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Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps

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Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps forced labour in North Korean Prison Camps Norma Kang Muico Anti-Slavery International 2007 Acknowledgments We would like to thank the many courageous North Koreans who have agreed to be interviewed for this report and shared with us their often difficult experiences. We would also like to thank the following individuals and organisations for their input and assistance: Amnesty International, Baspia, Choi Soon-ho, Citizens’ Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (NKHR), Good Friends, Heo Yejin, Human Rights Watch, Hwang Sun-young, International Crisis Group (ICG), Mike Kaye, Kim Soo-am, Kim Tae-jin, Kim Yoon-jung, Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU), Ministry of Unification (MOU), National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK), Save the Children UK, Tim Peters and Sarangbang. The Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation kindly funded the research and production of this report as well as connected activities to prompt its recommendations. Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Background 2 2. Border Crossing 3 3. Surviving in China 4 Employment 4 Rural Brides 5 4. Forcible Repatriation 6 Police Raids 6 Deportation 8 5. Punishment upon Return 8 Kukga Bowibu (National Security Agency or NSA) 9 Yeshim (Preliminary Examination) 10 Living Conditions 13 The Waiting Game 13 6. Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps 14 Nodong Danryundae (Labour Training Camp) 14 Forced Labour 14 Pregnant Prisoners 17 Re-education 17 Living Conditions 17 Food 18 Medical Care 18 Do Jipkyulso (Provincial Detention Centre) 19 Forced Labour 19 Living Conditions 21 Inmin Boansung (People's Safety Agency or PSA) 21 Formal Trials 21 Informal Sentencing 22 Released without Sentence 22 Arbitrary Decisions 22 Kyohwaso (Re-education Camp) 24 Forced Labour 24 Food 24 Medical Care 25 7. Return to China 25 Reasons for Returning to China 25 Fear of Re-arrest 26 Refugees sur Place 26 8. Conclusion 27 9. Map of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) 28 10. Endnotes 29 11. Glossary of Terms 32 12. Case Studies 33 Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps songs, etc.). More than 90 per cent of the Executive summary interviewees either witnessed beatings or were hit themselves while in detention. The flow of undocumented North Korean migrants into China started in the mid-1990s Interviewees were also subject to other forms of and continues today. The great majority of these degrading treatment and punishment (e.g. forced migrants are not fleeing political oppression, but exercise as a form of punishment, being forced to rather food shortages and economic crisis in sit without moving for prolonged periods of time, North Korea. In the interviews carried out by being denied access to toilets, public criticism, Anti-Slavery International for this research 93 per etc.). cent of the North Koreans cite food shortages and economic hardship as the main factor for The overcrowded and unhygienic facilities, leaving North Korea. combined with inadequate food, water and medical care and the arduous nature of the In March 2007, the Government requested forced labour that prisoners have to perform assistance from the World Food Programme mean that deaths in the labour camps are not (WFP) to address the issue of food shortages. uncommon. The WFP estimated at this time that between one-third and one-half of North Koreans face a Given the fact that the vast majority of border daily struggle to find enough food to eat. While crossers are simply trying to exercise their right food insecurity remains a critical issue, the cross- to freedom of movement in order to sustain border migration of undocumented North themselves and their families, Anti-Slavery Koreans into China will also continue. International believes that the arrest and imposition of forced labour on border crossers is This is an issue of concern to Anti-Slavery not acceptable under any circumstances. International because those North Koreans who are caught while crossing the border or who are An analysis of data provided by those deported by the Chinese authorities are subject interviewed shows that in 70 per cent of cases, to forced labour in North Korean prison camps. those arrested received no judicial decision, In the course of this research, Anti-Slavery formal or otherwise. These unconvicted International interviewed 30 North Koreans, all of detainees were compelled to perform forced whom were caught border crossing and labour for an average of about 50 days, in direct imprisoned in North Korea. The majority of the contravention of international conventions such interviews were with women from the North- as the International Covenant on Civil and eastern province of North Hamgyeong and most Political Rights, the International Labour were incarcerated after 2003. The interviews took Organization (ILO) Convention No. 29 concerning place in Jilin Province, China in the cities of Yanji, Forced or Compulsory Labour (Forced Labour Wangqing and Antu (January 2007), and Seoul, Convention), as well as North Korea's own South Korea (February 2005-2007). domestic standards. The overwhelming majority had to perform forced In light of the above, Anti-Slavery International labour while in detention before they were tried calls on the North Korean Government to amend for the crime of border crossing. Most of the their Criminal Code so that leaving the country border crossers interviewed for this report without permission does not constitute a worked 10-12 hours a day with no rest days. criminal offence, to take immediate action to Forced labour usually takes place on State-run prevent unconvicted detainees from performing projects and includes farming, mountain logging, forced labour and to abolish the use of forced road works, stone quarrying, brick making, coal labour in prison camps. mining and construction. Anti-Slavery International strongly urges the Prisoners were beaten for various reasons (e.g. North Korean Government to invite the UN lying or being suspected of lying, not working Special Rapporteur on North Korea to monitor fast enough, forgetting the words to patriotic human rights conditions in the country and in particular to carry out a thorough review of 1 www.antislavery.org Forced Labour in North Korean Prison Camps conditions in prison camps. food and economic crisis has meant that this migratory flow continues despite the grave dangers Anti-Slavery International is also renewing its call posed to those who risk unauthorised travel.3 on the Chinese Government to stop the forcible repatriation of undocumented North Koreans Estimates of the number of undocumented North from China, to recognise these North Koreans as Korean 'border crossers' living in China vary from refugees sur place and to grant the UNHCR source to source, but there are at least 50,000 access to these people in China, so that it can North Koreans.4 The majority settle among the assess their individual circumstances and seek a ethnic Korean communities in the north-eastern safe and permanent solution to their situation. provinces of Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang, but recent information suggests that a growing number of North Korean migrants are dispersing 1. Background to other parts of China.5 Women make up the great majority of the border crossers due to a high demand for rural brides6 and opportunities The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK for work as domestics, nannies, carers or or North Korea) has largely mountainous terrain cleaners. Irrespective of their ties to China, all which is poorly suited to agricultural production, undocumented North Koreans - women, men and but following the end of the Korean War (1950- children - face arrest and deportation if caught by 53) its leader, Kim Il Sung, considered self- the Chinese authorities. sufficiency to be crucial to national security. Energy-intensive farming methods were The focus of this report is the recent phenomenon consequently introduced that relied heavily on of the mass migration of undocumented North chemical fertilisers, pesticides and electricity for Koreans into China and once arrested their irrigation and these could only be sustained experience of forced labour and other human through subsidised imports from its Cold War rights abuses in North Korean prison camps. In allies. this report the term 'prison camps' refers to all detention facilities in North Korea that subject The collapse of the Soviet Union and the their prison population to forced labour, establishment of diplomatic ties with South including nodong danryundae (labour training Korea by both the Russian and Chinese camp), do jipkyulso (provincial detention centre), Governments in the early 1990s signalled an end kyohwaso (re-education camp) and kwanliso to favourable trade and energy subsidies for the (political prison camp). Political prison camps DPRK. The resulting sharp decline in food are not addressed in any detail in this report production, coupled with a series of natural because the vast majority of border crossers are disasters1 and the breakdown of daily food not sent there. rations through the government-run Public Distribution System (PDS) in 1995, triggered The issue of border crossing is more relevant widespread famine in North Korea. than ever, as the North Korean Government publicly admitted in March 2007 that it is facing In 1995, the North Korean Government food shortages and has made a plea for acknowledged the crisis by appealing to the assistance from the World Food Programme international community for help. Meanwhile, it (WFP).8 According to the WFP, having enough actively encouraged its citizens to forage for food to eat is “still a daily struggle for one-third alternative food sources such as roots, grasses, to one-half of all North Koreans”.9 As the food stalks and tree bark, which are poor in nutrition insecurity and economic hardship of the past 12 and lead to severe digestive problems, especially years continue, so too will the cross-border among children and the elderly.
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