TÜRK ARKEOLOJİ DERG

SAYI: xxin-i 1976

Kültür Bakanlığı Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından yayımlanır.

TÜRK TARİH KURUMU BASIMEVİ — ANKARA, 19 7 6

İÇİNDEKİLER

Hamit Z. Koşay Mahmut Akok : Alacahöyükte 1974 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları __ 5-11

Erol Atalay : Kuşini Mermer Ocağı hakkında ön ra p o r__ 13-15

Kayhan Dörtlük : Keraitae Araştırma Raporu...... 17-23

Kenan T. Erim : Excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria, 1974 ... 25- 50

Davit French : Roma Devri Mil Taşları ve Yolları üzerinde 1974 yılında yapılan araştırmalar ...... 51-54

George M. A. Hanfmann : Excavations and Researches at Sardis -1974 ... 55- 64

Harald Hauptmann : Die Grabungen auf dem Norşuntepe 1973 Bericht über die 6. kampagne ...... 65- 86

Machteid J. Mellink : Excavations at Karataş-Semayük and Elmah, 1974 ...... 87- 92

James Russell : Excavations at Anemurium (Eski Anamur 1974) 93- 96

O. Ay tuğ Taşyürek : -Silifke “Keben” Hitit Kaya Kabartması- __ 97- 98

O. Aytuğ Taşyürek : - The Keben Hittite Rock Relief From Silifke- 99-102

Arkeolog Dündar Tokgöz : Seyitgazi Nekropol Kazısı-1974 ...... 103-109

ALACAHÖYÜKTE 1974 YILI KAZI ÇALIŞMALARI

HAMÎT Z. KOŞAY-MAHMUT AKOK

Alacahöyükte 1974 mevsimi kazı Yapılan son incelemelerimizle, kazı çalışmalarına fiilen 19.7.1974 de başlanıl­ alanımızın doğusuna düşen ve Büyük Hitit mış ve aralıksız olarak 9.10.1974 gününe İmparatorluk çağı Mabet-Saray binasınm kadar sürdürülmüştür. büyük bir kısmının, daha Eski çağlardan Kazı giderleri ödeneği Türk Tarih kalma olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Büyük impa­ Kurumu ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü ratorluk çağmda, höyüğün bütün çevre­ tarafından karşılandığından, bu mevsim sinde, ortalama 30-40 metre genişlikte ve kazısı’da, ortak kazı esaslarma göre yürü­ dışarıdan taşman toprak ile bir genişleme tülmüştür. yapılmış ve bu çevre tesviyesi sırasında çukurda kalan mabut-sarayı doğudan ko­ KAZI HEYETİ : rumak üzere, hafif şev yüzlü bir set du- Dr. Hamit Zübeyir Koşay’ın Başkan­ van’da yapılmıştır. Bu duvarm batı ve lığında, Mimar Arkeolog Mahmut Akok kısmen kuzeye uzanan bir kısmı yıkılma (aynı dönemde ikinci Başkan ve Kazı tehlikesi gösterdiğinden, yeni baştan ona­ Müdürü), Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü tem­ rılarak restore edilmiştir. silcisi, Ankara Arkeoloji Müzesi asistanı Arkeolog Doğu Mermerci, Müzeler Genel Alacahöyük, son (20) yıldan beri Müdürlüğü Foto uzmanı Selahattin Öz- Orta Anadolumuzun Arkeolojisine me­ tartan, Ankara Arkeoloji Müzesi hesap raklı yerli ve yabancı turistlerle bilim kişi­ uzmanı Ahmet Bekçi, Restoratör Süley­ lerinin önemle üzerinde durdukları bir man Yalçın’dan kurulmuştur. ziyaret yeri haline gelmiştir. Bu öneme 1974 kazı mevsimi Alacahöyükte Ar­ ve bu isteğe cevap verecek tesislerle dona­ keolojik kazılara, Höyüğün bugüne değin tılması için kazı heyetinin programına dahil işler de sınırlı olarak yürütülmek­ kazılmamış alanlarına da devam edilmekle tedir. beraber, 1938 kazı mevsiminden beri or­ taya çıkarılmış ve yerlerinde korunması Bu amaçla kazı alanlarmda, ziyaretçi­ gerekli bulunan mimarî parçaların resto­ lerinin öreni kolaylıkla görüp tanıyabil- rasyonuna da önem verilmiştir. Bu amaçla meleri için, yeni geçit ve tanzimler yapıl­ potemli kapının alt geçit kısmında 1973 mıştır. mevsiminde eksik bırakılan restorasyonun Alacahöyüğün üst düzeyi 250 X 250 tamamlanması yapılmıştır. Poternin giriş metre olup, bütün kazı yerleri orta alan­ ve çıkışındaki basamaklar mozaiklenmiş, dan, 8-9 metre yükseklikte bir kısmından set duvarları üstleri, çimentolu harçla har- rahatça görülüp anlaşılır durumdadır. Bu puştalanmış, poternin zemin taş döşemesi yüksek yerden geniş görüşlü fotoğrafların derzleri çimentolu harçla kapatılmıştır. alınması ve kazı mimari katlarının kolayca, Giriş ve çıkışın set duvarlarındaki eksik anlamlı durumda incelenmesi, düşünce­ kısımlar belirli düzeye kadar yeni taş siyle, bir genel görüş kulesinin yapıl­ duvarlarla yükseltilmiştir. ması plânlanmıştır. Bu amaca uygun ha­ 6 HAMİT Z. KOŞAY - MAHMUT AKOK zırlıklar ile, kulenin temel kısmı kurul­ Kuzey yönündeki kazının yürütül­ muştur. Gelecek mevsimin ilk işi olarak mesi sırasında, yerleşme tabakalarıyla ilgili bu tesis rahatça yapılabilecektir. ve çağlarm arkeolojik durumunu açıklar Kurulması düşünülen genel görüş çok sayıda, her çeşitten etüdlük, müzelik kulesi ilk planlamaya göre geniş ölçüde değerde küçük eserler elde edilmiştir. ağaç malzeme ile yapılacaktır ve geçici 1974 çalışma mevsiminin ikinci kazı bir tesis durumunda olacaktır. Deneme işe yeri de, höyüğün belirli sının dışında ve yararlı görülürse, bu tesis kaldırılarak sifenksli kapının güneyine düşen dış şehir yerine daha modem malzeme ile kurulmuş alanındadır. yeni bir bakış kulesi yapılabilecektir. Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Alaca- höyük tarihi yerleşme alanım kurtarmak Kazı çalışmaları: ve çevresindeki şüpheli, yine tarihî dışşehir 1974 mevsimi kazı çalışmaları iki alanların tanzim ve araştırmaya hazır ayrı yerde yürütülmüştür. tutmak amacıyla geniş ölçüde kamulaştır­ Bunlardan biri, höyüğün kuzey yö- malar yapmıştır. XXX-XXXIV Kazı heyetimiz çalışma programma, nünde ve genel planm ------30“ 4Ö------bu alanlarda da araştırma yapmayı almış işaretli karelerine rastlayan yerde, 10 X 50 olduğundan, sifenksli kapıdan 55 metre metre yüzölçümünde bir sondaj alanıdır. güneyde, güney ve batıya uzanmak üzre (Bakınız Genel plan I) (Res. 1 - 9). 3 x 3 metre yüzölçümlü sıralı ve atlamalı Bu kazı yerinin kuzey yönünde bir çukurlar şeklinde kazılara başlanılmıştır. ve güney tarafında da iki buçuk metre 1935 yılı bu alanlarda yapılan sondaj­ derinliklere inilmiştir. lardaki bulgularda gözönünde tutarak işe Kazı yerinin üst seviyelerinde, Türk devam edilmiştir. Mevsimin kurak olması çağmm, evvelce höyükten kaldırılmış olan nedeni ile sondaj çukurlarında daha derin yapıların temel duvarlarmdan bazı parça­ kazılmak imkânı bulunarak bu sahadaki lara raslanılmıştır. erazyonun kalınlığı görülmüştür. Kazı yerinin alt seviyelerinde ve bil­ Bu bölümdeki kazıların kesin sonuç­ hassa güney yönündeki derin seviyeler de ları henüz almmamış olmakla beraber, iki mimari düzey durumunda firig çağı höyüğün yakın çevresinde, geçici veya yapıların duvar ve taban kalıntılarına sürekli yerleşme tesislerinin bulunabileceği raslanılmıştır (Bakınız Plan II), (Res. 4-9). ihtimali artmıştır. Gelecek mevsimlerin kazı çalışmala­ Bu kazı yerinin------32~34------^a’ rında bu hususun kesinlikle açıklanabile­ relerinde, büyük Hitit imparatorluk çağı ceği kanısındayız. şehir surları temel izleriyle, bu çağda höyük yerleşme alanını genişletmek ama­ cıyla, dıştan taşman dolğu toprağının Alacahöyük Kazı heyeti bulunduğu tesbit edilmiştir (Bakınız Başkanı Arkeolog Mimar Plan II ve foto 1-3). Dr. Hamit Zübeyr Koşay - Mahmut Akok ALACAHÖYÜKTE 1974 YILI KAZI ÇALIŞMALARI 7

Res. 1, 3 — XXXII - XXXIV 30-38 Kareleri içinde ve üst seviyede görülen yapı izleri (Osmanlı Çağı) HAMİT Z. KOŞAY - MAHMUT AKOK

Res. 4,6 — Firig çağı üst seviye yapı temelleri ALACAHÖYÜKTE 1974 YILI KAZI ÇALIŞMALARI 9

Res. 7,9 — Firig çağı 11. seviye yapı ve temel döşemeleri 10 HAMİT Z. KOŞA Y - MAHMUT AKOK

Plan 1 — Alacahöyük kazısı genel durumu ALACAHÖYÜKTE 1974 YILI KAZI ÇALIŞMALARI 11

Plan 2 — Alacahöyük 1974 kuzey yöndeki kazı alanı

KUŞÎNÎ MERMER OCAĞI HAKKINDA ÖN RAPOR *

EROL ATALAY

Efes civarında yapmış olduğum To- olan bu dağın yamacı son yıllardaki bir pografik araştırmalar esnasmda, bu güne orman yangını neticesinde yanmıştır. İlk kadar bilinmiyen ve antik çağlarda kul­ olarak 1974 yılında bu civardaki arazi lanılmış olan, mağara şeklinde bir mermer sahipleri tarafından Pranga Çeşmesi’ne ocağı buldum \ Efes’in Kuzey-Doğu tara­ kadar bir traktör yolu yapılmıştır. Pranga fında 10 km. yakm bir uzaklıkta bulunan, Çeşmesi’nden sonra Kuşini mermer oca­ Kurt Kaya Dağı’nm batı yamaçlarında, ğına yaklaşık olarak 700 metrelik bir zirveye yakm bir yerde bulunan mermer mesafe kalmaktadırki, bu arada da küçük ocağı köylüler tarafından “Kuşini” diye bir patika yol vardır. adlandırılmıştır* 12 *. Bu mevki’ye gidebilmek için Selçuktan itibaren İzmir istikametinde Magara’nm giriş yerine yakın yamaçta 7. km. kadar asfalt yoldan derlenmekte, üç küme halinde binlerce mermer artıklan yolun sağ tarafında Pranga Çiftliği adı arazinin bu kısmını beyazlaştırmıştır (Res. verilen küçük bir köye rastlanmaktadır. 1). Hattâ bu beyazlık ve mağaranın girişi Dağın eteğinde bulunan Pranga Çiftliği, aşağıdaki İzmir selçuk yolundan dahi bir kaç yüz metrelik iki ayrı traktör yolu bariz bir şekilde görülmektedir. Bu ma­ ile asfalt’a bağlanmıştır. Bu köyden iti­ ğaranın 30 metre kadar güneyinde, yarı baren Güney-Doğu yönünde dağın zirve­ açılmış halde terkedilmiş olan başka bir sine doğru çıkıldığında yaklaşık olarak mermer ocağı daha vardır. Bu mermer 3-4 km. sonra Kurt Kaya’ya (kayalık ocaklarının batı kısmında aşağıya doğru bölge) rastlanmaktadır. Çalılıklar ile kaplı bir km. kadar bir uzaklıkta, yine bu güne kadar tesbit edilmemiş olan bir tümülüs vardır. * Yer yüzünde bulunan antik mermer ocakları hakkındaki, ilmi çalışmaları ile tanınmış olan, Kob- Dağm içerisine doğru oyularak mey­ lenz’deki Landes Museum’un Müdürü Mermer Uzma­ dana getirilen Kuşini mermer ocağının nı Dr. J. Röder, kendi ile görüşmemden iki ay son­ ra ani bir rahatsızlık neticesinde ölmüştür. Arkeoloji iç kısmı oldukça heybetli bir görünüşe ilim dünyası için acı bir kayıp olan, bu değerli in­ sahiptir (Res. 2). Dört köşeli iki adet şam üzüntü ile anarım. harikulâde büyük destek, düz bir şekilde 1 1970 yılında bulmuş olduğum Kuşini mermer işlenmiş olan mağara tavanının aşağıya ocağına, ikinci olarak 1972 yılında fotoğraf çekmek uçmaması için, çalışma anında kendinden üzere tekrar gittim. Bu tarihlerde Pranga çiftliğinden oyularak içeride bırakılmıştır. Fakat bu itibaren oraya ulaşmak için yol olmadığından her desteklere rağmen mağaranın orta giriş defasında üç saat yürümek icapetti. 1974 yılında fotoğraf ve plan üzerindeki çalışmalarımı tamamla­ kısmında yukarıdan kopan bazı büyük mak üzere, beraberimde Mimar Sandor Kasper, bloklar aşağıya düşerek içeriye girişi kıs­ Arkeolog Barbara Kasper ve iki işçi olmak üzere men kapamıştır. üç gün orada bulunduk. 2 Yeri hakkında bk. J. Keil, Führer durch Ephesos İnce ve iri tanecikli beyaz mermerler (1964) Karte der Umgebung v. Ephesos. ince mavi damarh olup, oldukça iyi kah- 14 EROL ATALAY telidir3. Mağaranın genişliği 100 metre, olan mağara mermer ocağımızın benzer­ derinliği 40 metre yükseklik girişte 10 leri yer yüzünde şu şekilde sıralanmak­ metredir. Yükseklik içeriye doğru azal­ tadır : Afyonkarahisar civannda Iscehisar makta ve dip duvarlar civarında 5 metreye (Dokimeion), Batı Tunus’ta Chemtou, 1- kadar düşmektedir. Tam kesin olarak talya’da Carrara, Yunanistan’da Euboa ve yüksekliği tayin etmek için taban seviyesini Paros’taki mağara mermer ocağıdır5. bulmak üzere kazı yapılması gerekmek­ Kuşini mermer ocağı Efes’e yakınlığı tedir. Ne varki, tavanın ufki görünüşüne ile, mağara şeklinde açılmış olması itiba­ göre yükseklik başlangıçta fazla tutulmuş riyle ve mermer kalitesi bakımından şim­ çalışma ilerledikçe bu seviye yavaş yavaş diye kadar Efes civarmda bulunmuş olan düşürülmüştür. diğer mermer ocaklarından ayrılmaktadır6. Mağara uzun zaman davar çobanlan Prof. H. Vetters ve Jeolog Dr. W. tarafından ağıl olarak kullanılmış, dolayı- Vetters tarafmdan Efes mermerleri üze­ siyle içeride taş parçalan ile kuru duvarlar rinde yapılan araştırmalarda yalnız Efes’­ örülmek suretiyle bölmeler teşkil edil­ teki yamaç-saray evlerinde 47 çeşit mer­ miştir. Yine çobanlar tarafmdan içeride mer tesbit edilmiş ve Efes çevresinde 16 ateş yakıldığı için duvarlar kısmen işlen­ mermer ocağı bulunduğu açıklanmıştır7 8. miştir. Yağmur sulan tahribatı ile duvarlar üzerinde yer yer delikler, ve lekeler mey­ Kuşini mermerleri kalite olarak Belevi dana gelmiştir. Mağaranın içerisinde ve mermerlerinden aşağı kalmamaktadır. Mu­ çevresinde, mermer ocağının faal olduğu hakkak ki buradan Efes’e mermer nakli­ çağlara ait pek çok sayıda çalışma tekniği yatı Belevi ocaklarma nazaran çok daha gösteren izlere ve yan bırakılmış olan kolay idi, çünkü 3-5 km. dağ yamacmdan çalışmalara rastlanmıştır (Res. 3). Kuşini mermer blokları kaydırmak mümkün ol­ mermer ocağından takriben yedibin met­ duğu gibi, Belevi’ye nazaran mesafe iti­ reküp mermer alınmıştır. bariyle Efes’e daha yalandır. Ön Asya’da bugüne kadar bulunan Mermer ocağımızdaki çalışma izleri mağara, mermer ocaklan içerisinde önemli herhahkârda Roma devri tekniğini ver­ bir yeri olan Kuşini mermer ocağınm mektedir. Muhtemelen Efes’liler Roma girişi Afyon civarındaki Bacakale mermer devrinde şehirleri için Kuşini mermer ocağım hatırlatmaktadır4. Oldukça ilginç ocaklarım kullanmışlardır.

5 Koblenz’deki Landes Museum’un Müdürü Mermer Uzmanı Dr. Röder’i ziyaret ederek, Kuşini mermer ocağına ait materiyeli gösterdim. Kıymetli zamanını vererek bu materyeli incelediği için ve Mağara mermer ocakları hakkında geniş malumat verdiği için, kendisine sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca mermer ocağınm planı üzerindeki çalışmala­ rıma yardımcı olan Bay ve Bayan Kasper’e ve mek­ tupla bilgi veren Dr. Mühendis Würster’e teşekkür­ lerimi bildiririm. 8 O. Benndorf, Forschungen in Ephesos I (1906) 38 v.d. W. Alzinger ÖJH 48 (1966-67) 61 v.d. S. Kasper, ______Belevi Tümulus’u ve Belevi mermer ocağı hakkmdaki 3 Dr. Röder’e göre iri taneciklik, Kasper’e göre neşriyatı hazırlık safhasındadır, ise ince tanecikli olarak vasıflandırılmıştır. 7 H. Vetters, Ephesos vorläufiger Grangsbericht * J. Röder, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi (1969) 109 (1971) s. 2 not. 2 ve H. Vetters, Österreichisches v.d. ve Jdi 86 (1971) 253 v.d. Res. 11. Archäologisches Institut Grabungen (1971s72) s. 62. KUŞİNİ MERMER OCAĞI HAKKINDA ÖN RAPOR 15

Res. 1 — Kurt Kaya dağının ve Kuşini mermer ocağının umumi görünüşü

Res. 2 — Kuşini mağara mermer ocağının iç görünüşü

Res. 3 — Yarım kalmış bir çalışmayı gösteren izler

KERAÎTAE ARAŞTIRMA RAPORU

KAYHAN DÖRTLÜK

1972 yılı Kasım ayında Burdur Mü­ (Lev. III/5, 6). Ayakta kalan en büyük zesi Müdürlüğünce yapılan Pisidia Bölgesi yapı tepenin doğusunda, kaya basamak­ araştırma gezileri sırasında Burdur ili larla ulaşılabilinen, düzgün bloklarla örül­ Bucak ilçesine dahil Belören köyünün müş bir binadır (Lev. IV/7). Mevcut hemen yanında antik Pisidia’nın ismini haliyle yapıların konstruksiyon ve planları bilmediğimiz yeni bir kentiyle karşılaştık L için herhangi bir yorumda bulunmak Burdur’un 55 km. güneydoğusunda Toros mümkün olamamaktadır. Dağları üzerindeki köy, bucaktan 8 km. Kentin nekropolü batıdaki düzlük­ uzaklıktadır. Ulu çam ağaçlarının arasın- tedir. Tamamı soyulmuş ve parçalanmış gizlenen harabelere bucaktan ciple stabilize taş lahidlerin arasında tesadüf edilen kılıç - bir yoldan yarım saatte ulaşılabilir. kalkan ve kapılı Frigya tipi sandukalar dikkati çekicidir (Lev. IV/8). KENTİN TANIMLANMASI Özetle tanımlamaya çalıştığımız ken­ Antik kent dört yönden çevreye ha­ tin, komşularına oranla bir hayli küçük kim 1000 m. yükseklikteki bir tepe üzerin­ olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. dedir (Lev. 1/1). Doğusundan, kuş uçumu 7-8 km. kadar bir uzaklıktaki Kremna ve KENTİN İSİMLENDİRİLMESİ Kestros (aksu) vadisi ormanların ara­ İsmini bilmediğimiz ve ilk defa gör­ sında silüet halinde görülmektedir (Lev. düğümüz harabenin heyetimizce dolaşıl­ 1/2). Akropolün doğu, kuzey ve güney ması sırasında satıhda tesadüfen, birbirinin yamaçları günümüze kadar oldukça iyi aynı olan iki bakır sikke bulduk. M.Ö. I. korunabilmiş surlarla çevrilidir (Lev. II/3, yüzyıla tarihlenen ve ön yüzünde Arte- 4). Batı yamaçlarda arazi sarp ve kayalık mis’in başı, arka yüzünde Herakles sopası, olduğundan ayrıca surlarla tahkimata ge­ ve KE bulunan bu sikkelerin yeri he­ rek görülmemiştir. Buna rağmen kentin nüz saptanamayan bir Pisidia kenti zaptı zor stratejik bir durumda olduğu olan Keraitae’a ait olması2 * konuya yönel­ söylenemez. memizi sağladı. Nitekim Belören’de köylü Kalıntılar köylüler tarafından gelişi­ lerle yaptığımız konuşmalar sırasında, ha­ güzel bir şekilde tahrip edildiğinden genel­ rabede çok sayıda bulunduğunu söyledik­ likle taş ve mimarlık parçalarmdan yığınlar leri ön yüzünde sur taçlı kadın başı, arka halindedir. Bu yığınlardan belli başlı bina­ yüzünde sağa koşan domuzun ön kısmı ların doğu surları ile akropol arasındaki olan ve KEPAEITON yazısı okunan kuzey-güneybatı istikametinde uzanan dar bir sikke elde ettiğimiz gibi harabenin bir şerit üzerinde yer aldığı anlaşılıyor Çere Asarı veya Çere Sivrisi ismiyle anıl-

1 Bu gezide heyetimize Burdur Müzesi Müdürü 2 British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Kayhan Dörtlük, arkeolog S. Selçuk Başer ve kılavuz Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia, (1897), s. 210, Lev. olarak Osman Erol katılmışlardır. XXXIV 6-7. 18 KAYHAN DÖRTLÜK dığını öğrendik. Çevremizdeki Kremna- ulaşımı kolay ve çevreye açık bir yerde Girme, Konana-Gönen, Sagalassus-Ağla- kurulmuş olmalıdır. Kiepert, kenti mevkii sun örneklerindeki gibi Keraitae-Çere isim­ itibariyle yukarıdaki tarifimize uyan în- leri arasmda bir yakınlık kurmak güç cirhan civarma yerleştirmiştir6. Ancak değildir. bugün görüldüğü kadarıyla burada bir Pek yeterli sayılamayacak araştırma­ Selçuklu kervansarayından başka hiç bir larımızda kentin ismini ihtiva eden bir kahntı yoktur. 1958-1959 yıllarında böl­ yazıt bulamadık. Ancak sikkeler yardım­ geyi gezen G. E. Bean, încirhan ve civa­ cımız olmaktadır. Şöyle ki : ön yüzünde rında antik kent görünümü verebilecek sur taçlı Tykhe başı, arka yüzünde çifte kesin bir dehle rastlamadığını, ancak bu­ bereket boynuzu ile KPHMNEÛN KAI rada bir kent var idiyse yüksek bir ihti­ KEPAEITÜN yazısı okunan bir gümüş malle Kretopolis olabileceğini belirtmek­ drahmi3 iki kentin Homonoia sikkesi dar- tedir 7. bettirecek kadar ilişkili olduğunu gösterir. Kretopolis’e ait, bilinen hiç bir sikke B. V. tîead, bu sikkeyi tariflerken4 Pisi- yoktur. Bunun yanmda Keraitae sikkeleri­ dia’da bir Keraitae tanımadığı için Girit’­ nin tamamı M.Ö. I. yüzyıla aittir ve çağdaş teki Keraia’ı hatırlamakta ve sikkeleri Kremna sikkelerine benzerlik gösterir8. üzerindeki ismi, Dor lehçesine sadık ka­ Kremna’da Aurelian (M.S. 270-275) dev­ larak Kspocrâv şeklinde göstermektedir. rine kadar devam eden sikkelerin Keraitae’- Lanckoronski ise Kremna ile birlik yapan da M.Ö. I. yüzyıldan sonra ortadan kalk­ kentin Kretopolis veya başka bir şekliyle ması dikkati çekmektedir. Bu noktadan Kepaı-röv nohç olabileceği görüşündedir5. hareketle, Kremna’yı elinde tutan Galatia Kretopolis ismine bazı kaynaklarda Kralı Amyntas’m ölümünden sonra (M.Ö. tesadüf ediyoruz. Örneğin Diodorus 25) kentin Oktavian tarafmdan bir Roma (XVIII, 44), Antigonos’un Pisidia’dan geçip kolonisi haline getirilmesiyle9 oldukça Alketas’ın üzerine yürürken ve daha sonra güçlendiğini ve sonradan adeta suborbu Termessus’tan Phrygia’ya dönerken Kre- durumundaki Keraitae’ı kendine bağlı­ topolis’e uğradığmı kaydeder. Polybius yarak oradaki sikke darbma son verdiği (V, 72)’dan ise, Kral Akhaios’un kuman­ düşünülebihr. danlarından Garsyeris’in, Selge ile savaşan Pednelissus kentine yardım etmek ama­ Bu kısa raporumuzda, bir araştırma cıyla kuzeyden güneye doğru inerken gezisi süresi ve imkânları ölçüsünde şim­ Pamphylia’nın kuzeybatısındaki Milyas diye kadar karanlık kalmış olan Keraitae bölgesini işgal ederek ordusuyla birlikte kentinin yerini saptamaya çalıştık. Çalış­ Kretopolis’te konakladığım öğreniyoruz. mamızın ilerideki araştırmalara bir ön- Bu satırlara göre kent, Bucak ovasında çalışma olmaktan başka iddiası yoktur.

6 H. Kiepert, Formae Orbis Antiqui VIII (1908). 7 G. E. Bean, Notes and inscriptions from Pisidia, 8 Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies Grecques, (1883) AS X, (1960) s. 52. s. 336 No. 72. 8 British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, 1 B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, (1911) s. 590. Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia, (1897) s. XCIX. 5 K. Lanckoronski, G. Niemann, E. Petersen, 9 Jale İnan, 1970 Kremna kazısı raporu, TAD Stadte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens II, (1892) s. 191,2. XIX-II, (1970) s. 50. KERAİTAE ARAŞTIRMA RAPORU 19

Plan 20 KAYHAN DÖRTLÜK

Res. 1 — Akrapolün (Çere sivrisi) kuzey batıdan görünüşü

Res. 2 — Harabelerden Kremna ve Kestros vadisinin görünüşü KERAİTAE ARAŞTIRMA RAPORU 21

Res. 3 — Kuzey surlardan görünüş

Res. 4 — Kuzey surlardan görünüş 22 KAYHAN DÖRTLÜK

Res. 5 — Bir yapıya ait duvarlar

Res. 6 — Tahrip edilmiş bir yapı kalıntısı KERAİTAE ARAŞTIRMA RAPORU

Res. 8 — Nekropolden kapılı bir sanduka

EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974

KENAN T. ERİM

The fourteenth campaign of excava­ fragments, and displays few special charac­ tions at Aphrodisias in Caria (Fig. 1) was teristics of its own, proved to be too conducted between July 2 to August 15, flimsy to attempt a suitable preservation then September 10 to October 7, 1974. or restoration. Earthquake and exposure The National Geographic Society once to the elements following the collapse of again generously provided the main sup­ its roof caused irreparable damage to its port. The staff for the 1974 campaign core. A beguiling feature of the camii, included : Mr. Reha Arican, Miss Sheila however, was the attractively primitive Campbell, Mr. Orhan Giirman, Mr. Mic­ paintings decorating the walls of its hael Hendy, Prof, and Mrs. Frederick interior and its front porch (Fig. 5). Un­ Lauritsen, Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Marchese, fortunately, these had been seriously ef­ Miss Joyce Reynolds, Miss Gülderen faced and damaged by exposure to weather. Süzek and Mr. Memduh Taççioglu. Messrs Nevertheless, it seemed judicious to sal­ Selçuk Ba§er and Ali V. Kihçkaya repre­ vage some of the better preserved among sented the Directorate General of Anti­ the paintings and thereby keep a record quities and Museums. Mr. M. Ali Diigenci of this most recent phase of the history as usual through the courtesy of the of Aphrodisias. An inscribed date over Türk Tarih Kurumu and Prof. Ekrem the entrance reveals that the decoration Akurgal undertook our final photograp­ was executed in 1901-2. It appears that hic recording. several similarly painted mosques still exist in western Anatolia and that their The area of major concentrated work style combines a mixture of traditional in the 1974 campaign was, as in past elements with European motifs. The res­ summers, the theatre, its immediate vicinity ponsible artists were probably itinerant and adjacent buildings intimately con­ workers. In the specific case of Geyre, nected with it (Fig. 2). The main tasks they were probably not quite unaffected were the continued excavation of the by the ruins of Aphrodisias. Indeed, some Late Roman “piazza” (Fig. 3) stretching features of the painting, such as garlands, behind the stage and the exploration of floral motifs and pseudo-ionic capitals the northern accesses to the theatre. The may well have been influenced by the chief obstacle to the latter investigations ancient monumental remains. Mr. Reha is the presence of terracing walls and Arican painstakingly lifted from the walls considerable fill over the area of the a number of representative panels, includ­ north analemma, including a half-ruined ing the entire, though battered, mihrab. structure, long disaffected but once used A survey of the building and a photograp­ as a mosque (Fig. 4). The condition of hic record of all its decoration in situ this ex-mosque, which was built of an were also duly completed prior to these assortment of odd ancient architectural operations. 26 KENAN T. ERİM

Excavations per se in the north theatre north portico. From the fifth century on, concentrated on uncovering the layout this area was subjected to much destruc­ of the area north of the “piazza” and its tion and rebuilding. Many architectural, colonnade and on revealing the buttressed epigraphical and sculptural fragments were fortification wall over which the camii found scattered in all of the four strata was in part built (Fig. 6). The precise recorded here. These included another function of this wall, partly cleared in half column base similar to two discovered due course down to the level of its founda­ in 1973 before the “bastion” of the Byzan­ tion, is still difficult to determine. Its tine stage-blocking wall. Its face was relationship with the north analemma decorated with the head of satyr flanked which is concealed by the ex-mosque is by swinging garlands (Fig. 9). not clear. Its original construction date, A sondage dug in front of the above - however, is surely late Hellenistic and mentioned “bastion”, within the north contemporary, therefore, with the theatre. portico of the “piazza” revealed the lower Its five strong buttresses are puzzling. courses of the “bastion” as well as the Upon close inspection, the uneven surface remnants of the “sidewalk” paving blocks of its large blocks appeared to have been under the back wall of the portico. It is reworked at a later time (Fig. 7). An clear, therefore, that the “sidewalk” ante­ inscription extolling the dedication of dates the layout of the “piazza”. A terra­ part of the theatre (essentially its caved) cotta water-conduit was discovered runn­ by Artemidorus Molossus was undoub­ ing eastward from beneath the “bastion” tedly cut in the second century, though wall. In a pocket below the level of the the work in question was actually comp­ water-conduit, several archaic sherds and leted by the late first century B.C. The Early Iron Age material were tentatively surface reworking, however, must have identified. It is likely that these belonged been undertaken at a late date in in to a fill resulting from building operations Byzantine times, when the Acropolis was that took place here in late Hellenistic transformed into a fortress. The intent and Roman times (Fig. 10). A miniature may have been to eliminate certain typical marble figurine of a crouching lion was Hellenistic features of the masonry which also recorded near the back wall of would have facilitated the eventual assault the north portico, just below the level of a besieging enemy force. Regular, of the “sidewalk” remains in front of the well-joined blocks were also found at vomitorium (Fig. 11). the foot of the wall, as well as in front Two trenches were dug to the east of the vomitorium steps immediately south of the South Post Scaenam area, first of the buttressed wall. These seem to cleared in 1972. They were aimed at form a sort of “sidewalk”, as they only investigating the continuation of the south appear for an average width of ca. 50 cm. portico of the “piazza”. The stylobate along the vomitorium and the wall. The of this portico was traced and proved to rest of the area to the east does not appear be well-preserved, but none of its column to have been paved. bases were found in situ. Several broken Two parallel walls, the eastern one column shafts were, however, located. of which featured at least three doors One of them bore parts of a dedicatory opening to the east, reached the north inscription, probably of second century portico of the “piazza” at an oblique date. As many elements of the porticoes, angle (Fig. 8). These may have lined an this was re-used here when the “piazza” unpaved street of Middle Byzantine date. was laid out in Late Roman times. The Two odd column bases were found re-used pavement of the “piazza” continued to at the junction of these walls with the be in excellent condition (Fig. 12). Again EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 27 most of its slabs were of bluish marble 10 m. and cut by a series of arcuate and featured several repetitive letters or niches or recesses. Its west wall included initials. On the other hand, here as well five such niches (Fig. 21). These were as to the north of the “piazza” excavated partly paralleled on the east wall. However, earlier, portions of the pavement seem in lieu of the north and south recesses, to have been occasionally robbed, often doors opened there towards the east. in a rough circular fashion, leaving visibly In its late history, after the hall had been looser soil pockets. A brief examination partly filled with debris, the east wall of one of these revealed a large terracotta was robbed at regular intervals, probably water-conduit at a depth of over 2 m. to serve as support to a late farm building In another instance, the compact quality or animal pen (Fig. 22). The first and of the sides of the sondage was striking third niches (from the south) of the west in contrast to the loose fill (Fig. 13). wall communicated with the aula termale Closer, but accidental, re-examination via two well-built vaulted corridors. Large of the walls of the irregular, oblong room amounts of handsome marble revetment located at an oblique angle in front of fragments were recovered in the overall the southern half of the Byzantine stage - excavation of the hall. They included blocking wall betrayed the re-use of several well-preserved corner Corinthian many sculpture fragments. Already when capitals (Fig. 23) as well as fragments this area was excavated in 1972, several bearing monumental lettering. Many of items had been recovered in his room. the latter involved two distinct inscriptions The new pieces extrated therefrom per­ carved on opposite faces of the revetment tained to a nude Aphrodite including slabs. This obviously implied re-use and fragments of the torso (Figs. 14-16) and suggested two different periods in the to a lifesize draped female statue with history of the structure. One group of part of the artist’s signature on the base inscribed fragments cut in a later hand (Fig. 17). In the course of the same opera­ (Fig. 24) seemed to include part of the tions, several blocks of the stage-blocking name Ampelius. A Flavius Ampelius of wall on either side of the porta regia the fourth (?) century is already recorded tunnel had to be removed for practical in Aphrodisias as responsible for the purposes. They revealed that the face of restoration of the West (or Antioch) Gate the masonry of the porta regia was not of the fortification system, and of the fully finished here. Cuttings on blocks odeon. It may be he again who helped flanking the arch furthermore suggested restore or transform the aula termale that a stairway system once existed on bathing complex. The other inscription either side of the porta (Fig. 18). was naturally anterior to the fourth Exploration of the aula termale comp­ century, as revealed by its letter forms lex initiated last year was pursued in (Fig. 25). Unfortunately, the fragments three phases. One operation focused on do not yet provide a more precise date. the excavation of the large hall once It seems nevertheless plausible now that labelled “nymphaeum” (Fig. 19). In the the aula termale complex was built in the other two, the interior of the aula termale second or the early third century. Such itself and its southern dependencies were a date is indirectly echoed by a number investigated. All three phases entailed of other epigraphical documents found in much stone and earth removal and, its excavation. One is a dedication to therefore, required suitable strategic plann­ Hadrian, as Saviour and Zeus Olympios; ing because of the impressive size and another, probably of second or third condition of the remains (Fig. 20). century date, is the beginning of a citation The “nymphaeum” hall featured walls of a decree of the Boule and the Demos preserved up to a height of over 8 to in honour of a Lucius Antonius. 28 KENAN T. ERİM

The south wall of the “nymphaeum” more, the four large apsidal niches of the hall consisted of three arcuate niches, hall also appeared to have been used as all of which were subsequently tampered shallow basing and receptacles, judging with and broken through with doors from several surviving water-conduits and (Fig. 26). The north wall, already cleared pavement fragments. A most attractive in 1973, featured only a central door torso of a Nike was unearthed near the communicating with the antechamber built northeastern one of these niches com­ later and contiguous to the south portico municating with the large “nymphaeum” of the “piazza”. The precise function of hall (Fig. 34). this large “nymphaeum” hall remains Finally, trenches opened immediately uncertain. Its floor proved to be well to the south of the aula beyond the vaulted paved with marble slabs, but these had passageways of the large southeastern often been pilfered or betrayed signs of niche and the smaller southern one (Fig. repair or re-use. In front of the northern­ 35) led to the discovery of a hypocaust most niche of the east wall, a circular arrangement belonging to a vaulted calida- pit was discovered in the course of excava­ rium (Fig. 36). This area, however, appear­ tion. This may have been part of a short - ed to have undergone many transforma­ lived Byzantine lime-burning operation tions in its later history (Fig. 37). A large (Fig. 27). quantity of small, Early Byzantine oil The most interesting sculpture item or perfume flasks was extracted between among the many recovered here was an the columns of the hypocaust (Figs. exquisitely carved small head of the 38-39). Part of a stepped pool, its marble Sun-god Helios. Its almost intact face revetment still partly intact, but also was so highly polished as to create an betraying signs of repair (an inscribed impression of alabaster or even ivory. fragment was re-used here) was excavated Stylistic considerations suggest a fifth to the south. A water-channel system century date for this masterpiece which connected it with the calidarium (Fig. 40). provides additional evidence for the vitality The state of preservation of the and accomplishment of the School of aula termale complex, or Theatre Baths, Aphrodisias well into the Early Byzantine is truly remarkable. Most of its walls period (Fig. 28). stand to a height of 10 to 12 m. Only a Discoveries made in the circular aula small portion of it, however, has so far termale and to its south unequivocally been excavated. Additional halls and proved that the whole complex to which rooms to the east, southeast, south and it belonged formed a monumental bathing west are suggested by many remains of establishment, as already suggested last walls visible above ground. There can be year (Fig. 29). Indeed, further excavations no doubt that this was an imposing and investigations inside the aula itself structure, built solidly and once lavishly (Fig. 30) revealed an arrangement of decorated. It now has become one of the two contiguous pools separated by a most impressive ruins of Aphrodisias. low wall. The pool to the west was Restoration work initiated in 1972 polygonal-shaped in part and shallower in 1972 in the theatre, especially in the (Fig. 31), while the other to the east was stage and the north parodos area was rectangular and larger, occupying more continued in 1974 (Fig. 41). The western than half of the interior of the aula and wing of the “archive wall”, much damaged featuring a system of various terracotta by the collapse of the scaenae front, was pipes at its eastern end (Fig. 32-33). The tackled and its consolidation begun (Fig. marble slabs of its pavement had been 42). The purpose of this restoration was unfortunately robbed in antiquity. Further­ to strengthen this and other walls in EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 29

order to reset the architrave blocks of tion system girding this part of the mound the proskenion colonnade bearing the (Fig. 51). A segment of this Byzantine dedicatory Zoilus inscription. Such an wall was cleared. A round bronze box was operation cannot obviously be attempted found secreted at its foot' (Fig. 52). It until the entire proskenion and adjacent proved to contain a cache of gold and portions of the stage building are seriously silver jewelry. The restoration efforts of re-examined and consolidated. Repair and Mr. Reha Arican produced pendant ear­ preparation of the architrave blocks them­ rings, brooch and ring fragments from selves were simultaneously initiated by the amorphous metal lumps into which Mr. Reha Arican. It is hoped that these the jewelry had been transformed over operations will be accelerated in 1975. centuries of burial (Figs. 53-57). The Only laboratory work was undertaken date of this attractive small hoard should in connection with the prehistoric phases be tentatively placed in the thirteenth of the Acropolis mound. Attention was century. Proper identification of two coins specifically concentrated on material exca­ also found in the box, one of them a vated in Trenches 8 and 9 on the west western mediaeval silver issue, should slope in 1971 and 1972. Final analysis eventually provide a more accurate date was begun. Specific levels of occupation for the burial of the treasure. from the Ottoman period down to the Towards the end of the campaign, Late Bronze and Iron Age, were more time was devoted to a brief continuation precisely defined. Appropriate building of investigation in the northwestern part phases were suitable correlated with exca­ o f the Portico of Tiberius near the Baths vated material. A detailed report featuring of Hadrian (Fig. 58). Another inscription plans and pottery analysis was completed in the series of acclamations from the by Mr. Ronald T. Marchese and will be late fifth or early sixth century in honour published in due course. As noted earlier, of Albinus was discovered on the lower the Late Bronze Age ceramic finds of drum of a north column of the portico Aphrodisias complement as well as supple­ (Fig. 59). A new fragment of Diocletian’s ment the evidence from several other edict on Maximum Prices was also recorded Anatolian sites, especially Beycesultan here. A find most auspicious for future (Figs. 43-47). excavations in this area was a handsome Initial correlation between the Acro­ overlifesize head of Aphrodite with her polis west slope trenches and a trench characteristic “bow-knot” hairdo. It was started last year on the north slope was recovered near one of the column bases also completed. Indeed, the latter trench, (Fig. 60). intended to determine Iron Age and Finally, surveying along the western archaic occupation, was briefly continued portion of the city wall led to the accident­ down to Late Bronze Age levels (Fig. 48). a l discovery of three handsome large The archaic material recovered included reliefs. Two of these represented sphinxes “Lydian” type sherds as well as local in frontal position (Figs. 61-62). The variations thereof (Figs. 49-50). An in­ third, and by far the best preserved and teresting discovery made here under the most interesting, portrayed a male figure foundations of an Early Iron Age building in barbarian or Persian dress, grasping was the burial of an animal, possibly a dog. a tragic mask in his right hand and An adjacent sondage staked out west holding out his left in a hailing or dec­ of the preceding north slope trench was laiming gesture (Fig. 63). The identity also briefly undertaken. Its stratification, of this figure is open to much discussion. however, had been seriously disturbed It may well represent an actor. There is by the building of the Byzantine fortifica­ little doubt, however, that all three panels 30 KENAN T. ERİM belonged to the decoration of the same coinage in the East, as few such hoards building, probably a monumental tomb have been adequately studied and pub­ or heroon and were dismantled from their lished from this area of the Empire. original position to be incorporated in The study of stray Byzantine coins the city wall. by Mr. Michael Hendy revealed that the large number of such finds confirm and Epigraphical studies were as usual supplement the evidence available from continued in September by Miss Joyce the coins recorded in organised excava­ Reynolds. Efforts were concentrated on tions. Such infoimation will prove to be recording new finds, surveying further most valuable in the overall numismatic the city-wall and re-examining fragments study of Byzantine Aphrodisias as well catalogued earlier. Review of several of as the rest of western Anatolia. the Diocletian’s Price Edict, including Considerable progress has been made some recently found, confirmed the su­ in the construction of the main exhibition periority of the Aphrodisias copy, especi­ halls of the Aphrodisias Museum, started ally in comparison with the Aezani text. in 1972 under the auspices of the Direc­ Among stray finds, one needs to mention torate General of Antiquities and Mu­ a stele recording the dedication of statues seums of Turkey, and with assistance of Asclepius and Hygeia together with from the National Geographic Society altars by an “archdoctor” of the city in (figs. 64-65). Most of this wing of the the name of his son, and a sarcophagus building was roofed by September, and lid from the tomb of a veteran soldier. work on the administrative storage and A visit in search of epigraphical data to adjacent areas is currently underway. It the Aphrodisias marble quarries revealed is hoped that construction may be suffici­ no inscribed evidence, at least at surface ently advanced by 1975 to permit preli­ level. The presence of a cross in a circle minary installations. First of all, however, in one quarry, however, indicated that careful study and analysis of the sculpture marble was extracted here well into the and other material to be exhibited will Byzantine period. be duly carried out. Initial study and Numismatic studies were also pur­ consideration has already been given to sued. Work was initiated on the large the selection of material to be exhibited (over 7,500) hoard of fourth century in the various halls. If all proceeds accord­ bronzes found in 1966 at nearby Eymir ing to schedule, a formal opening date by Prof. Frederick Lauritsen. Preliminary in 1976 can be easily envisaged. There observations suggest that the coins were can be no doubt that the Aphrodisias probably buried shortly after 393-394. Museum will then surely rank among Further analysis and study will porvide the most remarkable art and archaeological interesting information about Late Roman museums in Turkey. EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 31

Fig 1 — Aphrodisias. City Plan. 32 KENAN T. ERİM EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 33

Fig. 8 — North “piazza” and unpaved Byzantine Fig. 9 — Half column base with satyr’rs head, street. 34 KENAN T. ERİM EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 35

Fig. 13 — Circular fills in “piazza”.

Fig. 14 — Right breast of nude Aphrodite. Fig. 15 — Left breast of Aphrodite. 36 KENAN T. ERİM

Fig. 16 — Right hip and pubic area of Aphrodite. Fig. 17 — Left foot of female figure with inscribed base.

Fig. 18 — Porta regia tunnel and arched doorway facing “piazza”. EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 37

Fig. 20 — Plan of south “piazza”, theatre, and aula term ale CTheatre Baths). 38 KENAN T. ERİM

Fig. 21 — Arcuate niches of west wall of ‘nymphaeum’ Fig. 22 — Arcuate niches of east wall of ‘nymphaeum’. EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 39

Fig. 27 — Byzantine pit on east wall of ‘nymphaeum’. Fig. 28 — Small head of Helios. 40 KENAN T. ERİM

AULA TERMALE SECTION-ELEVATION t u l * 1:100

Fig. 29 — Section-elevation of aula termale (Theatre Baths).

Fig. 30 — Aula termale. Interior view. Fig. 31 — Aula termale. Polygonal pool to west. EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 41

Fig. 32 — Aula termale. Rectangular pool to east. Fig. 33 — Aula termale. Pipes on east end of rectangular pool.

Fig. 34 — Torso of Nike. Fig. 35 — Arched doorway connecting aula termale and calidarium. 42 w*-'« Fig. 36 — 36— Fig. ldru . alidarium C Fig. 37 — Hypocaust system of of system Hypocaust 37— Fig. EA T ERİM T. KENAN calidarium. EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 43

Fig. 42 — Repaired junction of “archive wall” and proskenion by north parodos. 44 KENAN T. ERİM EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 45

Fig. 48 — Acropolis. North slope trench. Fig. 49 — Iron Age sherds. 46 KENAN T. ERİM

Fig. 50 — Fragments of painted archaic pottery. Fig. 51 — Byzantine fortifications on north slope.

Fig. 52 — Bronze box. EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 47 48 KENAN T. ERİM EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA, 1974 49

Fig. 59 — Inscribed column drum of Portico Fig. 60 — Colossal head of Aphrodite, of Tiberius.

Fig. 61 — West city-wall. Relief panel of frontal Fig. 62 — West city-wall. Relief panel of frontal sphinx. sphinx. 50 KENAN T. ERİM

Fig. 63 — West city-wall. Male figure (actor?) in barbarian dress.

Fig. 64 — Aphrodisias Muséum. Under construction. Fig. 65 — Aphrodisias Muséum. Under construction. Exterior view. Interior of one of exhibition halls. ROMA DEVRÎ MİL TAŞLARI VE YOLLARI ÜZERİNDE 1974 YILINDA YAPILAN ARAŞTIRMALAR

DAVID FRENCH

Amaçlar Sonuç olarak şunu da söylemek iste­ Çalışmanın esas amacı Roma devrinde rim : Küçük Asya mil taşlan toplu kata­ Küçük Asya’da bulunan mil taşlan, yollar logundan (corpusundan) elde edilecek so­ ve yol düzeni ile ilgili bilgilerin tümünü nuçlar, 1958 de yayınlanmış olan ve şimdi bir araya toplamaktır. Maksadım yayın­ (1974) ivedelikle yeniden incelenip, düzen­ lanmış mil taşlarının tam bir bibliyograf­ lenmesi gereken Küçük Asya Klâsik Devir yasını toplamak, yayınlanmış (ve yayın­ Haritası'nın yeni basımında kullandacak- lanmamış olupta görebildiğim kadar çok) tır. mil taşlannm tümünün bu günkü yerini Yöntemler saptamak ve günümüze dek gelmiş olan her bir örnekteki metni stampaj ve fotoğ­ Çalışmam sırasında mümkün olan raflarla kaydetmektir. Yapılacak olan bu her yerde mil taşlannm kâğıt üzerine çalışma Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, stampajlannı çıkarttım. Bunu başhca iki cilt XVII Miliaria, fasikül 5 Asia Minör'd& amaçla yaptım : yayınlanacaktır. (1) Tamamlanmış bir stampaj, taş üzerin- Eski arkeologlar tarafından yayın­ dekileri gerçeğe uygun olarak aktarır. lanan mil taşlannm yerlerini saptamak Örneğin orijinal metnin bu gün görü­ en güç işlerden biridir. Çünkü bunlann lebilen ve okunabilen bölümünün ne­ çoğu bu gün maalesef ortada yoktur. Bi­ resi olduğu ancak stampaj çıkanla- linen örneklerin 550 sinden fazlası kayıptır rak saptanabilir. ve kayıp oranı da % 50 den çoktur. (2) Stampajdan aydıngel üzerine siyah - beyaz bir kopya çıkarmak, bu kop­ Günümüze dek gelmiş olan mil taş­ yadan daha sonra fotoğraf çekmek larım korumak için gerekeni yapmakta ve bunu fasimile bir kopya olarak bizim en başlıca amaç ve görevimizdir. yeniden yayınlamak olanağı her za­ Ben mil taşlan konusunda yaptığım man mevcuttur. araştırma ile beraber bu taşların dikildiği Gereken her yerde fotoğraf çektim ama yollannda tekrar gözden geçirilmesinin fotoğraf m hiç bir zaman stampaj kadar gerektiğine inanıyorum. Bundan maksa­ geçerli bir belge olmadığım da belirtmek dım da mil taşlarında yazdı olan bilgilere isterim. dayanarak yol sisteminin tarihçesini yeni­ Üzerinde çalışılan tüm mil taşları den saptayabilmek. Örneğin yolun inşa gerek İngilizce, gerekse Türkçe olarak tarihi, geçirdiği onarımlarm sayısı ve tarih­ standart tipteki fişlere kaydedildi. Bu kayıt leri, yollardaki kentler, kentler arasındaki işleminde de standart bir yöntem uygu­ mesafeler mil taşlarında yazılıdır ve bun­ landı. Taşm bu günkü yeri, durumu, lardan yol sistemine ulaşma olanağı vardır. boyutları, İmparator adı, vali adı (eğer 52 DAVID FRENCH varsa), mesafe ölçüsü ve yararlanılan kay­ sis’ten) isimleri okundu. Dördüncü taş naklar bu fişlerde aynı düzen içinde gös­ ise okunamadı. terildi. (4) Nevşehir ve Niğde Bütün stampajlar bu gün Ankara Çalış’tan Nevşehir müzesine getirilmiş İngiliz Arkeoloji Enstitüsü’nde saklan­ olan mil taşı (Env. no. 1708) üzerinde maktadır. çalışıldı ve stampaj çıkarıldı. Metni Ram- İlk Sonuçlar: Mil Taşlan say tarafmdan verilen ve şimdi Ulukışla’­ daki Uluhan’m önünde bulunan taşta (1) Ankara İli gözden geçirildi ve metin tekrar kontrol Ankara içinde Roma hamamlarında edildi. Bu taşın Niğde müzesine getiril­ bulunan mil taşı koleksiyonundaki taşlar mesini gerçekten isterim. 1895 de Sarre üzerinde yeniden çalışıldı ve bazı yeni tarafmdan görülen Aksaray’daki mil taşı bilgiler elde edildi. Ankara dışından bir yeniden kesilip, kullanılmış ve maalesef çok taş Roma hamamlarma getirildi, ör­ yazıt olan kısmı yok olmuştur. Ballance’m neğin Balıkuyumcu, Alacaatlı, Çayyolu sözünü ettiği (Macrinus’un) bir mil taşı ve Çayırhan’dan Balıkhisar ve Malı’da Aksaray Müzesi’ne getirilmiştir. Bu taş bulunanlar üzerinde de çalışıldı fakat oldukça ilginçtir çünkü bütün Küçük As­ Şemsettin’deki mil taşı bir değirmenin ya’da bu imparatordan kalma yalnız bir temelleri içine dikildiğinden maalesef bu tek mil taşı daha vardır. Aksaray müze­ incelenemedi. sinde Colonia Archelais’in bir yazıtı ince­ (2) Konya İli lenmiştir (Env. no. 8-2-73) : Latince olan metin bir Kapadokya valisinin admı ve Konya içinde Prof. Eyice tarafından tarihini verir (T. Prifernius Paetus Rosianus yaymlanan ve Alaed-din Camii’nin avlu­ Geminus, M.S. 129) ama maalesef kentin sunda bulunan taş, bir başka mil taşı adından söz etmez. Taş Colonia Archelais parçası ile beraber incelendi. Her iki ile ilgili ilk yazıt olduğundan ve bizzat taşmda Hadrianus adına dikildiği görüldü. Aksaray’da kolonisel görevlere ait bilgi­ Metinlerin kopyaları müzeye teslim edildi. lerin ne olduğunun keşfedilmesini sağladığı Cronin tarafmdan (JHS 22 (1902) 119, için ilginçtir. Aşağıda da gösterilen metin no. 46) da yayınlanan ve şimdi Konya müzeye verilmiştir : müzesinde bulunan taş yeniden incelendi (Env. no. 801) ve burada eskiden IIII IMP. CAESARI. TRAIANO olarak okunan mesafenin X olarak okun­ (vac) HADRIANO (yaprak) AVG PONTIFMAX. TRIBPOT. XIII ması gerektiği kanısına varıldı. 75 yıl IMPXIII.COS III (yaprak) P.P. önce ilk kez Ramsay ve başkaları tara­ PERROSIANVMGEMINVM. LEG. AVG. fından kaydedilen diğer bir kaç mil taşı REFECTAFANAEXPECVNIASACERD. da tekrar gözden geçirildi ve maalesef PERLVTATIVMIVLIANVMETSCALPO NIVMIVLIANVM. IIVIROS Direksaray’da olduğu söylenen son derece QVAESTORECAESIOIVLIANO önemli bir örnek bulunamadı. Daha eski­ den Seydiler’de görülen bir taş ise bu (5) Kayseri İli gün Dikili Han’daki Toprak Araştırma Yeşilhisar yakınında Yavaşhan’daki Istasyonu’nun arazisinde bulundu. Pomponius Bassus’un mil taşı yeniden bulunmuş, han yıkılmış ve taşlarda başka (3) Adana İli bir yere taşınmıştır. Adana müzesindeki 4 mil taşınm stampajı alındı. Bunlarda Elagabulus (Ma­ (6) Maraş ve Malatya İlleri latya yolundan ?), Severus Alexander Sterrett, Ramsay, Hogarth ve diğer­ (Adana-İncirlik’ten) ve Valentinianus’la lerinin yaklaşık olarak 90 yıl önce gör­ aynı devirde hüküm süren diğerleri (col­ dükleri Comana-Melitene yolundaki seri leagues) nin (Yakapmar, esas olarak Mi- halindeki mil taşlarının büyük bir kısmı ROMA DEVRİ ARAŞTIRMALARI 53 bu gün de hala yerlerinde durmaktadır. (10) Afyon, İsparta ve Burdur İlleri Ben şahsen henüz bu seridekileri kayda Afyon müzesinde 5 mil taşı üzerinde başlamadım. Yalnız Elbistan’m doğusun­ çahştım : birincisi (Env. no. 2012) Çay’dan daki yol kenarmda bulunan bir kaç mil buraya getirilmiştir ve Constantinus ile taşı üzerinde çalıştım. Ayrıca şimdi Ma­ oğullan Constantinus, Constantius, Con- latya müzesinde bulunan yayınlanmamış stans ve Dalmatius’un bir yazıtını taşır. bir mil taşı parçasmda da İmparator Bu çok ender görülen bir metindir. CIL Diocletian ve kendisi ile çağdaş olan hü­ III. suppl. 2. 14200 de yayınlanmış olan kümdarların adlan görülür ve bu metnin taş bir değil iki yazıt taşır ve İkincisi kopyası müzeye teslim edilmiştir. Diocletianus’a aittir. Pace tarafından ya­ (7) Sivas, Tokat, Çorum İlleri yınlanan mil taşı şimdi Gencali’de inşa edilmiş olan camiinin kapısı içindedir. Sivas ili içinde hiç bir malzeme bu­ Gencali dışındaki Polat türbesinde Via lunamamış ama Tokat müzesinde 2 mil Sebaste’den gelen ve Vali Cornutus Aqui- taşı üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Bunlardan bir la’ya ait olan bir mil taşı vardır. Akça- tanesi Pontus hakimi Aelius Quintianus’un ören’in dışındaki mezarlıkta Bean tara­ diktiği mil taşları serisi ile ilgilidir. Bu fından sözü edilen mil taşı ise hala ayak­ valinin hüküm sürdüğü devre ait bir başka tadır : bunda da çok ender rastlanan bir taşta Çorum müzesindedir. 1968 de Çorum metin vardır. Burdur müzesinde çift dilde müzesine Alaca müzesinden getirilen ve yazılmış (Env. no. 2670) ve Tiberius devri Sungurlu ve Eskiyapar menşeli olduğu yol düzeni ile ilgili bir metin taşıyan söylenen miltaşları ise zaten yıllar önce yazıtın stampajı çıkarılmış ve esas metinle yayınlanmışlardır. çevirisi müzeye gönderilmiştir. (8) Amasya, Sinop ve Çankırı İlleri (11) Bilecik ve Bolu illeri Yayınlanmış mil taşlarından hiç birisi Bir kaç tanesi Gölpazarı bölgesinden Amasya bölgesinde bulunamamış ama Si­ (Bilecik ili) bilinen yeni mil taşlarından nop müzesinde toplam olarak 22 farklı ikisi (biri kayıtlı, diğeri kaydedilmemiş) metni kapsayan 7 adet mil taşmdan oluş­ bu gün kaybolmuştur. Contantinus’un muş çok iyi bir koleksiyona rastlanmıştır. oğullarına ithaf edilenlerin en iyi örneği 1905 yılında Robinson tarafından yayın­ olan bir taş şimdi Üyük ve Medetli ara­ lanan Chalapde’den gelmiş mil taşlarmdan sında smır taşı olarak kullanılmaktadır. ikisi henüz bulunamamışlardır ama Ço­ Bundan önceki taşta keza bir mil taşı idi rum ve Tokat mil taşlarındaki metinlere ve bir köy kavgası sonucunda sınırdan göre bunların belki yeniden tashih edilmesi alınıp, Sakarya nehrine atılmıştı. Bolu ve AEL. CASINO ATIANO’nun AEL. yöresinin Himmetoğlu bölgesindeki bazı QVINTIANO olarak okunması gerek­ yeni taşlar Philippus, Iovianus ve Iuli- mektedir. Mart’ta (Şabanözü ilçesi) bulu­ anus’un isimlerini kapsarlar ve bunlar çok nan mil taşının da yeri bu gün hala sap­ ender rastlanan örneklerdir. Ahmetbeyler tanamamıştır. yakınında da Iovianus’a ait bir yazıtın bulunacağı umulmaktadır. Gökçesu (Bolu (9) Eskişehir İli ili)’daki bir mil taşında Flaviopolis ismi 1837 de Hamilton’un Mülk’te gör­ okunur. 1952 de Dörner’in yayınladığı mil düğü önemli bir taş bu gün görülememiştir. taşı şimdi Turizm Derneği önünde muha­ Ama bununla hemen, hemen çağdaş ve faza edilmektedir. aynı yola ait (Ancyra-Pessinus) olan başka bir taşa Bacı (Ankara ili) yakınında rast­ (12) İstanbul İli lanmıştır. Kıravdan’daki mil taşları halen Arkeoloji Müzesi’ndeki mil taşlarının köyde muhafaza edilmektedir. Oysa To- stampajı çıkarılmış ve metinler müzeye katmecidiye’de görülen taş yok olmuştur. gönderilmiştir. Prof. Akurgal tarafmdan 54 DAVID FRENCH

Bandırma yakınındaki Köseresul’dan mü­ zenlenmesi gerektir. Örneğin 1- Nicaea zeye getirilmiş olan M.S. 109’a tarihlenir (Iznik)’den Ancyra (Ankara)’ya, 2- Ancy- ve Marcus Aurelius’a aittir. Valinin adı ra’dan Iconium (Konya), Tavium (Büyük S. Quintilius Maximus olarak geçer. Di- Nefes) ve Gangra (Çankın)’ya, 3- Ico- dyma’dan gine İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesi’- nium’dan Kybistra (Konya Ereğlisi)’ya, ne getirilen ve ilk kez 1905’te yaymlanan 4- Dorylaeum (Eskişehir)’dan Apamea (Di- bir yazıtta “Eski Kral Yolu”ndan söz nar)’ya, 5- Caesarea (Kayseri)’den Meli- edilir; bu kaynak Irak yolu için ilk yazılı tene (Malatya)’ye, 6- Claudiopolis (Bolu)’- belge niteliğindedir. den Amasia (Amasya)’ya, Sinope (Si- nop)’ye ve Sebasteia (Sivas)’ya ve başka İlk Sonuçlar: yollar yerlere giden tüm yolların Küçük Asya Epeyce yaygın olan Roma yolu ol­ Klasik Devir Haritası'nda yeniden düzen­ dukça iyi bir halde korunmuştur ve mem­ lenmesi gerekir. leketin her tarafında hala izlenebilmektedir. Kuşkusuz saban ve buldozerlerin faaliyet­ Sonuç leri ile yolun büyük bir kısmı yok olmak­ Yapılan çalışmalardan olabileceğince tadır. Ben mevcudun bu nedenle hala başardı sonuçlar alınmış, kahntdar ço­ korunmuş olan kısmına üstünlük verdim. ğunlukla incelenmiş ve yayınlanmış mil Ramsay ve diğerleri şimdi yok olduğu taşlarının büyük bir kısmının iyi vaziyette için benim gördüklerimden daha fazlasmı korunarak günümüze dek ulaştıkları gö­ gördüler. Bundan ötürü bu gün onları rülmüştür. Roma yolunun bazı bölüm­ denetlemek çok zor. Şahsen mümkün olan lerinin durumu ise bize bazı gerçekleri her yerde yayınlanmış tüm kaynaklan aksettirir : evvelce çoğunluğu iyi durumda kontrol etmeğe çalıştım. Sonuçlar çok korunabilen bölümler, bu gün traktör olumlu oldu. Ramsay ve izindekilerin çı­ sürme ve köylülerin taş hırsızlığı nedeni kardıkları haritaların şimdi yeniden dü­ ile zarar görmektedirler. EXCAVATIONS AND RESEARCHES AT SARDIS — 1974

GEORGE M. A. HANFMANN

The seventeenth campaign of the of the Department of Antiquities and Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, a Museums, excavations were suspended; Harvard-Comell project, was conducted permission for resumption was given on by C. H. Greenewalt, Jr. as Field Director. September 6. Research activities continued Of the fourteen foreign and four Turkish until the end of season. members, two were unable to come. A. Following up reports by government Tulga, Manisa Museum was an ever guard İsmet Serin and camp guard Ahmet helpful Government Representative. Work Ali Akyel, C. H. Greenewalt, Jr. and began on June 23 and the campaign ended A. Ramage studied and subsequently officially on September 8. The Director moved to the expedition camp an impor­ of the entire project, G. M. A. Hanfmann tant inscription which had become visible was delayed and took part from August during the winter in the east scarp of the 19 on. Excavations on a small scale were Pactolus. This inscription (IN 74.1) was carried out in the gymnasium area (Fig. 1, built into a Late Roman building named at W 23-48/N 12) and on the north slope the “Building with Hypocaust Floor” of the Acropolis (Fig. 1, at 20.2). Cleaning (Hypocaust Building, No. 42 in plan was undertaken on the east bank of the Fig. 1). Partial collapse of the cliff had Pactolus, where an important inscription exposed parts of the structure at levels was found built into a Late Roman of ca. 117-120 a.s.l. As no excavation structure (Fig. 1, at 42). was undertaken, onl> the broken parts In the gymnasium1, the repair of visible in section in the cliff could be arches in the Hall with the swimming studied. The northern part, visible in Fig. pool (BE-H; previously BE-W) was comp­ 4, feaiures hypocaust pillars over a mor­ leted (Fig. 2) and the fill left as a “beridge” tared rubble foundation. Immediately to within the swimming pool in 1973 was the south, at a somewhat higher level is a removed. Measures were also initiated floor which ends against an east-west to protect the floor of the pool (Fig. 3). wall foundation. The inscription (in situ, Work was proceeding on protection of white rectangle in Fig. 4) was part of the floors of the entrance hall and palaestra top of the wall foundation. Earth and colonnades. T. Yalginkaya (Izmir) was debris lying above the inscription block in immediate charge of restoration activi­ indicated that the foundation with the ties with M. C. Bolgil (Tema, Ltd., Is­ inscription did not support a wall above tanbul) as consultant. the floor level in the last phase of the structure. South of the inscription is a On August 15, in connection with mosaic floor (ca. 119.30 a.s.l.) at roughly general security measures, upon request the same level as the top of the inscription. It continues southward (beyond what is

1 Recent plan in BASOR 211 (October 1973) 16, visible in Fig. 4) and seems to have belong­ fig. 1. ed to more than one room. 56 GEORGE M. A. HANFMANN

From fragments of the mosaic it manship. The monument, which may appears that it displayed a pattern of have been a platform or statue base intersecting circles forming quatrefoils and rather than the wall of a building, was quadrangles with curving sides. The major probably built after the earthquake of pattern is in white and blue-black tesserae A.D. 17. One would like to know whether (ca. 0.012 m. square). Red, yellow, and it might have carried statues of Zeus white tesserae were used for cross-like Baradates and other Persian gods; and patterns in the center of each quadrangle. whether it might have had a number of A similar pattern is known from Synago­ inscriptions on it like the “Archive” wall gue mosaics of the fourth century2. The at Aphrodisias of which Christian Habicht coarse workmanship suggests either fourth reminded us. or fifth century for the floor of the On the inscription itself, which is of “Hypocaust Building.” It is thus roughly great interest for the history of the Persian contemporaneous with the Late Roman - period, L. Robert has kindly communi­ Early Byzantine bath at Pactolus North cated the following statement : and the partially excavated Late Roman structure with mosaics at Pactolus Cliff L’inscription, complète en 13 lignes, (Fig. 1, No. 13)3. Apparantly many villa­ a été gravée à l’époque romaine like structures were built along the banks avencée, pas avant le Ile siècle de of the Pactolus Valley during the Late notre ère. Elle résume un document, Roman-Early Byzantine period (ca. 400- écrit en dialecte ionien, qui était 616). daté de la 39e année du règne d’Ar- The marble block, on which the taxerxes II Mnemon. Le gouverneur inscription IN 74.1 was inscribed did not de la Lydie, appelé “hyparque”, le originally belong to the Late Roman Perse Droaphernès (nom iranien nou­ structure but was reused. It is an L-shaped veau, mais très bien formé et de sens architectural block, possibly the right clair), a élevé la statue de Zeus, hand corner block. The inscription was lequel est l’apparence grecque du carved on the narrower front face (not grand dieu iranien Ahura Mazda. visible in Fig. 5, right). The inscribed Il donne l’ordre aux néocores qui face is 0.46 m. high and 0.64 m. wide. ont le droit de pénétrer dans l’adyton, The depth of the block is 1.05 m. and its serviteurs du dieu (if faut rapprocher width at the back is 0.73 m. Cuttings for de ces expressions Sardis, n. 22,4 *VII, clamps preserved near the (spectator’s) qui doit provenir du meme lieu left front corner and right rear comer d’origine, sanctuaire de Zeus Polieus, indicate that other stones joined to left que la nouvelle inscription) et qui and back. Each has next to it an unusual “couronnent le dieu”, de ne pas circular cutting, as if for a vertical rod participer aux mystères de divers which linked it with the stone course dieux indigènes, Sabazios, Agdistis et above. This and the anathyrosis on the Ma. A cette époque tardive, on a top make it clear that there was originally tenu à tirer des archives un règlement at least one more course above the in­ perse du milieu du IVe siècle, qui scribed block. The finish of the face and voulait lutter contre un rapproche­ the trimming of the sides appear to re­ ment que certains faisaient avec des semble technically Early Roman rather dieux indigènes de l’Anatolie, en par­ than classical or Hellenistic Greek work­ ticipant à des mystères. Cela est très intéressant à la fois pour la

2 BASOR 187 (October 1967) 32, fisg. 50,52, 54,55 8 BASOR 162 (April 1961) 170; T.A.D. XI-2 4 W. H. Buckler and D. M. Robinson, Sardis (1962) 45, fig. 19. VII, Greek and Latin Inscriptions, Part 1 (Leyden 1932). EXCAVATIONS AND RESEARCHES AT SARDIS 1974 57

situation religieuse à Sardes au IYe columns of the East Road colonnade siècle, pour l’existence de mystères (Fig. 1, at No. 60) and columns of the des trois divinités nommées et pour Palaestra of the gymnasium. In attempting la politique religieuse des Perses et to explore possible roofing solutions for leur souci de pureté du culte de leur the southern colonnade and the gymna­ grand dieu. Intéressant aussi qu’on sium complex units which are immediately ait jugé bon de graver ce document to the north of the colonnade (central dans l’époque impériale. Louis Robert building and units known as BE-A and publiera au printemps 1975 ce texte, BE-B), Yegul proposes two phases. In avec photographie et commentaire, the first phase, which has two subphases dans les Comptes rendus de l’Aca­ (Fig. 8, upper left and center left), the démie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lett­ tall Early Roman Corinthian columns, res. 5.60 m. high with a shaft of ca. 4.20 m., In the western part of the gymnasium were used presumably between the mid- (Building West B, Fig. 1, No. 1) F. K. 2nd and early 4th centuries. In the second, Yegül dug a trench from W 23-48/N later phase, studied also by Crawford, 11.50-13 along an alignment of piers. the columns were only a little over 3 m. The piers are connected by a brick and high (Fig. 8) and date after A.D. 400. rubble wall. Between the third and fourth Some of these were restored by the pier from east, the upper part of a hand­ expedition in 1973. some marble door with dentillated cornice As to the difference in the heights was found intact; also preserved is part of the colonnades of the Main Avenue of the relieving brick arch above (Fig. 6). and East Road (ca. 6.40 m.), Yegul According to Yegül, the piers belong suggests that this discrepancy may have to a vaulted hall on the south which was been resolved at the intersection of the probably paralleled on the north, on the two streets by means of a tetrapylon arch long sides of a central caldarium. The with openings of different heights. piers seem to indicate several rectangular On the Acropolis, C. H. Greenewalt, halls in parallel arrangement on both Jr. excavated a trench near the top of the sides of the east-west axis of the gymnasium northern slope (AcN; Fig. 1, No. 20.2) complex. In the entrance hall known as from August 2-15. The trench went down­ the “Marble Court” Yegül completed the hill from pre-Hellenistic walls discovered architectural recording of the second-story in 1960 and 19715. A huge L-Shaped pavillions of the Severan phase. block of limestone (2.80 by 1.15 by 0.90 m.) lies on the slope at the northern end Important advance was made in of the trench (W 193.4-195.5/N 103-105.7). studying the history of the marble paved Although the trench reached the native “Main Avenue” which ran east-west conglomerate in most places, no archi­ just south of the gymnasium (Fig. 1, at tectural features came to light. Burned No. 3). The late phase of the “Byzantine fill, partly banked up on a platform-like Shops” (Fig. 1, No. 3) and the colonnade cutting in the conglomerate was interp­ in front of them, has been studied by reted as possibly destruction fill dumped J. S. Crawford. Now, by combining downhill after the siege and capture of various preserved parts in a reconstruction the Citadel by Antiochus III in 213 B.C. drawing of their Corinthian columns, Ye­ Pottery in a deposit in the upper part gül was able to suggest the general aspect of the trench was diagnosed by A. Oliver, of the earlier stage or stages of the sout­ hern colonnade (Fig. 7, “South Road” B T. A . D . XI-l (1962) 20, pi. XXII, fig. 33; is actually “Main Avenue”). His reconst- XX-1 (1973) 89, figs. 5-6; G. M. A. Hanfmann, struction includes comparisons with the Letters from Sardis (1972) 306-307, figs. 229-230. 58 GEORGE M. A. HANFMANN

Jr. as Hellenistic. Three catapult balls groups. One is constituted by pottery of stone were also found, one inscribed following Attic traditions. It includes IE (Fig. 9). In a stratum of gravel with both black-glazed pottery, imported and material of different periods, there appear­ imitated, and the West Slope ware and ed an archaic terracotta revetment frag­ its Asia Minor imitations. A second ment showing parts of a horse and a dog group consists of fabrics following Lydian running to right, undoubtedly from a traditions. It consists largely of undeco­ chariot scene (Fig. 10, T 74.1 : 8300). rated wares and appears to end with the Pre-Hellenistic walls discovered in destruction of Sardis in 213 B.C. A third 1972 and 1973 on the southern side of group comprises the new styles of the the citadel (Fig. 1, No. 52 and BASOR 211 Hellenistic period such as the relief wares [October 1973] 31) were remeasured by and appliqué, which are being studied Greenewalt and S. L. Carter. Measure­ by I. Hanfmann, the sigillate wares being ments and levels of the Byzantine fortifica­ studied by J. Wrabetz, and the interesting, tion walls of the Acropolis (Fig. 1, Nos. well-represented group of white-ground 20.1 and 20.3) were taken by R. L. Vann wares, including the well known “Lagynos and Carter. Group” which flourished from ca. 160-60 The pi e-publication study of the B.C. Oliver proposes for Sardis a chrono­ architecture of the Early Christian basilica logical division into an Early Hellenistic, at Pactolus North discovered in 1973 334-213 B.C.; a Middle Hellenistic, 213-ca. which was to be undertaken by H. Buch- 150/125 B.C.; and a Late Hellenistic wald and G. M. A. Hanfmann was period, ca. 150/125 B.C.-17 A.D. postponed to the 1975 season. J. C. Waldbaum studied metal objects excavated between 1958 and 1973. They Chance finds brought in by farmers range from the Early Bronze Age to the included an altar inscribed and dedicated Turkish era. Jewelry comes from all to emperor Hadrian by a Demetrios periods. A number of objects relate to Hermogenous. It features in fine work­ the technology of metal working. A manship an eagle with thunderbolt and matrix of the archaic period served to three sacrificial bowls over garlands (Fig. raise gold foil. Parts of possible crucibles 11, NoEx 74.1; IN 74.2). were found in the Hellenistic installation Members of the expedition accom­ in the House of Bronzes area. There are panied the Government Representative A. six moulds for casting objects (earrings, Tulga to Allahdienkôy, south of Sardis, spoons) and a small jeweller’s hammer. to view structures recently discovered by A Late Roman pot with specks of gold chance by local inhabitants. These included in slaggy matrix from the vicinity of part of a mosaic of fine quality showing “Byzantine Shops” may have been used an ivy border, various geometric patterns, in gilding small objects. Weapons include and a rendering of a bird (Fig. 12). A two main types of arrowheads, one Lydian statue base with an inscription of 19 lines or Persian found mostly on the Acropolis celebrating the victory o f an athlete in (sixth to fifth century B.C.?) the other, wrestling was found nearby and removed of iron conceivably Sassanian, perhaps to the expedition camp for repair. used in the invasion of Khosroes II in Intensive research was undertaken on A.D. 616. A wide range of tools was several classes of objects. Decisive progress found. Particularly informative is the in the study of Hellenistic pottery was material from the “Byzantine Shops” made by A. Oliver, Jr. He studied the which illumines a number of activities. painted and plain wares and made a It includes fine bronze vessels, bronze survey of the entire Hellenistic ceramic and iron locks, and many tools and material. He distinguishes three major implements. EXCAVATIONS AND RESEARCHES AT SARDIS 1974 59

The study of Lydian architectural She has studied the wares represented at terracottas and of their role in the const­ Sardis and other Asia Minor sites. They ruction of Lydian houses and other seem to constitute a group of their own structures was continued by A. Ramage. with some notable differences from Con- C. H. Greenewalt, Jr. worked up material stantinopolitan wares. for a monographic study of the so-called “pot hoard” or “puppy burial” assembla­ The intensive research on objects ges of Lydian pottery which also include necessitated much laboratory work both canid bones and iron knives. Inscriptions in restoring, cleaning, and joining of were collected by C. Foss. G. M. A. objects and fragments and in investigation Hanfmann and Theda Vann worked on of materials. This work was supervised sculptures; Theda Vann also worked up by Ph. A. Lins and J. Soultanian. Some numismatic materials for publication by major projects such as the consolidation A. E. M. Johnston and T. V. Buttrey, of the monumental marble table from and various small objects for publication the Synagogue (“Eagle Table”) could not by R. S. Thomas. J. A. Scott progressed be completed and will need to be finished in her study of Byzantine glazed wares. in 1975. 60 GEORGE M. A. HANFMANN

Fig. IJ— Master plan of excavations at Sardis. EXCAVATIONS AND RESEARCHES AT SARDIS 1974 61

Fig. 4 — Part of Hypocaust Building (left) in east bank of Pactolus with inscription IN 74.1 in situ (right).

Fig. 5 — Marble block on which inscription IN 74.1 is written (front face on right).

Fig. 6 — Western part of Gymnasium. Alignment of piers with marble door. COMPARATIVE DIMENSIONS OP OROCR8 ( la OlMwA w l ______top dlometor 36-36 S i- 57 9 3 -9 4 47-48 9 6 -9 7 i bottom (Mom. 4 2 -4 4 69-66-68 99-62 5 height 390 480-920 473 420 upper tons d. 9 4 -9 6 80 68-71 & - « 5 r 1 s height 90 139-190 93-109 87-91 bottom dam. 3 6 -4 0 60 - 4 8 -4 9

| HANFMANN A. M. GEORGE height 91-93 6 0 -7 0 - 91 proportion bottom d. to 4 3 /4 3 0 « 6 9/689« 9 9 /9 6 0 « 9 6 /9 0 0 « height 1/10 1/9 1/9.9 1/9

a u S 67 ¡8

PALAESTRA EAST ROAD SSUTH ROAD SOUTH ROAO COLONNADE PEDESTALS

0 OJ LO 2-0 M

1/20

B-148 PALAESTRA, EAST ROAD and SOUTH ROAD COLONNADE ORDERS august, 1974 f.k.y.

Fig. 7 — Comparison of reconstructed colonnade orders of Palaestra, East Road, and South Road (Main Avenue), XAAIN AD EERHS T ADS 1974 SARDIS AT RESEARCHES AND EXCAVATIONS

Fig. 8 — Tentative reconstruction of different phases of the south colonnade of Main Avenue (South Road) by F. K. Yegiil. 64 GEORGE M. A. HANFMANN

Fig. 11 — Circular altar NoEx 74.1; IN 74.2, Fig- 12 — Detail of mosaic found at Allahdiyenkoy. dedicated to Emperor Hadrian. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NOR§UNTEPE 1973 BERICHT ÜBER DIE 6. KAMPAGNE

HARALD HAUPTMANN

Die Ausgrabungen des Deutschen und O 21-23 von Dr. O. Teschauer Archäologischen Institutes auf dem Nor- geführt wurden. Ein weiteres Hauptziel funtepe wurden in einer 6. Kampagne der Grabung, die vollständige Stratigraphie vom 20. August bis 27. November durch­ der frühbronzezeitlichen Besiedlung, ver­ geführt L Die Unternehmung war wieder folgte H. P. Schäfer in den Flächen dank der großzügigen Förderung durch M -0 18-20, M 19 und L 19. Die direkt die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft und daran anschließende Tiefgrabung in J/K der bereitwillig durch die Generaldirek­ 18/19 wurde wieder von S. Wineberg tion der Altertümer und Museen in An­ betreut. Als Architekten nahmen sich kara erteilten Genehmigung ermöglicht. Dipl. Ing. M. Wolff und M. Büyükko- Die Grabungen, bei denen bis zu lanci der Vermessung und zeichnerischen 50 Arbeiter aus den umliegenden Dörfern Aufnahme der Architekturreste an. Die Fu­ beschäftigt wurden, konzentrierten sich ndbearbeitung und statistische Aufnahme in dieser Kampagne auf die Akropolis, der Keramik führte Frau Dr. H. Kam- während im Nordareal und Südareal der merer-Grothaus weiter, zeitweise unter­ Südterrasse nicht mehr gearbeitet wurde stützt von Dr. A. v. Gladiß. Als Restau­ (Abb. 1). In den früheren Jahren waren rator arbeiteten wieder U. Forstreuter die Bauschichten in den nördlichen Area­ und M. Akkoyun, als Photograph Th. len auf Horizont VI untersucht worden. Hartmann. H. Weddige ist als technischer In diesem Jahr war die Aufmerksamkeit Mitarbeiter zu nennen. Die Tierknochen­ auf die Areale im Westen, im Süden und reste wurden von einer Gruppe unter im Osten gerichtet, um vor allem die Leitung von Prof. J. Boessneck und Dr. südliche Ausdehnung der spätfrühbronze­ Angela von den Driesch aufgearbeitet, zeitlichen palatialen Bebauung zu erfassen. während sich Dr. F. Feindt der botanischen In der Fläche R, S, T 21-23 im Südostteil Reste annahm. Schließlich machte sich des Plateaus wurden unter Leitung von G. als Vertreter der Generaldirektion Meh­ Stanzl die Untersuchungen zur Bebauung met Türkmen in bewährtei Weise um die der älteren Frühbronzezeit III abgeschlos­ Grabung verdient. sen. Im Südteil standen die Flächen In der Fläche P 21/22 wurde die im Q 21-23 und R 22/23 unter Aufsicht von Jahre 1971 begonnene Untersuchung einer G. Korbei, während die Areale P 21-23 1 großen Grabgrube fortgesetzt (Abb. 3 )2. Diese Grube, die sich von P 22 bis nach Q 22 in einer Ausdehnung von 15 zu 1 Vorberichte sind bisher erschienen : Keban 16 m erstreckt, war in der mittleren Projesi I, 1968, 103 ff. bzw. 115 ff.; II, 1969, 71 ff. bzw. 81 ff.; Ill, 1970, 87 ff. bzw. 103 ff.; IV, 1971, 71 ff. bzw. 87 ff. Türk Ark. Derg. 18, 1969, 11 ff.; a Keban Projesi 1972, (im Druck); vgl. vorläufig 21,1, 1974, 59 ff. Ist. Mitt. 19/20, 1969/70, 21 ff. Anat. St. 23, 1973, 49 f. 66 HARALD HAUPTMANN

Eisenzeit angelegt worden und schneidet einer Axt aus Eisen8 4. Die Lage der nicht nur in hethitische Schichten, sondern Grube im Verhältnis zu dem Gebäude auch weit bis in Ablagerungen der Frühen mit vier Innenstützen.O/P 18/19 (Horizont Bronzezeit I ein. Von Profiloberkante I) ist dadurch eindeutig bestimmt5, als gemessen ist die Grube ca. 12 m tief, die auslaufende Fußbodenhorizonte dieses Ge­ Wände stufen sich sehr steil bis zum bäudekomplexes den Nordrand der Gru­ Boden. In die Einfüllung sind übereinan­ benfüllung überdecken. Dadurch wird derliegend wannenförmig 3 Schilflager eine ungefähre Zeitgleichheit mit einer eingefügt. Das dritte Schilflager liegt etwa in P 19 a im Jahre 1970 untersuchten 7.30 m übel dem Grubenboden und Grabkammer mit diei bestatteten Pferden stößt gegen das Steinfundament der in offensichtlicht6, die zudem noch die glei­ Q 21/22 1972 ausgegrabenen Kammer che Orientierung besitzt. Aus dieser stra­ (Abb. 3). Das 2. mittlere Schilflager liegt tigraphischen Lage dürfte sich für die nur 0.60 m höher, das oberste wiederum Grabgrube eine Datierung in das frühe 2.50 m höher. Vom dritten Schilflager 7. Jahrhundert ergeben. In der Füllung ausgehend wurde in P 22 d ein Schacht der Grube kamen größere Mengen mittel­ von 5 zu 3.5 m angelegt, um den vermu­ eisenzeitlicher Keramik zum Vorschein, teten Grubenboden in der Mitte zu treffen. so drei fast vollständige Gefäße in einer Während die Einfüllschichten oberhalb Einfüllschicht unter dem dritten Schil­ der 3. Schilflage der Neigung entsprechend flager (Abb. 4). schräg abfallen, verlaufen sie darunter In den benachbarten Arealen waren horizontal und bestehen aus abwechselnd schon vereinzelt mitteleisenzeitliche Skelet­ Schutt - und Lehmschichten. In 4.20 m tgräber aufgedeckt worden, zu denen Tiefe unter Schilflager 3 folgte eine Lage zwei weitere Gräber in R 23 a kommen. aus großen Steinbrocken. Direkt über Grab 1 war noidsüdlich orientiert, der dem Grubenboden wurde eine Stein­ Kopf des stark vergangenen Skeletts lag packung sichtbar, die analog zu der in im Norden. Als Beigaben fanden sich Q 21/22 beobachteten Kammer ebenfalls zahlreiche Perlen aus Kalkstein und Fritte, zu einem Grab gehört haben könnte3. zwei lange tüllenförmige Bronzeröhren Von dieser Kammer wurde nur das mit Aufhängeösen und zwei kleine Fibeln Westeck unter dem Profil P/Q 22 sichtbar. (Abb. 7). Sie gehören dem Typ der Über der Steinpackung fanden sich 3 Kniefibeln an, die für das 8. und 7. Jahr­ Stangenlöcher, die 0.25 m hoch über dem hundert charakteristisch sind 7. Das weiter Fundament liegen und wohl die Veran­ südlich beobachtete Grab 2 war ost­ kerung der Deckenkonstrucktion dar­ westlich orientiert, wobei der Kopf des stellen. Skeletts im Osten lag. Dieses Skelett Die Deutung dieser Anlage, zu der stammt von einer jungen Frau, wie die beträchtliche Aufwendungen notwendig auf beiden Seiten des Kopfes gefundenen waren, ist erst nach Aufdeckung der jetzt sechs Bronzeohrringe zeigen. Sie war mit nur in einer Ecke angeschnittenen Kammer dem Gesicht nach unten bestattet worden. möglich. Auch der Befund der 1972 In R 22 c kamen vier weitere Gräber freigelegten Kammer 1, die über mehreren zum Vorschein, von denen zwei eindeutig Fundamentlagen einen heute noch 3.50 der Mittleren Eisenzeit angehören. In m hohen Lehmziegelaufbau trägt, läßt nur die Vermutung zu, daß es sich hier 4 ebd. 50; Keban Projesi 1972 (im Druck). um eine ausgeraubte Grablege handelt : 5 Keban Projesi 1970, 104 f. die 1972 gemachten Funde umfassen ca. 6 ebd. 105 f. 50 Panzerplättchen und ein Fragment 7 Vgl. ein im Südareal gefundenes Beispiel : Keban Projesi 1969, 88 f. - İst. Mitt. 19/20, 1969/70, 72. Zur Datierung vgl. D. Stronach, Iraq 21, 1959, 8 Anat. St. 23, 1973, 50. 193 ff. Typ III 7. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NORŞUNTEPE 1973 67

Grab 1 war das Skelett ostwestlich orien­ belegt eine auf dem Norjuntepe bisher tiert, der Kopf lag im Osten. In Becken­ wenig bekannte Periode der “hethitischen höhe kamen ein Messer und eine Pfeil­ Zeit” und dürfte in die Zeit nach 1600 v. spitze aus Eisen zutage. Westlich davon Chr. gehören. Aus der mittleren Bronze­ fand sich ein stark vergangenes Skelett, zeit wurde in P 22/23 ein Grubenhorizont an dessen Kopfende zwei tongrundige beobachtet, der tief in die spätfrüh­ helltonige Kleeblattkennen urartäischen bronzezeitlichen Bauschichten eingreift, Typs (Abb. 56)8 niedergelegt waren. und der sich in die benachbarten Areale Weiter wurden noch zwei Bestattungen bis R 22/23 hinzieht. Die daraus stam­ ohne Beigaben angetroffen : ein Kinderg­ mende Keramik ergänzt das bekannte rab und ein Hockerskelett mit Füßen Bild der grau- und schwarz polierten im Osten und in den Händen gebetteten Ware mit Kannelur und plastischer Ver­ Kopf im Westen. zierung sowie der violettrot bemalten Hausieste des Horizontes I aus der Gefäße 8 910. mittleren Eisenzeit kamen nur in geringen Frühe Bronzezeit : Die Freilegung der Resten in O 23 zum Vorschein. Ebenso ausgedehnten palastartigen Bebauung auf belegen nur wenige Grubeninhalte die der Akropolis, die dem in die Früh­ frühe Eisenzeit. In dieser Epoche lag bronzezeit III datierenden VI. Horizont der Siedlungsschwerpunkt auf den um­ angehört, konnte abgeschlossen werden liegenden Terrassen im Süden und Wes­ (Abb. 9) u . In dem Gebäudekomplex, der ten ®. neben einem Hauptgebäude mehrere Ma­ Aus der hethitischen Zeit sind von gazinbauten, Wirtschafts - und Wohn- der Hangbebauung jeweils nur die Funda­ räume umfaßt, konnte jetzt auch die mente der Nordmauern zweier größerer Frage nach dem zentralen Hof und seinem Häuser in O 23 und P 23 gefunden worden, südlichen Abschluß beantwortet werden. zu der hier noch eine Herdstelle kommt Von Osten nach Westen ergaben sich im (Horizont III). Diese ostwestlich verlauf­ Südteil drei Häuser, von denen die beiden ende Mauer überlagert ein Haus in P 23 östlichen den Aufweg in R 23 begrenzen b/d und Q 23 c, dessen aus Steinen gesetzte (Abb. 10). Der östliche Raum, der nur in Nordmauer noch 1.70 m hoch erhalten seiner westlichen Hälfte erfaßt wurde, ist (Abb. 8). Im Gegensatz zu der sonst ist etwa 6 m breit und besaß an seiner üblichen Lehmziegelkonstruktion ist dieses Nordwand eine Lehmbank (Abb. 9). Das Haus aus Steinen errichtet und zeigt im zweite Haus ist in einem Abstand von 2 oberen Aufbau hölzerne Pfosten, die an m gebaut, so daß eine Gasse entsteht, den Ecken 0.80 m stark sind. Die Länge die nach Norden auf den Hauptaufweg dieses einräumigen Hauses beträgt 6.60 m, stößt. Dieses Haus ist 9 m lang und 7 m die Breite 3.20 m. Im Innern ist es weiß breit und besitzt 2 Räume, von denen verputzt und besaß möglicherweise eine sich einer zum Korridor hin nach Norden Mittelstütze. Ein Haus gleicher Bauart öffnet. Auffallend an diesem Haus ist, war schon 1972 in Q 22 angeschnitten daß der Grundriß von der üblichen worden, dessen östlicher Teil in diesem Rechteckform abweicht, indem seine Süd­ Jahr in R 22 c erfaßt werden konnte. Die mauer der Hanglage angepaßt schräg ver- in diesen Räumen gefundene Keramik

10 U. Esin, Keban Projesi 1969 Taf. 90,4; Haupt­ 8 Lehmann-Haupt, Armenien - einst und jetzt mann, ebd. 1970, 108 Taf. 67, 4-6; Ist. Mitt. 19/20, II (1907) 563 ff. mit Abb.; Piotrovskij, Karmir Blur II 1969/70, 41 mit Abb. 5, 4-9. (1952) 33 Abb. 15; A. Erzen, Türk Ark. Derg. 10.4.2, 11 Bisherige Ergebnisse sind erschienen : Ist. 1960 Taf. 9,20. Mitt. 19/20, 1969/70, 41 ff. mit Abb. 8 u. 9 Taf. 5-7. 9 Keban Projesi 1970, HI ff. - 1st. Mitt. 19/20, Keban Projesi 1969, 84 ff. mit Taf. 50-52.60; 1970, 1969/70, 54 ff. 108 f. mit Taf. 60,2-63.78. 68 HARALD HAUPTMANN läuft. In einem Raum war eine Aufbereit­ gefähr die gleiche Führung hat wie der ungsanlage für Getreide angelegt, die Korridor in Horizont VI. Hier konnten aus einem Podest und einer großen auch Türangelstein und Pfostenloch mit Wanne davor bestand (Abb. 11). Wieder den verkohlten Resten eines hölzernen im Abstand von 2,5 m liegt im Westen Tores beobachtet werden (Abb 14, 15). in gleicher Flucht ein einräumiges Haus, Daran grenzt im Süden eine Raumgruppe, das jedoch bis auf wenige Reste durch die auf eine Länge von 14 m nachzuweisen jüngere Bebauung zerstört ist. In P 22 d war. Ein 1.8 zu 5 m schmaler Mittelraum wurde ein Teil der Westmauer nachge­ enthielt eine Reihe von 5 mit Steinplatten wiesen, von der Innenausstattung jedoch abgedeckten Vorratsgefäßen. Der Komp­ noch Reste von insgesamt 9 Pithoi, die lex besaß an seiner Nordfront 5 Wohn- hier und in Q 22 c/23 a gefunden wurden räume, die in zwei längliche 6 zu 4 m und ergänzt mindestens 4-5 Reihen (O-W) große Wohnräume an der Ostfront über­ und 7-8 Reihen (N-S) ergaben. Dem gehen. Die Räume boten die übliche Hanganstieg entsprechend lag dieses etwa Ausstattung an Sitzbänken und Herd­ 10 zu 7 m große Haus auf einem höheren platten. In einem fand sich die Gußform Niveau als die anderen beiden Häuser. einer Schaftlochaxt (Abb. 22). Schon im Zugleich aber bildet dieses Magazin die vergangenen Jahr untersucht waren ein südliche Begrenzung für den Hof, der in Pithosraum mit 20 Pithoi (Abb. 15, 16) nordsüdlicher Richtung 11.5 m und in und eine große Backstube, die aus einem ostwestlicher Richtung 16 m mißt. Dieser Podest mit dem Backofen und einem Hof wurde nach Osten durch einen sorg­ Bedienungsfaum besteht (Abb. 17, 18). sam aus Steinen gesetzten, teilweise mit Bei der Ausräumung des Pithosraumes, Steinplatten abgedeckten Abwasserkanal der zahlreiche Umbauphasen erkennen entwässert, der in der Mitte des Aufweges ließ, fanden s;ch weitere braun - und zum Südosthang abfällt (Abb. 10, 12). schwarzpolierte Gefäße des frühen Ab­ Die Schichten VII/VIII konten mit schnitts der ostanatolischen Frühbronze­ ihren großräumig angelegten Bauanlagen zeit II IA 12 und schwarz auf hellem in der Fläche R-T 21-23 fast vollständig Grund bemalte Gefäße. Eine solche Gefäß­ untersucht werden (Abb. 13). Damit läßt gruppe mit zwei braunen Gefäßen, einer sich für den jüngsten frühbronzezeitlichen bemalten Flasche und eine dunkelgraue Palast ein älterer Vorgänger nachweisen, importierte Flasche fand sich in einem der in der Planung anderen Prinzipien Pithos (Abb. 19)13. Der Zugang zu dem folgt. Statt des dominierenden Hauptge­ Pithosraum in R 22 war vom Aufgang bäudes sind ungefähr gleichgroße Räume her über eine große Treppe möglich, die zu einem Gesamtkomplex zusammenge­ in Schicht VII angelegt worden war. In faßt; die einzelnen Räume besitzen ihre Schicht VIII lag dort ein kleiner Küchen­ eigenen Mauern. Dieser Komplex hat raum mit Herd und zahlreichen Gefäßen mehrere Umbauphasen, es lassen sich (Abb. 20). Von diesem Komplex ließen jedoch deutlich 2 Bauschichten trennen. sich weitere Bauten in P 21 a/c nachweisen. Mit den Ergebnissen der Vorjahre ergibt Am besten erhalten ist ein 4.20 zu 5.60 m sich folgendes Bild : der Komplex zeigt großer Raum, der durch eine 10-12 cm fast gleiche Orientierung wie der Palast hohe plastische Leiste in einen nördlichen in Schicht VI. Er erstreckt sich über die und einen südlichen Raum geteilt ist* 18 Areale Q 20/21, R/S 20 und R-T 21-23. An der Nordfront ist er 30 m, an der 12 Keban Projesi 1970, 110 mit Taf. 74. Ostfront 23 m lang. Im Norden grenzt 18 Sog. “akkadische Ware” vgl. Keban Projesi er an eine Straße. Im Süden wird er 1970, 109 Taf. 68,3. - Ygl. in Tepecik : Esin, ebd. 155; Korucu; M. van Loon, JNES 32, 1973, 362. - Zur durch den von Südosten nach Nordwesten Verbreitung : E. Strommenger, MDOG 102, 1970, führenden Aufweg abgeschlossen, der un­ 47.82 f. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NORŞUNTEPE 1973 69

(Abb. 21). Im südlichen Teil kam eine In dem tiefer liegenden Westhang­ quadratische Herdplatte mit plastisch er­ schnitt L 19 wurden Schichten der Früh­ hobenen Rändern zum Vorschein. Zu bronzezeit I untersucht. An die Straße dieser Schicht gehören Bauten meist ein­ grenzte ein zweiräumiges Haus, das insge­ facherer Konstruktion, die in den Flächen samt 11 m lang und 3 m breit ist (Abb. N/O 18-20 in den früheren Jahren unter­ 28). Innerhalb seiner 4 Bauphasen behält sucht worden waren14. es seinen Grundrißplan bei. Neben der plastisch verzierten schwarz polierten Ke­ Die Freilegung der spätfrühbronze­ ramik kommt erstmals die dunkelrot auf zeitlichen Bauschicht VIII, die im Westteil cremefarbenem Grund bemalte Ware auf, des Plateaus einfachere Wohnhäuser ergab, die durch Zackenmuster und Tiermotive konnte ebenfalls abgeschlossen werden auffallt (Abb. 35). Diese Gefäßmalerei (Abb. 25-27). Ein Hauptziel der Grabung, ist auch von anderen Siedlungen aus dem die frühbronzezeitliche Zeitabfolge in über Gebiet des oberen Euphrat belegt17 18. Der 15 m Mächtigkeit am Westhang zu Anteil der syrischen auf der Scheibe verfolgen (Abb. 1.2), konnte seinem Ab­ gedrehten Ware ist auf 5 % gestiegen. schluß näher gebracht werden. Ausgehend An Funden sind außer zahlreichen Geräten von Schicht VIII (FB III A) wurden in aus Knochen, Feuerstein und Obsidian M 19/20 5 Bauschichten untersucht. Im aus Schicht 15 zwei beinerne Webkämme M 19 wurde Schicht XIII erreicht, die (Abb. 37)18 und ein tönernes Idol mit nach ihren keramischen Funden bereits eingedrückter und plastisch aufgesetzter der Frühbronzezeit II angehört. Nur in Verzierung (Abb. 38) 19 hervorzuheben. Schicht XII sind ausgedehntere archi­ tektonische Reste angetroffen worden (M Weiter unten am Hang fand sich ein 19 a/c). Der schon in Horizont VI beobach­ Raum mit einer runden Herdplatte, auf tete Aufweg konnte bis in diese Schicht den eine hufeisenförmige Umrahmung in gleicher Ausrichtung von Westen nach gesetzt war. Dieser Herdtyp läßt sich Osten verfolgt werden (Abb. 28). An von Schicht XII bis Schicht XVI verfolgen. diesem Weg gelehnt lassen sich kleine In der seit Schicht VI zu verfolgenden 2.50 zu 2 m große Kammern erkennen. Kontinuität der Baustruktur tritt mit In der Keramik begegnen außer den Schicht XVI ein Bruch ein. Die beiden üblichen Formen der schwarz - oder 4.50 zu 3 m großen Pfostenhäuser, die braunpolierten Ware der Frühbronzezeit nebeneinanderliegend aufgedeckt wurden, II schwarz oder rotbraun auf hellem waren durch eine grünliche stark mit Grund bemalte Gefäße, die um die Hals­ Mergel und Asche vermischte Schicht zone feinstrichige Schraffurgruppen tra­ überlagert (Abb. 29.30). Die Wände be­ gen 1S. Bei den Beispielen der monochro­ standen aus Pfosten, die 20-30 cm vonein­ men Gattungen sind trompetenhenkel­ ander standen und durch Bretter ver­ artige Griffe und rüsselartige Knubben bunden waren. Im Innern war eine 10 charakteristisch (Abb. 32, 33)16. Des cm dicke Lehmschicht dagegengesetzt, die weiteren sind bereits plastisch verzierte mit einer Kalkschicht verputzt war. Im Fragmente des Karaz-Typs zu verfolgen. Auffallend selten in diesen Schichten sind 17 Keban Projesi 1970, 114 Taf. 73, 1-3. Tepecik : “syrische Importe” mit meist grünlicher, ebd. 1968, Taf. 20,2-5; 1969 Taf. 91,1. - Pulur (Sakyol): grauer oder ziegelroter Oberfläche. Keban Projesi 1969, Taf. 79 (Schicht VIII-V). - Han İbrahim Şah : Keban Projesi 1970 Taf. 41,5 42,5; Korucu : van Loon, JNES 32, 1973, 361. 18 Vgl. Pulur : Koşay-Vary, Pulur Kazısı (1964) 14 Keban Projesi 1972 (im Druck); vorläufig Taf. 47, P 116-119. 121-123. 672.704. - Güzelova : Anat. St. 23, 1973, 51. Koşay-Vary, Güzelova Kazısı (1967) Taf. 79 G. 50. 16 Esin, Keban Projesi 1968, Taf. 21. 19 Korucu-Tepe : Keban Projesi 1970 Taf. -55,2; 16 ebd. Taf. 12,8; 13.8. JNES 32, 1973 Taf. 9c.d. 70 HARALD HAUPTMANN westlichen Raum wurde eine Herdplatte fanden sich mehrere kleinräumige Häuser vom Typ Karaz-I-Typ gefunden, die in im Nord - und Westteil mit der üblichen dieser bis nach Transkaukasien verbreite Ausstattung von Backplatten und runden ten From zum ersten Mal auf Norçun Herdstellen. Ein Haus hat die Gestalt beobachtet wurde 20. Der östliche Raum eines Schlüsselloches und ist 4.50 m lang ist mit 6 zu 4 m größer und besitzt an und 2.75 m breit (Abb. 39-41). Im Zentrum der Westwand eine Lehmbank mit Herd­ des Schnittes wurde ein 6.50 zu 4.40 m platte und im Zentrum einen Pfosten. großer Raum mit einer Backplatte und Neben dem Pfostenbau, der auch aus einem runden Herd aufgedeckt. Die Fun­ Degirmentepe und Ta§kun Mevki21 belegt damentierung des Lehmziegelaufbaus bes­ ist, bleibt der Lehmziegelbau weiterhin teht aus drei Lagen von Balken mit üblich. Steinlagen dazwischen. In der Keramik Schicht XVII brachte wiederum 2 überwiegen helltonige Gefäße, die einer Pfostenhäuser gleicher Konstruktion, an frühen Phase des späten Chalkolithikums die sich weitere Pfostenstellungen von angehören (vgl. Cayboyu II) 24. Auffallend Stallungen anschließen hervor (Abb. 31). selten sind bemalte Fragmente, die in Schicht XVIII schließlich wurde mit einem violettbrauner Farbe breitbandige Muster Pfostenhaus von 4 zu 3.50 m Größe auf weißlichem Grund tragen. Vereinzelt erfaßt. In diesen Schichten ist ein stetiges treten auch gestempelte Gefaßbruchstücke Ansteigen der rot auf crème bemalten des Typs Tepe Gawra XI-VI1I au f25. Keramik die 10 % der Keramik aus­ In einem Raum fand sich ein Schmelz­ macht, und der plastisch verzierten Gefäße tiegel mit Kupferresten. Ein anderer Raum (Abb. 36) zu beobachten, während der hat offensichtlich als Werkstatt zur Hers­ Anteil der “syrischen” Ware zurückgeht22. tellung von Obsidiangeräten gedient, die Mit diesen Schichten der frühen Bronze­ mit bisher 61 Pfeilspitzen in ungewöhn­ zeit I war in dieser Kampagne ein vor­ licher Menge registriert wurde. Daneben läufiger Abschluß gegeben. Jedoch ist sind grobgearbeitete größere Geräte aus durch die in der Fläche K/J 18/19 unter­ Feuerstein und Bohrer aus Obsidian zu suchten älteren Schichten dieser Stufe, nennen. Mehrere Stempelsiegel mit giebel­ in der übereinanderliegend 5 Befestigungen förmigem Querschnitt aus Serpentinit oder geschieden wurden, bereits die gesamte Bein vertreten einen aus Nordsyrien und stratigraphische Abfolge der frühen Bron­ Südostanatolien häufig belegten Typ (Abb. zezeit zu übersehen23. 42.43)26. Neben dem stilisierten Löwen, Innerhalb der am auslaufenden West­ über den ein Pfeil oder eine Lanze in den hang des Hügels durchgeführten Tiefgra­ freien Raum gesetzt ist, finden sich zwei bung in K/J 18/19 konnte in dieser Kam­ schlangenähnliche Motive, die spiralartig pagne nur eine Bauschicht aus dem ineinandergreifen. Außerdem fanden sich späten Chalkolithikum untersucht werden, insgesamt 4 Kinderbestattungen in Hok- in der sich 3 Phasen trennen lassen. Es kerstellung, von denen eine in einem Korb niedergelegt war (Abb. 44.45). 20 E. I. Krupnov, Sov. Arch. 1964 Nr. 1 : 28 Abb. 1, 4, 5; z. B. Amiranis Gora, Shengavit, Dibude, Osni : E. Chanzadjan, Die Kultur des armenischen 24 B. Aksoy - St. Diamant, Anat. St. 23, 1973, Hochlandes im 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (1967) Taf. 7. 105 f. mit Abb. 3, 43-95. 21 K. Ch. KuSnareva - T. Chubinisvili, Ancient 25 A. J. Tobler, Excavations at Tepe Gawra II Cultures of Southern Caucasus (1970) 74 Abb. 26 (1950) Taf. 79 : a, 2.c; 152, 514. B.C.; S. Helms, Anat. St. 23, 1973, 113 Abb. 4. 26 D. G. Hogarth, Hittite Seals (1920) 29 f. Nr. 22 Die Untersuchungen der ältesten Schichten 65.66.70.102.103. - H. H. von der Osten, OIP 37, aus dieser Zeit in der Tiefgrabung J5K 18519 brachte 1936, 17 Taf. 10, 108.109. - G. A. Eisen, OIP 47, 1940, dagegen ein starkes Ansteigen der ‘syrischen’ Import­ 56 Taf. 12 Nr. 116.117. - Von der Osten, Altorienta­ waren (vgl. Keban Projesi 1970, 114). lische Siegelsteine der Sammlung H. S. von Aulock 23 ebd. 114. (1957) Nr. 38-53. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NORSUNTEPE 1973 71

Abb. 1 — Nor$untepe. Topographischer Plan mit Grabungsflächen. 4

Abb. 2 — Nor§un-Tepe von Westen.

Abb. 4 — Früheisenzeitliches Gefäss. AAD HAUPTMANN HARALD

Abb. 5 — Inv. Nr. NO 73/1. R 22, Grab 2. Mitteleisenzeitliche Kanne. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NOR§UNTEPE 1973 73

Abb. 7 — Inv. Nr. NO 149 a-e. R 23, Grab 1. Abb. 10 — R-T 22/23. Aufweg. Horizont VI. Mitteleisenzeitliche Beigaben. VI« Yapi kati Ilk Tunç III - yapilari "■4 4*. AAD HAUPTMANN HARALD

Abb. 9 — Horizont VI. Frühbronzezeit-HI-Bebauung. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NOR§UNTEPE 1973 75

Abb. 12 — R/S 23. Aufweg mit Entwässerungskanal. Abb. 15 — R-T 21/22. Übersicht. Horizont vn/vm. 76 HARALD HAUPTMANN

SCHEMATISCHER ÜBERSICHTSPLAN Abb. 13 — Horizont VII/VIII. Frühbronzezeit-III-Bebauung. Abb. 16 — R 21. Pithosraum.

Abb. 18 — R/S 21/22. Inneres der Backofenkuppel. m RBNE AF E NRUTP 1973 NORgUNTEPE DEM AUF GRABUNGEN

Abb. 17— R/S 21/22. Raum mit Backofen.

Abb. 19 — R 21. Pithosraum. Bronzezeit III. Abb. 23 — Inv. Nr. NO 73/3. R 21. Frühe

Abb. 22 — Inv. Nr. NO 73/22. Gussiörm. Frühe Bronzezeit III. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NOR§UNTEPE 1973 79

NOR$UN-TEPE 1973

10 m SCHEMATISCHER ÜBERSICHTSPLAN 0___ $ Abb. 25 — Horizont VIII. Westplateau. Frühbronzezeit-III-Bebauung. 80 HARALD HAUPTMANN Bronzezeit III. Abb. 24 — Inv. Nr. NO 73/4. R 21. Frühe DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NOR§UNTEPE 1973 81

Abb. 29 — L 19, Schicht XVI. Frühbronzezeit-I- Bebauung. 82 HARALD HAUPTMANN

Abb. 31 — L 19, Schicht XVII. Pfostenhäuser. Abb. 33 — L 19, Schicht XIV. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NORSUNTEPE 1973 83

Abb. 35 — L 19. Dunkelrot auf Crème bemalte Abb. 37 — Inv. Nr. NO 73/112, 113, Keramik. Schicht XIV. Webkämme aus Bein. Schicht XIV. 84 HARALD HAUPTMANN

NOR$UN-TEPE 1973 01 2 3 A 5m SCHEMATISCHER ÜBERSICHTSPLAN M.8.

Abb. 39 — J/K 18/19. Spätchalkolithische Bebauung. DIE GRABUNGEN AUF DEM NOR§UNTEPE 1973 85 Abb. 41 — J/K 18. Spätchalkolithisches Haus.

Abb. 40 — J/K 18/19. Spätchalkolithische Bebauung. AAD HAUPTMANN HARALD Abb. 42 — Inv. Nr. NO 73/55. Spätchalkolithisches Stempe'siegel. Abb. 43 — Inv. Nr. NO 73/60. Spätchalkolithisches Stempelsiegel.

Abb. 44,45 — J/K 18/19. Spätchalkolithische Bestattungen. EXCAVATIONS AT KARATAŞ-SEMAYÜK AND ELMALI, 1974

MACHTELD J. MELLINK

The Bryn Mawr College campaign had been observed here in a drainage of 1974 was largely devoted to the restora­ channel near the edge of the tumulus. tion and preservation of the painted A trench cut to investigate the stones tomb chambers in the tumuli at Kara­ revealed the presence of a large limestone burun and Kizilbel1. base, measuring 4.96 x 1.35 X 0.58 m. 1. Karaburun. The painted tomb (figs. 1-7). Its long side is roughly parallel chamber in tumulus II at Karaburun to the façade of the tomb chamber at a was inspected by restorer Franca Callori distance of c. 16 m. (fig. 1). The base is di Vignale. In general, the state of the built of two blocks, originally held to­ paintings was found to be satisfactory. gether by swallowtail clamps, now missing In some areas, special measures had to (fig. 6). It was set in the slope of the be taken to prevent the growth of lichen. tumulus, its top at a level 1.50 m. below Major work on the paintings and on the that of the floor of the tomb chamber. repair of the unpainted plaster surfaces The outer stone coating of the tumulus of walls and ceiling is planned for the was also packed around the sides and the 1975 season. rear of the base. The front of the base In 1974, further excavation took was freestanding and protected on each place on the Southeast slope of the tu­ side by a triangular stone acting as a mulus. An unusual accumulation of stones 1 parapet (fig. 7). The top of the base had a set of shallow rectangular cuttings evidently pre­ 1 The season lasted from July 17 to November 25, 1974. Special thanks are due to the Directorate General pared to receive inserts. At the left and of Antiquities and Museums in Ankara and to the right are cuttings measuring 0.78 X 0.85 Director and staff of the Antalya Museum for their x 0.10 m., interlocking with a long continuing support, aid, and advice. We are very shallower central cutting of 0.32 x 2.41 x grateful to Miss Serap Alptiirk, representative of the 0.08 m. ; this long cutting has an extension Department of Antiquities, for her help, initiative and friendship through a long season with many in front of 1.80 x 0.17 m (fig. 3). Of technical problems. The staff consisted of Dr. Robert the inserts, no certain traces were found. A. Bridges, Jr. and graduate students Jayne'L. Warner, The cuttings suggest that two rectangular Daniel A. Boyd, Phyllis della Croce and architect piers stood at the sides, holding a thinner D. Mustafa Uz. Restorer Franca Callori di Vignale central insert in place. The central piece(s) again came to continue her valuable work on the restoration of the painted tombs. We also want to may have been in the form of a solid thank architect-engineer M. Tuncay Giinay to whose stone door, carved to represent a symbolic generous help and advice the Kizilbel project is entrance to the “dromos” of the tomb thoroughly indebted. The authorities in Elmah and chamber. Such a dromos did not in our local friends supported the work with active reality exist, because only a shoit dromos assistance and lively sympathy; we hope to be able to preserve the archaeological monuments of the Elmah (c. 3-5 m. in length) was temporarily left area as a lasting tribute to their interest. open in front of the chamber until the 88 MACHTELD J. MELLINK time of the burial; this entrance area Arkeologya ve Etnografya Dergisi 2, was later filled in as the tumulus was 1934, pp. 130-135; for the discussion of closed and enlarged to a diameter of parallels I also owe much to the advice some 50 m. Yet, a stone doorway (presu­ of Dr. Nezih Firath). mably also provided with a stone lintel) The stratification of tumuli I and II could have suggested the presence and at Karabuiun was more closely investi­ orientation of the tomb. It could also gated in 1974 and long sections were have been the place where respects were drawn to show the construction of the paid to the dignitary buried in Karaburun mounds. Tumulus I overlies a shallow II. An alternate possibility is that the deposit of Chalcolithic habitation. Sherds lateral piers on the base held a relief in of this early period are scattered on the place which could have represented the slopes of Karaburun but tests revealed dignitary reclining on his kline, a sculp­ that erosion had destrojed most of the tured version of the design painted on tiaces of early habitation on the ridge. the rear wall inside the tomb. 2. Kizilbel. The work at Kizilbel Investigations in the much disturbed (fig. 8), undertaken as a joint operation fill around the base proved again that the with the Antalya Museum, consisted of tumulus had been robbed and interfered an intensive inspection of the paintings with in the early Roman period. Frag­ in the tomb chamber and the construction ments of a limestone sarcophagus were of an entrance building which was de­ found in the fill to the Southeast of the signed to protect the paintings through base. This means that an intermediate control of temperature, humidity, and burial had been set somewhere between light. tumuli I and II at Karaburun. Among Restorer Franca Callori di Vignale the stone fragments in the disturbed fill inspected every detail of the interior of were two pieces of a limestone lion. One the tomb chamber. Fine cleaning took fragment belongs to the muzzle, the place where necessary and additional other to the mane. The stone is soft observations were made allowing a better and not of the type or woikmanship of the understanding of some of the designs rectangular base; it is uncertain whether on the walls. It became evident that these lion fragments can be associated painted friezes had covered every block with the monument in front of the tu­ except for those surfaces hidden by the mulus. Other stone fragments are minimal; stone kline (the lower course of the probably the blocks which originally West wall) and the stone table (the stood in the cuttings on the base were Northeast comer). Much of the painting removed from the site in antiquity. is irretrievably lost through weathering The presence of a monumental base and human action, but among the notable at the foot of the tumulus, set in a small discoveries of 1974 were the remnants terrace which foims an insert in the of a vivid deer hunt painted on block periphery (in this case, one cannot speak East 5, in the frieze below the boar hunt of a real krepis) is not unparalleled in in the marshes. Several of the deer could Anatolia. The closest parallel is a base be recognized in outline (fig. 9). They found in fragments on the slope of the are shown running in various directions. Graeco-Persian tumulus at Güre near Some are falling and others are lying Uşak, excavated by Director Burhan on their backs, killed in the hunt. The Tezcan to whose kindness I owe this Kizilbel repertoire of hunting scenes is information. Late parallels can be seen considerably enriched by this discovery. in the bases built on the Galatian tumuli The hunt starts on block East 4 with a at Karalar North of Ankara (Türk Tarih, hunter facing right, but a large gap EXCAVATIONS AT KARATAS - SEMAYÜK AND ELMALI, 1974 89 remains in the frieze. Restorer Franca proper will remain empty, with a floor of Callori di Vignale is making 1 : 1 water- clean gravel to replace the broken and color copies of the paintings exactly as missing floorslabs of the original paving. they survive on each block. In the process of the rebuilding of The construction of an entrance the tumulus the construction of the tomb building (figs. 9-12), designed after many chamber could be examined in some discussions with the staff with special detail (fig. 8). The roof consisted of four advice from Franca Callori di Vignale, slabs of lengths varying from 2.40 to architect D. Mustafa Uz, and architect - 2.80 m.; the lower slabs were set on engineer M. Tuncay Günay, was under­ edge on the lateral walls of the tomb; taken with the aid of a generous subven­ the upper slabs met in a V-shaped join tion for building materials from the the lower edge of which was sealed with Department of Antiquities and Museums lead. In 1974, clean fill was packed over in Ankara and with the cooperation of the tomb chamber in the rebuilding of Director Tanju Ôzoral and the staff of the tumulus. the Antalya Museum. The entrance building has stone walls As designed, the structure consists on reinforced concrete foundations. The of three parts. The tumulus has been roofs are of reinforced concrete. Metal rebuilt over the tomb chamber. A small doorways protect and isolate the rooms entrance room (measuring 3.50 x 4.50 m.) and allow controlled ventilation. Lighting stands on the South slope, half embedded will be through portable electric lanterns in the tumulus (fig. 12). From here a so that there will be no danger of over­ staircase leads down to a subterranean exposure to prolonged artificial illumina­ anteroom (2.50 X 4.80 m. with a maximum tion. interior height of 3.00 m.) which gives The winter of 1974-1975 will be an access to the tomb chamber (figs. 10-11). experimental period to test the efficiency The entire façade of the tomb can be of the structure; if the protection of the seen in this anteroom, the roof of which paintings is found satisfactory, the interior projects over the front part of the roof of the entrance building will be finished of the tomb chamber. The stone kline, in 1975. After additional cleaning of the stone table, and stone door of the tomb paintings the first stage of rescue work at chamber will eventually be displayed in Kizilbel can be completed and a program this anteroom, after restoration of the of limited access can be planned for badly destroyed fragments. The tomb future visitors. 90 MACHTELD J. MELLINK

Fig. 1 — Plan of Karaburun area with location of sarcophagus in tumulus I, base and tomb chamber in tumulus II.

T S'

Fig. 3 — Plan and sections of limestone base, Karaburun II. EXCAVATfONS AT KARATAS - SEMA YÜK AND ELMALI, ELMALI, AND SEMA -YÜK KARATAS AT EXCAVATfONS 1974

Fig. 7 — Detail of limestone base : parapet on North side. Fig. 8 — Kizilbel. Tomb chamber seen from front. Fig. 9 — Kizilbel. Detail of paintings : deer hunt.

Fig. 11 — Kizilbel. Protective structures seen from rear of tomb AHED . MELLINK J. MACHTELD

Fig. 10 — Kizilbel. Construction of roof of anteroom.

Fig. 12 — Kizilbel. View of rebuilt tumulus and entrance building. EXCAVATIONS AT ANEMURIUM (ESKİ ANAMUR 1974)

JAMES RUSSELL

A season of restoration and conser­ and walls of four well-preserved tombs in vation, planned to last for six weeks, was the necropolis. It was also planned simul­ begun 14 July, 1974, with a labour force taneously to clean and conserve the of twenty workmen. The work was directed painted decoration of the interiors of by Professor James Russell, University these tombs. Unfortunately, as a conse­ of British Columbia, with Mr. Ian Bristow quence of the emergency situation arising in charge of architectural restoration and from the action on Cyprus, the season Miss Pamela Pratt, Institute of Archaeo­ was terminated on 22 July. Nevertheless, logy, University of London, in charge despite this premature suspension, excellent of the conservation programme1. progress was recorded in the one week The original intention was to restore of normal operations. A description of and, where necessary, rebuild the vaults what was accomplished follows2:

1 Other members of the staff included MissA. Architectural Restoration o f Tombs A Frances Halahan, conservation specialist, Miss Kathryn IV la and A III53 :- Walker and Mr. Brian Gilmour, both students at the Institute of Archaeology, London. Bay Yalçın Karalar, At the commencement of the season, archaeologist and assistant at the Adana Regional since none of the telltales set in the fissures Museum, once again represented the Eski Eserler of their walls in 1973 had recorded any ve Müzeler Gn. Müdürlüğü as temsilci. His patience movement, it was decided that operations and helpfulness, so much appreciated in previous should start on A IY 7a and A III 5. In seasons, were even more valued in the exceptional circumstances of the 1974 season. the course of the week the vault of A IV Once again we acknowledge the debt of gratitude 7a was cleared of its natural cover of we owe first to the Republic of Turkey and in particular earth and vegetation and the spaces bet­ to the Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Gn. Müdürlüğü for ween the stones of the vault completely graciously permitting us to continue our work at cleaned out. The vault top was brushed Anemurium; and second to the Canada Council for the trust it continues to place in us by providing the with a slurry of equal parts lime and necessary funds. Of the numerous officials both cement to ensure good adhesion of the Turkish and Canadian on whose kindness we rely pointing. In the course of the work it so heavily we should mention especially the General was necessary to remove traces of ancient Director of the Department of Antiquities, Bay mortar now in a defective state, but Hikmet Gürçay, the Deputy Director, Bay Burhan Tezcan and Director of Excavations, Bay Çetin Anlağan for their continuing sympathetic interest in 2 I am especially indebted to Mr. Bristow for our work; to the former Canadian Ambassador to the first section of this report and to Miss Pratt for Turkey, H. E. Mr. G. F. G. Hughes and the Chargé the second. - d’Affaires, Mr. Len Edwards, for their conscientious 3 These numbers refer to the original survey of efforts in our interest; and to the Kaymakam of the necropolis. For details of architecture, cf. E. Anamur, Bay Fahri Görgülü and the other local Alfoldi-Rosenbaum, Artamur Necropolu (Ankara, officials for their never-failing courtesy and concern 1971), A IV 7 pp. 48-50, 142-144; A IH 5 pp. 42-44, for our well-being. 135-136. 94 JAMES RUSSELL samples were retained and recorded. The decided to inject a lime mortar-mix which excavation at the rear (west) of the preliminary tests had shown to be suitable. painted chamber was enlarged and an Work was started on the removal of ancient wall that was revealed cleaned salt and mould deposits from the paintings off with the intention that it should be on the walls and vault of the first chamber raised to act as a retaining wall. The and from those on the walls of the alcove floor of the upper part of the adjacent off the main chamber in Tomb B I 16. chamber to the southwest (A IV 7d) The thin sheetlike deposits of insoluble was partially cleared of debris that could salts were removed from the paint-layer potentially hold rain water and part mechanically. Where the incrustations of a mosaic floor was exposed. were heavy, cleaning was facilitated by The interior of A III 5 was also the careful use of a dilute acid solution cleared to reveal a well-preserved mosaic to remove the upper part of the deposit. floor in the northern part of the tomb. The remaining thin layer immediately Its vault and that of the adjoining section above the painted surface was then re­ were cleared in the same manner as the moved with mechanical tools and scalpels. vault of A IV 7a, all loose and defective The cleaned areas were washed, using mortar being removed and samples again water sprays. Compresses, made of cotton retained. wool soaked in water, were applied to The necessary tools, sand, gravel, remove any traces of the acid and its and lime had been obtained, and the by-products produced during the treat­ slaking of lime was in progress at the ment. time when the season was terminated. Areas, approximately 1 metre square, Crushing of brick fragments for incorpora­ on the main vault in the first chamber tion in the setting coat had also commenced and on the alcove wall were successfully and the necessary decisions taken on treated, thus exposing a well-preserved mixes for the various renderings. painted layer. Unfortunately, work had to be suspended when the treatment of B. The Conservation o f Wall-Paintings in other areas was only partially completed. Tomb B I 16 4:- It is to be hoped that the delay in finishing Since work of restoration was in the treatment will not cause further progress on Tombs A IV 7a and A III 5, deterioration to the paint-surface in these it was decided to start the cleaning and areas. The walls and ceilings of the main conservation programme in Tomb B I 16. chamber and the alcove were sprayed with a one per cent phenyl solution of The intention was to remove water - sodium orthophenyl phenate in water, a insoluble salt incrustations and mould - growth from the surface, to consolidate fungicide, in an attempt to prevent fur­ ther mould - growth in the coming year. the paint-layer where necessary, and to treat the paintings to prevent further mould-growth. Areas of plaster loss were C. Matters of Archaeological Interest to be infilled with a suitable lime-plaster The 1974 season was in no sense an mixture to strengthen the existing areas excavation season, but, as has been of painted plaster and to render the mentioned, mosaic floors were exposed whole more aesthetically pleasing. Where in the course of clearing the tombs and the adhesion between the plaster and the their environs in preparation for restora­ wall support was weak, it had been tions. In the chamber A IV 7d, situated to the southwest of the painted chamber 4 For reference numbers and plan, cf. Alfoldi-A IV 7a, a polychrome mosaic floor Rosenbaum, pp. 79, 177-79, figs. 11-13. was discovered at second floor level at EXCAVATIONS AT ANEMURIUM ( ESKi ANAMUR) 1974 95 a depth of 0.15 m. (fig. 1). Only about From an archaeological point of one half of the area was exposed to view also the painted surfaces cleaned in reveal a geometric border 0.17 m. in Tomb B I 16 produced gratifying results. width, well-preserved only at the north - These paintings have of course been east corner. It was composed of an alterna­ described previously in detail by Professor ting series of bands in solid colour and Alfoldi-Rosenbaums, but with the removal stepped pyramids, and enclosed a band of the lime-deposits that previously ob­ of cubes in varying hues. Within this scured them the colours have emerged lay the central panel, but only the letters far fresher than was suspected (fig. 2). AME of an inscription, followed by a This is especially true of the male bust fragment of a wreath, survive at its enclosed in a wreath medallion in the northeast comer. north-west corner of the vault of the In clearing surface earth from the anteroom. He is identified as Winter painted chamber of Tomb A III 5 it (XEIMWN) by an inscription and is was discovered that the north half of the the only well-preserved example of four chamber was paved in polychrome mosaic Seasons originally painted in each corner of geometric design, the southern half of the vault. The chiaroscuro of the face being occupied by the arcosolia or tomb and the details of the fabric of his dark benches. The mosaic, about three-quarters green mantle are now remarkably clear. intact, consists of a central panel (2.00 Similarly a striking improvement in the m. x 1.20 m.) of six symmetrically ar­ clarity of the cleaned portion of the ranged octagons in three rows of two, enigmatic panel painted on the north each producing the effect of interlocking wall of the semi-vault of the same chamber 8 point stars. Within the octagons are may be noticed. concentric circles and a stepped diamond at the centre. This central panel is enclosed One further interesting discovery made on three sides by a simple border design, quite fortuitously in Tomb A VIII 4 is varying in width, of plain bands and worhy of note. This is a seven-line grave stepped pyramids; on the south it consists inscription found in two fragments, one of a series of four complex circular in situ on the lintel of the side chamber patterns set against a dark blue ground. of this tomb, the other discovered lying In several particulars this mosaic bears amongst fallen masonry next to the tomb. a close resemblance to motifs found in Though incomplete, the main gist of the the mosaic pavements of the large baths/ document is clear. The first four lines palaestra complex (III 2 B), excavated list the various names of the family in previous years, which has been dated buried in the tomb, a woman and her to the mid-third century after Christ. husband’s two brothers; while the last On this basis a similar date may reason­ three lines are in verse and constitute a ably be proposed for the mosaic of this brief epitaph recording the husband’s tomb. grief.

5 Alfoldi-Rosenbaum, pp. 20-25, 80, 112-116, 179-180. For a striking impression of the success of the methods employed in cleaning, compare fig. 2 with the original condition of Winter as illustrated by Alfoldi-Rosenbaum, pi. XXVII and coloured pi. IV. 96 JAMES RUSSELL

Fig. 1 — Anemurium : necropolis tomb AIV7d, mosaic floor.

Fig. 2 — Anemurium : necropolis tomb BI 16, fresco depicting head of Winter, after cleaning. -SİLİFKE “KEBEN” HİTİT KAYA KABARTMASI -

O. AYTUĞ TAŞ YÜREK

İçel ili, Silifke ilçesinin 20 km. kadar yimli, elleri öne uzanmış durumda göste­ kuzeyinde ve Modem Silifke-Mut karayo­ rilmiş, muhtemelen bir kadm figürünü lunun 2 km. kadar doğusunda, bir kaya tasvir eden relief 140 cm. kadar uzunluk­ kabartmasının varlığı bize Silifke Müzesi tadır (Res. 4). Figürün gözleri cepheden, Müdürü Saym Mehmet Belen tarafmdan badem şeklinde ve iri işlenmiş, elleri ve haber verilmiş id i1. 1975 yılı şubatında başlığının uç tarafı muhtemelen aşağıdan yukarıda belirtilen yere Adana Bölge Mü­ atılan taşlarla kırılmıştır. Burnu da iri zesi Asistanı Yalçın Karalar ve Maryland gösterilmiş olan figürün ellerinde herhangi Üniversitesi öğretim üyelerinden Claudine bir obje bulunup bulunmadığı kesinlikle Weatherford (M.A.) ile birlikte gidilerek anlaşılmamakla beraber, büyük ihtimalle yerinde tetkik ve incelemelerde bulunuldu. sol eliyle bir ağaç dalı tutmaktadır. Giyimi Keben köyünün yerlileri ile yapılan ko­ yönünden sade gösterilmiş bulunan figür nuşmalar Modern karayolunun açılma­ bir dini tören kıyafeti ile tasvir edilmiş sından önceki yol güzergâhının reliefin olsa gerektir3. Eserde, figürün yüz işle­ hemen önünden geçmekte olduğunu be- nişinin detayları pek belirgin değildir. lirlemiştirki, bu yol bu gün dahi mev­ Keben’de olduğu gibi Kilikya ve yakın cuttur. çevresindeki diğer Hitit çağı kaya relief- Modem Keben köyünün 1 km. kadar lerininde çoğunlukla ırmak yada su kenar­ kuzeyinde ve aşağıdaki Göksu vadisini larında yer aldıkları görülmektedir. Ör­ tepeden gören (Res. 1), dik inen sarp neğin; Sirkeli4, Gezbeli5, Karasu6, Ef­ kayalık kesimde vücuda getirilmiş bulunan latun pm ar7 ve İvriz8 bu konuda verile­ relief 100 X 150 cm. kadar boyutlarda bilecek misallerin en belli başlıları kabul ve derinliği 10 cm. olan bir niş içinde yer edilebilirler. Bu relieflerin Hitit İmpara­ almaktadır (Res. 2). Reliefin ayak hiza­ torluk çağı (M.Ö. 1450-1200) ile Geç sının zeminden 4 m. kadar yüksekte ol­ Hitit çağlarmda (1200-700) vücuda geti­ ması eserin günümüze oldukça iyi korun­ rilmiş oldukları göz önünde bulunduru­ muş bir halde gelebilmesini temin etmiştir larak Keben reliefininde bu süre içinde (Res. 3 )2. yapılmış olduğuna muhakkak nazarı ile bakılabilir. Ancak eserin M.Ö. 1400-700 Sağa yürüyen, başı örtülü, sırtında yılları arasındaki ortalama 700 yıllık süre­ bir pelerin ve altında uzun elbise ile gi- 3 Krş. E. Akurgal, The Hittites, 1962, Pl. 114. 1 Daha önce bazı meslektaşlarımız tarafındanda 4 Aynı eser, s. 115 PI. XX. görüldüğü halde neşriyata geçmemiş bulunan bu kaya 8 U. B. Alkım, Anatolie 1 (Archaeologia Mundi), kabartmasının varlığından bize haberdar eden Silifke 1968, Pl. 112-3. Müzesi Müdürü Saym Mehmet Belen’e teşekkürü 6 C. A. Burney, G. R. J. Lawson, AS. VIII (1958). borç biliriz. Pl. XXXIV.b. 2 Reliefin zeminden oldukça yüksekte yer alması 7 E. Akurgal, The Hittites, s. 12 Pl. XXI. kat’i ölçüler alınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. 8 Aynı eser, s. 141, Pl. XXIV. 98 O. AYTUĞ T AŞ YÜREK

nin hangi safhasında vücuda getirilmiş tarihlenmesi pek hatalı olmasa gerektir. olduğunu kesinlikle saptamak oldukça Arami etkileri taşımadığı halde, figürün zordur. Keben reliefinin yüzü maalesef burnunun alnın devamı halinde, kemerli stil kritiği için yeterli ip uçları vermemek­ ve iri gösterilmiş olması bu husustaki tedir. Buna rağmen tarihi verilere dayanı­ kanaatimize destek olmaktadır (Fes. 4) 13. larak Kilikya’nın Hitit krallık çağında Reliefin yakm çevresinde yapılan satıh tamamen bu krallığın hegemonyası altmda araştırmaları civarda herhangi bir Hitit olduğu ve bu çağdan, gerek Tarsus kazı­ çağı iskânmm mevcut olmadığım ortaya larından elde edilen önemli buluntular 9 ve koymuştur. Ancak, relieften 300 m. kadar gerekse Sirkeli’deki Kral Muvattali’nin aşağıda, Göksu vadisine inen sırtlarda kaya reliefi10 11, keza Gezbeli11 ve Hemite birkaç adet Roma çağı için karakteristik kaya reliefleri12 vs. gibi eserler göz kayaya oyulmuş oda mezarına, satıhta ise önünde bulundurularak, Keben kaya ka- bazı Roma çağı keramik parçalarına rast­ bartmasımnda Hitit İmparatorluk çağma lanılmıştır.

9 H. Goldman, Excavations at Gözlükule, Tar­ sus, II. Text, 1956, s. 242 vd; PI. II, Fig. 401-8, 456. 10 Bak. dipnot 4. 11 Bak. dipnot 5. 12 Kadirli’yi Osmaniye’ye bağlayan yol güzer­ gâhında ve Ceyhan nehri kıyısındaki Hemite köyü civarında yer alan bu kaya reliefi için Bak. U. B. Alkım. Anatolie I, s. 220. 13 Krş. E. Akurgal, The Hittites, Pl. 65. -THE KEBEN HÎTTlTE ROCK RELIEF FROM SÎLÎFKE- *

O. AYTUĞ TAŞ YÜREK

The existence of a rock relief in the from the front, are large and almond - İçel district some 20 km. North of Silifke shaped. Probably her hands and the ends county and about 2 km. East of the of the headgear were broken by stones Silifke-Mut road was reported by M. thrown at her from down below. The Belen, the director of the Silifke Museum \ nose is large and we are not certain in February 1975. The above mentioned whether she is holding something in her locality was visited and explored with hands or not, but it is probable that she the help of Y. Karalar, who is an assistant is holding a branch of a tree. The plain at the Adana Museum, and C. Weather­ clothes of the figure would mean she is ford (M. A) from Maryland University. depicted in a religious ceremonial outfit* 13. According to information obtained from The facial details are not very clear. the villagers of Keben, the route previous It is observed that, as at Keben, other to the modem road passed by the relief, rock reliefs of the Hittite period in Cilicia and this route is still in existence today. and the neighbouring areas usually tend The relief is located on the steeply to be located near water or along the sloping rocky area which is about 1 km. streams. Sirkeli4, Gezbeli5, Karasu6, Ef- North of the modem Keben village and latun pinar7 and ivriz8 can be given as overlooks the Göksu valley (PI. 1). Its the most important examples. Bearing approximate measurements are 100 x 150 in mind that these reliefs date to the cm. in a niche 10 cm. deep (PI. 2). Since Hittite Empire (1450-1200 B.C.) and Late the relief stands about 4 m. above the Hittite (1200-700 B.C.) periods, the Keben ground level it has survived to the present relief can be dated to this period with day in a fairly good condition (PI. 3 )2. certainty. However, it is quite difficult to determine to which period of these The relief is 140 cm. in length and it approximatly 700 years between 1400- probably depicts a female figure who is 700 B.C. the monument belongs. Unfor­ shown walking to the right with her hands tunately the face of the Keben relief does stretched forward (PI. 4). The head of not give enogh clues for a stylistic analysis. the figüre is covered; she wears a cape on Neverthless in view of the historical evi­ her back with a long dress underneath. dence which places Cilicia under Hittite The eyes of the figure, which are shown domination in the empire period, as of

* I would like to thank Mr. Turhan Kamil, for 3 See, E. Akurgal, The Hittites, 1963 (PI. 114.). the translation of this article into English. 4 Ibid. p. 15 pi. XX. 1 Thanks are due to M. Belen, the director of the 6 U. B. Alkim, Anatolia I (Archaeology Mundi), Silifke Museum, for informing us of the existence of 1968. PI. 112-3. this rock relief which had been located by some of 8 C. A. Burney, G. R. J. Lawson, AS. VII (1958). our colleagues but has not been published. PI. XXXIV; b. 2 The position of the relief high above the ground 7 E. Akurgal, “The Hittites”, p. 12 PI. XXI. level makes exact measuring difficult. 8 Ibid. p. 141, PI. XXIV. 100 O. AYTUĞ TAŞYÜREK the finds from Tarsus excavations 8 9 and Surface survey in the vicinity of the the rock reliefs of Sirkeli10 11, Gezbeli11, and relief has revealed no Hittite settlement Hemite 12 it would not be too wrong to in the area. Only on the slopes leading date the Keben relief to the Hittite Empire into the Goksu valley and about 300 m. period. In the absence of Aramaic influ­ away from the relief, several characteristic ence the figure’s prominent and large rockcut tombs of the Roman period and nose, shown as a continuation of the some surface pottery sherds of the Roman forehead, admit this opinion (PI. 5 )13. period were found.

8 H. Goldman, “Eğcavations at Gözlükule”, Tarsus. II; Text, 1956, p. 242 ff. PL II, Fig. 401-8, 456. 10 See, note 4. 11 See. note 5. 12 This rock relief is situated by the Kadirli - Osmaniye road along the Ceyhan River and near Hemite village. See, U. B. Alkım. “Anatolia I”, p. 220. 13 See, E. Akurgal, The Hittites, pi. 65. SİLİFKE «KEBEN» HİTİT KAYA KABARTMASI 101

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2 3 102 O. AYTUĞ TASYÜREK

5 SEYİTGAZİ NEKROPOL KAZISI-1974

Arkeolog DÜNDAR TOKGÖZ Eskişehir Müzesi Müdürü

Eskişehir-Seyitgazi arasında arkeolojik liyesi’ne çıkan yolun hemen bitişiğinde araştırmalar yapılırken, Seyitgazi Müzesi, olan bu tepe. Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve İlçe Merkezinde bir kaya mezarının ortaya Osmanlı çağlarında mezarlık olarak kul- çıktığını haber vermişti. Bunun üzerine landmıştır (res. 2). Kayalık tepenin üze­ araştırmalarımızı bu merkeze yönelttik. rinde kalınlığı 40-70 cm. kadar bir toprak Çünkü çöküntü sebebiyle ortaya çıkan tabakası vardır. Fakat bu toprağm kalın­ mezar Seyitgazi nekropolü üzerinde idi. lığı bazı yerlerde 10 cm. veya tamamen Aynı zamanda mezarın ağzı da belirli bir sıyrdarak altmdan kayaların görünmesine şekilde açılmıştı. Bölgedeki mezar tiplerini sebep olmuştur. Kazısı yapdan mezar da tanımak, soygun ve tahribi önlemek için bu tepenin kuzey-batı eteğinde kaya al­ durumu bir raporla Eski Eserler ve Müze­ tına oyularak yapılmıştır (res. 3). ler Genel Müdürlüğü’müze bildirmiş ve kurtarma kazısı için izin istemiştim. Fakat Mezar: bu görev dönüşü Seyitgazi yolunda uğra­ Erken Bizans çağma ait kalker ka­ dığımız bir kaza çalışmalarımızı aksatacak yaya oyulmuş bu mezarın, tahrip edilmiş kadar da moralimizi bozmuştu. küçük bir girişi (dromosu) 2 ve birde uzun Genel Müdürlüğümüzün 19/4/1974 mezar odası vardır (res. 10 pl.). Mezarın gün ve 471-1 (26) 4752 saydı ve Müzemiz ana ekseni 40 derece GD istikametindedir. adına vermiş olduğu Eski Eserler Sondaj Tahrip edden girişin genişliği 0.70 m. ve Kazı Ruhsatnamesi ile bu nekropoldeki olup, sonunda mezara açıkan ve yine mezarın kazısı, başkanlığım altmda Eski­ tahrip edilmiş küçük bir kapı vardır 2. şehir Müzesi’nden Asistan Sema Bilik, Kapınm yükseldiği tahminen 0.65 m., şoförümüz Mahmut Kartkaya ile Seyit­ genişliği 0.50 m. ve et kalınlığı da 0.25 m.- gazi Müzesi’nden katdan Müze Memuru dir (res. 6). Mehmet Mutlu, bekçi Hüseyin Dere ve Mezar odası kapı eşiğinden 0.70 m. Fuat Avdan’dan kurulu bir heyet tara­ alçakta yapdmış olduğundan içine yük­ fından 1-10/6/1974 tarihleri arasında yapd- seldiği 0.30 m. olan bir basamakla indir mıştır \ (res. 6,10 A-A). Odanın uzunluğu 6.90 m., Ortaya çıkan mezar ilçenin güney-do- genişliği ortalama 1.70 m.dir. Tavan çok ğusunda ve eski mezarhk denen kayalık düşük beşik tonoz şeklinde yapdmış olup bir tepe eteğindedir. Seyit Battal Gazi Kül- önde 1.80 m., aıkada 1.52 m. kadar düşmektedir. Mezar odası zamanında tek­ 1 Bu kazıda heyetimize her türlü kolaylığı sağhyan rar genişletddiğinden boyu uzamış ve bir ve yakın alakalarım esirgemiyen Seyitgazi Kaymakamı Saym Orhan Kırh’ya, Belediye Başkanı Saym Metin Turan’a ve Seyitgazi Turizm Demeği mensuplarına 2 Mezarın girişi, İlçeye döşenen su borularının teşekkürlerimizi sunarız. buradan geçirilmesi sebebiyle tahrip olmuştur. o ÜDR TOKGÖZ DÜNDAR Res. 3 — Nekropolde çöküntü sebebiyle ortaya çıkan kaya altı Mezarın KB görünüşü.

Res. 4 — Mezarın içinden B duvarının görünüşü. Res. 5 — Mezarın içinden görünüşü. Res. 8 — Nekropolden Mesih Kalesi ve altında açılmış kaya mezarlarının görünüşü. i EİGZ NKOO KZS - 1974 - KAZISI NEKROPOL SEYİTGAZİ

Res. 9 — Nekropolün çevresinde bulunan kayalıklarda açılmış mezarlar. o 108 DÜNDAR TOKGÖZ

SEYİTGAZİ NEKR0P0L KAZISI-1974 MF7AR- C.

Seyitgazi T „ mezarının A-À kesiti

Res. 10 — Plan. SEYiTGAZi NEKROPOL KAZISI - 1974 109

Res. 11 — Plan.