 99 communist regime, assessment of 194 Spain 125 cultural levels 184–5 democratisation Czech and Slovak relations (1945–68) Brazil 383 189–90 Norway 98 Czechoslovak federation (1968) 191 Sweden 98 Czechoslovak Republic (1945) 188–90, 194 Den norske Creditbank 100 democratic system 182–3 dependency theory 407 disintegration 187–8 depression, 1930s 135–6, 185, 416 economic depression (1930s) 185 deregulation, Japan 339 economic growth comparisons 149–50, D’Estaing, Edmond Giscard 256 185 Deutsches Reich see German empire economic growth decline 194 Deutschosterreich¨ 164 economic recovery (1936–8) 186 devolution, British India 302–3

Index 431

Dia, Mamadou 251, 261–2 Embedsmannsstaten (Civil Servant’s State) Diaspora Jewry 271, 278, 281 82 dictatorships 125–6, 127, 243 embezzlement, Senegal 265, 266 Diouf, Abdou 266 Empire of Maximilian 351 Diretas-ja!´ Movement 381 empires, periphery development 224 dohodak (net output), Serbia 207, employment 209–10 Czech Lands 192–3 domaine of French kings 35, 38–9 Czechoslovakia 184 domestic laissez-faire 13, 17 Israeli Arabs 282 domestic markets Serbia 210 Hanoverian Britain 14 Slovakia 192–3 Japan 339, 340–1 see also labour; occupational distribution USA 395–6, 398, 399 Employment Service Law (1959), Israel 282 dominion capitalism 407 encilhamento (financial crisis, Brazil) 358 Dumke, Rolf H. 140 enquêtes (economic inquiries) 50 Dundas, Henry 23 Enskilda bank 88, 90, 92, 100 Dziembowski, Edmond 37 equities value, Japan 340 Erie Canal 397 East Germany 70 Eritrea 244 see also German Democratic Republic Ernst, Joseph A. 390 East Pakistan 292–3 ERP see European Recovery Program, Marshall see also Bangladesh Plan East–West typology 142–4 Espanol˜ (Spanish), use of term 114 East Africa 240–2 Estado Novo, Brazil 378 Eastern bloc, former see Central and Eastern Estonian peasants 228 Europe état de finances (finance/financial state) 42 economic activity, nationalism and 220 état de justice (judicial state) 42 economic failure, political dissolution relation Ethiopia 244 163–4 ethnic minorities economic growth Scandinavia 80 British economy 1688–1815 11 Tsarist Russia 222–3, 224, 226, 227–8 democratic regimes relation 148 USSR 225, 227, 231 Europe and Latin America 143 ethno-national discrimination, Israel 271–2, German Federation 60 274–5, 281 Latin America 143 EU see European Union planned 194 Europe political regimes relation 148–50, 152 economic growth, comparisons with Latin Spain 125–6 America 137–8, 139, 140–1, 142 structural change relation 100–2 great powers 56 theories 140 Hanoverian, relations with 21–2 economic nationalism 49 loans to Brazil 358 economic planning, national disintegration model for Africa’s union 249 161–3 silver 116 economic retardation, Serbia 197–212 European Economic Community (EEC) economy, mercantilism relation 50 173–4 education 52, 84, 89, 102, 202 European Recovery Program (ERP) (1948–52) 70 EEC see European Economic Community see also Marshall Plan Egal, Marc 390 European Union (EU) 110, 127–8, 174, 215 electorates, British India 297, 298 exclusion policies, Australia 405 electrical power 103, 167, 169, 379 expenditures, wartime 12–13 see also hydroelectric power extermination camps 69 electro-technology 102 extreme nationalism (Spain) 125 eliminatory anti-Semitism 68 elites, South Asia 293–4 factor operation and law 17–19 elitist aristocratic constitutionalism 98 Falange (Spanish fascist party) 125

432 Index

famines 164, 228, 229, 302 food Farmer’s Party, Sweden 91 Serbian crisis 210, 213–14 fascism see also famines Carpathian Germans 187 foreign exchange, Yugoslavian crisis 208 Central and Eastern Europe 147 foreign investment dependency, Senegal 259 depression (1930s) 135–6 foreign investors, Brazil 361–2 Eastern bloc 135 forests 82, 106 Falange (Spain) 125 Foucault, Michel 52 National Socialism 167, 168 Fraenckel, Louis 100 see also Nazi Germany France FEA see French Equatorial Africa agriculture 47 Fear, Jeffrey R. 99, 101 ancien régime power-sharing 40 Federal Republic of Germany banking 47 creation (1949) 70 colonialism 38, 252, 255 European Recovery Program 70 Commerce and Shipping Treaty 86 new 70, 73–4 Dutch competition 49 population 73 economic administration 50 social market economy 71 economic factors and building of 34–53 unification (1990) 73 economic nationalism 49 unification mandate 70 état territorial 47 federal states, USSR 225 exports 47, 99 feminism 59, 90 financial state 42 Ferdinand and Isabella (Catholic Monarchs) mid-fifteenth century 43, 45, 46 113–14 sixteenth century 43 Ferdinand VII (king of Spain) 119 mid-sixteenth century 31 fertilizer 211 seventeenth century 45 feudal nobility, France 40 autonomous 46 fictitious property 30 military crises 43, 46 finance state see France, financial state fiscal-military state, rise of 42–5 financial capital French Revolution 52, 58 banking institutions 102 government expenditures, seventeenth organised capitalism 99 century 44 Scandinavia 99–102 and Hanoverian Britain 20 financial units, large 99 ideological bankruptcy 52 Finland 85–6 Italian campaigns 38, 41, 43 First World War Louisiana sale 397 Australia 415 mercantilist institutions 48 German defeat 65 Mexico occupation 351, 359 German reparations 66 nation-state building components 34–7, 53 Habsburg empire 66 national consciousness 36 Japan 334–6, 340, 343 patriotism 37 Treaty of Versailles 66 public works, state-funded 51 fiscal systems royal debts 48 fiscal-military state 42–5 royal domaine 35, 38–9 France 44 state–economy relation 50 Spain 117, 120 technological progress 46 USA 396–7 Thirty Years War 44 see also taxation trade competition 49 fiscal-military state, rise of 42–5 trade (la marchandise) 40 Five-Year Plan, Nazi regime 69 wars of religion 40, 44, 48 flexible specialisation, Norway 103 franchise, British India 298 flota system 119 Francia occidentalis 34 fluctuations, economic 45–8 Francis I (king of France) 38 Fodio, Usman dan 240 Franco, General Francisco 125–6, 127 Fofana, Abdoulaye 262 Franco-Prussian war 90–1

Index 433

free market socialist transformation 72 nation-states 98 unification 70–1 principles 17 Germanisation, Czech 188 free trade Germany 74 German Federation 60 Danish-German war (1863–4) 87 Sweden 86 First World War reparations 66 Sweden–Norway union 96, 101 German empire (Deutsches Reich) Tsarist Russia 223 anti-Semitism in 65 see also protectionism constitution (1871) 64 freeholders, Norway 91 economic performance 64 French Equatorial Africa (FEA) 243 First World War defeat 65 French Revolution 52, 58 formation 1871 63 French West Africa (FWA) 243–4 Great Depression (1873–95) 64 Frente democratica´ (Democratic Front, Brazil) imperialism 65 380 legitimacy 63 Fundamentalartikel programme, Czech 160 old 58 Funding Loan (Brazil, 1898) 358, 367 protectionism 65 fungicides 211 social security system 64 Furtado, Celso 373 socialism 64 FWA see French West Africa suffrage (male) 64 working class influence in 64 Galilee, Judaisation of 279 German Federation (1815–66) 59 Gandhi, Mahatma 297 dissolution 63 garnitura, Serbia 213 economic unification 58–63 Gasslander, Olle 102, 104 revolution 62 Gaue, Ostmark 168 German Reich 163 Gaza 273, 284 German relations, Austria 166 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) German unification, globalisation 73 Brazil 354 ‘Germanic race’ 68 China 327 imperial nation-state 63–6 Europe and Latin America comparisons industrial development 220 137–8, 139, 140–1, 142, 143 nation building 56–74 Germany (1871–1990) 74 Nazi 136 historical data problems 197–212 organised capitalism 99, 103 international comparisons, problems with partition (1945) 69–72 197–212 racist nation-state 68–9 Japan 340 republican nation-state 66–8 Mexico 354 revolution (1918) 66 Serbia 203 Sonderweg (special path to modernisation) Geisel, Ernesto 381 134–6 Gellner, Ernest 220, 221–2, 226–33 Weimar Republic 66–8 General Federation of Jewish Labour see constitution 66 Histadrut currencies 67 General Tax Farm (1726) 41, 48 economic crisis (1929–32) 67 ‘generation of 98’ 124 gold standard 67 Genoese bankers 117 population 66 geographical unity, Iberian peninsula 113, post-war territory 65 114 Yugoslavia occupation 168 German Austrians 163, 164–6 see also Federal Republic of Germany; German Democratic Republic German Democratic Republic creation (1949) 70 Gerschenkron, Alexander 140, 162–3, 221 economy 72 Gilbart, J.W. 89 national identity 71 guilds, Hanoverian Britain 17, 18 socialist state of Germany, German nation Glete, Jan 99 70, 71 globalisation 73, 110, 383, 418–20

434 Index

globe-spanning Mitsui Bussan 338 common market and 160–1 GNP, Austria 163 customs and trading union (1850) Gobineau, Arthur de 90 159–60 Gold Conversion Loans disintegration 160–4, 165–6 Brazil (1898) 360 economic failure pre-1914 139 Mexico (1899) 360 famine 164 gold exchange standard federation (1918) 164 Brazil 367 First World War 164 Mexico 367 interest group politics 146 gold mining, Brazil (1700s) 373–4 military absolutism 164 gold rushes, Australia 410 modernisation 135 gold standard multinational 197 adoption (1905) 353 national problem 159 Britain 60 nationalism 159–60 European establishment 85 peripheral regions 160–1 gold exchange standard 367 railways 165–6 Spanish peseta 124 regional growth rates, comparisons of 148–9 USA 357 revolution, absence of (1848) 135 Weimar Republic 67 separatism 198–9 good order 14–17, 31 social differentiation, increase in 144 Gorbachev, Mikhail 231 social segregation 160, 161 Goubert, P. 50 strength of state 148–9 governance, French nation-state apparatus 35 successor states 147, 149, 164 government, Scandinavia 98–9 top-down modernisation (eighteenth century) government borrowing, France 47–8 135 Government of India Acts 296, 297, 298 Habsburg monarchy 58, 59 government loans, Scandinavian banks 100, Hamilton, Alexander 396, 397, 398 101 Handelsbank 100 Great Depression Hanoverian Britain see Britain, Hanoverian British India 304 harmony liberal era, Scandinavia 80–94, 96 Central and Eastern Europe 134 Hashimoto, Prime Minister 342 Czechoslovakia 185 hearth tax (la taille) 47, 48, 393 fascism 135–6 hegemony, ruling class coalition (Senegal) 253 German empire 64 Henry II (king of France) 38, 44 Scandinavia 103 Henry IV (king of France) 49 Spain 125 Hertz, Frederick 163 Great Patriotic War, Soviet Union 230 hierarchy and good order 14–17 ‘great powers’ (Ranke) 56 Higginson, John 246 Greece 197 Hilferding, Rudolf 102 Gripenstedt, Johan August 81, 86–7, 93, 100 Hindu Mahasabha, Bengal 303 Gross Domestic Product see GDP Hindutva (Islamisation, Pakistan) 293 Grossglockner Hochalpenstrasse 167 Hispania 114 Grossraumwirtschaft, Nazi Germany 187 Histadrut (General Federation of Jewish Labour) Groundnut Basin, Senegal 272, 275–6, 281, 282 groundnuts see Senegal Hitler, Adolf 68 Guangxu, emperor of China 325–6 Hobsbawm, E.J. 80, 109 Guggenheim 361 Hohenzollern monarchy 62 Guinea 240 Holland, trade competition with France 49 Holy Roman Empire, Lotharingia 35 Habsburg empire Holy Roman Empire of German Nation (1474) anti-Semitism 160 58 Austria 165–6 Homestead Act (1862) 392 authoritarian rule 149 Homestead Law (1861), Obrenovic dynasty 201 banknotes 164 Huguenot International 42 Central and Eastern Europe 134 Huguenots 42, 44

Index 435

Hundred Years War 36, 37, 42, 43 Indian National Congress 297, 298 Hungarian Independence Party 159, 161 elections (1936) 298–9, 300 Hungary legitimacy claims 273, 292 agriculture 159, 161 Muslim political leadership 300 Austria-Hungary 159–60, 161, 198 provincial legislatures (1937) 297, 298–9 industrialisation 198–9 representativeness claim 291 Slovakia 181 Second World War 299 state strength 149 industrial investment, Senegal 259 hydroelectric power 104, 105, 106, 417 industrial relations, state regulation, hyperinflation, Serbia 206, 207–8 Australia 413 Hypoteksbanken (Norwegian Mortgage industrial revolution 60, 102, 103, 388–9 Bank) 84 industrial society, agrarian society 221–2 industrialisation Iberia 114 Austria 171–3 identity Brazil 375–6, 378–9 politics of 294–5 Britain 12, 27 see also national identities citizenship 221 ideologies colonial Senegal 256 afro-pessimism 248 Hungary 198–9 anti-industrialisation 106 industrial revolution 60, 102, 103, 388–9 Australian organised labour 407 Israel (1948–67) 279 colonial imperialism 242 nationalism relation 106, 107, 221–2, 226–32 of communication 84–5, 90 Senegal, groundnut products 256 India 291 Serbia 203, 214 of nation-state 59 smaller enterprises 344–45 Nazi 68 social problems 106 Pakistan 291 Sweden (1905–7) 104 political, South Asia 296 taxation 26, 27 Scandinavia 80, 81 industry South Asia 296 Austria, Soviet Union programme for 170 imagined communities 59, 296 Brazil (1919–39) 378, 379 IMF see International Monetary Fund China 317, 325 immigrants, fears of 173 National Socialism 168 immigration protection policies, USA 398–400 Australia 227, 405, 414, 418 Senegal 263–4 free to Jewish Israel 278 transfer, Austria 169, 171 Israel 278, 284 USA, rise of 398–400 USA 185, 389 FR Yugoslavia 209 imperial states inflation Germany 63–6 British India 301, 302 Tsarist Russia 222 Germany (1918–23) 67 imperialism see British India hyperinflation 206, 207–8 impersonal investment 29 silver 117 import duties, Brazil 375 infrastructure import and export trade shares, China 311 Austria 162–3, 167 import substitution policy, Brazil 379–80, 381 banking sector 101 income tax, introduction 1799 26 Israel 283 Inconfidenciaˆ Mineira (Brazilian independence Scandinavia 94, 101 movement) 374 scientific 83–4 India 291–305 Serbia 207 Indian identity Spain 120 loot from 31 USSR 226 Princes 298, 299 Zionist ‘national projects’ 276 see also Bangladesh; British India; Pakistan; insecticides 211 South Asia inspectors of manufactures (France) 50

436 Index

intendants (French royal commissioners) 44, land expropriation 279, 280, 281 50, 51 military administration of 282 interest, politics of 294 population (1952) 277 interest group politics 146 capital market control 283 interlacustrine states (East Africa) 241–2 compartmentalised integration 282–3 international banking 41–2, 44 Diaspora Jewry, financial assistance 271, international commerce, naval expenditure 23 278, 281 International Conference of Berlin (1885) 242 domestic economic development 284 international debt policy egalitarian democracy 280–1 Brazil 358–60 Employment Service Law (1959) 282 Mexico 358–60 ethno-national discrimination 271–2, 281–2 international financiers, Mexico 361 free Jewish immigration 278 international loans, Enskilda bank 100 industrialisation 279, 284 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 247 infrastructure investment 283 international monetary system, Britain 60 Israel Lands 280 international order, Hanoverian Britain 20 Jewish Agency 275, 276, 281 international revolution, USSR hopes for 225 Jewish labour protection 281–2 international socialism 107 Jewish National Home 271 invented communities, South Asia 296 labour, non-discriminatory 282 inventions, pre-modern China 308 labour market, 1960s 282 investment labour movement 278 Brazil 359, 360–2, 381 land ownership, national 279–80 China 310, 311, 317 land settlements 279 impersonal 29 Law of Return 280 industrial 317 Likud government (1977) 283 infrastructure 226, 283, 310, 311 Mandatory Palestine territory (1952) 277 Israel 283 nation building 270–2, 285 Japan 335–6, 340, 344 (post-1967) 284–5 Mexico 360–1, 362 national economic agenda 278–80 Norway 104 nationality, territorial-identification 271 Senegal 259–60 occupied territories 284, 285 USSR 226 Palestinian autonomy, Gaza and West Ireland Bank 273 Iron Curtain 171 population dispersion 278–9 Islam Soviet Union immigration 284 groundnut cultivation, Senegal 252, 254–5, urbanism 279 266–7 war (1967) 272 Moorish Spain 113 see also Jewish National Fund; Mandatory pre-colonial Africa 240 Palestine; Zionism Islamic identity, Muslim League 300 Italy 38, 41, 43, 244 Islamic nationalism Pakistan 292 Jallianwallah Bagh massacre 297 two-nation theory 292, 294 Japan 332–45 Islamisation (Hindutva), Pakistan 293 banking 340–1 island metaphor for Austria 173–4 Big Bang 339, 342 Israel boom 336 Arabs boom and recession 338–42 citizenship 272–3 bubble 340, 343–4 command economy 277–84 Chinese views of 326 compartmentalised integration 282–3 colonialism 332 employment 282 deregulation 339 ethno-national discrimination 271–2, 274–5, domestic demand policies 339, 340–1 281–2 economic expansion (First World War) 334–6, JNF 281, 282 340, 343 Judaisation of Galilee 279 economic instability (1868–1980s) 333

Index 437

equities and real estate values 340 jobbing, stocks and shares 19 exclusion policy 332, 333 John D. 361 financial liberation 339 Jones, Eric 144 financial system, post-war 339 Joseph II (Habsburg empire) 135 fluctuation rates 334 Juarez,´ Benito 359 GDP 340 Judaisation of Galilee 279 government-connected enterprises 344 judicial state 42 group-oriented culture 343 JUL (Serbian elite political movement) 206 integrity as nation-state 332–3 jusen (non-bank loan specialists), Japan 341–2 inter-war period 336–8 Justices of the Peace, Hanoverian Britain 17 investment 335–6, 340, 344 island status 332 Kane, Cheikh Hamidou 265 jusen (non-bank loan specialists) 341–2 Karadjordje 200 land and stock speculation 340–1, 342 Kardelj, Edvard 204 management of the economy 338 Kashmir 292–3 Ministry of Finance 340 Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company 337 domestic demand policies 339 Keynes, John Maynard 67 financial institutions relation 338 Kibbutzim (agricultural settlement groups) 274 financial liberalisation 339 Kielland-Torkildsen, Nicolai 102, 103 financial system dominance 339 Kiichi, Miyazawa 339 and jusen 341–2 Kilander, Svenbjørn 105 monetary policies 340 knezevi (Serbian local nobles) 200 recession responsibility 342 Koerber, Ernest von 162, 198 regulatory powers 343–4 Koerber-Plan 162–3 occupation of (1945) 333 Korea 332 opportunities for investment 344 Koren, Stephen 160 shipping investment 335–6 korenizatsiia (nativisation), USSR 225, 229 Sino-Japanese war (1894–5) 322, 325–6 Kosovo 195, 199, 204 small manufacturers 344–5 Krama,´ Karel 166 and Soviet Union 333 Khrushchev, Nikita 230 speculation 340–1, 342, 343–4 Kubitschek, Juscelino 379 speculative investment 340 Kuhara Trading 336 Tokugawa Shogunate 333 Kuznet, Simon 361 war reparation demand of China (1895) 322 zaibatsu (family-controlled businesses) 335 labour Jecker bonds 359 ethno-national discrimination, Israel 274–5 Jefferson, Thomas 397, 399 forced (corvée royale) 43, 51 Jewish Agency 275, 276, 281 Mandatory Palestine 274–5 Jewish Nation State see Israel market, Hanoverian Britain 31 Jewish National Fund (JNF) 281 see also slavery Israel Lands 280 labour movement land acquisition and lease 273, 274, 275 capitalism, Sweden 108 landownership 281 Israel (1948–67) 278 occupied territories, land purchase 285 modernisation and nationalism relation 108 Zionist Organisation 273 modernisation relation 107–9 Jewish National Home 271 Scandinavia 107–9 Jews Labour-Zionism 276 elimination from Slovakia 188 labourist state debate, Australia 406–9 occupations, Czechoslovakia 184 labourist-protectionism, Australia 406–7, Russian 222, 226 415–17 Jiangsu, China 317 Laffemas, Barthelemy´ 49 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali 300 laissez-faire 13, 17, 19, 32, 50 JNF see Jewish National Fund land Joan of Arc 36, 37 acquisition 273, 274, 275 D. Joao VI (king of Portugal) 351, 374 alien 404

438 Index

land (cont.) liberation wars, sub-Sahara, Africa 244 Australia 410, 418, 419 licensing laws (1918), Norway 107 Israel 279–80 Likud government, Israel 283 lease 273, 274, 275 Limongi, Fernando 148 Mandatory Palestine 273, 274, 275 Linlithgow, Lord 299 ownership List, Friedrich 220, 232 by US Congress 392 literacy 184–5, 202 Israel 279–80 Lithuania 227 Mandatory Palestine 273–4 livestock sector, Serbia 211 reform lockstep mentality 343, 345 Australia 410 Loewenfeld-Russ, Hans 165 Brazil 380 logistics, European economies 1000–1800 20 rights, Australian Aboriginal 418, 419 Lotharingia, Holy Roman Empire 35 speculation 340–1, 342 Louis IV (king of France) 42 taxes 26 Louis XII (king of France) 38 terra nullius 404, 419 Louis XIII (king of France) 44, 49 values, Japan 340 Louis XIV (king of France) 38, 48 Land Ordinance (1785), USA 392 Louis XV (king of France) 38 Lander¨ , Austrian Republic 166, 169 Lower Austria/Lower Danube integration 168 Lange, Even 106 lower orders 15, 31 large ﬁnancial units, Norway 99 Lueger, Karl 172 Latin America 349–68 Luthy,¨ H. 42 Central and Eastern Europe, economic Lynn, J.A. 37 growth, comparisons with 137 economic growth comparisons 137–8, 139, machine-tools industry, USA 400 140–1, 142 Mackenzie, Francis 202 see also Brazil; Mexico Maddison, Angus 136, 137 Latvia 226–7 Madzar,ˇ Ljubomir 208 Latvians, Tsarist Russia 227 Maguan Treaty (1895) 325 Lausanne Conference (1932) 67 Magyarisation 182, 185 law Magyars 189 commodity and factor operation male suffrage, Spain 123 17–19 Malthus, Thomas Robert 31 common law 18, 31 managerial class, ethnic composition (Tsarist competitive markets 17 Russia) 224 enforcement 18 Manchester liberalism 80 Hanoverian, business 18 Mandatory Palestine licensing 107 agricultural settlement 274 markets and 17, 18 agriculture and nation building 274 law courts, common law interpretation 18 Arab-Jew ethno-national divide 271–2 Law of Return 280 British Mandate 271 League of Nations 66, 272 Jewish nation building 273–7 legitimacy 63, 92, 273, 292 labour market, ethno-nationally segregated German empire 63 274–5 liang (Chinese silver currency) 309, 316, 326 land acquisition and lease 273, 274, 275 Liberal-Zionism 276 public-private economy 276–7 liberales, Spain 119 social services 276 liberalism Zionism 271, 273 government intervention 349–68 see also Israel; Palestine; Zionism Scandinavia (1845–80) 80–94 Mandatory Palestine JNF 273, 274, 275 see also Brazil; Mexico marabouts (Islamic brotherhood leaders) 254–5, liberals 266–7 liberal conservatives and protectionism marabouts de l‘arachide (groundnut-marabouts) 416–17 255 Spain 119, 120, 122 la marchandise (trade) 40

Index 439

maritime merchants, chartered by China 309 Wars of Independence (1810–20) 351 market regulation, eighteenth-century world economy relations 352 Britain 13 micro-nationalism 128 markets Midi, canal du 51 and law (1688–1815) 18 military legal conditions for competitive 17 administration, Israeli Arabs 282 Markovic,´ Mira 206 Brazil 365 Marsenic,´ D. 207 budgetary resource allocations to 12 Marshall Plan 170, 173 City of London rise 31 see also European Recovery Program (ERP) conscription 59, 222 Marxist theory 240 expenditures 29, 324 neo-Marxist theory 293–4 financial state-building 43 Mathias, P. 47 Mexico 365 Mau-Mau 244 regimes Maximilian, Archduke 351, 359 Brazil (1964–85) 380–3 Mdboj, Mohamed 254–5 Pakistan (1958) 293 Meillassoux, Claude 240 social disorder 16 Meinecke, Friedrich 57, 63 standing armies 16, 43 mentality, Scandinavian business 103 military absolutism 164 mercantilism 30, 48, 49–50, 127 military industrial complex, Austria 165 Mexico 349–68 Mill, John Stuart 61 administrations 351 Miloˇsevic,´ Slobodan 203–4, 205–8, 215 banking systems 365–8 Minard, Philippe 50 Bourbon rule 351 mineral exploitation, Brazil (1690–1760) British loans 359 373–4 colonial legacy 350–2 ministerial system, ancien régime 44 customs duties 354–5, 356 Mishkova, Diana 142, 145 economic growth 353–4 Mitsui Bussan 335, 337–8, 342 export commodities 352–3 Mobutu (Zaire) 247, 248 export market interventions 357 moderados (Spanish liberals) 120 external trade trends 352–4 modernisation federalist republic (1824) 351 Habsburg empire 135 foreign investment 360–2 labour movement and nationalism 108 French occupation (1863–7) 351, 359 nation-state relation 97–8 GDP percentage of foreign trade 354 nationalism and 97, 146 Gold Conversion Loan 360 Scandinavian labour movement 107–9 gold exchange standard 367 Serbia (1804–1918) 203 internal markets 362 Sonderweg (special path towards) 133, 134–6, international debt policy 358–60 142–7, 152 international financiers 361 state relation 108–9 international trade 354–6 top-down 135 laissez-faire policy 356–7 Mon-Santillan´ reform (1845) 120 military 365 monarchies 40, 123–4, 126 monetary system 365–6, 368 monetarist policies, Australia 418 per capita income comparisons 354 monetary policy, Japan 340–1 political elites 349–50, 362 monetary reforms protectionism 356 German Federation 61 railroads 362–4, 365 Spanish revolution 123 silver 351, 352–3 monetary systems silver currency 356, 366 Brazil 365–8 smuggling 355–6 Mexico 365–8 state-building process 350–2 Scandinavia 93 state intervention 349 monetary union taxation 354–6, 365 German Federation (1857) 61 and USA 351, 361 Scandinavia (1873–5) 91

440 Index

money Australia 418–20 copper (Spain) 117 Austrian 166–7 laundering Brazil 377 supply 19, 29 British India 301, 303–4 symbol of national sovereignty 366 Central and Eastern Europe (nineteenth US constitution 396 century) 146 see also currencies; paper money community 296, 301, 303–4 monopolies, China 309 German Democratic Republic 71 Montchrestien,´ Antoine de 49 Indian Montenegro 197, 208 Islamic 291, 292, 300 Moors, Spain 113 Norway 97 morality and progress 80–1, 83, 86, 90 Pakistan 291 Morgan, J.P. 361 religious categories 295 Moshavim (agricultural settlement groups) 274 South Asia 292, 294–5 Movimento Democratico´ Brasileiro 380 Spain 113–18 multinational context, state building 145–6, 147 two-nation theory 292, 294 multinational states 181–93, 197–8, 214–15, 223 national income, Czech Lands and Slovakia Mundell, Robert A. 61 comparison 191–2 Muslim League 297, 300 national incomes (long-term), Central and elections (1946) 300 Eastern Europe 136–7 Islamic identity 292, 300 national resources, struggle in Sweden and Islamic nationalism 291–2 Norway 103–5, 106 Pakistan Resolution (1940) 300 National Socialism 69, 167, 168 political instability 293 see also Nazi Germany Muslims national styles 110 Bosnia-Hercegovina 198–9 national symbols 109, 125, 366 electoral protection, British India 298 national tradition creation (Germany) 59, 63 imperial India favours 297 national wealth, common prosperity relation 83 leadership, British India (1936) 300 nationalisation see also Islam Austria 171–3 mythology, Spanish regional nationalism 127 Mexican railroads 364 nationalism Nanking Treaty (1842) 310, 313 Austria 159–60 Nanking Treaty Reform 310–17 Basque 123, 126 Naokichi, Kaneko 335 British India 291, 294, 296 Napoleonic Wars 119 Catalan 123, 126 nation Dutch 117 deﬁnition 239 economic activity and 220 as imagined community 59 economic requirements compliance 270–1 nation-states extreme (Spain) 125 modernisation relation 97–8 French economic 49 multinational states differences 198, 214–15 Habsburg empire 159–60 Sub-Saharan Africa 241–2 industrialisation relation 106, 107, 221–2, Third Reich as 68 226–32 National Assembly, Weimar Republic 66 Islamic 292, 294 National Banking Law (1897), Mexico 366 labour movement 108 national bourgeoisie, British India 294 legitimacy denied national consciousness micro-nationalism 128 Austria 174–5 modernisation and 108, 146 Congo 244, 246, 247 national symbols 109 French 36 political right 107 German Austrians 164–6 radicalism 107 Africa Sub-Sahara 243–4 Scandinavia 80, 96–7, 110 national debt, borrowing and 28 Serbia (1980s) 204–5 national identities socialism 109

Index 441

socio-cultural foundations 294–5 Great Depression 103 Spanish regional 126–7, 128 harmony liberal era (1845–80) 80–94 theories of 219–20, 294 hydroelectric power 105–6 USSR 228–32 industrialisation (1905–7) 104 nationalities, population structure, labour party 106 Czechoslovakia 181 large financial units 99 nationality and social structure (1930), licensing laws (1918) 107 Czechoslovakia 183, 184 morality and progress 83, 90 Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei national identity 97 (NSDAP) 68 national resources struggle 103–5, 106 nationhood, American 390–3 national strategists 81–5 nations, without states 239–49 nationalism 97, 107 naval expenditure 23 oil industry (1970s) 110 civilian benefits from 23 organised capitalism epoch 96–110 Navigation Act (1653) 49 radicalism 107 navy, China 324–5 railway building 84 Nazi Germany 68–9, 136, 187–8 savings banks 101 Nehru, Jawaharlal 299 scientific infrastructure 83–4 Netherlands 38, 117 social problems 106 neutralisation plan (1947–8), USA 170 standardisation of measures 85 New Economic Policy, USSR 228, 229 Swedish bank loans to government 101 New South Wales, penal colony of 404 Swedish-Norwegian union dissolution (1905) Nian rebellion 327–8 97 Nilsson, Torbjorn¨ 91 timber industry 103–4 Nkrumah, Kwame 249 union with Sweden (1814) 96–7, 98, nobility 104–7 French 40 see also Scandinavia noblesse de robe 40 Norwegian Mortgage Bank (Hypoteksbanken) noblesse d’épée 40 84 power-sharing 40 ‘The Norwegian Norwegian’ (Nicolai see also aristocracies; political elites Kielland-Torkildsen) 102, 103 Non Co-operation campaign (British India) NSDAP see Nationalsozialistische Deutsche 297, 301 Arbeiterpartei Nordic countries, differences between 109–10 Nordic labour movement, socialism 107 OAU see Organisation of African Unity Nordic model 109 Obrenovicˇ dynasty, restoration (1859) 201 norms, business world 103 Obrenovic,ˇ Miloˇs 200–1 Norway O’Brien, Donald B. Cruise 252 alcohol abuse 83 OCA see l’Office de Commercialisation Agricole anti-capitalism 106, 107, 108 occupation zones, post-war 70, 169 aristocracy 98 occupational distribution banking 84, 100, 101, 102 and nationalities Czechoslovakia (1930) business–government relation 99 184 civilised virtue 83 Slovakia–Czech Lands comparison (1948–89) democratic development 93 192–3 democratic norms 99 see also employment economic growth (1870–1910) 99–100 occupied territories, Israel 284, 285 European Union (EU) membership rejection l’Office Nationale de Cooperation´ et 110 d’Assistance au Developpement´ (ONCAD) financial capital organisation 99–102 263, 264–5 flexible specialisation 103 offices (public posts) 36 foreign investments in 104 officiers (office-holders) 35, 37, 40, 43, 44 forests 82, 106 oil Franco-Prussian War effects 90–1 groundnut 256, 257 freeholders 91 industry 110

442 Index

oil (cont.) peasants Norway 110 Africa 248–9 world crisis (1973) 381 Estonia 228 oligarchies, Brazil 376–7 new 248–9 Olivares, Count-Duke of 117–18 Russian 228 Oman, sultanate of 240–1 Senegal 264 ONCAD see l’Ofﬁce Nationale de Cooperation´ Serbia 195 et d’Assistance au Developpement´ D. Pedro I (Brazil) 374 One-Hundred-Day Reform, China 325–6, 328 D. Pedro II (Brazil) 374, 376 opium trade, China 309–10, 326 perestroika 231 Opium War (1840–2) periphery development 160–1, 224, 226, 253, 267 Organisation of African Unity (OAU) 243, 249 persecution of Huguenots 42 organised capital, banking institutions 102 peseta, Spain 124 organised capitalism 96–9, 110 PETROBRAS (petroleum company) 379 Organismes Stockeurs (OS) (Organisations of petroleum industry, Brazil 379 Stokers) 258 Philip II (king of Spain) 116 OS see Organismes Stockeurs Philip IV (king of Spain) 117, 118 Ostmark (1938–45) 167, 168 Plano de Metas (economic plan) 379 Gaue (Chamber of Commerce) 168 plantation slave-based societies, Brazil 350 Ottoman empire 134, 145, 197 Plaza Agreement (1985) 338, 339 OVP¨ see Austrian People‘s Party pluralism, uncontrolled (Milosevic regime) 214 Poland 66, 70 Pakistan 291–305 Poles, Russia 226, 227 civil society problems 293 police, France, eighteenth century 52 instability 304 policy of consortiums 262 Islamic identity 291 political dissolution, economic failure relation military rule (1958) 293 163–4 nationalism theories 294 political elites Pakistan Resolution (1940) 300 aristocratic constitutionalism 98 see also Bangladesh; British India Brazil 349–50, 362, 377 Palestine Mexico 349–50, 362 limited autonomy, Gaza and West Bank South Asia 293–4 273 political fragmentation, economic progress 60 see also Mandatory Palestine political ideology and action, South Asia 296 Palestinian Arabs, British Mandate 272 political pluralisms, multinational states 198, 214 ‘panic laws’ 106 political power, legitimation, Norway and paper money Sweden 92 banks of issue 47, 48, 100–1, 367, 390 political regimes, economic growth comparisons Brazil 367 149, 152 British prohibition on colonial issue 390 political uniﬁcation, German Revolution 62 France 45 politics German Federation 61 economic growth relation 148–50 Mexico 366 of identity 294–5 Riksbanken (Sweden) 91, 101 of interest 294 USA (1780s) 395–6 interest group 146 Parliament, money supply 19 primacy of 135–6 parliamentarism, Sweden 98 poor relief, France 52 partition populations British India (1947) 292–3, 295, 296–301, 305 Aragon 115 Germany (1945) 69–72 Austria 59 Patel, Vallabhbhai 299 Barcelona 115 patent system 14 Brazil 374 patriotism 37, 119 Castile 115 Peace Treaty of St Germain (1910) 164 Catalonia 115, 119 peasantry, tutelage of the 201, 202 Czechoslovakia 181, 183

Index 443

East Pakistan 292 Spain 123, 127 economic growth relation 389 Sweden 92 Federal Republic of Germany 71, 73 USA 398–400 France 39, 45 see also free trade German empire 64 provincial legislatures, British India 297–9 German Federation 59 Prussia 59, 61, 62, 63 Germany 74 Przeworski, Adam 148 Israel, Jews and Arabs 277 public choice theory 408 Muslim, British India 292–3 public expenditure, potential benefits of 20 Palestine, Jews 272 public finance initiatives (1950–4), Brazil 379–80 Prussia 59 public revenue, social order 20 Serbia 203 public works, French state-funded 51 Weimar Republic 66 public-private economy, Mandatory Palestine West Pakistan 292 276–7 Portugal Punjab 292, 298, 300, 303 Brazil and empire of 373, 374 Castilian civil war 114 Qing China see China independence (1668) 118 Quit India movement 299, 302 secession from Castille 118 silver supply 116 racist nation-states 68–9 Spanish unification 116 radicalisation, Austria 161 Potsdam Conference (1945) 172 radicalism, nationalism 107 Potsdam Protocol (1945) 70 railroads see railways power railways economic and political relation 296 Alpine 162 profit and 20 Austria 162, 165–6 power loom (textile manufacturing) 399 Brazil 362–3, 365, 375 power-sharing, French nobility and China 310, 311, 319, 320 bourgeoisie 40 Habsburg empire 165–6 Prague Spring 190 Koerber-Plan 162 prices, indirect taxes 27 Mexico 362–5 primacy of politics 135–6 national economic integration role 362–5 private banking, Sweden 88 Norway 84 private enterprise, Mandatory Palestine 276 Serbia 202 private property rights 15, 17–18 Spain 121–2 privateers 24 Swedish state-run 86 profit and power 20 see also canals; road building; transportation progresistas (Spanish liberals) 120 development progress, morality and 80–1, 83, 86 Raj see British India progressive capitalism, socialism 107–8 Ranke, Leopold von 56–8, 63 progressive socialism 108 Reagan, Ronald 339 promissory notes 18 real earnings, Serbia 1991–1998 204 pronunciamiento, Spain 121 recession, Japan 338–42 property Rechtstaat (state ruled by laws) 145 crime 14, 15 reconstruction, Austria 169–71 fictitious 30 red Vienna 166, 167 rights, private 15, 17–18 regeneracionistas, Spain 123 protectionism regional autonomy 126 agricultural 419 regional dissidence, Carlists 122 Australia 411, 414–15 regional nationalism, restoration Spain 126–7 Brazil 356, 375 regional self-determination, Spain 127 Catalonia 122 Reichsmark 66, 67 German empire 65 religion, wars of 40, 44, 48, 240, 295, 377 labourist 406–7, 415–18 Renner, Karl 166, 172 Mexico 356 ‘rent seekers’, South Asia 293–4

444 Index

reparations, war 66, 322 Scandinavian model 109 republican nation-state, Germany 66–8 Schumpeter, Joseph 102 resources Schwanzer, Karl 173 just distribution 83 Schweigaard, Anton Martin 81, 82–4, 90, 91, 93 misallocation 25 science, eighteenth-century funding 13 revolutions science and technology absence of 135 education 84, 89, 102 American 390 liberals’ ideals of 89 Brazil 376–8 scientific infrastructure 83–4 French 52, 58 ‘scientifical reformism’, Norway 82 Germany 62, 66 Scotland 14, 89 Russia 65, 227 Second Control Agreement (1946) 169 silent revolution Second World War Spain 122–3 Australia 416 Rhodesian Federation 243 Indian National Congress 299 Riabushinskii, P. P. 224 National Socialism 69 Ricardo, David 60 Seip,J.A.82, 84 Richelieu, Cardinal 44, 49, 50, 96–110 self-consumption, Serbian agriculture 213 Richet, Denis 37, 52 semi-public organisations, Senegal 265 Riksbanken (Swedish paper money) 91, 101 Senegal 243–4, 251–67 Rio de Janeiro 374 agriculture 263–64 Ritschl, Albert 72 aristocracy 254 Ritter, Gerhard A. 73 armed rebellion 253, 267 Rivera, General Primo de 124 autonomie interne regime 257 road building 51–2, 121–2 civil society 252 Robinson, Joan 109 co-operative movement 258 Rockefeller, John D. 361 co-operatives 261–2 Rockefeller, William 361 code of investment (1962) 259–60 Romania 135 colonial industrialisation 256 Rosenberg, Nathan 400 debt 264, 266 Rothenberg, Winifred 392 economic development 1960s 257 Rothschild N. M. and Sons of London 358, 361 embezzlement 265, 266 Rowlatt satyagraha 297, 299 foreign capital dependency 259 Royal Council of Commerce 50 foreign investment 259–60 Royal Navy (British) 37 foreign markets dependency 257 Royal Proclamation Line (1763) 391 French colonialism 252, 254–67 rubber export, Brazil 353 groundnuts 254, 256, 257 ruling classes 16, 253, 377 cash-crop economy 254, 255, 256 see also aristocracies; political elites credit system 254–5 rump Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia economy and nation building 256 Rush, Benjamin 395–6 French colonialism 255 Russia 231, 322 Groundnut Basin 253, 255 Russian Revolution (1917) 65 industrialisation 256 see also Soviet Union; Tsarist Russia Islam 252, 254–5, 266–7 Russification 222–3, 227, 232 marabouts 255, 266–7 Ryutarˆ o,ˆ Hashimoto 339 slavery 254 hegemonic coalition 253 Samori 240 independent 257–67 satyagraha 297, 299 industrial investment 259 Scandinavia industrialisation 256, 263–4 economic growth 80 local entrepreneurs 261–2, 263–5 globalisation 110 ruling class 253 labour movements 107–8, 109 semi-public organisations 265 monetary system 93 Senegalese exception 252–3 monetary union 91 state intervention 259

Index 445

stock holding 261 Shanghai Arsenal 324 tax system 259–60 shipping 335–6, 363, 399 theories of economic trajectory 252–3 Shonfield, Andrew 103 Senegalese exception 252–3 Siberia 232 Senghor, Leopold´ Sedar´ 251–2, 261, 263–5, 266 ‘silent revolution’ (1989) Sentencia de Guadalupe (1486) 115 silk trade 309, 316 Serbia 135, 195, 200, 203–8 silver agriculture 208–14 Castile 116 farming households 212–13 Europe 116 fixed investment 211 inflation 117 peasant 212–13, 214 Mexican export trade 351, 352–3, 357 stagnation 202–3, 209 price stabilisation 357 state farm sector 210–11 Spanish Americas 116 subsistence provision 212–13 silver currency anti-bureaucratic revolution 204 (liang), China 309, 316, 326 ‘big systems’ power 205–8, 215 Mexico 356, 366 collective farms 210–11 silver standard 309 currency 206, 208, 213 Sindh 298 economic decline 203–4, 205–6, 214 Sino-Japanese war (1894–5) 322, 325–6 economic policies 204–5 SIP see Societ´ es´ de Prevoyance´ education 202 Skandinaviska banken 100 employment (1995) 210 skandinavismen movement 96–7 farmers’ households, self-consumption 213 Slagstad, Rune 80, 82, 89 financial insolvency 207–8 slave trade food crisis 210, 213–14 abolition 375, 376, 394 foreign exchange crisis 208 Atlantic 241, 254 garnitura 213 sultanate of Oman 240 GDP 203 Western Africa 240 household incomes structure 212–13 slavery 350 human capital formation 202 abolition 393, 394 hyperinflation 206, 207–8 American South 394, 400–1 industrialisation 203, 214 Slavophile capitalism 224 infrastructure decay 207 Slavophilia 223–4 investment, fixed and depreciation 206, 207 sliianie doctrine (ethnic fusion) 231 Kosovo, national concerns about 204 Slovak and Czech relations, Czechoslovakia literacy 202 (1945–68) 189–90 livestock sector 211 Slovak National Council 189 Miloˇsevic´ era (1991–9) 203–8 Slovak People‘s Party 185 modernisation desire 203 Slovak Socialist Republic 191 nation-state 197 Slovakia 181 nationalism 204–5 aryanisation 188 peasants 200–2, 203, 208, 212–13, 214 autonomy movement 186 pluralism 214 centralisation of control 190 population (1820–1910) 203 Czech Lands equalisation (1985) 194 progress 200 Czechoslovak Republic 181 railways (nineteenth century) 202 economic indicators, correlated with Czech real earnings 204 Lands 191–2 state banks 206 economic problems (1918) 183 state farm sector 210–11 elimination of Jews 188 tax burden shift 202 industrialisation, post-1946 election 189–90 taxation 212 national income 191–2 village shops 201–2 and Nazi Germany 187–8 as FR Yugoslavia 197 occupational distribution comparison with Seven Years War, patriotism 37 Czech Lands (1948–89) 192–3 Shanghai, China 317, 322 planned growth rate 194

446 Index

Slovenia 195, 199 economic growth slowdown (1970s) 230–1 Smederevo, MKS steel complex 205 economic strategies 224–6 Smith, Adam 22, 127 emigration to Israel 284 smuggling, Mexico 355–6 ethnic minorities 225, 227, 231, 233 Snowy Mountains hydro scheme 417 federal states 225 social democrats, bourgeois 109 and German Democratic Republic 70 social market economy, Federal Republic of Great Patriotic War 230 Germany 71 industrialism and nationalism 226–32 social mobility, ancien regime´ 40 international revolution 225 social order and Japan 333 Hanoverian Britain 14–17 ‘national’ republics within 230 public revenue 20 nationalism 228–32 social policy, German empire 64 New Economic Policy 228, 229 social problems, industrialisation 106, 107 periphery economic development 226 social radicalism, modernisation 97 Potsdam Protocol 70 social segregation, Habsburg empire 160, 161 ‘socialism in one country’ 225 social unrest, Spain 124 Soviet Union programme for Austria 170 socialism post-Stalin economic modernisation 230 African (Senegal) 251 see also Russia; Tsarist Russia Brazil 380 Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands 71 colonial 408 Sozialpartnerschaft (Austrian German empire 64 employers–employees informal institution) German revolution (1918) 66 171 ‘in one country’ (USSR) 225 Spain international 107 agriculture (nineteenth century) 121 nationalism 109 American colonies 116, 119 Nordic labour movement 107 banking sector 124 progressive 108 Bourbon Mexico 351 progressive capitalism 107–8 civil war (1933–6) 119–20 socialist industrialisation 190 colonial empire 116–17, 120 socialist nations, German Democratic Republic colonial wars 119 71, 72 constitution (1978) 126 Socialist Party, Austria 172 corporatism 127 Societ´ es´ de Prevoyance´ (SIP, local contingency debt reduction (unilateral) 117 funds) 258 dictatorship and democracy 125 socio-cultural foundations of nationalism 294–5 Dutch nationalism 117 Sogner, Knut 103–4 economic development and national ferment Sonderweg (special path to modernisation) 133, 122–5 134–6, 142–7, 152 European Union 127–8 Sørensen, Øystein 93 ﬁscal system 117, 120 South Africa 245 freedom of trade 119 South Asia 291–5, 305 ‘generation of ’98’ 124 see also Bangladesh; British India; Pakistan geographical unity 113, 114 South Eastern Australia (‘squattocracy’) 410 Great Depression 125 Soviet Union (USSR) 219–33 and Hanoverian Britain 20 Administration of Soviet Assets in Austria 171 infrastructures investment 120 after collapse of communism 194–5 liberales 119 and Austria 170 liberals 119, 120, 122 Carpathian Ruthenia annexation 188 mercantilism tradition 127 Central and Eastern Europe occupation 151 modernity 118–22 collapse of 151 monarchies 123–4, 126 collectivisation 229 monetary reform 123 Commonwealth of Independent States 231–2 Moorish 113 disintegration (1991) 231–2 Napoleonic Wars 119 and East Germany 70 national identity formation 113–18

Index 447

national state formation 113–28 state-initiated capitalism 98 Netherlands conflict 117 states, without nations 239–49 over-taxation 117 statistics, education in 84 peseta 124 Statute of Monopolies (1624) 14 political system (nineteenth century) 121 steel, MKS Smederevo complex 205 political unity (1580) Stein, Stanley 356 pronunciamiento 121 stock holding, Senegal 261 protectionism 123, 127 Stockholms Enskilda bank see Enskilda bank regeneracionistas 123 Stojadinovic´ 199 regional self-determination 127 strategic policy, Hanoverian Britain 20–5 revolution 122–3 strikes 92, 124 secessions from empire (1560) 116–17 Strougal,ˇ L. 194 Second Republic 124–5 Sub-Sahara Africa 239–49 serviles (conservatives) 119 afro-pessimism 248 social unrest 124 colonial imperialism (1885–1900) 242–3 strikes and violence 124 decolonisation 244 suffrage 123, 125 European dictatorships 243 unification (1580) 116 national consciousness 243–4 war of the Spanish Succession 118 peasantry 248–9 Spanish America see American colonies, Spanish states’ independence 239 Spanish (Espanol˜ ), use of term 114 unification on European model 249 Spanish-American war (1898) 123 see also under specific countries Spanish-Dutch wars 117 subaltern groups 295 speculation, Japan 336, 340–1, 342, 343–4 Subcarpathian Ruthenia 181, 183 Speger 361 subsistence provision, Serbia 212–13 squattocracy (Australia) 410 suffrage 64, 123, 125 stagflation 417 sugar production, Brazil 373 Stalin, Joseph 172, 225 Sully, Maximilien 47, 49, 51 Stambolic, Ivan 205 sultanate of Oman 240–41 Stamp Act (1765) 390 Sumitomo zaibatsu 337, 342 standardisation, currency, weights and measures, Suny, Ronald 228 Norway 85 supply-side-shock economic syndrome, Australia standing armies 16, 43 417 Stang, Frederik 81–2, 91 Suzuki Shoten,ˆ case study 335–6, 337 state Swahili culture 241 business relation 110 Swahili language 241 colonial cash-crop economy 255 Sweden 80–94 definition 239 aristocracy 98 economic konjunktur 46 authority 98–9 French economy relation 50 bank issuing houses legislation 100–1 modernisation relation 108–9 banking system, private 88 state apparatus, France, sixteenth century 35 business–government relation 99 State Bank, Sweden 91 economic growth (1870–1910) 99–100 state building Enskilda Bank 88, 90, 92 economic development relation 134–5, financial capital organisation 99–102 136–46, 147–53 Franco-Prussian War effects 90–1 economic factors 37–42 free trade 86 economic fluctuations 45–8 hydroelectric power 105 state-controlled trade economy (Senegal) 257–9 industrialisation (1905–7) 104 state farm sector 210–11 labour movement 106 state interventions, positive 93–4 and capitalism 108 state making, theories of 240–1 morality and progress 86 state railway, Sweden 86 national resources struggle 103–5, 106 state–capital–labour compromise, Australia national strategists 81, 85–9 409–13, 414 nationalism, political right 107

448 Index

Sweden (cont.) Thirty Years War 44 organised capitalism epoch 96–110 Tianjin Treaty (1858) 313 protectionism 92 timber industry, Norway 103–4 Riksbanken (paper money) 91, 101 Tito’s Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia saw-mill strike 92 Tocqueville, Alexis de 52 social problems 106 Tokugawa Shogunate 333 state railway 86 Tongshu Ma 136–42 union with Norway (1814) 96 top-down modernisation 135 dissolution (1905) 96–7, 98, 105–7 Toure,´ Madame 265–6 welfare state 90 tourism, Austrian Republic 167 see also Scandinavia trade Sylla, Richard 397 Austria, post-1945 170 symbols, national 109, 125, 366 Latin America external 352–4 System of Law, France 48 trade economy, state-controlled (Senegal) 257–9 trade performance, China (1871–1911) 319 la taille (hearth tax) 43, 47, 48 trade unions 15, 411–12, 413, 414 Taiping rebellion 310, 327–8 see also guilds Taiwan 332 tradesmen, heroisation of 87 Taulas del Canvi (Catalonian banks) 115 tradition, creation of national 59, 63 Taussig, Frank 399 Transcarpathian Ukraine 188 tax-farming, France 41, 47 Transleithania 181 taxation transportation development 375, 397–8 Brazil 354–6 see also canals; railways; road building British colonial 390 treasury, French central (trésor de l’épargne) 44 China 313, 327 Treaty of Arras (1482) 37 debt servicing 30 Treaty of Lisbon (1668) 118 direct Treaty of Madrid (1526) 37 fiscal-military state 42 Treaty of St Germain 165 France 43, 44, 47, 48 Treaty of Verdun (843) 34, 58 Hanoverian Britain 26 Treaty of Versailles (1919) 66, 163 France 41, 43, 47 trésor de l’épargne (central treasury) 44 General Tax Farm (1726) 41, 48 Trieste harbour reconstruction 162 Hanoverian Britain 25–8 Trollhattan¨ waterfall 105 indirect 27, 41 Tsar Alexander II 223 industrialisation 26, 27 Tsarist Russia 219–24, 233 Mexico 354–6, 365 class conflicts 228 Senegal 259–60 ethnic minorities 222, 223, 224, 226, 227–8 Serbia (1990s) 212 free trade 223 Tsarist Russia 222 Jews 222, 226 USA 390 periphery development 224 war taxes 26 Poles 226, 227 Tea Act (1772) 390 reform programme 223 tea trade, China 309–10, 312–13, 316 revolution (1905) 227 techno-romanticism 107, 108 ‘tutelage of the peasantry’ 201, 202 technological convergence, USA 400 two-nation theory, South Asia 292, 294 technology Two-Year Plan of Postwar Reconstruction of the economic growth rates and low level 140 Economy (1947–8), Czechoslovakia 189–90 France 46 new, Norway mid-1890s 103 Ukraine 188, 226, 227–9 USA 389, 400 Umar, Al-hadj 240 Tegner,´ Esaias 86 unification terra nullius 404, 419 Federal Republic of Germany 70 territorially-identified people 271 new Federal Republic of Germany (1990) 73 textile industry 115, 117, 399–400 German Democratic Republic 70–1 Third Reich see Nazi Germany German economic see German Federation

Index 449

Union´ de Armas (Union of Arms) 117–18 settlement of ‘unoccupied’ 391 United Kingdom see Britain Land Ordinance (1785) 392 United Provinces 303 Louisiana purchase 397 United States of America (USA) Mexico invasion (1847) 351 agriculture productivity 398 neutralisation plan (1947/8) 170 American nationhood 390–3 Northwest Ordinance 392, 393 and economic development 387–403 organised capitalism 99 and free labour 393–5 Philadelphia Confederation convention American Revolution 390 (1787) 395 and domestic economy 395–6 political independence and economic economic conflict 390 development 387–8 American South 394, 400–1 Royal Proclamation Line (1763) 391 American War of Independence 42 shipping 399 Article of Perpetual Union 391 slavery 393–4 Articles of Confederation 391 states banks 397 debt payment defaults 398 Brazil, military regime support 380 developmental programmes (1815–1840s) Brazil–United States Economic Commission 397–8 (1951) 379 Tariff (1816) 399 canals 392, 397 industry relation 399–400 capital markets 395–8 tariff policies, states 398 Confederation 391 taxes (colonial) 390 Congress, ownership of land 392 technology 389, 400 constitution (1787) 387, 395–7, 398 transportation development 397–8 cotton textile industry 399–400 universal coin 90 Currency Acts 390 urbanisation, Australia 410 debt policies 396–7 USA see United States of America domestic markets 399 USIA see Administration of Soviet Assets in embargo (1807) 399, 400 Austria European wars (1793) 399 USSR see Soviet Union explanations for development 388–90 federal government powers (1777–89) 391, 396 Van Dieman‘s Land (Tasmania) 410 federalist financial program 396 Vargas, President of Brazil 377–8 financial institutions 397 Verwaldung Wiens (forestation of Vienna) 166 fiscal needs and financial policies 396–7 Vienna 59, 166, 167, 168 gold standard 357 village shops, Serbia 201–2 Homestead Act (1862) 392 Villaverde stabilisation plan (1899) 124 immigration 185, 389 Vives, Vicens 122 income per capita, growth rate acceleration Vojvodina 210, 212–13 388–9 Volksgemeinschaft (community of the people) 68 Independence (1783) 31 voluntary associations, Scandinavia 89 industrial revolution 388–9 von Sydow, Anna 90 industry von Treitschke, Heinrich 62 domestic market 398 machine-tools 400 Wallenberg, Andre´ Oscar 81, 85, 87–9, 90, 91, 92, manufacturing sector emergence (nineteenth 93, 100 century) 389, 398–400 Wallenberg family 102, 103, 104, 105 protection policies 398–400 Wallenberg, Knut A. 100 Tariff relation 399–400 Wallenberg, Marcus 100 investment in Mexico 361 war, taxes 26 Israel, loans and grants in aid to 283 War of Spanish Succession 118 Japan, Plaza Agreement 339 wars of religion, France 40, 44, 48 land wartime expenditure (1690–1815) 12–13 abolition of federal restraints 392 Washington, George 396–7 northern states development 394–5 Water Act (1918) 105

450 Index

Weber, Eugen 36 Yugoslavia 199 Weber, Max 63, 65 after collapse of communism 194 Wehler, Hans Ulrich 105 agriculture 208–10 weights and measures, standardisation 85 communist economic conversion policies Weimar Republic see Germany 199 welfare state, Sweden 90 Congo, comparison with 245 West Bank 273, 284 dohodak (net output) 207, 209–10 West Germany economic growth 200 European Recovery Program 70 fertiliser 211 see also Federal Republic of Germany First Yugoslavia 197, 199 West Pakistan, population 292 foreign exchange crisis 208 Western Australia, Swan River colony 410 FR Yugoslavia (1990–7) 197, 208, 209 Western–Chinese relations (1840–1910) 309–10, German occupation 168 322 international trade 210 Westernisation Movement, China (1870–1895) multinational 197 323–6, 327 prosperity diffusion 199 White Australia policy 405, 414, 416–17, 418 rump Yugoslavia (1990–3) 209–10, white coal 105–6 213–14 Whitlam, Gough 417 Second Yugoslavia (to 1991) 197, 199 Witte, Sergei 222–3, 224 Serbia as (1991–9) 197, 203–8 women Tito’s Yugoslavia 199, 200, 208–9 employment rates 184 see also Serbia suffrage 125 wood-processing industry, Norway 104 zaibatsu (large family-controlled Japanese wool industry, Australia 405, 410 businesses) 335–6, 342 wool trade, Castile 115 Zaire 247, 248 workers, Brazilian post-slavery 377–8 Zionism working class agriculture and nation building 277 Australian 407, 411, 413 Mandatory Palestine 271 German empire 64 world Jewry, ﬁnancial support for 271 nation-state 59 see also Israel; Mandatory Palestine see also lower orders Zionist executive powers 272 World Bank 247 Zionist Labour movement 275 world power doctrine 65 Zionist national economic design 273 World Zionist Organisation (WZO) 281 Zionist national projects 276 WZO see World Zionist Organisation Zionist Organisation 273, 276, 277 Zoll-und Handelsbundnis¨ (customs and trading Yasuhiro, Nakasone 339 union) 159–60 Young Plan (1930) 67 Zollverein (customs union) 61, 62