Die Räumliche Und Zeitliche Variabilität Der Epifaunagemeinschaften in Der Deutschen Ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone Der Jahre 2005 Bis 2015

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Die Räumliche Und Zeitliche Variabilität Der Epifaunagemeinschaften in Der Deutschen Ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone Der Jahre 2005 Bis 2015 Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Studiengang: Fach-Master Biologie Masterarbeit Die räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität der Epifaunagemeinschaften in der deutschen ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone der Jahre 2005 bis 2015 vorgelegt von: Ramona Ohde Betreuende Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Ingrid Kröncke Zweiter Gutachter: Dr. Hermann Neumann Oldenburg, den 03.02.2017 Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich diese Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel und Quellen verwendet habe. Außerdem versichere ich, dass ich die Prinzipien wissenschaftlicher Arbeit und Veröffentlichung, wie sie in den Leitlinien guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg festgelegt sind, befolgt habe. Oldenburg, den Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis.......................................................................................................... I Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ IV Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................ 2 2. Material & Methoden ..................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Untersuchungsgebiet ................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Probennahme und -bearbeitung ............................................................................... 4 2.3 Epifauna Rohdaten .................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Datenanalyse ............................................................................................................. 7 2.4.1 Räumliche Gemeinschaftsanalyse ...................................................................... 7 2.4.2 Zeitliche Gemeinschaftsanalyse ....................................................................... 10 2.5 Abiotische Parameter .............................................................................................. 11 2.5.1 Sedimentdaten ................................................................................................. 11 2.5.2 Temperaturdaten ............................................................................................. 12 3. Ergebnisse ..................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Artenliste ................................................................................................................. 12 3.2 Räumliche Gemeinschaftsanalyse ........................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Clusteranalyse .................................................................................................. 18 3.2.2 Multidimensionale Skalierung (MDS)............................................................... 20 3.2.3 Similarity Percentages (SIMPER) Analyse......................................................... 21 3.2.4 Kongruente Muster der Infauna- und Epifaunagemeinschaften ..................... 26 3.2.5 Sedimentcharakteristika in der deutschen AWZ .............................................. 27 3.3 Zeitliche Gemeinschaftsanalyse .............................................................................. 29 3.3.1 Mittlere Gesamtabundanz & Artenzahl ........................................................... 29 3.3.2 Diversitätsindex ................................................................................................ 35 3.3.3 Shade Plot ........................................................................................................ 35 3.3.4 Oberflächentemperatur ................................................................................... 38 4. Diskussion ...................................................................................................................... 39 4.1. Probenahmemethode ............................................................................................ 39 Baumkurrenvergleich ................................................................................................ 39 Standardisierung der Daten ...................................................................................... 40 4.2. Räumliche Variabilität von Epifaunagemeinschaften in der deutschen ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone (AWZ) ...................................................................... 41 Liocarcinus holsatus & Asterias rubens Gemeinschaft ............................................. 41 Luidia sarsii Gemeinschaft ........................................................................................ 44 Nephrops norvegicus Gemeinschaft ......................................................................... 44 Gründe für die räumliche Variabilität der Epifaunagemeinschaften ........................ 45 Kongruente Muster der Infauna- und Epifaunagemeinschaften .............................. 47 4.3 Einfluss der Sedimentverteilung auf die räumliche Verbreitung von Epifaunaarten ....................................................................................................................................... 48 4.4 Zeitliche Variabilität der Epifaunagemeinschaften in der deutschen ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone (AWZ) ...................................................................... 50 Oberflächentemperatur ............................................................................................ 50 Nahrungsverfügbarkeit ............................................................................................. 52 Fischerei .................................................................................................................... 53 Ausblick ......................................................................................................................... 53 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 54 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 55 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... 57 Anhang .............................................................................................................................. 58 Ergebnisse ..................................................................................................................... 58 Mittlere Gesamtabundanz pro 15 min und Shannon-Wiener Index ........................ 58 Mittlere Artenzahl der taxonomischen Großgruppen pro 15 min ............................ 58 Shade Plot - Abundanzen .......................................................................................... 58 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Geografische Lage der deutschen AWZ (ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone) in der südlichen und zentralen Nordsee, sowie die Temperaturmesspunkte Doggerbank, White Bank und Helgoland vom Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH). 4 Aildug : Geografishe Lage der feste “tatioe der Lagzeitreihe „GA“EE) inklusive der räumlichen Variabilität der Infaunagemeinschaften nach Rachor & Nehmer (2003) in der deutschen AWZ. ............................................................................................ 5 Abbildung 3: Zusammengefasstes Dendrogramm der Datensätze aus den Jahren 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 und 2015. Die Clusteranalyse basiert auf der Bray-Curtis- Ähnlichkeitsmatrix mit der Quadratwurzeltransformation aller Stationen. Die grünen Linien fassen die Stationen, die sich laut der SIMPROF Analyse (p < 0,05) hinsichtlich ihrer Artenzusammensetzung und Abundanz pro 15 min nicht weiter differenzierbar lassen, zusammen. ............................................................................................................ 18 Abbildung 4: Dendrogramm der Datensätze aus den Jahren 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 und 2015. Die Clusteranalyse basiert auf der Bray-Curtis-Ähnlichkeitsmatrix mit der Quadratwurzeltransformation aller Stationen. Die grünen Linien fassen die Stationen, die sich laut der SIMPROF Analyse (p < 0,05) hinsichtlich ihrer Artenzusammensetzung und Abundanz pro 15 min nicht weiter differenzierbar lassen, zusammen. .................... 19 Abbildung 5: MDS-Plot der Datensätze aus den Jahren 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 und 2015. Die MDS-Grafik basiert auf der Bray-Curtis-Ähnlichkeitsmatrix mit der Quadratwurzeltransformation aller Stationen. ................................................................ 20 Abbildung 6: Geografische Lage der ermittelten Cluster, Quadratwurzeltransformation (A, B = Elbe-Urstromtal, C, D = Tail End, E = Oysterground, F = Deutsche Bucht). ........... 21 Abbildung 7: Die räumliche Verteilung der Abundanzen der Arten Nephrops norvegicus, Goneplax rhomboides, Cancer pagurus und Brissopsis lyrifera in der deutschen AWZ. Die Abundanz ist in Individuen pro 15 Minuten Schleppzeit angegeben. .............................. 22 Abbildung 8: Die räumliche Verteilung der Abundanzen der Arten Luidia sarsii, Aphrodita aculeata, Buccinum undatum und Corystes cassivelaunus in der deutschen AWZ. Die Abundanz ist in Individuen pro 15 Minuten Schleppzeit angegeben. .............................. 23 Abbildung 9: Die
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