Spies and Shuttles

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Spies and Shuttles Spies and Shuttles University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola SPIE S AND SHUTTLE S NASA’s Secret Relationships with the DoD and CIA James E. David Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., in association with University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Copyright 2015 by Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All photographs courtesy of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. This book may be available in an electronic edition. 20 19 18 17 16 15 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data David, James E., 1951– author. Spies and shuttles : NASA’s secret relationships with the DOD and CIA / James David. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-4999-1 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8130-5500-8 (ebook) 1. Astronautics—United States —History. 2. Astronautics, Military—Government policy—United States. 3. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration—History. 4. United States. Department of Defense—History. 5. United States. Central Intelligence Agency—History. 6. National security—United States. I. Title. TL789.8.U5D26 2015 327.1273—dc23 2014030770 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com For Jeanne and Cristina Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1 Forging Close Ties in NASA’s Early Years 13 2 NASA, the CIA, and Foreign Intelligence during the Apollo Era 34 3 Expanding Interaction in Old and New Areas 68 4 Restrictions on Remote Sensing from Space 103 5 Concerns over Human Spaceflight Program Experiments and Lunar and Astronomy Program Technologies 150 6 The Shuttle: NASA’s Radically New Partnership with the National Security Agencies 188 7 The National Security Agencies Abandon the Shuttle 218 8 NASA’s Applications Satellites and National Security Requirements 244 Conclusion 277 Notes 283 Bibliography 323 Index 335 Illustrations Illustrations follow page 134 1. T. Keith Glennan, NASA’s first administrator 2. First-generation Tiros weather satellite 3. James Webb, NASA’s second administrator 4. Lunar Orbiter 5. Robert Seamans, NASA associate administrator from 1960 to 1965 and deputy administrator from 1965 to 1967 6. Landsat 1 7. Test launch of a Poseidon submarine–launched ballistic missile in the 1970s 8. James Fletcher, NASA administrator from 1971 to 1977 and 1986 to 1989 9. Skylab, America’s first space station 10. SEASAT-A 11. Hans Mark, NASA deputy administrator from 1981 to 1984 12. Tracking and Data Relay Satellite-5 13. James Beggs, NASA administrator from 1981 to 1986 14. Polishing the Hubble’s primary mirror 15. X-37 ix Acknowledgments Many people have helped me greatly in the research and writing of this book. At the top of the list is Michael Neufeld, my colleague at the Na- tional Air and Space Museum. His encouragement, guidance, and sup- port throughout the project have been of immense value. Jeffrey Richel- son, senior fellow at the National Security Archive, provided excellent comments on all the draft chapters. The staffst a the many declassification offices to which I submitted numerous requests worked long and hard locating and reviewing the records that form the basis of much of this book. Two merit particular mention: the Washington Headquarters Services, Records and Declassi- fication Division of the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Infor- mation Access and Release Team of the National Reconnaissance Office. Judith Barnes and the Transfer and Disposition Office at the Wash- ington National Records Center in Suitland, Maryland, helped me during my many visits in the huge task of determining exactly which records remained at that facility and which had been already transferred to the National Archives in College Park, Maryland. David Fort, deputy director of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Mandatory Declassifica- tion Review (MDR) Division at College Park, processed many collections xi of records at my request and enabled me to review records I otherwise would not have been able to access. Meredith Babb, Nevil Parker, Elaine Durham Otto, and the other staff at the University Press of Florida have been superb. Their guidance and contributions have greatly improved this book. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife, Jeanne Delasko, for her love and support during the many years I worked on the book. xii · Acknowledgments Abbreviations AAP Apollo Applications Program BoB Bureau of the Budget CIA Central Intelligence Agency CREST-NARA CIA Records Search Tool, National Archives and Records Administration DCI Director of Central Intelligence DDR&E Director of Defense Research and Engineering DDS&T Deputy Director for Science and Technology DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DoD Department of Defense ELV Expendable Launch Vehicle ESSA Environmental Science Services Administration FMSAC Foreign Missile and Space Analysis Center MSFN Manned Space Flight Network MSFPC Manned Space Flight Policy Committee NACA National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration xiii NGSP National Geodetic Satellite Program NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORAD North American Air Defense Command NRO National Reconnaissance Office NSAM National Security Action Memorandum PSAC President’s Science Advisory Committee SACC Survey Applications Coordinating Committee SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar STADAN Satellite Tracking and Data Acquisition Network xiv · Abbreviations Introduction The Soviet Union’s successful launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 and that of Sputnik 2 the following month led to intensive debate in the United States on how to respond. President Dwight Eisenhower and his administration initially downplayed the significance and tried to reas- sure the nation that America was not militarily inferior to the USSR. However, many politicians, journalists, scientists, and others argued that the Soviet accomplishment was a great propaganda victory and proved the Cold War adversary was ahead in critical military technologies such as the intercontinental ballistic missile. They believed that America was now in a race for control of space and must win it whatever the cost.1 Eisenhower directed the acceleration of the nation’s missile programs and took some other limited steps, but he continued to adamantly op- pose any large increases in spending. These actions were taken against the backdrop of America’s attempt to launch its first satellite in Decem- ber, which resulted in national humiliation when the launch vehicle ex- ploded on the pad. The nation finally succeeded in placing a spacecraft in orbit on 31 January 1958, but this did not quiet the administration’s critics.2 Pressure grew to place the space program in one agency, and the mili- tary services and others soon set forth competing proposals. Eisenhower 1 directed the recently created President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) to assess what the space program should be and what organiza- tion should lead it. In its late March 1958 report, PSAC initially noted that there were four factors driving the United States into space: the urge to explore the unknown, defense objectives, national prestige, and scientific observation and experimentation. PSAC rejected Air Force and Army arguments for control of the space program and recommended es- tablishment of a new civilian agency to run the non-defense part. Eisen- hower endorsed the report, stating: “These opportunities reinforce my conviction that we and other nations have a great responsibility to pro- mote the peaceful use of space and to utilize the new knowledge obtain- able from space science and technology for the benefit of all mankind.”3 Eisenhower quickly submitted the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 to Congress. The new agency was designated the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and it would take over the personnel and facilities of the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics formed in 1915: the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory in California, Lewis Flight Pro- pulsion Laboratory in Ohio, High Speed Flight Station at Edwards AFB in California, and Wallops Island launch complex in Virginia.4 It was very important for propaganda purposes to contrast NASA and its aeronautical and space programs with the Soviet Union’s secretive and military-oriented efforts. The legislation stated that the U.S. policy was “activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the
Recommended publications
  • Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006
    Praxis Manned Space¯ight Log 1961±2006 Tim Furniss and David J. Shayler with Michael D. Shayler Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006 Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishiublishingng Chichester, UK Tim Furniss David J. Shayler Space¯ight Correspondent Astronautical Historian Flight International Astro Info Service Bideford Halesowen Devon West Midlands UK UK Michael D. Shayler Editor and Designer Astro Info Service Birmingham UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 10: 0-387-34175-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13: 978-0-387-34175-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2006937359 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Authors' Preface ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spies and Shuttles
    Spies and Shuttles University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola SPIE S AND SHUTTLE S NASA’s Secret Relationships with the DoD and CIA James E. David Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., in association with University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Copyright 2015 by Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All photographs courtesy of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. This book may be available in an electronic edition. 20 19 18 17 16 15 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data David, James E., 1951– author. Spies and shuttles : NASA’s secret relationships with the DOD and CIA / James David. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-4999-1 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8130-5500-8 (ebook) 1. Astronautics—United States —History. 2. Astronautics, Military—Government policy—United States. 3. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration—History. 4. United States. Department of Defense—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Gill Arbuthnott • Christopher Nielsen All Rights Reserved
    To David, whose bookshelves introduced me to the rest of the universe through Asimov, Bradbury and Clarke, and who bought me that Bowie record. – GA For Rusty (the first dingo in space). – CN BIG PICTURE PRESS First published in the UK in 2019 by Big Picture Press, an imprint of Bonnier Books UK, The Plaza, 535 King’s Road, London, SW10 0SZ www.templarco.co.uk/big-picture-press www.bonnierbooks.co.uk Text copyright © 2019 by Gill Arbuthnott Illustration copyright © 2019 by Christopher Nielsen Design copyright © 2019 by Big Picture Press 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Gill Arbuthnott • Christopher Nielsen All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-78741-354-2 This book was typeset in Burford Base and Rustic, Futura and Duality The illustrations were created using a combination of traditional and digital techniques. Edited by Katie Haworth Designed by Nathalie Eyraud Production Controller: Nick Read Printed in China ;II 2019: Chinese robotic space probe r e Chang’e-4 makes first ever landing on the 2 a 0 c 1 h 8 e far side of the Moon : s T i h n e t e nturies: e V th c r 16 s – o th t vers e 15 i disco y ile l al l a G a eo g lil the paths r a dict e G pre s r to s p 2 w tile ) a ho ojec s p 6 ) f pr e ce ro o h b 6 6 e s i 6 l 8 : 1 b 6 ( y u 1 r ( y 2012: p TiMeLiNe u The Voyager I probe t i t n n v o n o reaches interstellar space i a t t e r c o w G e h f M t N 7 o f c o 1 a s a w s Is a w r L a i is L S h d n a 15th–16th centuries: Leonardo da Vinci draws designs for flying machines 1986: Russian 2000: International Last Space space station Mir Space Station
    [Show full text]
  • A Neorealist Analysis of International Space Politics (1957-2018)
    “War in Space: Why Not?” A Neorealist Analysis of International Space Politics (1957-2018) Eirik Billingsø Elvevold Dissertação em Relações Internacionais Maio, 2019 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Ana Santos Pinto e a co-orientação científica do Mestre Rui Henrique Santos. ii To my wife Leyla, For your love, patience and support. iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I came to Portugal to work for the Norwegian Embassy in Lisbon, I had no idea I would stay to study for several years. The decision, however, I will never regret. I would like to thank Universidade Nova and the social sciences faculty, FCSH, for allowing me to study at a leading university for International Relations in Portugal. Our classes, especially with prof. Tiago Moreira de Sa and prof. Carlos Gaspar, will always be remembered. To my coordinator, professor Ana Santos Pinto, I want to express gratitude for her guidance, sharp mind and patience throughout the process. The idea of studying a mix of international politics and space came with me from Norway to Portugal. After seeing Pinto teach in our scientific methods class, I asked her to be my coordinator. Even on a topic like space, where she admitted to having no prior expertise, her advice and thoughts were essential for me both academically and personally during the writing process. In addition, I want to express my sincere gratitude to Rui Henriques Santos for stepping in as my co- coordinator when professor Pinto took on other challenges at the Portuguese Ministry of Defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Soviet Propaganda-Design Satellites
    ORBIT Early Soviet Propaganda-Design Satellites By Don Hillger and Garry Toth 2) One or two shark-like fins attached to the main body of the spacecraft. Sometimes only one of these fins is seen, This article examines a propaganda-design satellite that was with the other hidden on the opposite side of the widely used in the past as a substitute for the actual designs spacecraft; of some satellites launched by the USSR. This Soviet propaganda-design satellite is commonly shown in early 3) One or more sets of three radial antennas, with the space-age postal items. On many of the stamps that include three antennas in each set attached to the spacecraft body it, the text mentions various satellite names such as Kosmos, at a single point. Generally, one antenna in each set is Luna, Vostok (East), or Voskhod (Ascent). These satellites are perpendicular to the spacecraft body and the two others known to never have had the design shown; the propaganda are at about a 60 degree angle from the spacecraft body. design was used in lieu of realistic satellite images for both un-manned and manned missions. Most propaganda designs have all three design elements; some are missing one of them. The propaganda design may have been a compromise between the stamp and cachet designers, who wanted to Early history of the propaganda design depict the new spacecraft, and the Soviet censors, whose goal was to keep secret as many aspects as possible of their The first appearance of the early space programme The propaganda design was used to propaganda design generically represent various satellites, for lack of better (actually, a design variant) is images.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Sciences Vol 3 Humans in Space.Pdf
    space sciences space sciences V OLUME 3 Humans in Space Pat Dasch, Editor in Chief EDITORIAL BOARD Editor in Chief Pat Dasch President, RSC International, Washington, DC Advisory Editors Dr. Nadine G. Barlow Assistant Professor, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Leonard David Senior Space Writer, SPACE.com, Boulder, CO Frank Sietzen, Jr. President, Space Transportation Association, Arlington, VA EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF Gloria Lam, Project Editor Erin Bealmear, Cindy Clendenon, Alja Collar, Stephen Cusack, Kathleen J. Edgar, Monica Hubbard, Mark Mikula, Kate Millson, Brad Morgan, Anna Nesbitt, Angela Pilchak, Amanda Quick, Nicole Watkins, Contributing Editors Michelle DiMercurio, Senior Art Director Rita Wimberley, Buyer Maria L. Franklin, Permissions Manager Lori Hines, Permissions Assistant Barbara J. Yarrow, Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content Randy Bassett, Imaging Supervisor Dan Newell, Imaging Specialist Macmillan Reference USA Frank Menchaca, Vice President Hélène G. Potter, Editor-in-Chief Consulting Schools Swiftwater High School, Swiftwater, PA Teacher: Howard Piltz Douglas Middle School, Box Elder, SD Teacher: Kelly Lane North Dallas High School, Dallas, TX Teacher: Norene Flaherty Rockdale High School, Rockdale, TX Teacher: Vickie Caffey Medford Area Middle School, Medford, WI Teacher: Jeanine Staab ii Copyright © 2002 by Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of the Gale Group All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permis- sion in writing from the Publisher. Macmillan Reference USA Gale Group 300 Park Avenue South 27500 Drake Rd. New York, NY 10010 Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Space sciences / Pat Dasch, editor in chief.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Manned Spaceflight from Vostok 1 to Apollo 11
    Hi, this is Steve Nerlich from Cheap Astronomy www.cheapastro.com and this is Space Race: A brief history of manned spaceflight from Vostok 1 to Apollo 11. Before we get started I want to tell you that the space age really began on the 4th of October 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1. Shortly thereafter in November 1957, Laika the dog became the first astronaut to orbit the Earth in Sputnik 2. Unfortunately she didn’t make it back – so here’s a message to the future of humanity. When you work out time travel and cloaking devices, go back and get her out of there. Give her some water and a pat and take her for a walk. Hey, it’s Laika. Anyway, after that, things went better– with Sputnik 5 in August 1960, the Russians sent up two dogs, Belka and Strelka, along with a rabbit, 42 mice and 2 rats. All passengers survived. Premier Nikita Khrushchev presented one of Strelka’s pups to John F Kennedy’s younger daughter Caroline as a bit of a diplomatic jibe. The American’s had been struggling to get anything into orbit and their most famous non-human astronaut was Ham the Chimp who went up and back in a sub-orbital flight in January 1961. But things really took off (small astronomy joke there) on the 12th April 1961, when Yuri Gagarin launched in Vostok 1 and did a single orbit in a flight lasting 108 minutes. Three weeks later, the Americans launched Alan Shepherd in a sub-orbital flight on the 5th of May 1961.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 General Survey
    2 2 GENERAL SURVEY 2 GENERAL SURVEY 11 3 2.1 TERMINOLOGY AND SCOPE Max PLANCK, an eminent German physicist, appropriately said, “Theory and experiment, they belong together; the one The great book of Nature lies ever open before our eyes without the other remains unfruitful. We are fully justified in and the true philosophy is written in it… But we cannot applying KANT’s well-known words on the unity of concept read it unless we have first learned the language and the and intuition and saying: theories without experiments are characters in which it is written… It is written in mathe- empty, experiments without theory are blind. Therefore both matical language and the characters are triangles, circles and other geometric figures.1 − theory and experiment − call for proper respect with the same emphasis.” Galileo GALILEI Florence 1623 Mechanics became the most important and advanced branch of natural philosophy − a term used by Sir Isaac In physics, experiments have a larger power to per- NEWTON to denote investigations of laws that hold in the suade than reasoning.2 material world and the deduction of results that are not di- Blaise PASCAL rectly observable, and which is today covered by the field of Paris 1663 physics. According to the German philosopher Immanuel KANT, science is characterized by an ordered arrangement of ERCUSSION, concussion, collision, impact, explosion, gained knowledge, based on data and observed phenomena P implosion, detonation and shock waves are rapid me- as well as on similar cases and their critical testing through chanical phenomena that are related to each other.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA and the Cold
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180004277 2019-08-31T15:19:29+00:00Z How Did Houston Become Space City? Presentation at Christ the King Lutheran Church Adult Education, Sunday April 22, 2018 Houston’s only official nickname is Space City. This presentation will explore how in the 1960’s a city better known for its oil industry became nearly synonymous with the US Space Program. The influence of Lyndon B. Johnson in establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 as Senate Majority Leader, and then of bringing the Manned Spacecraft Center to Houston in 1961, will be described. Johnson’s continuing support for the space program led to a successful Moon landing in 1969, during the height of the Cold War and competition with the Soviet Union, including “Houston” being the first word transmitted from another world. His contributions led to the MSC being renamed after him upon his death in 1973. But Johnson’s influence and legacy on the space program continued for many years after his death. How Did Houston Become Space City? John Uri Manager, History Office NASA Johnson Space Center April 22, 2018 www.jsc.nasa.gov/history We Are Here Christ the King 2 Origins of the Space Race The Space Race became a technological battleground for prestige and influence between the two Cold War adversaries 3 Sputnik Launches the Space Race The initial Soviet announcement was terse and subdued On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, beginning the Space Race Reaction in the rest of the world was more enthusiastic
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Years of Flight: a Chronicle of Aerospace History 1903-2003 by Frank H
    100 Years of Flight: A Chronicle of Aerospace history 1903-2003 by Frank H. Winter (space) and F. Robert van der Linden (aviation), of the National Air and Space Museum Foreword by Scott Crossfield Afterword by Roger Launius Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, In association with the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 2003, 524 pages, oversize This is a grand, celebratory tome, profusely illustrated, issued in the honor of the centennial of the Wright Brothers first heavier-than-air flight. To page through it is to relive the high points of human flight over the previous century. Enjoyable it is, and inspirational – but I found it to be too riddled with technical errors in the space sections (I could not judge the aviation sections) to be dependable as a reference, or even as a first introduction to key features of technology and history. Historical overviews as densely packed as this work can be expected to have errors slip through, and there has to be a little slack cut for projects forced to meet a calendar deadline. And the book does carry a warning: “Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is not responsible for any injury or damage resulting from use or reliance.” The level of misspellings and typos is entirely acceptable, as for examples: p. 476, Henen for ‘Hennen’, Viktoenko’ for ‘Viktorenko’; Pp. 415-416, Kerwin is repeatedly misspelled ‘Kirwin’; P. 457, ‘Kaptusin Yar’ for ‘Kapustin Yar’. Some other textual hiccups: “electric reconnaissance” for “electronic reconnaissance” (p. 442).
    [Show full text]
  • Vostok-2 Mission
    Vostok-2 mission IMAGE ARCHIVE Site update log In Sochi, Crimea, Korolev (left), Site map Yazdovsky (center) and Kamanin hotly debated the possible duration of the second Vostok mission. Advertise Testimonials About this site About the author Mailbox Support this site In depth: A meeting of the State Commission before the launch of Vostok-2 on Aug. 6, 1961. The chairman of the launch commission, L. Smirnov, is on the right from Korolev (standing). Gagarin's historic mission Above: A historic globe built at Korolev's OKB-1 shows ground track of the Vostok-2 mission on August 6-7, 1961. Vostok-3 and 4 first dual mission Previous chapter: Gagarin's landing Less than four months after Gagarin's triumphant return to Earth, USSR stunned the world with yet another manned launch. This time, Yuri's backup -- Gherman Titov -- piloted the Vostok-2 spacecraft on a day-long mission. Titov's 25-hour flight looked even more startling, given the fact that the flight of this length had been the ultimate goal of NASA's Mercury spacecraft. Following a tradition established on the eve of the Gagarin's launch, Nikolaev and Titov (left), accompanied Preparing the Vostok-2 mission by Korolev, visited Pad 1, where they Vostok project met with military specialists who were preparing Vostok-2 for launch. Even heavily censored Soviet accounts of the Vostok-2 mission provided hinted about a great debate which had been raging over the proposed flight duration in the runup to Titov's launch. (507) During his vacation in Sochi, Crimea, following Gagarin's return, Korolev pondered over the plan of the second flight.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bibliography of Russian Scientific and Technological
    NASA CONTRACTOR REPORT ABIBLIOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL LITERATURE IN MANUALCONTROL AND ASSOCIATEDAREAS by C. M, Bertone Prepared under Contract No. NASw-869 by THE BUNKER-RAM0 CORPORATION Canoga Park, Cali6 for NATIONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON,D. C. APRIL 1965 c " TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL LITERATURE IN MANUAL CONTROL AND ASSOCIATED AREAS By C.M. Bertone Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of informationexchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it. Prepared under Contract No. NASw-869 by THE BUNKER-RAM0 CORPORATION Canoga Park, Calif. for NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230 -- Price $4.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS Fage Summary 1 Int,roduc tion 1 Method of Collection 3 Analysis 6 Figure 1. Total Number of BibliographicReferences in each 7 Category Figure 2. Percent of Documents in eachCategory 9 Figure 3. CGmparison betweenAuthored, Unauthored and Book 11 References in the same Category Figure 4. Authors with 5 or more References Figure 5. TheNumber of Cardsrepresented by JournalListings Figure 6. The 10 Journalswith the largest number of Reference Listings -- Conclusions 19 Bibliography Manual Control Journals Authored 22 Unauthored 36 Books 36 Control Journals Authored 38 Unauthored 47 Books 48 Human Engineering Journals Authored 49 Unauthored 73 Books 75 Man in Space Journals Authored 76 Unauthored 84 Books 88 iii I TABLE OF CONTKN'I'S (Contirlued) As'Lronautics Journals Authol'ed 89 Unauthored 91 Books 91 Aviation Journals Authored 92 Unauthored 100 Books 101 Cybernetics Journals Authored 103 Unauthored 104 Psychology Conferences Journals Authored 105 Unauthored 107 Psychology General Journals Authored 108 Unauthored 110 Books 112 Miscellaneous Journals Authored Unauthored Soviet Informationof U.S.
    [Show full text]