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Decolonisation NELSON NELSON MODERNHISTORY MODERNHISTORY NELSON MODERNHISTORY DECOLONISATION DECOLONISATION Nelson Cengage has developed this series A Globalised World for Australian senior secondary students of Age of Imperialism Modern History. The series includes titles Australia 1918–1950s that encompass the period from the 18th century to the contemporary world and China and Revolution they explore the social, cultural and political Civil Rights in the United States of America developments that shape the 21st century. Decolonisation Written by experienced educators and Germany 1918–1945 experts in their fields, each book builds on India a narrative framework to incorporate recent research and historiography, primary and Recognition and Rights of Indigenous Peoples secondary sources, and learning activities. Russia and the Soviet Union These key features combine to support the The American Revolution development of historical knowledge and The Changing World Order understanding and historical skills that will enable students to interpret and reflect on The Enlightenment Decolonisation the experience and developments that have The French Revolution Decolonisation is the term used to describe the process of the breakup of empires and created the world in which they live. the establishment, or re-establishment, of nation states. After 1945, the European imperial The Industrial Revolution powers, such as France, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands, responded to the The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East demands of their colonial subjects for independence. The nature of the demands for independence United States of America 1917–1945 ranged from peaceful agitation and negotiation, as in British India, to bloody and protracted wars, as in French Indochina. Regardless of the path to independence, the outcome was the Women’s Movements establishment of dozens of new nation states in Africa and Asia after the Second World War. Workers’ Rights This transformation is most clearly illustrated in the membership of the United Nations. Formed in 1945 with 51 member nations, drawn mainly from Europe and the Americas, by 1970 the Unitied Nations’ membership had more than doubled to include 127 countries. Most of these new members were recently decolonised nations in Africa and Asia. WOOD Franklin D Roosevelt ISBN: 978-0170244046 In the Atlantic Charter of 1941, Franklin D Roosevelt, as President of the United States of America, called for the right of self-determination and self-government of imperial colonies. This charter encouraged nationalist ASHLEY WOOD movements around the world to question the nature of imperial rule. SERIES EDITOR: TONY TAYLOR Read more about the Atlantic Charter and Franklin D Roosevelt in Chapter 1. 9 780170 244046 For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au decol_sb_44046_cvr_gatefold_finalart.indd 1-4 23/07/14 10:46 AM If a people does not want to be ruled in the old way anymore, there is nothing much that can be done. Eric Hobsbawm Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 9780170244046 iii CONTENTS About the series iv Series editor acknowledgements vi Author acknowledgements vii 001 Introduction 090 CHAPTER 4 The Congo 006 CHAPTER 1 Decolonisation – 108 CHAPTER 5 an overview Algeria 042 CHAPTER 2 134 CHAPTER 6 India East Timor 064 CHAPTER 3 146 Conclusion Vietnam Index 150 9780170244046 ABOUT THE SERIES Using Decolonisation Decolonisation has been developed especially for senior secondary students of History and is part of the Nelson Modern History series. Each book in the series is based on the understanding that History is an interpretive study of the past by which you also come to better appreciate the making of the modern world. Developing understandings of the past and present in senior History extends on the skills you learnt in earlier years. As senior students you will use historical skills, including research, evaluation, synthesis, analysis and communication, and the historical concepts, such as evidence, continuity and change, cause and effect, significance, empathy, perspectives and contestability, to understand and interpret societies from the past. The activities and tasks in Decolonisation have been written to ensure that you develop the skills and attributes you need in senior History subjects. KEY FIGURES AND ORGANISATIONS, KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS, KEY DOCUMENTS feature brief biographies, profiles, definitions and summaries of key documents as a ready reference for learning and revision. ILLUSTRATED TIMELINE INQUIRY is a bird’s-eye view of the topic QUESTIONS and summarises the major are listed at the developments of the period. start of the chapter. These questions provide a focus for you as you read each chapter. CHAPTER INTRODUCTIONS provide a context to the issues that are addressed. SOURCE STUDIES of visual and text primary sources and secondary literature appear frequently through the text and are combined with questions SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS and activities to aid your are biographical profiles and assessments of key historical evaluation and interpretation figures and frequently include questions and activities. of evidence from the past. 9780170244046 9780170244091 v INFORMATION BOXES contain extended discussions of key events, concepts and DIAGRAMS AND historical developments. TALKING SOURCES Many also include questions are used to visually summarise and activities. complex ideas and events. CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CHAPTER REVIEW ACTIVITIES conclude each chapter. They include a brief precis of the topic, suggestions for further reading, and a range of learning activities that consolidate knowledge and understanding of the chapter’s content. These tasks incorporate a range of historical understandings and skills. THE CONCLUSION summarises the topic and includes a series of activities to consolidate your knowledge of it. More importantly, these final tasks will help you build an understanding and interpretation of this period in history. Beyond this book The Nelson Modern History series includes numerous titles on a range of topics covered in senior History courses around Australia. For further information about the series visit: www.nelsonsecondary.com.au. 9780170244046 9780170244091 Corbis/Hulton-Deutsch Collection 9780170244046 2 KEY FIGURES AND ORGANISATIONS AHMED BEN BELLA WINSTON CHURCHILL MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND (1916–2012) (1874–1965) GANDHI (1869–1948) Soldier, revolutionary and Algeria’s Served as British prime minister on India’s most famous nationalist leader. first president. He fought with the two occasions: 1940–45 and 1951–55. He is forever associated with non-violent Free French Forces in the First World He held a variety of positions in the resistance as a method of protest and is War but returned home determined British government before becoming regarded as the father of modern India. to bring about independence for prime minister after the defeat of He trained as a lawyer in England and Algeria. He became a key figure in Neville Chamberlain in 1940. He led worked in South Africa before returning the National Liberation Front (FLN). Britain throughout the Second World to India in 1914. He immediately began Although arrested by the French, he War and was a staunch supporter of lobbying for independence and was was released in 1962 to attend the Britain’s empire. He stated in 1942, imprisoned several times for sedition. peace talks that resulted in Algerian ‘I have not become the King’s First Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu independence. Minister in order to preside over the extremist in 1948. liquidation of the British Empire’. ROGER CASEMENT PATRICE LUMUMBA (1864–1916) CHARLES DE GAULLE (1925–61) (1890–1970) Irish-born writer and British consul, who later became a political activist. The 1904 Casement Report that investigated human rights abuses within the Congo Free State resulted in the formation of the Congo Reform Movement and with Casement’s Congolese nationalist, politician support it demanded that the atrocities French general, politician and and founder of the Congolese be addressed. president of France from 1959 to Nationalist Movement in 1958. 1969. Remembered mainly for his After parliamentary elections in the role in leading the Free French Forces newly independent Congo in 1960 in the Second World War, he also he became prime minister but was played an important part in Algerian dismissed later that year by President independence. Historians are divided Kasavubu. He was assassinated by as to whether he was determined to Belgian forces in January 1961. set Algeria free or whether he only did so when presented with no other option. 9780170244046 2 HAROLD MACMILLAN JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MOVEMENT FOR THE (1894–1986) (1889–1964) TRIUMPH OF Democratic LIBERTIES (MOUVEMENT POUR LE TRIOMPHE DES LIBERTÉS DÉMOCRATIQUES, MTLD) Algerian nationalist movement founded in 1946 by Ahmed Messali Hadj from the remnants of the Algerian Popular British prime minister from 1957 to Indian politician and elected the first Party. It was active until 1950 when it 1963. He is well known for his ‘winds prime minister of independent India was repressed by police, and was further of change’ speech, which was delivered in 1947. He was educated in England sidelined in 1954 with the creation of during a tour of South Africa in 1960. and served as a lawyer before joining the National Liberation Front (FLN). In it, he recognised the inevitability the Indian National Congress in 1918. of decolonisation. This was a very He was an avid
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