j y i \ i a The Magazine of Metalworking and Metalproducing

JULY 19, 1943

Volume 113 Number 3

Heavy drain on high-grade iron ore resources speeds research activity. Page 73 NEWS Iro n O r e ...... 73 WPB — OPA . . . 87 EDITORIAL STAFF Present, Past and Pending 75 Men of Industry ...... 96 E . L. S h a n mi Editor-in-Chief Steel Drive ...... 76 O bituaries 97 E . C. K r e u t z b k u g War Production ...... 78 Postwar Planning .... . 98 Editor Steelworks Operations ...... 79 Engineering Ingenuitv . . 100 W m . M . R o o n e y G . W . B ir d s a l l A tics Editor Engineering Editor Steel Control ...... 80 M eetings ...... 102 J . D . K n o x G u y H u b b a r d T in P late ...... 81 New Facilities ...... 103 Steel Plant Editor ’ Machine Tool Editor C o n g re s s ...... 84 Activities ...... A r t h u r F. M acconociiie . . 104 Contributing Editor Priorities ...... 86 Armv-Navv Awards ...... 105 D . S . C a b o t A rt Editor

Associate Editors G. II. M a n l o v k \V. J. C a m p b e l l I r w in II . S u c h , Eastern Editor TECHNICAL N ew York, B . K . P r i c e , L . E. B r o w n e Pittsburgh, K. I,. H a r t f o r d Chicago, E. F. Ross Planned Motor Drives Save Steel and Copper 108 Detroit, A. II. A l l e n Washington, L. M . L a m m London, V i n c e n t D e l p o r t Features of the Adjustable-Speed Drive

Assistant Editors Making 90-MM Guns Depends Upon Correct Tooling 110 J . C. S u l l iv a n , J a y D kE u l is , F. R. B k ic g s How Whelancl Co. “Licked” Its Production Problems 1). B. W il k in J. M . K u r t z Alloy-Sprayer Coats New W ork ...... 116 BUSINESS STAFF Its Use Also in "Regalvanizing” Old Materials and Patching O. O. Hays Easiness Manager Weld-Burned Areas R . C. J a k n k e Advertising Manager Spot Welding Aluminum H8 C. I I . B a il e y Details of Cleaning Methods; Metallurgical Factors A demising Service New York. E . W . K r f.u t z b e r g , K . A . Z o l l n e r Materials Handling Principles Every Plant Manager Should Know , 122 Pittsburgh, S . I I . J a s p e r , B . C. S n e l l How to Handle Materials Without Actually “Handling” Them Chicago, L . C. P k l o t t , V . W . V o l k Cleveland, I). C. KlEFElI, C. II. CROSS Electrolytic Tinning Lines Help Solve Tin Shortage ...... 126 l.os Angeles, F. J. F u l l e r Saves Two-Thirds of Tin Normally Required for Plating . J. W. Z u h e r Circulation Manager Properties of Rubber as Used in Metal Drawing and Pressing Dies 130 Main Office Its Use and Place in “Tt Pen Ion Building, Cleveland, Ohio

Branch Offices N ew Y ork...... 110 East 42nd Street Chicago . 52U North Michigan Avenue Pittsburgh...... Köppers Building Detroit...... ,6560 Cass Avenue FEATURES li ashington...... 1123 National Press Building C incinnati...... 2030 Carew Tower Behind the Scenes with Steel 4 Wing Tips ...... 92 Los Angeles, 130 N orth New Hampshire* A venue London. . .. 2 Cnxlon Street, Westminster, S.W. 1 As the Editor Views the News 69 The Business Trend ...... 106 Windows of Washington 82 Industrial Equipment . 134 Published by The Pknton Publishing Co., Mirrors of Motordom 89 Construction and Enterprise 168 Pen Ion Building. Cleveland, Ohio. E. L. Shaneu, President and Treasurer; G. O. Hays, Vice President; F. G. Steinerach, Secretary. Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations’; Associated Business Papers, Inc., and National Publishers' Association. Published every Monday. Subscription in the MARKETS United Slates and possessions, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Central and South America, one year SO; two years ? 10; all other countries, one year $12. Hope for More Civilian Steel This Year Fades 149 Single copies (current issues) 25c. Market Prices and Composites ...... 150 Entered as second class m a tte r at the postofTice at Cleveland, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright 1913 by the Penton Publishing Co. Index to Advertisers 177 Where-to-Bmj Products Index carried quarterly

July 19, 1943 67 it in to the a ir

Billion-dollar orders for aircraft get the out-of-pocket” orders for Graybar, from the headlines, but more than once, a d o lla r short-range point of view. order to Graybar for a missing part has been In building today’s complex combat a key factor in getting a plane fully ready equipment, emergency needs like these are for flight. inevitable, no matter how carefully buying One important builder, for example, is planned. That’s why prime contractors rushed five emergency orders for produc­ whose orders run to billions maintain a close tion items to Graybar in a single day. Their tie with a local Graybar office, with daily or amounts? $1.10, $15.00, $5.00, $1.10 and even hourly contact. $1.10. One covered an all-important set of From its nationwide network of w a re ­ special fuses. Others were for cable rings, houses, from its well-informed relations with clips, fittings and special lamps. more than 200 leading suppliers, Graybar In one case, a special messenger made im­ serves as Procurement Advisor on electrical mediate delivery from stock. In others, tele­ needs, large and small. Why not check up phone calls to St. Louis and Cleveland now to see if your company is using helped speed delivery. All were “money- Graybar’s time-saving services to the full? AS THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS

July 19, 1943

SABOTAGE FROM WITHIN: Last lack of proper spirit on the part of the American Wednesday Donald M. Nelson, chairman of WPB, public. Instead, it is the demoralization within the warned that production of munitions in May was government agencies dealing with civilian economy, “unsatisfactory” and that of June, “although better which demoralization breeds public disrespect and than that in May,” was short of its goal by half a ap athy. billion dollars. He attributed this showing to short­ The greatest service citizens can render to Don­ age of industrial manpower, absenteeism, strikes and ald Nelson and the hundreds of other “know how” “a false and dangerously premature feeling that the officials is to press hard for the elimination of the war is in the bag.” thousands of inept meddlers arid to insist that the Most informed persons will agree readily tha! scores of non-war agencies help the war effort in­ these factors, in varying degrees, are affecting war stead of sabotaging it. production. We could be doing a better job than Your senators and congressmen will be home un­ is being done if these obstacles were eliminated. til after Labor day. Tell them in detail just what But it will be difficult to eliminate them, or even you think of the disintegration of the administration to reduce their harmful influence, unless the public of internal affairs. takes a more positive stand against the conditions o o o responsible for these retarding factors. . Apparently Mr. Nelson recognizes this fact, because he said that NEED MORE EMPLOYERS: W riting the government needs help in “making the civilian in one of a series of pamphlets entitled “Postwar population understand the need of intensifying the Readjustments” (p. 98), Dr. Emerson P. Schmidt war effort.” propounds some thought-arresting questions regard­ The government does need and should receive ing wages and employment relations. For instance, all the help that can be given it. However, the most he raises the question as to whether labor has not urgent need of all is an administration in Washing­ “overpriced itself in terms of full employment.” ton of the nation’s internal economy that will merit Also he questions our national technique on un­ the respect of the people. If the American public employment. In the thirties, he says, we tried to does not understand the necessity of intensifying correct unemployment by' making the position of the war effort and if it is too complacent about the employe more attractive and that of the em­ hindrances to production, it is largely because so ployer less attractive. “Then we wonder why there many high-placed individuals and so many agen­ are not more employment opportunities! We need cies in Washington seem to be dilly-dallying with the more employers. The way to get them is to make war program. their birth and survival rate higher.” Consider the Wallace-Jones feud, the Chester Well put, we would say. Davis and Lou Maxon resignations and the elevation of men like Vinson, Brown and Marvin Jones to positions which should be held by men with admin­ PIG IRON FROM TEXAS: B efore istrative instead of political experience. These are Congress adjourned Senator Pat McCarran of Ne­ but outward evidence of the constant war being vada wrote to 55 other senators inviting them to waged against the hard-working “know how” men participate in a coalition or bloc to foster new and in Washington by the visionary, inept and thorough­ expanded iron and steel plants in states where such ly meddlesome theorists who, through the offices of facilities do not exist or are not extensive. the “quiz-kid” invisible cabinet, seem to increase Whether or not the senator’s proposal can be the security' of their jobs in direct ratio to the num­ taken seriously', it is a fact that the exigencies of war ber of blunders they make. already have caused an appreciable “decentraliza­ The real menace to the war program is not the tion of iron and steel facilities. Furnaces and mills

(OVER)

69 editor views NEWS

of 1 25 pound of tin is common practice. Electro­ arc being erected in localities far from established lytic tin plate with a 0 .5 -pound coating, while not iron and steel centers. acceptable for all tin plate applications, >s sat.sfac- Typical is Texas. Not only is the Lone Star state torv for most fundamental requirements dunng the gaining in steelworks and rolling mill facilities, but emergency. For uses where the 0 .5 -pound electro- the two blast furnaces now building (p. 103), when lytic plate can be substituted for the hot-dipped completed, will restore Texas to the roster of pig product (p. 126), a saving of 6 6 per cent m tin iron producing states after a lapse of many years. consumption is expected. This is conservation with o & « a capital “C.” WANTED— A CRAZY IDEA: 1» The second significant point is that these electio- cent years the rich iron ores of the Lake Superior lytic lines constitute a second major change m tin region have been consumed much more rapidly than plate practice in a short time. Only a few years ago ever before. Sooner or later it will be necessary to cold-rolled tin plate came into vogue almost over­ rely more heavily upon leaner ores. The sooner night. Now a sudden upsurge in electrolytically this is done, the better for all concerned. coated plate is sweeping the industry. What will All iron ore and iron and steel men know this. tins mean when tin is more plentiful and when nor- Several interested companies have been conducting mal market conditions are resumed* extensive research to find economical means of util­ © o ® izing tire leaner ores. These investigations hold BAGGING SAVES MONEY: when a forth varying designs of promise for success, but the riveter in an airplane factory goes to the storeroom principal companies and individuals concerned want for an allotment of rivets, does it make any differ­ to be doubly sure that they find the right answers ence how' the rivets are delivered to him or her? promptly. Therefore they are augmenting their in­ Fleetwings’ officials have discovered that it makes dividual' efforts (p. 7 3 ) with a co-operative research a lot of difference. They now issue rivets in small program. Removing silica from iron oxide economi­ cellophane bags (p. 92) and find that the practice cally will be one of its principal objectives. shows a saving in dollars of four to one on heat- Also—believe it or not—these practical-minded treated rivets and of 10 to 1 on non-heat-treated men are openly seeking a “crazy idea”—possibly rivets over unbagged rivets. from a layman or somebody not too well versed in © O O minerals—which may lead to the correct solution. Some readers will smile at this frank appeal for MORE STEEL IN SIGHT: w p b ’s “steel help from unorthodox sources, but we believe the for Victory” drive reports modest progress. Further ore men are on the right track. Certainly history cancellation of steel orders—mostly in the third quar- supports their method. Many of our most notable ter—brings to 150,000 tons (p. 76) the savings ef­ inventions and discoveries have resulted from some­ fected to date by the “Share the Steel” portion of body’s faith in a “crazy idea.” the campaign. © O b Encouragement also is derived from an easing of p,S, For timely evidence as to how a crazy the coal crisis. All but a few- stacks are scheduled idea” is making good in the war effort, note the prac­ to resume operation, but only after an acute loss ol production and a punishing cut in steel’s laborious­ tical manner in which a freak bridge (p. 1 0 0 ) is solving a unique problem of an upper Yorkstate ly accumulated stocks of scrap. From now on the success of the effort to eke out builder of oil tankers for the U. S. Army. © O b 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 more tons of steel during the second half will depend largely upon the absence of man-made Japan’s ELECTROLYTIC TIN PLATE: interruptions and bad luck. It is a touch-and-go capture of our principal sources of tin has hastened proposition. the development of electrolytic tin plating in the United States. Today 26 electrolytic tin plate lines are completed or under construction in the mills of 11 companies.

These new units are significant for two reasons. e d i t o r - i n - c i u e f First, they will conserve precious tin (p. SI) during the war. In the hot-dip process a minimum coating

/ T E E 1 70 w

M achine Output UP 37% TO 110°

with INLAND LEDLOY

EDLOY is the lead-bearing, faster-machin- Reports on five Inland Ledloy case I-J ing steel that produces more parts per studies recently made in British hour, lowers labor and machine costs, and munition plants: increases tool life up to 300%. No. 1—Bottom Bracket Cycle Spindle Free Cutting Inland Steel Ledloy Inland Ledloy is open hearth steel containing Spindle speed 500 r.p.m. 700 r.p.m . a small percentage of lead added by a special Time per piece 59 sec. 28 sec. Tool steel 18% tungsten 18% tungsten Inland process. This addition of lead residts Incrensed production — 110% in slight refinement of grain structure and N o. 2 —Grease Nipple Free Cutting Inland greatly increased machinability. In all other Steel Ledloy physical properties—yield strength, ultimate Spindle speed 2,495 r.p.m. 4,140 r.p.m. Time per piece 20 sec. 13 sec. strength, elongation, reduction of area, etc.— Increased production — 53% Increased tool life — 300% Inland Ledloy is the same as open hearth steel of similar analysis. N o. 3 —S et Screw Screw Inland Stock Ledloy Today, Inland’s entire production is being Spindle speed 490 r.p.m. 693 r.p.m . Time per piece 95 sec. 69 sec. used by war industries to help win the fight Increased production — 37.6% for freedom, but when peace comes Ledloy No. 4—5/16" x 2" Bolt will again be available for general manufac­ Screw Inland Stock Ledloy turing use. Spindle speed, turning 896 r.p.m. 1,126 r.p.m. Spindle speed, threading 296 r.p.m. 373 r.p.m . Write for further information Time per piece 21 sec. 13 sec. Increased production — 62% on Inland Ledloy Increased tool life — 300%

No. 5—Locknut Blanks Free Cutting Inland Steel Ledloy Spindle speed 2,140r.p.m. 2,140 r.p.m. Time per piece 18 sec. 10 sec. Increased production — 44% Increased tool life — 50% r*Foreign Agent”—LEDLOY LIMITED Spindle speed, tapping 950 r.p.m. 2,200 r.p.m . 66 Cannon Street, LONDON Increased life of tapping tool — 200% INLAND STEEL CO. 38 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago

Sal«s Offices: Milwaukee Detroit • S t Paul • S t Louis • Kansas City • Cincinnati • New York

July IS. 184-3 Share the Steel” Campaign Launched by W. P. B.

Will Try for Reduction of Inventories and Elimination of Duplicate Stocks

The cooperation of all manufacturers using steel is being sought by the WPB, to cut inventories and gain 2,000,000 tons of steel. Working through its 12 Regional Offices, Steel Division officials have been sent by the Washington Office to work with consumers, in an effort to see if steel supplies on hand will permit the elimination or deferment of third and fourth quarter orders on producers books without interfering with the production of important war equipment. This effort to “share the steel”, if successful, will permit the diversion of tonnage to other manufacturers of war products who need it.

If each manufacturer will check his inventories against requirements carefully and avoid duplicate stocks, this government program may accomplish its purpose and make available the extra two million tons of steel needed during the last six months of the year.

Stocks of steel in the hands of commercial warehouses strategically located to serve all manufacturers help to overcome the necessity for large individual inventories and many duplicate stocks.

These steel service plants with long experience in stocking, cutting and shipping steel on a moment’s notice— are definitely the answer to the problem. Throughout the history of America, in peace and in war, they have served this very purpose. And now, in this greatest national emergency, they are carrying the burden—and stand ready to do even more to make it safe and practical to reduce high inventories, eliminate duplicate stocks, and lower the overall tonnage of idle steel.

JOSEPH T.r RYERSON & SON Inc.

STEEL-SERVICE PLANTS AT: CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE. ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI.

DETROIT. CLEVEL'A'N.D, BUFFALO-‘ BOSTON, P IH-L A D E L P H LA . 0 E K S .E Y _'C I T Y r IRON ORE

WANTED: An Idea

Operators of Lake Superior mines, in con­ junction with Battelle Memorial Institute, launch research program to develop means for utilizing low-grade hematite as high-grade ore reserves shrink under tre­ mendous consumption

THE LAKE SUPERIOR iron ore industry wants an idea. It may be an idea sucli as sometimes springs spontaneously from the mind of a layman who knows little about the diffi­ culties presented by the problem to be solved. In the past, some of the most baffling mechanical problems have been solved in just that way. It may be worked out by some student of chemistry or physics working by himself in a make-shift laboratory. Again, it may be evolved only after years of patient research by men who know about all there is to be known at present concerning characteristics of iron ore. Some of them have been engaged in research on the task many years, but so far —and it is a fact admitted by themselves—they have not produced the idea that is wanted. This is a practical, low- cost method for separating silica from iron oxide, in the great reserves of low-grade hematite in the Lake Superior district. It is this that leads some of the mine operators to believe a solution may come some day through “a crazy idea” origi­ nating in the mind of an individual who has not been blinded by too close and too long a scrutiny of tlie formidable techni­ calities of the task. One experimenter highly regarded in the industry states frankly he is “no further ahead” on this particular problem than when he began work on it 20 years ago, which is an understatement considering the brilliant work he has done in related problems. Recognizing its vital importance and determined to do something about it now, representatives of steel and ore com­ panies met in Cleveland recently and decided on a research program, to be sponsored by them and the Battelle Memorial Institute, and to be undertaken by the institute at its labora­ tories in Columbus, O. An expenditure of $50,000 annually is contemplated and this sum has been assured by the par­ ticipating companies and the institute, for the first year. , The group elected as chairman R. C. Allen, president, Lake '■ Superior Iron Ore Association, and executive vice president, Oglebay, Norton & Co.' Cleveland. Stated broadly, the purpose is to develop means for utilizing the. low-grade hematite ore in the Lake Superior district, with­ out'which tire steel industry will begin to feel' the pinch of diminished reserves within ten years. The “nubbin” of the. job is to be able to separate quickly and cheaply, under ordi­ Crane removing ore from vessel to lakcfront docks nary commercial conditions, silica from iron oxide. at Cleveland. Ore is transferred at this point io A large proportion of the ore is in the form of hard rock, cars and shipped to the hungry blast furnaces. . . . containing a low percentage of iron. The rock may be pul­ Stocks on hand at lake ports are under year ego verized as a preliminary to concentration—-no difficulty about that. Other elements besides silica may be controlled by means now well known—no great obstacle in that. But the

July 19, 1943 IRON ORE

Late opening of navigation and adverse weather have served to retard move­ ment of ore on Great Lakes in season to date. . . . Shipments 9,000,000 besetting impurity is silica— or sand— so tons behind movement in like period of last year. . . . Scene above shows intimately associated with the oxide that ore being unloaded from vessel at lower lake port it defies separation. Certain classes of ore lend themselves to crushing, screening and washing, to as well as individual research by several power and civilian consumption,” said get rid of excess silica, but they are large industrial companies related only an iron ore producer. “These conditions relatively high in iron to begin with. indirectly to the steel industry'- Totaled, must be attained if we wish to keep faith Hematite has even been converted to the sum runs into hundreds of thousands with all those who are now fighting for magnetite and the magnetite then sep­ of dollars annually. the nation, and if we want to preserve arated from silica by magnets, and this The significance of this concerted ac­ our form of government. We, in the has been done on a limited commercial tion is this: ore industry are planning in the same scale for years. But the process is Authorities in the industry say that spirit. “round-about,” and the industry as a available reserves of high grade iron “We view this matter of what to do whole is not concerned witli a few hun­ ore, usable as mined or readily converted about iron ore as one of the greatest dred thousand tons of such concentrates, to that purpose—will be gone in nine problems concerning the future of indus­ but over billions of tons of iron-bearing years at present rate of consumption. trial America. material that awaits the birth of an idea The nation’s industrial structure has “The problem to which I have referred before it can be of service to mankind. been influenced by the location, quality will be solved in time. It is too impor­ The reserves on which the industry and abundance of Lake Superior ores. tant to be neglected. mainly depends for the long-range future Take away these supplies and great eco­ “So, while we are spending large sums are composed of the low-grade hematites nomic changes would result, affecting in scientific research, the field is wide and magnetites. The problem of quar­ practically every manufacturing indus­ open. Our people today are thinking as rying granite-like rock bearing mag­ try. theyr never thought before. Some netite, grinding it to a fine powder, sep­ No one supposes that the present rate ‘crazy idea’—based on sound but ob­ arating the magnetic oxide from silica of consumption will be undiminished for scure principle—may prove to be of in­ and sintering the oxide into a high-grade the next ten consecutive years. Never­ estimable benefit to the country. ore was solved mechanically nearly 20 theless, postwar plans, with the inevit­ “The more I have studied the prob­ years ago. A plant on the eastern tip able reconstruction and pentup civilian lem and considered what has been done of tire Mesabi range, built by the Jack- requirements, convince iron ore men the more I have become convinced that ling interests and later taken over by a that the industry has passed far beyond we need a brand, new idea—something Cleveland ore company, will go into pro­ the prewar “normal” of 60,000,000 to of the order that has revolutionized in­ duction again when required. Costs 70.000,000 tons. dustries in the past. It may appear to be were too high and demand too restricted “All the postwar plans contemplate a a ‘crazy idea,’ but ‘crazy ideas’ some­ in the era the nation recently passed high rate of employment, purchasing times click.” through to warrant its operation, but billions of tons of the material are there, and the means for recovering the iron are known. Lake Ore Shippers Strain To Make Now with the steel industry built and geared to consume 100,000,000 tons of ore annually, producers are growing more Up Early Season Tonnage Deficit concerned over future supplies and their costs. Even the United States Steel IRON ore shipments are currently run­ er a year ago is expected to steadily Corp. is participating in the $50,000 re­ ning slightly ahead of a year ago on a widen through the balance of this sea­ search program. weekly basis, but the movement of 29,- son. This, it must be stated, is in addition 785,921 gross tons for the season through With a break in the weather there is to carrying forward experimental work July 12 is almost 9,000,000 tons behind a good chance shipments this month may now being done by some of the large the 38,716,988 shipped in the corre­ closely approach the record of 13,405,- producers and consumers on their own sponding 1942 period. However, the 408 tons shipped in July last year, and account and that by the bureau of mines. present increase in weekly shipments ov­ shippers are confident a new monthly

/TEEL 74 IRON ORE

of the shipping season, there is a fair deep; and the Poe lock, 800 feet long chance that the goal will be attained. and 18 feet deep.

Swollen lake waters— at highest levels The self-unloader freighter C a u l D.

in past 20 years— have permitted capaci­ B r a d l e y , of the Bradley Transportation ty loadings of most vessels. This has Co., was the first large vessel through resulted in a series of cargo records re­ the new lock. First downbound ship to cently established by the Pittsburgh pass through the lock was the 640-

Steamship Co.’s new vessels. The record foot V o o r h e k s of the Pittsburgh Steam­ is now held by the I n v iN C S. O l d s , with ship Co. a cargo of 18,161 tons. There are six Canadian boats in the Another factor which ore shippers are ore trade, with more scheduled over the depending on to make up the present balance of the season. A month ago deficit of 9,000,000 tons is the bringing there were none in the trade, while last into service of the 16 new Maritime Com ­ year at this time there were 35 Cana­ mission vessels. Five of the vessels are dian vessels carrying ore. now in the ore trade; four are scheduled Of the 313 vessels in the American for July and the remainder through the Great Lakes fleet on July 15, 308 are in balance of the season. the ore trade, against 292 a month ago Opening of the Gen. Douglas Mac- shipment peak will be established in Au­ and 300 last year. Arthur deep-water lock at Sault Ste. gust. No recent change in the scheduled Marie on July 11 is expected to materially Vessel interests, however, are serious­ movement of grain and coal in relation alleviate congestion of vessel traffic ly concerned over the possibility of an to iron ore has been made, although it is through the Soo canal during periods ore shortage next spring. They are do­ reported considerable pressure is being of adverse weather. When the lakes ing everything in their power to increase brought to bear for an increase in the are not swollen to the present record the current movement to make up for scheduled grain movement of 135 mil­ levels, this new lock will permit passage lion bushels. the tonnage lost due to the late opening of the 16 Maritime and five new' Pitts­ of the shipping season, delay in shipping Lake coal movements from any United burgh Steamship Co.’s vessels with ca­ schedules, and vessel collisions. States port to the Buffalo and Chicago pacity cargoes. The other three locks areas are scheduled at 80 per cent of Based on an estimated consumption at the Soo could not handle these same the aggregate quantity moved to those during June of 7,000,000 gross tons, vessels loaded to capacity under similar areas last year; to Lake Superior ports, stocks at lower lake ports and furnaces conditions. 110 per cent; and to all other areas were about 22,700,000 tons as of July 1. Improved operating equipment in the 100 per cent of the quantity moved in On same date last year stocks totaled new MaeArthur lock also lessens the 1942. Lake carriers are expected to ship 26,728,185. With stocks about 4,000 - time interval in transit through the Soo. 50 million tons of coal this season, 000 tons below a year ago, and iron ore The new lock, 800 feet long and 30 feet against some 49 million last year. For shipments just recently surpassing that deep, was built in record time of 13 the season to July 12, 16,325,291 tons of last year on a weekly basis, together months at a cost of $14,000,000. It com­ of coal had been loaded into vessels at with monthly ore consumption averaging pares with the Davis and Sabin locks Lake Erie ports, compared with 20,- well above a year ago and expected to which are 1350 feet long and 241$ feet 768,669 same date a year ago. become even greater as new blast fur­ naces are brought into service, iron ore stocks during early spring months next Lake freighter C a r l D. B r a d l e y making the first ship passage through the year may be short. new $14,000,000 MacArtluir lockout the Soo which was opened July 11 with appropriate ceremonies Offsetting factors include the present coal strike situation which has forced a number of blast furnaces down and the growing number of stacks being shut down for repairs. New blast furnaces, depending prin- cipally on Lake Superior iron ore, sched­ uled to be brought into service through the remainder of this year are: Two at Braddock, Pa., for Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.; two at Chicago for Inland Steel Co.; one at Chicago and one at Cleve­ land for Republic Steel Corp.; and one at Monessen, Pa., for Pittsburgh Steel Co. There are additional new furnaces also scheduled to be blown in before the close of this year that are not dependent on Lake Superioir ores. Shippers are hopeful that the goal of 91,000,000 tons set for this year will be reached. If fog conditions do not further delay shipping schedules over the remainder of the summer months, and storms and ore freezing weather are not encountered during the latter part

July 19, 1943 STEEL DRIVE

early in the week. By midweek, how­ ever, three had resumed blowing and die Campaign Progresses Despite Clairton coke works was scheduled to resume 100 per cent, as it was obvious Adverse Effects of Coal Strike that die situation had taken a turn for the better with the strikers in the captive W ar Production Board advised over 150,000 tons on mill books mines returning to work. Hopes were for third quarter cancelled in "Share the Steel" program. . . high that by the end of the week opera­ tions would be resumed in all mines and Production outlook brightens as blast furnaces resume with that at least three more banked blast fur­ coal strike virtually ended naces would be restored to production. The Clairton coke works had been run­ ning at 50 per cent capacity but started FU RTH ER progress was reported last were changed to meet war needs. The “Steel for Victory” drive is a upping schedules July 15. week in the “Share the Steel” campaign three-pronged effort in which the govern­ launched July 1 by the War Production In the Youngstown district the coal ment seeks 2,000,000 additional tons Board’s Iron and Steel Division, as part strike also hampered pig iron production. through more efficient operation of exist­ of its “Steel for Victors'” drive in which Last week Carnegie-Illinois Corp.’s Ohio ing facilities, redistribution of allocated it hopes to obtain 2,000,000 additional works was forced to slow down furnace tonnage, and bringing in of additional tons of steel for w ar production in the activity1 in order to conserve coke. This capacity. slow-down came after operations had last half of the year. fully recovered from the slow-down of Word received by W PB is that to date Mine Stoppage Ends 150.000 tons of steel allotments have the preceding week. The coal strike has continued to ham­ been canceled for third quarter due to Estimates are not available as to the per the drive, interfering with steel pro­ the “Share the Steel” program, of which amount of pig iron production lost as a duction especially in die Pittsburgh dis­ 140.000 tons are carbon and 10,000 tons result of the coal strike, but the average trict. At the close of last week die mine alloy steel. A small quantity of steel is believed to be about lo,000 tons a day stoppage appeared about ended with also was canceled for fourth quarter. since the beginning of the coal strike, most of the 4000 miners still idle in west­ In the Philadelphia district alone, free­ both from stacks that were actually ern Pennsylvania having voted to return ing of about 50,000 tons is reported. To­ banked and others which were running to work. This change of heart on die tal covers both cancellation of existing slow to conserve coke. part of the laggard strikers came co­ orders on mill books and allotments au­ Despite the banking of numerous blast incident with a federal grand jury inquiry thorized but not yet placed; also ton­ furnaces, steelworks operations have into the matter which began July 14 pre­ nage that was deferred until next year. been only slightly affected. In the Pitts­ sumably under the recently enacted In the Philadelphia area it is hoped at burgh district, open hearths, however, Smith-Connally Anti-strike law. least 75,000 tons will be made available have been more greatly dependent on So serious was die shortage of coal last before the campaign ends. scrap as a result of the curtailment in week, Fuel Administrator Ickes, acting Tonnage being released is said to Ire pig iron supply. to “relieve the growing paralysis of the fairly well diversified, and it is in addition steel industry” ordered 135,000 tons of Pressing tire W P B ’s “Steel for Victory to large “as is stocks in which tire Steel fuel diverted to steel plants, directing di­ drive on a visit to the plant of the Recovery Corp. is primarily interested. version of special-purpose metallurgical Lukens Steel Co., Coatesville, Pa., last Tire total is comprised chiefly of plates, coal at the rate of 22,500 tons daily. week, C. E. Wilson, executive vice chair­ shapes and light gage sheets and strip Blast furnace operations were hard hit man, WPB, told employes of the steel material that had been fabricated to meet company a shipbuilding program of 20,- at Pittsburgh, 12 stacks being banked requirements, and which subseqru nth

Charles E. Wilson, executive vice chairman, W P B (center), arrives at DuPont airport to visit p l a n t s of Lukens Steel Co. and its subsidiaries, Coatesville, Pa., on “Steel for Victory Drive.” Robert W. Wolcott (left ), Lukens president, a n d G. D o n a l d Spacbman, v i c i president in choree of operations, met Mr. W ilson a n d other members of the letters party

f T E E L STEEL DRIVE

000,000 tons this year— a 150 per cent with increased steel production. cott, Luken’s president, said neither the increase over 1942— is forcing a demand In welcoming Mr. Wilson and mem­ company nor workers were satisfied with for more steel shapes that must be met bers of the WPB party, Robert W. Wol­ the zooming record of production estab­ lished so far at Coatesville, and he pledged that his company would con­ tribute its share of the increase in steel Present, Post and Pending production that America must have in the last half of 1943.

* SINCLAIR TO BUILD NEW PIPE LINE II. G. Batcheller, vice chairman in charge of operations of WPB, said that N e w Y o r k — Sinclair Oil Corp. has started construction o f a new pipe line from of all the shortages, “the most critical Chicago to Toledo, O. The project will be completed about October. Tankers one is in steel plates and shapes and un­ and barges will carry the petroleum products to eastern points from the terminus less we have more plates and fabricated of the 220-mile line which will run from the Chicago refining center to the western parts, we will falter in achieving our end of Lake Erie. 20.000.000-ton shipbuilding goal.” 0 o o WPB Iron and Steel Division officials ■ NO FEAR OF MILITARY PLANES ON POSTWAR MARKET are scouring tire country to try and as­

N e w Y o r k — Harry Woodhead, president, Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., de­ certain just what steel inventories arc in clared recently aircraft manufacturers have little to fear from resale of military equip­ the hands of consumers. This applies ment in the immediate postwar period. He stated that with the exception of little particularly to any over-supply of any primary trainers, military aircraft are too expensive to operate and too difficult to particular kind of steel. pilot to make them a real threat to the postwar airplane market. While WPB officials will not discuss o o o the matter in detail, some express the ■ HALT CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE AND AIRPORTS opinion they might be able to find as much as 200,000 tons in both the third W a s h i n g t o n — War Production Board halted construction of three CAA airports at and fourth quarters to help make up the Aurora, 111., Purcell, Okla., and Beaver March, Oreg., in an effort to conserve materials 2.000.000 tons needed. WPB will not and equipment. Construction was also halted on the $1,100,000 bridge spanning count as inventory any lend-lease ma­ the south branch of the Chicago river at South Canal street, Chicago. a a o terial stored any place in the United States for shipment abroad in the future. ■ ARMY MAY STANDARDIZE AIRCRAFT SOON Steel production in the first half of

Los A n g e l e s — American army aircraft in the near future will be standardized, four 1943 established a new all-time record, fighter models and perhaps six or eight bombers ranging from heavier than Flying totaling 43,860,912 net tons of ingots. Fortresses to light bomber-fighter planes, Gen. Henry II. Arnold, chief, Army Air In the first six months of the year, Forces, said as he toured aircraft plants here. the industry has operated at 97,9 of rated o o o capacity, but in June the average was ■ G-E FIRST HALF ORDERS TOTAL $941,529,000 only 94.0, Various steel producing and consuming S c h e n e c t a d y , N, Y.—Orders received by General Electric Co, in the first six areas will be visited by top War Produc­ months this year amounted to $941,529,000 compared with $865,372,000 in the tion Board executives in the drive to get like period of 1942. Second quarter orders totaled $519,482,000, a decrease of 8 in the additional 2,000,000 tons over the per cent from the $566,252,000 in the same quarter last year. remainder of the year. Meetings sim­ O O © ilar to those held in Pittsburgh July 1, ■ PREDICTS TIGHTNESS OF GRAIN FREIGHT CARS and that at Coatesville, Pa,, July 13, will lie held in Chicago, Cleveland, C h ic a g o — Increased tightness in supply of freight cars available for grain shipments for western railroads during the next 90 days was predicted by Ralph Clark, man­ Youngstown arid Philadelphia in the near ager, closed car section, Association of American Railroads before a meeting of the future, although no dates have yet been mid-west shippers’ advisory board. set. o o o ■ WPB MAY MOVE ALUMINUM PLANT FROM COAST Great Lakes To Install W a s h i n g t o n —War Production Board is considering transfer of part of an alu­ Hot Metal Mixer Unit minum reduction plant in Los Angeles to New York city because of a manpower shortage on the West Coast. No final decision has been made yet. Great Lakes Steel Corp., Detroit, is o © a installing a 1400-ton hot metal mixer at ■ SCRAP YARD LABOR SUPPLY TIGHT its open-hearth plant to case pressure on transport facilities from blast furnaces W a s h i n g t o n — Reports reaching W PB scrap officials are to the effect yards through­ on Zug Island to the plant at Keorse, out the country are having a great deal of labor trouble. Prediction is made that Metal is now moved in mixer-cars and if the labor situation in the scrap industry is not taken care of shortly, it will lead the new holding unit will assure ade­ to considerable difficulty in the near future. No complaints are being received quate supply at open hearths should of scrap shortage in the steel industry’. coo there be interruption to movement of ears. ■ PRODUCE 9000 NAVY PLANES IN FIRST HALF Plans are under consideration for in­

W a s h i n g t o n — More than 9000 planes were produced for the Navy during tire first stallation of bessemer converters to proc­ half of 1943, Secretary of Navy Frank Knox announces. The total equals the num­ ess hot metal before charging to open ber built for the Navy during all of 1942 and is two and one-half times the 1941 hearths but the project is still in tie- total. "if, as and when" stage.

July 19, 1943 "War Is Not in the Bag!"-Nelson

W ar Production Board chairman attributes recent unsatisfac­ tory showing of munitions production to manpower shortage, absenteeism, strikesand growing complacency

expected to run beyond $65,000,000,000. about another great upward surge of Aircraft and related equipment gained energy in this country— a surge that will 5 per cent in May over April. Produc­ enable us to turn out more of the stuff tion of Army and Navy vessels and Army that our fighting men need to batter ordnance equipment gained 2 per cent. the Axis into surrender.” I Completion of naval vessels scored an in­ Joining in the radio symposium to the crease of 30 per cent over April and 9 advertising men were Director Elmer DONALD NELSON per cent over the best previous month. Davis of the Office of War Information Ground ordnance declined 3 per cent. and Food Administrator Marvin Jones. Merchant vessels declined 3 per cent, SHORTAGE of industrial manpower, Mr. Davis declared the task of mobiliz­ munitions output dropped 7 per cent, absenteeism, strikes, and a false and dan­ ing the home front to hasten victory' while military automotive vehicle pro­ “needs the technique that is the voice gerously premature feeling that the war duction rose 3 per cent. “is in the hag,” last week were attrib­ The merchant ship program for tire uted by Donald M. Nelson, chairman. year is understood to be the most ad­ War Production Board, for an unsatis­ SICILY’S RESOURCES vanced with 44 per cent of the ship ob­ factory war production showing recently. jective completed by June 30. Army In a radio broadcast launching the Invasion of Sicily by the com­ ordnance and output of naval vessels are bined forces of the United States, War Advertising Council’s drive for “a estimated at 40 per cent. The aircraft Canada and England marks an­ war message in every ad,” Mr. Nelson program is 35 per cent complete. other momentous step in opening urged American business to throw its a second front on the European weight through advertising into the ef­ continent. But the island is of WLB Extends Membership fort to shake off a production slump. little industrial significance to the He disclosed that June war production Clauses in Two Contracts United Nations because its popu­ missed its $6,500,000,000 goal by one- lation is largely devoted to agri­ Acting upon requests of two subsidiary half billion dollars. culture and fishing. companies of the United States Steel “In order to meet the urgent demands The Axis, however, through Corp., O il W ell Supply Co., O il City', of the armed services, huge production loss of Sicily w ill be cut off from Pa., and the Tennessee Coal, Iron & goals were set for 1943,” Mr. Nelson another source of vitally needed Railroad Co., Birmingham, Ala., the Na­ said. “We are not currently meeting mineral, for a great amount of tional War Labor Board last week an­ those goals from month to month. W e sulphur is mined on the island. nounced it unanimously approved the are gaining in total output but that out­ Sulphur is the most important extension of maintenance of member­ put is not rising fast enough to meet Sicilian mineral, it being mined ship clauses in the companies contracts the steady rise in our production goals. principally' in Caltanissetta and with the United Steelworkers of America, “Production in May was unsatisfac­ Girgenti and in minor quantities CIO, to cover two plants where the tory. Production in June, although bet­ in Palermo and Catania. Another union has won bargaining rights. ter than in May, still did not show much Sicilian industry is the mining of improvement. common salt and rock salt. Labor Board Asserts Right "I want to state bluntly, here and now, Sicily consumes iron and steel in that if we are to meet our overall sched­ her agricultural industries. Wine, To Suspend Union Shop ules for 1943, the American industrial olives, olive oil, lemons and The Cleveland regional War Labor front faces a staggering job in the oranges are exported. months ahead.” Board made two far-reaching decisions Mr. Nelson said the nation is doing last week. In one, involving a dispute a good job, pointing out, for instance, between the A. F. of L. and C. I. O. of American business— advertising.” Mr. that there was a 40 per cent increase in United Automobile Workers unions at the Jones said Americans must be taught aircraft production in the first half of the Trailer Co. of America, Cincinnati, the that the waste of food in wartime is “a year and a 25 per cent increase in muni­ regional W L B declared its authority' to national sin,” and he asked the assistance tions output. However, he declared the suspend temporarily a union shop clause of business in teaching conservation. showing is “not good enough” to meet in a contract when, in its opinion, the the military needs of the United Na­ Shifts in the military program held w ar effort requires it. tions. May' munitions production to the April In the other, involving the National level. Last week the War Production Carbon Co., Edgewater plant, in Cleve­ The WPB chairman said that while the Board reported its munitions index for land and the United Electrical, Radio government is dealing with the various May was 563 (based on November 1941 and Machine W orkers of Am erica, it an­ problems contributing to the forces re­ as 100), the same as the revised April nounced a policy' of ordering compul­ tarding production progress, it needs sory, instead of voluntary, check-off in help in making the civilian population figure. all cases in which it orders maintenance understand the need of intensifying the Munitions now are being produced at of membership and the union requests war effort, and he declared “a war mes­ a rate of $60,000,000,000 a year, and sage in every' ad” can do much to bring the total for the twelve month period is the check-off.

/ T E i 1 78 PRODUCTION

JAN. FEB. M AR. APR. MAYJUNEJULY AUG. SEPT. OCT.NOV. DEC. 11II 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ü—\ A / / ; v / 7 V-AV, ' \ / 7 \ 1 / ;/ y 1------/— V 1 / If X X 1942 Hr 1941 PER PER CENT OF C A PA C ITY Weekly Capacity, Millions of Net Tons Ln Ln Ln c> Aj U> vO vO O VO Ui o O o 0/1

STEEL INGOT PRODUCTION BY MONTHS N e t T ons , 0 0 0 oim itte d Jan. Fei». M a rch A p ril M a y June J u ly A u g . S ept. O ct. N o v . D e c. 1943 7,424 6,826 7 ,6 7 0 7 ,3 7 4 7 ,5 4 5 7 ,0 2 7 .... 1942 7,1 1 2 6 ,5 1 2 7 ,3 9 2 7 ,1 2 2 7 ,3 8 2 7 ,0 2 2 7 ,1 4 8 7 ,2 3 3 7 ,0 6 7 7 ,5 8 4 7 , Í8 4 7 ,3 0 3 1941 6,922 6,230 7 ,1 2 4 6 ,7 5 4 7 ,0 4 4 6 ,7 9 2 6 ,8 1 2 6 ,997 6,811 7 ,2 3 6 6 ,9 6 0 7 ,1 5 0 P IG IR O N PRODUCTION 1943 5 ,194 4 ,7 6 6 5 ,3 1 4 5 ,0 3 5 5 ,1 7 8 5,201 1942 4 .9 8 3 4 ,5 0 0 5 ,0 5 5 4 ,8 9 6 5 ,0 7 3 4 ,9 3 5 5 ,0 5 i 5 ,0 0 9 4 ,9 3 7 5 ,2 3 6 5 ,0 8 3 1941 4 .6 3 6 4 ,2 0 6 4 ,7 0 2 4 ,3 4 0 4 ,5 9 6 4 ,5 5 1 4 ,7 6 6 4 ,7 8 4 4,721 4 ,8 6 0 4 ,7 0 7 5 ,0 1 4

Ingot Rate 97% DISTRICT STEEL RATES Steel Shipments Percentage of Ingot Capacity Engaged in Leading Districts Coal strike effect being over­ Lowest since February for W e e k Same come. Blast furnaces off for E n d e d W e e k U. S. Steel Corp. Total was July 17 Change 1942 1941 relining P itt s b u r g h ...... 93 — 4 94 99.5 1,552,663 net tons in June C h ica g o ...... 99.5 -f 1.5 102 100 E a ste rn P a...... 9 3 N o n e 9 6 97 PRODUCTION of open-hearth, bes- Youngstown ... 97 + 3 96 98 E FF E C T on the steel industry of coal W h e e lin g ...... 90 -{- 3 83.5 91 mining interruptions are reflected in ship­ semer and electric furnace ingots last C le v e la n d ...... 94 -f- 1.5 94.5 95 ments of finished steel by United States week was unchanged at 97 per cent of B u ffa lo ...... 93 + 3 93 93 Birmingham . . 95 None 95 90 Steel Corp. subsidiaries in June. These capacity. Seven districts made small New England . 95 None 90 95 totaled 1,552,663 net tons, lowest for gains, two declined and three were un­ Cincinnati .... 92 + 3 88.5 85.5 any month since February, 1941, when changed. A year ago the rate was 98 St. L o u is ...... 97 4" 2 95.5 98 D e tr o it ...... 90 — 2 85 86 they were 1,548,451 tons. There were per cent; two years ago it was 95 per only 24 working days in February, 1941, cent, both based on capacities as of those A ve ra g e ...... 97 None °98.0 °95.0 compared with 26 last month. dates. °Computed on bases of steelmaking capacity Greatest loss in production was in the as o f these dates. June shipments were 153,880 tons less Pittsburgh district, which fell 4 points than the 1,706,543 tons of May and com­ to 93 per cent, as a result of the coal pared with 1,774,068 in June, 1942, a de­ strike. Gains at other points substan­ May was 271,737 net tons, of which 259,- crease of 221,405 tons. June, 1941, tially balanced this decline. 289 tons were ingots. Pig iron output shipments which totaled 1,668,637 net Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. has blown totaled 154,746 tons, of which 124,315 tons exceeded last month’s total also. out its No. 4 stack at Mingo Junction, tons were basic, 15,505 tons foundry and On the basis of daily average shipments O., for relining, leaving two furnaces ac­ 14,926 tons malleable. June showed 59,718 tons, a decline of tive in that area. During May production capacity for 5918 tons from 65,636 tons in May and Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. blew out steel castings was increased by 2950 net 8515 tons from the 68,233 tons average its Gan- No. 3 blast furnace July 14 tons, Steel Co. of Canada Ltd. putting in June, 1942.

for relining. This is the only one of the into production recently a new electric (Inter-company shipments not included) 39 stacks in the Chicago district not furnace at its Hamilton, Ont., works. It N e t T on s operating. is the largest electric furnace in Canada. mail icrdi man This accession increases annual rated Jan. 1,685,992 1,738.893 1.682,454 1,145,592 Feb. 1.691,592 1,616,587 1,548,451 1,009,256 Canadian Steel Production capacity for steel castings to 281,600 tons Mar. 1,772,397 1,780,938 1,720.366 931,905 and total steel furnace capacity to 3,453,- Apr. 1,630,828 1,758,894 1,687,674 907,904 May 1,706,543 1,834,127 1,745,295 1,084,057 Shows Slight Gain in May 600 tons per year. June 1,552,663 1,774,068 1,668,637 1,209.684 July 1,765,749 1,666,667 1.296,887 While steel and iron production in Comparative production figures for A u k 1,788,650 1.753,665 1,455.604 Sept 1,703,570 1,664,227 1,392,838 Canada in May showed a small gain over May and prior months arc as follows: Oct 1,787,501 1,851,279 1,372,408 Nov 1.665,545 1,624,186 1,425,352 the April rate, for the five months ending Steel Ingots Ferro- Dec 1,849,635 1,846,036 1,544,623 May 31 steel output is off 3.6 per cent Castings Pig Iron alloys M a y , 1 9 4 3 ...... 271,737 154,746 17,971 T o ta l ...... 21,064,157 20,458,937 14,976,110 and pig iron 12 per cent from the high A d ju s t­ April, 1943 ...... 264,357 150,486 18,698 m e n t ...... *42,333 137,639 record made during the comparable M a y , 1 9 4 2 _____ 272,247 171,386 19,428 months in 1942. 5 Mos. 1943. . . . 1,259,652 719,900 93,642 T o ta l ...... 20,416,604 15,013,749 5 Mos. 1942.. .1,305,075 806,039 93,179 Steel ingot and castings production in 5 Mos. 1940 . . . 1,076,624 574,827 81,963 tlncrease. ’Decrease.

July 19, 1943 79 STEEL CONTROL Shifting of Top Personnel of WPB Division Continues

N W Foy advanced to post of deputy director. . . J. L. Block, assistant director for distribution. . . C. H. Longfield, assistant director and chairman of production directive committee. . . J. V. Honeycutt, assistant director for production

Vacancy in the directorship of the SHIFTING of top personnel of the Steel Division was filled by elevating Steel Division, War Production Board, NORMAN W. FOY John T. Whiting, president of Alan Wood continues. At the same time a new Steel Co., Conshohocken, Pa., from his subdivision to deal with manpower former post as deputy director. problems has been set up in the divi­ Vital role of the Steel Division in the sion, it was announced last week. war production program has intensified The most recent personnel changes considerably under operation of the involve tire following men, identified by Controlled Materials Plan. It is charged their positions before coming to Wash­ 4th supervision of steel production and ington in 1941: Norman W. Foy, gen­ the distribution of steel products. It eral manager of sales, Republic Steel must prepare and submit to the CMP Corp., Cleveland; Joseph L. Block, ex­ Requirements committee statements of ecutive vice president, Inland Steel Co., requirements of each claimant agency Chicago; Jesse V. Honeycutt, assistant and of total anticipated supply of steel vice president in charge of sales, Beth­ as w ell as recommendations as to the lehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.; and appropriate reconciliation between ag­ Charles H. Longfield, general manager gregate requirements and anticipated of sales, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., supply. Youngstown, O. In addition, the division is responsible Mr. Foy has been appointed deputy for obtaining requisite production of director of the Steel Division and his steel in the forms required; for balancing JOSEPH I. BLOCK former position as assistant director for such production and its distribution with­ distribution will be filled by Mr. Block, in the scope of its jurisdiction; for check­ who has been chairman of the division s ing allotments insofar as this is possible Production Directive committee since its in connection with steel orders placed inception. with producers; and for recommending Mr. Longfield has been named assist­ appropriate action to make the most ant director and chairman of the Pro­ efficient use of steel through changing duction Directive committee and previ­ specifications, substitution, simplifying ously was chief of the Tubular Prod­ production and adoption of other con­ ucts and Tin Plate Branch. servation practices. The division is au­ Mr. Honeycutt, who has been chief of thorized to issue production directives the Wire and Heavy Products Branch, to steel producers, directing them to pro­ has been appointed assistant director for duce specified tonnages per month of production, succeeding David F. Austin certain shapes, forms and sizes. who resigned recently to return to his post with Camegie-Illinois Steel Corp. A new position, assistant director of Metals Reserve Co. Buying the Division for Manpower, will be

filled by Harold J. Ruttenberg, Pitts­ Surplus Steel Valve Stocks C. H. LONGFIELD burgh, formerly special assistant to the Redistribution Division, War Produc­ director of the Steel Division. Before tion Board, is calling upon all users of joining the division in November, 1942, new high-pressure steel valves to list their Mr. Ruttenberg was research director surplus items on form WPB-2844. They for the United Steel Workers of Amer­ also are asked to indicate whether they ica (CIO ). are willing to sell such valves to the gov­ At the end of June, Hiland G. Batchel- ernment. If those sold must be replaced ler, who had been director of the Steel later, the holders are asked to indicate the Division since September, 1942, was desired replacement date so that arrange­ elevated to operations vice chairman of ments for replacement can be made now WPB. Reporting to him now are all of with the manufacturers. the industry, conservation, salvage and Surplus valves are to be purchased by redistribution divisions together with the the Metals Reserve Co. through its deputy vice chairman for field opera­ agency, Murray Cook, at market prices tions. Mr. Batcheller is president of and resold to valve manufacturers to help Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Brack- them meet orders now on their books. enridge, Pa.

J. V. HONEYCUTT TIN PLATE

production suffered because of the re­ Seeks To Stretch Tin Supplies stricted use of tin. Steel has been allo­ cated to the tin plate industry on the WPB Tin-Lead Division director points to need for conservation. basis of requirements for essential pack­ ing and tin has been allocated to coat Steel as much as tin held key to tin plate situation. States new this steel, using the lightest possible coat­ electrolytic plate used as fast as if became available ing. Supplies of steel just as much as tin are the key to the situation. “It was stated in the article that the W HILE, fortunately, we have fair should preferably be made from one of electrolytic tin plate program will be stocks of tin in this country, it is the the following materials selected as early permitted to operate at only partial ca­ considered opinion of the War Produc­ in the list as possible: (1) paper, (2) glass, pacity. To date, we have used electro­ tion Board that the nation’s supply of (3) black plate, with or without bonder- lytic tin plate almost as fast as it has tin should he stretched as far as possible ized and lacquered coating, (4) electro­ become available and more would have without dislocating any military or es­ lytic tin plate, (5) hot dipped tin coating been used if it had been available in sential civilian requirements, states E. and using the lowest practical thickness time for such packs as peas and com. Vogelsang, director, Tin-Lead Division, of tin. Maximum accomplishment of In making this statement we do not wish War Production Board, in a letter to the conservation in packaging necessitates re­ to reflect upon the ability of tire pro­ editor of S t e e l in which lie takes ex­ striction in the usage of each of these ducers, since they, like everyone else, ception to certain statements made in an types of containers where less critical have had difficulty obtaining critical article on tin and tin plate appearing in container material for bulk shipments would suffice. With current reductions components for their equipment. S t e e l , issue of July 5. in the rate of steel output serious inter- “It was further stated that the chief Mr. Vogelsang’s letter in full follows: stumbling block in the electrolytic tin

To the Editor of S t e e l : plate program is the fact that the Army and Lend-Lease require hot dipped plate “In S t e e l July 5th, there appears an GOYERNMENT'S VIEW for their overseas shipments, and for this article entitled ‘Producers Believe Restric­ reason such heavy tonnage items, as tions on Tin Can Be Lifted .’ Discussion of the tin and tin army field ration cans, oil cans, etc., are plate situation in STEEL, page “There are too many errors in this manufactured from hot dipped tin plate. 62, July 5th issue, to which ex­ article to permit them to go unchallenged. This is definitely not the case. With the ception is taken in the accom­ “It is granted that, fortunately, we panying letter to the editor from exception of meat, which is now under have a fair sized stock of tin in the E. Vogelsang, director, Tin-Lead consideration, the Army and Lend-Lease country; however, as long as our enemies Division, War Production Board, have agreed to accept for export electro­ occupy the Far Eastern producing areas, reflected the viewpoint of industry lytic tin plate cans for all products which the supplies available to us will be sub­ as obtained by STEEL’s repre­ are packed in electrolytic cans for do­ stantially under the minimum require­ sentative through interviews with mestic consumption. Oil cans have not ments and the stock will be depleted responsible production executives. been manufactured from tin plate in for the duration of hostilities, and in ad­ STEEL is pleased to present the many years, and at the present time the dition until such time as we can rebuild government’s views on the sub­ Army is not buying any of these con­ tin producing facilities in the Far East­ ject given in Mr. Vogelsang’s let­ tainers except those which are manufac­ ern areas after they are recaptured. ter. tured from frozen stocks of teme plate. For this reason, it is the considered opin­ “Obviously any new development such ion of the W ar Production Board that as electrolytic tin plating has many our supply of tin should be stretched as ‘bugs’ to contend with, but tin plate far as possible without dislocating any ference is being encountered with essen­ manufacturers, can manufacturers and military or essential civilian requirements. tial military programs and no steel prod­ eanners are to be commended for their Conserve Available Supply uct should be specified where packaging efforts in gradually overcoming many of of a non-essential commodity is involved the difficulties. B y the end of 1943 or “This principle of conserving avail­ or where a less critical material would early 1944, an increasing number of able supplies of a critical material is suffice for packaging an essential com­ products will be packed in electrolytic being pursued by the Tin-Lead and Con­ modity. plate so that the new lines should op­ servation Divisions of the War Produc­ “The article states ‘it is difficult to un­ erate at fair capacity. tion Board in the case of tin for tin derstand why the electrolytic tin plate plate just as in the case of our other E. Vogelsang, program was made so large.’ critical materials. It is our aim to in­ Director, Tin-Lead Division sure maximum production and distribu­ “This program is an entirely voluntary War Production Board” tion of all commodities essential to the one initiated by the tin plate industry’ war program, including articles of food. immediately after Pearl Harbor. Nat­ With the over-all material shortage fac­ urally government officials were pleased Maxon Resigns O PA Post ing us it is necessary to use the least with the foresight of the tin plate in­ critical container material in all instances dustry in undertaking this major con­ Charging that the Office of Price just as we have the co-operation of the servation measure but no suggestion or Administration is hampered in its work Army and Navy in using the least criti­ recommendation as to tire size of the pro­ by its own internal weakness, Lou R. cal suitable materials for planes, tanks, gram was offered to our knowledge by Maxon has resigned as deputy adminis­ ships and guns. Bulk shipments of de­ any government official. trator in charge of information. Mr. hydrated or frozen foods ordinarily re­ “At no time since our entry into the Maxon came to Washington early this quire less packaging material. Where war when restrictions and control meas­ year from his Detroit advertising firm, small unit containers are essential, these ures were put into effect has tin plate Maxon Inc.

July 19, 1943 81 WINDOWS of WASHINGTON

No Sounding Board ficers, supervisors and foremen were re­ Good Question placed by the former officers, and the TH E QUARREL between Vice Presi­ former supervisory personnel took over A very embarrassing question just has dent Henry Wallace, in his capacity as their old jobs— and that is the reason been handed on by the Civil Service head of the Board of Economic Warfare, things are going better. Commission to the various federal agen­ and Jesse Jones, as head of Reconstruc­ There are numerous exemptions to the cies. The question is: “How many in­ tion Finance Corp. and its subsidiaries, embargo alluded to above. Shipments competent employes have you fired in apparently will not have a sounding of materials for railroad use, shipments the last five years?” The question is an entirely unnecessary one for everybody board in Congress if Democratic mem­ going under government bills of lading, knows the answer, including the Civil bers have their way. supplies for a number of Mexican con­ tractors that are working under United Service Commission. Senator Bridges’ resolution asking a The answer is that government agen­ Senate investigation was referred not to cies do not fire incompetents. It just the Senate Military Affairs Committee is not done. It is the habit to let a but instead to the Senate Banking Com­ JUST FANCY small percentage of incompetents coast mittee. The Military Affairs Committee OPA has a new word marvel. along on the work done by the great is headed by Senator Reynolds, who fre­ It’s "rationale” and is regarded by majority. quently criticizes the administration, its lawyer-inventors as much whereas the chairman of the Banking The Civil Service Commission did not smarter and fancier than “direc­ Committee is Senator Wagner of New ask this question of its own invention. tive,” “co-ordinator” etc. York, a leading new dealer. Hence it It was prodded into action by the Rarn- The dictionary defines rationale remains to be seen whether Mr. Jones is speck Investigation Committee which is as “an explanation or exposition guilty, as charged, of delaying pur­ very much interested in the wasting of of the principles of some opinion, chases of strategic materials. taxpayers’ money through inefficiency in action, hypothesis, phenomenon government. Now that the question has At the same time, the natural feeling or the like. Now rare.” been asked, answers must be forthcom­ among the Democrats as a whole being At O PA the word is defined as ing. It w ill be very interesting to see they want to avoid a blow to the party “a statement of considerations.” what the heads of the various agencies in general, the struggle between regu­ First rationale to be issued is will have to say on this matter. lar Democrats and New' Dealers con­ one in which bowling alley oper­ tinually brings new moves. One of the ators are permitted to buy shoes latest is a proposal by Representative to rent to patrons, “ten pairs of Bad Reputation Sumners of Texas that the constitution bowling shoes per alley for the be amended to permit Congress to over­ Uncle Sam always has had a bad repu­ first four alleys and seven pairs of ride a veto with a simple majority. tation among the Indians for not keeping shoes per alley for every alley his word— and this failure to abide by above four.” solemnly executed treaties continues Improving One part of the order stipulates right up to the moment. In 1902 the no pair of shoes may be rented or Signs are beginning to develop that government entered into an agreement loaned for a period longer than the railroad transportation situation in with the Choctaw and Chicksaw nations 12 hours at a time to the same Mexico will improve shortly. Since to the effect that it would dispose of person. That should be long enough Mexican railroad labor sometime back- tribal lands in Oklahoma or, in the event to let the hardiest individual get decided to select their supervisors and of failure to make a proper disposition, his fill of bowling. foremen by electing them, things had take the lands over and pay for them out been going from bad to worse. On of public funds. The agreement never June 16, the Association of American was carried out and the Indians are get­ Railroads, with the approval of the Of­ States contracts are exempted, while per­ ting impatient over what they regard fice of Defense Transportation embar­ mits are issued in certain other instances. as unfair treatment to government goed shipments across the border at It is more a matter of controlling rather “wards.” Laredo, Eagle Pass and Brownsville, than of stopping the flow. Now under discussion before the Sen­ Tex., because of congestion resulting ate Indian Affairs Committee is S. 314 in­ from the inability of the National Rail­ Not So Tough troduced by Senator Elmer Thomas of ways of Mexico to accept the cars and Oklahoma. It is aimed to right this haul them to destination. More than Despite his tough exterior, there is no wrong. 600 cars were waiting transfer across the more tender-hearted man in Washing­ A notable feature of these hearings is border at Laredo alone on that date. ton than Charles E. Wilson, former the impressive caliber of the tribesmen As this is written the situation has General Electric Co. president, who now who come to state their reasons for ask­ improved somewhat, there now being is vice chairman of the War Production ing passage of the bill. They include 466 cars on hand at Laredo. Board. such men as Governor Kerr of Oklahoma, Control of the transfer of cars across He feels his responsibility keenly and a member of the state supreme court the Mexican boundary is essential for is applying pressure wherever it seems and numerous others who occupy high another reason. That is the tendency to be needed to make sure that our places in the state government or in pri­ of the Mexican railroad authorities to troops are supplied with plenty of every­ vate industry. delay return of the cars. They use them thing so that they can get the w ar fin­ Under questioning, they tell an im­ on their own lines and return them ished with the least possible expenditure pressive story about the feats of Choctaw when in bad order. Hence it is neces­ of blood. and Chicksaw Indians in this war. With sary to limit the number of cars going “I want to do a job now that will en­ respect to the coal involved, some of across the border to approximately the able me to look the boys in the eye the witnesses said, there is enough of it in number of the returns. when they get back,” he says. Then he Oklahoma to supply the Southwest for About two months ago the elected of­ chokes up and changes the subject. 100 years.”

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July 19, 1943 83 _v_ .•nyrgsyag

CONGRESS

"unused or surplus aircraft owned by the United States, and the licensing of the What Will Be Done To Soften import and export of aircraft so as to— “Prevent, to the extent possible, any ad­ Shock of Transition to Peace? verse effect upon the economic sound­ ness, efficiency, or safety of the national Two bills now before legislators aim to intelligently handle the and international air transport system of problems certain to develop in connection with the disposal this country and any interference with the execution by the board of . . . this act; of surplus war materials, machinery and plant with minimum “Meet the demand and need for air­ disturbance to postwar business and industry craft or parts thereof by commercial oper­ ators of aircraft in the United States for the initiation and expansion of operations T O M A K E sure tire problem of dis­ values, location and custody of war ma­ necessary to assure the sound and unin­ posing of surplus goods of all kinds after terials and other tangible property, both terrupted development of interstate and the war will be handled intelligently and real and personal, acquired, held, or foreign commerce by air; in a way to provide minimum shock to utilized for military purposes, which may “Meet the demand and need for air­ postwar business activities, Congress is reasonably be expected to be in the pos­ craft or parts thereof by persons in the expected, soon after it reconvenes after session or under the control of any agency the summer recess, to take action on two bills aimed at this objective. One of them is H.R. 2795, passed by the House on June 9. This is expected to come up for hearings before the Senate Committee on Expenditures in the Execu­ tive Department after Labor day. The other is H.R. 2959, which as yet has had no detailed consideration but which is sure to come up for hearings. Under 1I.R. 2795 all surplus property in the hands of the Army, the Navy, the Maritime Commission and other govern­ ment procurement agencies would be reported to the director of the Bureau of the Budget and the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department and the surplus property disposed of under regu­ lations to be prescribed by the President. By "property,” as defined in this bill, is meant surplus machine tools and other equipment in government owned plants, as well as the huge inventories of a vast assortment of items of countless diversity BLAST FURNACE: Cast house of the new blast furnace at Columbia Steel that will be in the hands of the armed Co.'s Ironton plant, near Provo, Utah, now is in operation. Furnace forces at the conclusion of the war. The was moved piece-meal from Joliet, 111., by this United States Steel Corp. bill exempts only government-owned land, subsidiary under government direction. Daily capacity is 950 tons buildings, “or their appurtenant facilities or fixtures or any gold or silver.” The thinking at the capitol about postwar use of government-owned plants has not yet at the time of cessation of hostilities in United States other than commercial crystallized sufficiently to permit the shap­ the present war and no longer needed for operators of aircraft necessary to assure the sound and uninterrupted develop­ ing of legislation at this time. such purposes.” This study would start H.R. 2795 merely is an instrument immediately after enactment of the bill ment of civil aeronautics; establishing machinery under which dis­ and the committee would be required “Prevent, to the extent practicable, the posal of surplus government-owned prop­ within six months at most to report re­ creation of burden upon other available erty could be effected in an orderly and sults of its investigation and submit rec­ markets for aircraft in the United States; controlled manner. It is to be expected ommendations for further legislation “Achieve and preserve the economic that the Senate will vote in favor of it and aimed at insuring an orderly process of soundness, and production capacity for that the President will give it his signa­ liquidation. This committee also would commercial military' and other aircraft, ture. To guard against the possibility be charged with observing the administra­ of the aircraft manufacturing industry i 1 that the President and the government tion of the act. the United States during and after con­ agencies given powers under this bill When H.R. 2959 comes up for hear­ version to a peacetime basis; “The protection, to the extent possible, may not be misused, a safeguard is con­ ings it is certain that many manufacturers tained. The bill calls for establishment of will want to come to Washington to tell of the financial interest of the United a Surplus W ar Property Committee to be their stories. This bill provides for the States in unused or surplus aircraft; made up of five members of the Senate “Disposition and Control of Surplus Air­ “Meet the demand and need for air­ and five members of the House. It would craft by the Civil Aeronautics Board.” craft or parts thereof by any foreign lie the duty of this committee “to under­ This bill would place in the lap of the country or the citizens or subjects therein. take promptly a full and complete study Civil Aeronautics Board the full responsi­ “Meet any obligations assumed by tin and investigation of the types, quantities. bility of determining the disposition of United States in any treaty, convention or

/TEEL S4 CONGRESS

agreement that may be in force between cheaply and get it in the air in large That is the reason behind the decisions the United States and any foreign country numbers whereas the aircraft manufac­ to kill off the National Youth Administra­ or countries; and turers want it scrapped pretty largely and tion and the National Resources Planning “Comply with other relevant national replaced by new planes to be manufac­ Board and certain other agencies. policies of the United States, particularly tured after the war is over, is reflected Congress is also worried over the in­ those in the field of foreign relations.” by a provision for a fine up to $10,000 flation threat and it is safe to expect The bill calls for establishment of an and imprisonment up to two years for when it reconvenes after its summer re­ Aircraft Advisor)’ Board to consist of one “any person who knowingly and wilfully cess it will take more effective action in member each from the following federal violates any provision . . . for the purpose this direction than up to this time. And departments: Treasury, War, State, Navy of injuring in any way the action of the what their constituents tell congressmen and Commerce. It will be noted that board or for the purpose of obtaining a during the vacation wall have a large under it the President is to have no au­ license, money, property, or anything of bearing on what they do when they get thority whatever over disposal of surplus value.” back to Washington. government-owned aircraft. H.R. 2959 was introduced June 15 by That Congress fully realizes that this Representative Andrew J. May (D. Ky.). process of disposal will offer difficult prob­ It was referred to the House Committee U. S. Treasury Loans lems, particularly because airline opera­ on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Silver to G reat Britain tors will want to buy up this equipment w hich u ill conduct the hearings on it. Shipments of silver, totaling 3,075,000 ounces, supplied to Great Britain by the United States under lend-lease, have Straw Shows Way Wind Blows arrived in the United Kingdom to help relieve a serious shortage. The ship­ Failure to extend Guffey Coal act beyond the Aug. 23 dead­ ments, which were from stocks of treasury free silver, were made avail­ line seen as reflecting mounting disposition of the legislative able to Great Britain with the under­ branch of the government to discourage widespread use of standing that they be returned on an such bureaucratic controls in postwar era ounce-for-ounce basis after the end of the war.

WHEN Congress refused to extend Mr. Robertson: “How about the manu­ Britain’s silver requirements for the the Guffey Coal act beyond Aug. 23, one facturers of steel? Suppose after the war first half of 1943, in addition to supplies of its principal reasons was that it wanted is over they find they have a capacity of from sources other than the United to discourage widespread use of such 100,000,000 tons and a market for 40,- States and Canada, totaled 5,000,000 bureaucratic controls in the postwar 000,000 tons, and they are very much ounces, and of this Canada has agreed world. disorganized, just as disorganized as they to supply 1,925,000 ounces. The United In taking its action, Congress upset were at the end of World War I, should States and Canadian governments have in administration officials who believe that the government step in and fix the price dicated their willingness to supply addi­ such controls are necessary to prevent of steel too, in order to pay wages that tional silver to Britain for essential war dislocations in the economy. were paid during the war to the steel­ uses, including coinage, as long as the This point of view was brought out workers?” silver is not more urgently needed ii* with particular emphasis when the House Mr. Gray: “If the steel conditions are their domestic economies. Ways and Means Committee questioned such as they are in the coal mines, I Howard A. Gray, deputy solid fuels co­ would say ‘Yes, sir!’ ” ordinator for war. Mr. Gray is an ap­ To show the way which the wind was New Guide Issued on Use pointee of Secretary Harold L. Ickes, who blowing the following comment by Rep­ Of Construction Materials also holds the post of solid fuels co-ordi- resentative Wesley E. Disney (D. Okla.) nator for war. Representative A. Willis is illuminating: “By that time (October, A new issue of the Critical Construc­ Robertson (D. Va.) asked Mr. Gray if 1940) the coal industry had ‘stabilized’ it­ tion Materials Guide, is now available he would favor a “Guffey act” for iron self so that it was making $15,000,000 from the Conservation Division of War mines. net. But the argument for establishing Production Board. The new guide super­ If conditions in the iron mines are the bureau was that it was supposed to sedes the issue of Feb. 19, 1943, and such as they were in the coal mines prior stabilize the industry. We do not want while the revisions involved are minor to the Guffey act, I would say ‘undoubt­ such stabilization extended into the post­ in most cases, the entire guide has been edly, yes, sir.’ But I know nothing of war world. Nor did we want to extend revamped and printed on a new format the conditions in the iron mines,” Mr. the act now merely to stabilize John with new classifications. Gray replied. Lewis’ wartime strikes and give him In general, the tendency is to eliminate Then came these questions and an­ power to continue to say that only the specific prohibitions and substitute for swers: government can operate the coal mines.” them general classifications under which Mr. Robertson: “How about copper This and other portions of the record WPB can either accept or reject applica­ mines? Do you favor the government prove that Congress did not kill the tions for critical materials to be used in exercising control over them and fixing Guffey act merely to force 1200 govern­ construction. The new’ form will permit it so they can pay any wage authorized ment employes off the payroll with an considerable increase in flexibility and by the War Labor Board and still come accompanying saving of $3,000,000 a is intended to encourage construction en­ out on top?” year, and to save 29 cents a ton to con­ gineers, architects and designers to use Mr. Gray: “If conditions were the same sumers. Congress is worried about federal more critical materials where necessary as they were in the coal mines prior to domestic policies, about the arbitrary and desirable and permit WPB to deter­ the passage of the Guffey act I say you methods of government bureaus, about mine advisability of use. Previous edi­ should have regulation the same as under regimentation. Congress is worried over tions encouraged the elimination of use the Guffey act.” the need for high taxes. of critical materials where possible. July 19, 1943 85 WPB-OPA

Originally the exception expired on July 6. P RI O RITI E S-A LLOCATION S-P RICES (L - 1 2 6 ) BABY CARRIAGES: Production schedules for third quarter have been set at 289,622 Weekly summaries of orders and regulations, together with offi­ baby carriages and 265,400 strollers, walkers, and sulkies compared with 289,369 and 233,- cial interpretations and directives, issued by W ar Production 500, respectively, for second quarter. Sitting vehicles require about one pound of metal Board and Office of Price Administration per unit while carriages require from 6 to 9 pounds for single and 12 pounds or more for twin types. (L-152) HEAT EXCHANGERS: Coverage of order INSTRUCTIONS thorized controlled material order. If retailer prefers, he may place an authorized controlled L-172 has been broadened to include additional material order for amount of wire shown on types and sizes of heat exchangers. The order CMP-24: Aluminum fabricators and distrib­ the certificate by placing on his order the al­ makes a distinction between the most critical utors, including companies making rough pat­ lotment number appearing on the “Copper types and others by requiring specific author­ tern castings, now are required to show, as Wire Allotment Certificate,” followed by the ization by WPB before an order can be placed a part of their CMP allotment number, the quarterly identification and endorsing the order with a manufacturer for certain heat exchang­ quarter in which they are authorized to place with a prescribed certification. (CMP No. 1) ers. Applications for authorization to purchase their CMP allotment instead of the two digits Group 1 exchangers must be made on WPB- representing requested month of delivery. They 1475 (formerly PD-615). Orders for all other must show a requested month or date of de­ exchangers must bear preference rating of livery which must be no earlier than they w ill E ORDERS AA-5 or higher. (L-172) need the metal in accordance with their au­ MACHINE TOOLS: Order E-l-b has been thorized production schedule. STEEL FENCE POSTS: Number of styles amended to prevent under any circumstances They also are cautioned in accepting orders shipment of machine tools to dealers for stock. has been reduced from about 75 to less than and in posting them to form CMP-24 to be sure Sequence of delivery among the 25% of pro­ 20, resulting in an estimated saving of about that these are transcribed correctly and that duction allotted to foreign and “other-than- 6C00 tons of steel. (L-211) the customer has given what appears to be a service” purchasers is now determined by date STERILIZERS: Schedule A of order L-266 reasonable program number. Their attention of receipt of the preference rating certificate, has been enlarged to include additional sizes is directed to the provision which requires them whenever the rating is A-l-a or higher. If of pressure sterilizers of the cylindrical, rec­ to report to WPB all orders undelivered more lower than A -l-a, sequence of deliveries is de­ tangular and water pressure types, and non­ than 30 days after the end of the requested termined by preference ratings. (E -l-b) pressure sterilizers, which may be produced. month of delivery. Restrictions on use of critical metals in cer­ The large amount of unfilled orders reported tain types of sterilizer equipment are eased. by many fabricators, particularly foundries, in­ (L - 2 6 6 ) dicates they have not observed the provision W ELDING EQUIPMENT: A new order sets stating that no producer (except those operat­ INDEX OF ORDER up procedure for establishing a national re­ ing under specific WPB production directives) serve pool of used idle resistance welding shall accent a total order load for any month REVISIONS equipment which must be tapped first to meet in excess of 105% of his capacity. Subject Designations demands before new equipment can be pur­ WIRE MILLS: Clarifying a recent report, chased. Owners must register with WPB on Carriages, Baby ...... L - 1 5 2 Copper Division has issued the following state­ form WPB-2732 equipment which has not Coolers, Water ...... L - 1 2 6 been used more than 120 hours during a period ment: “All direct shipment orders placed on Dehydrators, Food ...... L - 3 0 8 wire mills by warehouses which bear only pref­ of 90 consecutive days. Manufacturers must Facsimiles ...... P R N o . / erence ratings were automatically cancelled by report on WPB-2830 on or before 15th of Fence Posts, Steel ...... L -2 1 1 each month all purchase orders for new and wire mills when CMP became effective July 1. Ileat Exchangers ...... L - 1 7 2 rebuilt equipment and repair parts unfilled, However, electrical warehouses may ship on License Plates ...... L -3 2 -a received and cancelled during the preceding both authorized controlled material orders and Sewerage F acilities ...... P -1 4 1 month. Manufacturers and dealers are pro­ preference rated orders under CMP regulation Sterilizers ...... L - 2 6 6 No. 4, provided shipment is made from ware­ Tools, H and ...... C M P N o . o hibited from accepting orders for delivery of any new equipment unless the order or ^de­ house stock/’ Tools, Machine ...... E - l- b livery is specifically authorized on W PB-2/52, PREFERENCE RATING: Assignment of an Trucks, Industrial P ow er ...... L - 1 1 2 except in cases of: purchase orders of $200 AA-1 preference rating for all of the 100-octane Welding Equipment L-298 or less; orders for resistance welding electrodes; aviation gasoline plants that are scheduled for Wire, Copper ...... CMP No. 1, L-63 orders for equipment for direct use by Army, completion in 1943 has been announced. Some Navy, Maritime Commission, or War Shipping of these projects previously had an AA-2X Price Regulations Administration; orders bearing preference rat­ ra tin g . Copper Scrap ...... N o . 20 ings assigned under order P-19-h; or orders DISTRIBUTORS’ FORM: WPB-547 now M a c h in e ry ...... N o . 13G placed by manufacturers or dealers in resist­ supersedes form PD-1X, used by distributors in ance welding equipment. (L-298) obtaining priority assistance for replacing in­ FOOD DEHYDRATORS: Production quotas ventories. PD-1X applications will be ac­ have been assigned to 31 manufacturers of cepted for processing until Aug. 1; after that domestic food dehydrators in self-contained date, only WPB-547 w ill be valid. L ORDERS units. Initial production of 89,000 units plus parts must be completed by Sept. 1. (L-308) LICENSE PLATES: States are permitted to CMP REGULATIONS use metal on hand, or sheet and strip steel not heavier than 22 gage and listed as idle or ex­ P ORDERS HAND TOOLS: Employes may use under cess inventory with Steel Recovery Corp., for specific circumstances CMP regulation No. 5 purpose of manufacturing one 1944 license SEWERAGE FACILITIES: Order P-141 as preference ratings assigned to their employers plate per motor vehicle. Specific authorization revised covers only sanitary systems operated for maintenance, repair and operating supplies, of WPB must be obtained to purchase steel separately or combined with a storm sewerage to purchase hand tools required to retain or listed with the corporation. (L-32-a) svstem. Other sanitation services are covered obtain employment. Employers are permitted by CMP regulation No. 5A. The order now to purchase such items as hand tools for release COPPER W IRE: All bare or insulated wire assigns: preference rating of AA-1 to supplies to employes, even though this has not been a or cable for electrical conduction, made from for MRO, and lowest rating given to a rated customary business practice in the past. copper or copper-base alloy, in distributors’ stocks have been released from inventory re­ project to construction of sewage facilities to An AA-1 preference rating is granted to strictions of order L-63. Inventory control is serve such project, provided commencement radio communications by including this ac­ now exercised by WPB under CMP regulation of construction is authorized by WPB; pre­ tivity in Schedule I. Analytical, research, test­ No. 4. (L-63) scribes: method for obtaining controlled ma­ ing and control laboratories have been removed terials in specified forms and shapes and a cer­ from Schedule I of the regulation and are there­ POWER TRUCKS: Purchase orders for used tification for use in applying the AA-1 rating by denied use of AA-1 preference rating. Per­ industrial power trucks must be authorized and allotment symbol by an operator to de­ sons producing identification plates, emblems, by WPB before they can be accepted. Author­ liveries of materials for use in MRO; provides badges, pin tickets and tags have been granted izations of acceotance are made on form WPB- that ratings assigned by the order may be use of the AA-2 rating for MRO supplies by the 1319 (formerly PD-556). (L-112) extended by a supplier by use of the certificate inclusion of such activities in Schedule II. Additional manufacturers of industrial power prescribed in Priorities Regulation No. •>« (CMP No. 5) trucks have been placed on the list of those and the ratings assigned to extensions of sys­ COPPER W IRE: Farmers may obtain “Cop­ who make models which are approved by WPB tems to serve rated projects may be apphed per Wire Allotment Certificates” from USD A and come within provisions of L-112. Limita­ by use of the certification prescribed in Pri­ W ar Boards on basis of applications which show tions have been placed on specifications ap­ orities Regulation No. 3; establishes the year actual nefd of copper wire for farm operations plied to fork-type models of power trucks, 1942 as the base year for determining MRv in excess of the 75 feet permitted under Pri­ lim iting the height of the lift and length of the expenditures; provides that an operator orities regulation No. 19. Retailers may place forks on the trucks. (L-112-a) cost for supplies in MRO in 1942 were $1000 orders on warehouses or mills for the amount WATER COOLERS: Production of special or less and who anticipates that that amount of wire shown on the certificate and attach the self-contained drinking water coolers for use w ill not be exceeded in the year under con­ certificate to the order. Order is then an au­ aboard ship is permitted for an indefinite time. sideration is exempted from quarterly limita­

86 /T E E l WPB-OPA

tions; provides for increase in expenditures for MRO proportional to increase in dry weather flow from year to year and also for expenditure Bureau of Planning and Statistics for repairs in excess of ordinary allowances, following calamitous circumstances; cost of the $1500 and $500 limited extensions and ex­ Combines Functions of Three Groups pansions must be included with other expenses for MRO supplies; restrictions upon construc­ tion of extensions to serve customer premises have been eliminated from the order, pro­ FORM ATION of a Bureau of Planning agement Production committees to 2100 vided that no iron or steel pipe is used by the and Statistics, combining the functions war plants, employing *1,556,150 work­ operator except in minimum quantities required ers, through addition of 200 committees in making necessary connections. (P-141) of the former Division of Statistics, Planning committee, and Office of Prog­ which have registered recently with PRIORITIES REGULATIONS ress Reports has been announced by Drive Headquarters. Charles E. Wilson, executive vice chair­ FACSIMILES: Use of facsimile signatures man, War Production Board. on purchase or delivery orders wherever a WPB Appoints Industry signature is required by a WPB order or regu­ Stacy May remains director of the Divi­ lation is permissible. (PR No. 7) sion of Statistics and becomes director Advisory Committees of the new bureau. Simon Kuznets, who Director of Industry Advisory* Com ­ PRICE REGULATIONS has been acting chairman of the Planning mittees, War Production Board, an­ COPPER SCRAP: Uniform lim it to fees and committee, is associate director of the nounces formation of the following in­ charges made for conversion of copper and bureau and director of the new Planning dustry* advisory committees: copper-alloy scrap in toll transactions has been established. The charges must not exceed the Division. This division wall appraise the Malleable Iron difference between the maximum price for overall production capacity of our Government presiding officer is George F. scrap metal and ceiling price of refined copper. economy, relating the flow of resources Hocker. Committee members are: C. S. An­ (N o . 2 0 ) derson, Belle City Malleable Iron Co., Racine, to military production with civilian and MACHINERY: Effective period has been ex­ Wis.; L. A. Dibble, Eastern Malleable Iron tended for provision in price regulation No. indirect military requirements. Co., Naugatuck, Conn.; Charles A. Gutenkimst Jr., Milwaukee Malleable & Grey Iron Works, 136, permitting wholesalers to adjust their M. Joseph Meehan, who lias been di­ Milwaukee; A. F. Jackson, Michigan Malleable maximum prices on certain items, if they were based on lower manufacturer’s prices than those rector of the Office of Progress Reports, Iron Co., Detroit; W. II. Moriarty, National Malleable & Steel Castings Co., Cleveland; in effect on Oct. 1, 1941. Effective July 23, is director of the Progress Division, the a wholesaler is allowed to increase his base K. M. Smith, Lancaster Malleable & Steel date (Oct. 1, 1941, for machines and parts functions of which remain unchanged. Corp., Lancaster, N. Y.; John Wagner, Wag­ ner Malleable Iron Co., Decatur, 111. listed in Appendix A and March 31, 1942, foi Division of Statistics will have these those listed in Appendix B of the regulation) Range Boiler and Tank selling price by same percentage as the manu­ three assistant directors: M. A. Copeland, Government presiding officer is Vincent T. facturer increased the price to him. (No. 136) in charge of Munitions Branch; E. B. Manas. Committee members are: T. M. Bohen, George in charge of Materials Branch; Whitehead Metal Products Co. Inc., New York; M. H. Feldman, John Wood Mfg. Co., Chicago; Appointments-Resignations and V. D. Reed in charge of Industry K. P. Fuhrmann, Wheeling Steel Corp., Ports­ and Facilities Branch. R. W. Trunley, mouth, O.; R. E. James, Rheem Mfg. Co., Sidney J. Weinberg has resigned as Sparrows Point, Md.; Wesley Martin, A. O. who was administrative Officer of the Smith Corp., Milwaukee; E. Sedlachek, Scaife assistant to chairman of the War Produc­ Division of Statistics, is administrative Co., Oakmont, Pa.; A. R. Hanson, L. O. Koven tion Board. Inc., Jersey City, N. J.; D. D. Smith, Porcelain officer of the bureau. O © O Steels Inc., Cleveland; O. S. Wessells, D. D. Bureau of Planning and Statistics, Wessells & Sons Co., Detroit. Roy W. Johnson of Stamford, Conn., which reports directly to vice chairman Dump Body Hydraulic Hoist Manufacturers has been appointed deputy director of Donald D. Davis, will recommend plans Government presiding officer is John E. and policies for effective mobilization of Graham. Committee members are: A. F. the Facilities Bureau, War Production Brooker, Daybrook Hydraulic Corp., Bowling Board. lie succeeds Col. Gordon E. industrial resources and essential civilian- Green, O.; Harry* Cobey, Perfection Steel Body Textor who has returned to duty with production. It also will appraise the feasi­ Co., Galion, O.; Gerald S. Connelly, General Body & Hoist Co., Everett, Mass.; W. H. the U. S. Corps of Engineers. bility and balance of production objec­ Hammond, Gar Wood Industries Inc., Detroit; O O O tives and effective implement of policy, B. J. Heiser, Galion Allsteel Body Co., Galion, and will compile statistics and other in­ ().; G. H. Herr, Marion Metal Products Co., Richard O. Fischer of Chicago, has Marion, O.; Richard R. Howard, Anthony Co. formation relating to these tasks. Inc., Streator, 111.; E. P. Monroe, Hercules Steel been appointed deputy director of Divi­ A specific duty of the bureau will be Products Co., Galion, O.; W. S. Scruggs, St. sion of Railway Transport, Office of De­ Paul Hydraulic Hoist Co., Minneapolis; H. A. to compile a record­ fense Transportation. Materials Handbook, Stoller, Heil Co., Milwaukee. o o o ing quarterly estimates of supply and Farm Machinery and Equipment Transportation demand for major industrial materials. Government presiding officer is James W. John Downing has resigned as assist­ Crofoot. Committee members: J. R. Dreffer, It will prepare reports on changes in these ant director of the Marketing Division, traffic manager, New Idea Inc., Cold water, O.; Petroleum Administration for War. estimates during the quarterly periods. F. L. Fisher, traffic manager, Starline Inc., o o o Reorganization of the W P B Lum ber Harvard, 111.; M. L. Gibson, assistant traffic manager, International Harvester Co., Chicago; and Lumber Products Division also has Paul M. Green has been appointed W . P. Mertsching, traffic manager, James Mfg. been announced. J. Philip Boyd is the Co., Fort Atkinson, W is.; H. J. Schroeder, gen­ director of the Accounting Division of the director and Mathias W. Niewenhous is eral traffic manager, Deere & Co., Moline, Inc., Office of Price Administration, succeed­ and J. C. Shoemaker, traffic manager, Buckeye deputy director. The division now con­ ing Herbert F. Taggart who has accept­ Incubator Co., Springfield, O. sists of the following three branches: ed a major’s commission in the Army. Bearing and Bushing Program Branch witli Henry Clopper as Government presiding officer is R. L. Vani- o o o chief and Albert C. Cline as head of a man. Committee members: Frank I. Bowles, Kendrick Mfg. Co., Detroit; B. A. Brown, James E. Pew has been appointed Requirements Section. It also has a Sta­ Moraine Products division, General Motors assistant director of the Division of tistical Section; Operations Branch with Corp., Dayton, O.; Ray F. Crom, McQuay- Norris Mfg. Co., Indianapolis; P. J. Flaherty, Natural Gas and Natural Gasoline, Harold E. Holman as acting chief; and Johnson Bronze Co., New Castle, Pa.; H. O. Petroleum Administration for War. Mr. Marketing Control Branch with J. N. Johnson, Bound Brook Oilless Bearing Co., Pew succeeds Paul W. Raigorodsky who Winton as chief. Bound Brook, N. J.; A. J. Langhammer, Amplex division, Chrysler Corp., Detroit; James L. resigned on June 30. Succeeding Mr. Meyers, Cleveland Graphite Bronze Co., Cleve­ Pew as chief of tire Natural Gas section War Production Drive Headquarters land; David W . Rodger, Federal-Mogul Corp., is Charles E. Webber. Detroit; and L. G. Hooker, Detroit Aluminum has announced extension of Labor-Man- & Brass Corp., Detroit.

July 19, 1943 87 Information supplied by an Industrial Publication

One of the best ways of expediting machining is hollow mill which removes push-out pins at the the use of tools that make several cuts simultane­ bottom of the annular recess between the inner ously. True, such tools must usually be specially and outer walls. Above the mill, on a flange, Eire designed, but the time saved more than compen­ four cutters that remove flash and face the top sates for the effort of developing them. edge of the casting. A tool developed to do three operations simul­ A ll of these operations are performed with the taneously on an aluminum die casting is a good tool in a drill press spindle, the work being held example. It is a combination drill, miller and by a simple fixture. The time saving between this facing cutter. method, requiring a single set-up and a single The drill which cuts flash from the center hole stroke of the d rill press spindle, and the use of is in the middle. It is surrounded by a four-tooth three set-ups and three tools is obvious.

CLIMAX FURNISHES AUTHORITATIVE ENGINEERING MOLYBDIC OXIDE, BRIQUETTED OR CANNED • DATA ON MOLYBDENUM APPLICATIONS. FERROMOLYBDENUM . "CALCIUM MOLYBDATE"

G lim p a n y 5 0 0 F k City

/T E E t MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

New model automobiles always were long in "conversational" strongly. An engineering group former­ ly busy on tank and aircraft engine de­ stage in prewar days and they again are becoming popular velopment now is spending some time subjects for discussion. . . . "Inside" information is once more on the perfection of a 5-cylinder in-line engine for use in what appears to be a beginning to be passed around about new designs and plans new Ford model in the low-price field. Many engineers will tell you the 5-cyl­ “CONVERSATIONAL” new models triotic about this. After all, the design inder engine is better balanced than have been built by the automotive in­ engineers and the stylists and the master either a four or a six to give smooth, vi- dustry almost ever since it was consid­ mechanics are there on the job every brationless performance, and of course ered an industry, and they are again day, and if war production has progressed would show some economy over a six. becoming popular discussion subjects. In to the point where they have some free There are no particular construction dif­ prewar days, there was always a new time, what is more natural than to turn ficulties in such an engine, the crank­ model just around the corner— a new to new car model planning? Officially shaft throws being spaced 72 degrees $300 Ford, or a new streamlined Pack­ apart, and firing order 1-5-2-4-3. ard, or a Buick Torpedo, or a new light Fragmentary reports on the car itself Nash. Some of them finally turned out include such features as transverse to be the real thing, months and often THE W O M EN double-action leaf springs, which permit years after they hit the conversational One job in every three at Cadil­ removal of shock absorbers; tubular stage; others never did see the light of lac Division, General Motors steel frame supporting a full-size 5-pas­ day, but nevertheless discussion of them Corp., is now performed by a senger body; two-speed transmission de­ was usually based on actual development woman, which is in sharp con­ signed to permit the countershaft to be work. Various reasons could be ascribed trast to peacetime conditions when free in direct drive, thus contributing to to their ultimate demise. Perhaps the no women were employed in Cad­ economy. sales department decided the market did illac plants. Even a year ago there not justify the cost. Perhaps bugs de­ were only 44 women employed in Product of Continued Research veloped in an engine or in a frame or a tank and aircraft engine work. It should be emphasized that this de­ body. Or perhaps the brass-hat depart­ From a modest start in inspection velopment work is nothing which may ment concluded to write off the develop­ departments, women now arc have originated in the last four or five ment expense and start on something classified in nearly all types of jobs weeks, but is more likely a part of a else. from sweepers to crane operators. continuing program of research and de­ Suppliers Were “In” Speaking of women, Mrs. Ber­ velopment on which a little added em­ nice Palmer, Detroit, who nine phasis is being placed at the moment. Suppliers of materials, parts and equip­ months ago ran a confectionery It would likely take six months to a year ment to the motor industry were “in” on store and who now works in the from the word “go” to put such a pro­ many of these new car projects. They Packard Rolls-Royce plant has posed car in production. Meanwhile had to be, in order to furnish estimates been deluged with 1700 sugges­ the regular Ford, Mercury and Lincoln on new equipment lines, or new steel sec­ tions for solving a production dif­ lines would go back into production, al­ tions, or new castings. Discussion of ficulty after her problem was pic­ though conceivably the 5-cylinder job new models was often the conversational tured in a recent issue of a popu­ could take the place of the Ford six stock-in-trade of these people. They lar weekly magazine. However, which was more or less interchangeable could tell you all about a new light a solution worked out by the Pack­ in Ford chassis with the V-8. Ford, or a new line of streamline bodies ard process department proved which CM was developing, or a new As far as is known, the industry has more practical than any of the Chrysler transmission, often long be­ never built a 5-cylinder engine, but for 1700 diagrams, blueprints, descrip­ fore the sponsors of such developments the past few years Mr. Ford and some tions and working models which had actually decided to go ahead. of his engineers have been reported “in­ Mrs. Palmer received. trigued” by its possibilities. Obviously it is a long distance from the discussion of a proposed new model Experiments likewise are understood to its appearance on salesroom floors. to be in progress on the adaptation of Everyone in the industry is fully aware the motor companies will deny they have the Ford 12-cylinder aircraft engine to of this, but many of the general public any concerted new model activity, but wing mounting in airplanes. This type are prone to believe that as soon as they nevertheless there is plenty of unoffi­ of mounting calls for a Hat pancake- hear about a new car model it is time cial work taking shape. type engine, enclosed by the airfoil and to go out and place an order. For example, creditable reports in­ obviating the necessity for nacelles. To A ll this is prefatory' to the point that dicate Lincoln has put the finishing adapt a V-12 to such a mounting it the industry’ today is just about into the' touches on ten hand-built jobs for post­ would be necessary to “open up” the new model conversational stage. “In­ war production. They resemble closely Vee sufficiently to make the front profile side” information is once more beginning the last of the 1942 models the com­ more nearly flat. to be passed around Detroit about new pany built. The cars are said to be full- This is the type of engine which origi­ model designs and plans. Some of this size models, of regulation materials, but nally was scheduled to be built in the discussion is centered around specific of course did not come off production new plant of the Liquid-Cooled Engine builders, which is pretty' certain proof dies, since these are not available. Parts Division of Aviation Corp. in Toledo, that practically all units of the industry like fenders, hoods and body sections O., a project which was canceled by the are finding some time to shape plans can be shaped over wood form blocks to NVPB several months ago. The plant for automobile production once it can sufficient accuracy for experiments. was well along toward production, but be resumed. Ford likewise is reported to be push­ personnel has now been transferred There is nothing particularly unpa­ ing new car design activity a little more to other divisions of the corporation, (Material in this department is protected h j copyright and its use in any form without permission is prohibited)

July 19. 1943 89 MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

or has obtained positions with other has been in production for the Army for examples of the difficulties the Army has manufacturers, and the operation now is the past four or five months. Originally experienced in converting a plant un­ scheduled to be taken over by Packard this plant was set up as the Irwin- familiar with metalworking operations for production of certain components Pederson Co. with the idea of bringing and volume production technique to arms of the Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft en­ an important new arms industry to Grand manufacture, and of die valuable assist­ gine. Rapids in answer to pleas by civic lead­ ance which automotive “know-how” has given to the war program. Doubtless The latter deal has not been worked ers and state officials. The Irwin family there are other examples which could be out to the complete satisfaction of Army, has been identified with tire furniture cited of just the reverse situation. Navy, DPC and other interested parties, industry of Grand Rapids for many years, but it has progressed to the point where and one of the plants owned by the In assuming operation of the plant the name of a proposed plant manager is family was cleaned out and retooled for there was considerable reshuffling of per­ freely mentioned in equipment circles, carbine production. Pederson is an in­ sonnel, but Mr. Irwin is still active diere although without any confirmation what­ ventor and specialist in design of fire­ in a purchasing capacity, and Mr. Peder­ ever from Packard. arms who now operates the Pederson son spends some of his time with his Arms Co. in New York. He was active New York connection and also in devel­ Packard Expansion Moving Along in the development of the .30-caliber opment work on an entirely new type It will be recalled that a major expan­ carbine which already has proved to be of infantry' gun, some preliminary work sion in production schedules for the a welcome addition to U.S. weapons. on the latter being handled by' a Detroit Rolls-Royce was requested of Packard Tooling of the Grand Rapids plant engineering firm. late last year and this is now well along was completed over a year ago and the toward accomplishment. Tire engine ap­ company set about organizing its per­ Foundries Use Substitutes parently has met high favor with both sonnel and lining up material. But for British and American air force officials some strange reason, after the passage of With Cereal Binders Short and is being installed in additional types 12 months, there were still no carbines W ar production in thousands of found­ of planes. News reports only last week coming from the plant. Difficulty was ries has not yet been curtailed by short­ indicated the Rolls-Royce with new type said to have been principally one of man­ age of cereal binders. Many shops are supercharger was used in the North agement, but that is beside the point successfully utilizing certain substitutes. American P-51 Mustang in the Sicilian now. At any rate, army officers were These substitutes vary, depending on engagement, under the new Air Force considerably ruffled over the situation type of foundry and availability of ma­ designation of attack bomber, A-35. Nor­ and decided to lay down tire law , giving terial. Substitutes include: Dextrine; mally the P-51 has carried an Allison the plant 30 days to produce “or else.” synthetic resins, by-product of die sul­ engine. It proved to be the latter alternative, so phite paper process known as lignin, soy­ Certain suppliers of aircraft engine Saginaw Steering Gear was asked to step bean meal and rosin base binders. parts report that a move is on foot to into the situation. This division of GM Requisitioning of the 90 mid-western debit vendors for gasoline used in en­ has been producing .30-caliber machine terminal elevators’ com stocks by die gine tests which develop faults in parts guns in one of its Saginaw plants for War Food Administration has enabled supplied by such vendors. In view of several years and performed an excep­ corn refiners to keep plants operating. the enormous quantities of gasoline used tionally speedy' task in assimilating this W FA officials can supply refiners with in such test cell operations, this charge contract, along with three other GM divi­ enough corn to keep plants open until die conceivably might be plenty high. sions which had contracts for the .30 end of July. Between eight and ten mil­ There is an interesting story behind and .50-ealiber Browning. lion bushels of corn are now either at the assumption of operations at a Grand Within a few weeks, the Grand Rap­ the plants or on the way. Rapids, M ich., ex-fumiture plant by tire ids plant was in production and output However, stretching out this supply Saginaw Steering Gear Division of Gen­ has been rising steadily for the past four until the end of the month will mean eral Motors, where the new M30 carbine months. The incident is one of many cutting out less essential products.

Kaiser's Fontana Plant Reporting New Records

Production records at Kaiser Co. Inc., Fontana, Calif., are being broken. The blast furnace delivered 1236 tons on July 2 though it is only rated at 1200 tons. Four 150-ton open hearths made 1710 tons on July 6— just 140 tons short of the combined rated daily capacity of the 6-fumace shop.

Electric Steel Plant on Coast Boosts Operations

Melt shop of the Oregon Electric Steel Rolling Mills, Portland, Oreg., now is SEALING TANKS: These tanks are being readied before loading on flat in operation on two shifts; the third cars at Ford's Richmond, Calif., plant. This is a general view showing shift will be added within the next women sealing the tanks shortly before shipment three weeks when the 9-inch merchant mill starts rolling.

90 /TEEL PRESSE! the mas;

This H-P-M FASTRAVERS

rubber pad forming press is 0 1 of many H-P-M presses turnii out thousands of formed met parts for Boeing bombers ar trainers. Final victory depem on the continuous operation these presses. There is no tin for shut-downs! That’s wl H-P-M designs and builds tl hydraulic pumps for genera ing pressure to operate H-P- presses. There’s no chance f undivided responsibility !Wh< you buy an H-P-M FASTRr VERSE press, you buy gua an teed press performance.

THE HYDRAULIC PREi MANUFACTURING CO

Mount Gilead, Ohio, U. S.

District Sale» O ffices: Ne«yotl<. Syracuse. Detroit and Chl< Representatives In Prfnclpel Cities WTITGTiFS

Little mention made of new military plane models. . . In heavy arranged with a group of banks. Former Fleetwings Inc., Bristol, Pa., bomber field two superplanes are reported nearing produc­ specialist in the production of stainless tion. . . Lockheed's fieup with Pacific Finance seen as step steel trainer planes, is now known as to facilitate postwar financing of private plane sales the Fleetwings Division of Kaiser Cargo Inc., following the purchase of the com­ pany by the Kaiser interests. Ira S. W il­ Finance, Robert E. Gross, Lockheed RECEN T Office of War Information son, vice president of Fleetwings, and president, offered the rather vague state­ report on American air transport ( S t e e l , active with the company since 1940, has ment that, “W hile all our efforts and June 21, 74) mentions nothing, of course, been transferred to Brewster Aeronau­ facilities currently are dedicated to build­ about new military plane models hearing tical Corp., Long Island city, N. Y., to ing airplanes to help win the war, we production. In the heavy bomber field, serve as vice president. The latter com­ must look forward to the day when our for example, are two superplanes on pany also is operated now by Kaiser in­ industry will have new responsibilities which the most rigid censorship has been terests, reportedly having been taken to the nation’s society and economy.” clamped by the Army Air Forces. How­ over at the instigation of the Navy De­ That could mean a lot of things. ever, as usual, this restriction seems to partment which was dissatisfied with have been partially broken by mention Set Aside Postwar Fund production progress there. Frank de of the planes in British publications, and Ganahl is vice president and general This much is known. Lockheed’s in the June 11 issue of the United States manager of Fleetwings. they were mentioned specifically gross sales for 1942, including wholly- News What looks to be an economical and as the 11-29, successor to the Boeing owned subsidiaries, totaled just short of efficient method for preventing the waste B-17 Flying Fortress, and the B-32, suc­ half billion dollars— $491,190,470.87 to of good rivets— always a headache in cessor to Consolidated B-24 Liberator. be exact. This represented a three-fold an aircraft plant— has been put to test increase over 1941 and was eleven times Two comparatively new medium (two- recently by Fleetwings. The plan is that of 1940. Indicated net income after engine) bombers are the Vega Ventura, simple, centering around the packaging taxes and provision for the corporation’s PV-1, now being supplied to the Navy, of rivets in small cellophane bags. An­ offer to reduce prices to the government and a new Douglas attack bomber. alysis shows a saving in dollars to the under uncompleted renegotiation of cer­ Greater emphasis appears to be in proc­ tune of four to one on heat-treated rivets tain contracts, was $8,163,721.38, or ess on the two-motor bomber by both $7.59 per share. Reserves for contin­ and 10 to 1 on non-heat-treated rivets Army and Navy, with some easing up on gencies and postwar adjustments of $3,- by the use of the bagging method. dive bomber types. 500,000 were set aside both in 1941 and About 2 ounces of rivets are put in Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, in 1942, plus $2,000,000 in 1942 for each bag and the container then is in­ Calif., announces purchase of the ma­ “possible obsolescence of inventories.” delibly marked, crimped and heat sealed. jority interest in Pacific Finance Corp. As of December, 1942, all bank indebt­ Riveters obtain their supplies from racks of California, reportedly to facilitate the edness had been liquidated, but since in which the bags have been placed ac­ stile of private planes when the war that time a $90,000,000 V-loan has been cording to size, type, etc. As needed, ends, but more likely to help finance the sales of certain types of consumer goods other than airplanes which Lockheed may be manufacturing come peace. Lockheed obtained control of Pacific Finance by purchasing the holdings of Transamerica Corp. and associates, in­ volving 381,205 shares of stock valued at $15.25 per share, or a total investment by Lockheed after retirement by Pacific Finance of common shares, of $3,750,- 000. Transamerica Corp. is a holding com­ pany tied in closely with the Bank of America, probably the largest West Coast banking interest, founded by the Gianini family in San Francisco. Bank of America and Transamerica Corp. have extensive industrial holdings, including the Enterprise Engine & Foundry Co. of San Francisco, and General Metals Corp. of Oakland and Los Angeles, both at new production peaks by virtue of war contracts. Bank of America also handles finances of the Henry J. Kaiser interests which spread nearly the full FLASH WELDING: Forged steel caps are welded on tubes for piston length of the West Coast and are con­ assemblies at the Long Beach, Calif., plant of Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc. tinually expanding. There is consider­ Welding machine uses 60,000 pounds hydraulic pressure on the piece able talk of actual financial connection at the upset. Special transformer supplies power, with current setting between Kaiser and Bank of America, of 5.1 volts and 37,700 secondary amperes. Flashing time is about 9 but this is denied by sources close to seconds, with upset travel 3/16-inch, total travel Vi-inch and closed dies some of the Kaiser interests. 5/16-inch apart Speaking of the acquisition of Pacific

92 /TEEL faster faste ... : v i :h

Many New Types Just Released

• Turri your beam on the steady stream of new SPEED NUT shapes and sizes. High-precision production is turning them out at machine gun speed. Demand is spreading to more and more applications. Why? Because Speed Nuts drastically reduce weight and cost. Because they lock on screws with a firm spring tension grip that prevents vibra­ tion loosening. And because they can be applied with a speed that breaks all previous records. Many self-retaining Speed Nuts are snapped into posi­ tion for blind location assembly requiring no riveting or staking. They need not even be touched or seen while making the attachment. Approved, too, by the U. S. Army Air Forces and the Navy Dept. Bureau of Aeronautics for most non-structural attachments. Write for our new 20-page book No. 1 85 for complete description of our latest developments.

T1NNERMAN PRODUCTS INCORPORATED 2039 FULTON ROAD, CLEVELAND, OHIO IN CANADA: IN ENGLAND: W allace Barnes Co., Lfd., Hamilton, Ontario Sim m onds Aerocessories, Ltd., London

T //E FATTEST TH/NG - iff FASTEN/M G S / WING TIPS the rivets are removed from the bags Unbagged rivets Pounds Cost of reclamation and dam­ ages per pound of useful and the open ends of the bag are twisted Weight of useful rivets in sur­ r iv e t s ...... 0.709 to seal them again. faces ...... 48.5 Bagged rivets Pounds Another important advantage is that Weight of rivets from sweep­ Weight of rivets used 42.8 heat-treated rivets do not harden as ings ...... 16-5 Weight of rivets returned . . 1.35 quickly when bagged. The cold air Weight of mixed rivets from Weight of rivets to be sorted 0.094 emanating from the bagged rivets keeps b e n c h e s ...... 17.4 Weight of useful rivets 41.45 them soft much longer than in conven­ Total rivet denjand during Time required to bag and tional practice. A further definite econ­ period of test ...... 82.4 seal ...... 1.8 hours omy is possible by means of using an Weight of rivets lost through Cost of bagging and seal­ automatic bagging machine which meas­ d a m a g e ...... 0-75 ing ...... $2.70 ures a predetermined weight of rivets Time to sort sweepings and Cost of sorting bagged rivets 0.084 into each bag and seals them mechani­ bench collections 40.6 hours Cost of bagging and sorting cally. Cost of screening ...... $ 3.00 per pound of useful rivets 0.0672 A typical test conducted by Fleetwings Cost of sorting ...... 30.42 on non-lieat-treated rivets, bagged versus Cost of damaged rivets @ $1 These tabulations show a margin of unbagged, shows the following: per pound ...... 75 10 to 1 in favor of the bagged rivets, considering only the relation between cost of reclamation and damages per pound used on the one hand and the cost of bagging and sorting per pound used on the other. Not included, but prob­ ably an important factor, is the relation between the bagged and unbagged riv­ ets with respect to handling time. Comparison of Rockwell hardness and length of time before rivets reach non­ driving hardness gives an edge to the bagged rivets of around 87 minutes.

New Aviation Company

One of the new aviation companies on the West Coast about which virtually nothing has been heard is Avion Inc., said to have been organized by Richard W. Millar, banker, who not so many year ago was brought into the presidency of Vultee by the Aviation Corp. and who left this post around the time the Con- solidated-Vultee merger was first dis­ cussed. Millar has hired a number of top-notch aviation engineers from other companies in the southern California area and has set up operations in a Los Angeles plant. Just what he is doing few people on the Coast seem to know, beyond the fact that he and his staff are “developing a new plane.” AiResearch Mfg. Co. at El Segundo near Los Angeles, designer and builder of such accessories as exhaust heat ex­ changers, automatic exit flap controls, intercoolers, elliptical oil coolers and su­ percharger aftercooling systems, comes in for considerable comment in West Coast manufacturing circles because of FAREWELL TO "OLD BOOMERANG": Through an unfinished fuselage the fact it has employed deaf mutes so section of the giant Lockheed Constellation, four-engine transport now successfully. It is reported 30 per cent going into volume production at Burbank, Calif., is seen the last of the of the company’s personnel is of this famous Lockheed Hudson two-engine bombers to be built. Richard A. incapacitated class. Von Hake, Lockheed vice president in charge of manufacturing (right), Some of the Lockheed-Vega “feeder looks on as the final "O ld Boomerang" rolls by, marking the end of an and small branch plants have had strange era in American aviation. The Hudson's role as a medium attack and beginnings for plants now supplying air­ reconnaissance bomber has been taken over by newer and faster aircraft, craft assemblies and parts. One was and the manufacturing and assembly space released is being turned formerly an ice rink, a second a bowling over to the building of the Constellation, and to doubling production of alley, a third a national guard hall, a the Lockheed P-38 two-engine fighter. The Hudson was in production fourth a flour mill, a fifth an automo­ steadily from January, 1939, to June, 1943, and hundreds of them are bile distributor headquarters, and a sixth now in battle service on all six continents of the world a whisky distillery.

94 /TEEL Operating Problems

I

THE OIL IN THIS CIRCULATION SYSTEM MUST HAVE AN EXCEPTIONALLY STRONG COMBINATION OF STABILITY AND LUBRICITY TO KEEP THE STRIP ROLLING!

The bearing above made by the Morgan Construction Company Let OU Carry the Load !

odern ro ll neck bearings are subject to That’s why in circulation - oiled bearings like the M almost unbelievable loads. And they must one above you must use oil that has high lubric­ help roll out steel that is accurately controlled to ity plus high chemical stability. tolerances measured in thousandths of an inch. USE GARGOYLE VACUOUNE OIL! The uniform high qual­ One well-known manufacturer says that in the ity of this oil will help assure you of uninterrupted designing of its bearings “full advantage had been mill operation. It will give you the finest protec­ taken of the tremendous load- tion an oil can provide against shutdowns due to _ carrying ability of oil.” bearing failure.

^ X SOCONY-VACUUM Oil COMPANY, INC. — Standard Oil ot N. Y. Div. • White Star Diy. • Lubrite Div. • Chicago Div. White Eagle Div. • Wadhams Div. • Magnolia Petroleum Company • General Petroleum Corporation of California Lubricants. MEN of INDUSTRY

K . B O W D E N DAVE M. WHYTE P. M. FLEMING WALLACE W. LEIPNER

Detroit. J. Q. McDonald, acting gen­ P. M. Fleming, vice president in charge succeeds Mr. Peckham as manager of eral' sabs manager since May, 1942, is of sales, Pittsburgh llolls Division, Blaw- the Pacific Coast branch offices and fac­ now free to devote full time to liis Knox Co., Pittsburgh, has been given tory with headquarters in San Francisco. duties as export manager of the com­ the added responsibility of vice president pany. II. W. Smith, former assistant in charge of operations. Balph II. Wallace W. Leipner has been appoint­ manager, engine sales department, has Scholl, former sales engineer, has been ed acting chief engineer, American been made manager of that department. appointed sales manager; S. Clifford Welding & Mfg. Co., Warren, O. Mr. Elms, previously chief engineer, has been Leipner has been associated with the 11. K. Bowden, former manager of the named general superintendent; and W. company since 1941 as assistant to the II. White, formerly general superinten­ \ ice president in charge of engineering. Chicago district metallurgical depart­ dent, has been appointed metallurgical He is a member of the National Society ment, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pitts­ engineer in charge of research and new of Professional Engineers and also of the burgh, has been appointed director of developments. American Society of Military Engineers. the quality control, research and tech­ Verne Wildman, previously general fore­ nology department, Pittsburgh. L. J. Lieut. Col. G. G. Blackstock recently man of American Welding’s machining Bold, assistant manager of the metal­ was elected executive sice president of department, has been appointed assist­ lurgical department in the Chicago dis­ Steep Rock Iron Mines Ltd., Toronto, ant superintendent. trict since 1939, succeeds Mr. Bowden as manager. F. A. Wickerham has been Ont. appointed staff assistant, department of W. K. Page has resigned as vice presi­ research and technology, Pittsburgh. J. W. Peckham has been appointed dent and general manager of Addresso- Howard J. Eyman has been named as­ manager of the development and design graph-Multigraph Corp., Cleveland, to sistant to the company’s chief metallur­ engineering department, Bristol Co., become associated with the Wassell Or­ gical engineer, succeeding Mr. Wicker­ Waterbury, Conn. Mr. Peckham joined ganization of Westport, Conn. the Bristol radio engineering depart­ ham. Howard L. Dawson, previously ment in 1922, and in 1940 he was made chief engineer, Pittsburgh district, has In the July 12 issue, captions labeling Pacific Coast district manager. E . Nuber been appointed assistant chief engineer the pictures of J. L. Mullin and W. F. of the company to succeed the late L. C. Kelly of American Manganese Steel Divi­ Edgar. Charles H. Williams, former sion, American Brake Shoe Co., Chicago assistant to vice president in charge of Heights, 111., were inadvertently mis­ engineering, United States Steel Corp. placed. The photograph presented as of Delaware, Pittsburgh, has been named that of Mr. Kelly was that of Mr. Muffin, to succeed Mr. Dawson as chief engineer and vice versa. of the Pittsburgh district.

E. A. Koetlier has been named techni­ Dave M. Whyte, foundry expert, cal assistant to Allen W. Morton, vice Cooper-Bessemer Corp., has been ap­ president and general manager, American pointed supervisor in charge of casting Hammered Piston Ring Division, Kop- sales for the corporation’s two foundries pers Co., Baltimore. Edgar S. Freeman located at Mt. Vernon, O., and Grove Jr., former assistant sales manager, suc­ City, Pa. ceeds Mr. Koetlier as works manager of the division. Albert S. Glossbrenner, former super­ intendent, Brier Hill Works, Youngs­ Henn’ H. Howard, previously man­ town Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, O., ager, engine sales department, Caterpil­ has been appointed general superinten­ RUSSELL B. GUNIA lar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111., has returned dent of the Youngstown district, succeed­ W h o has been appointed manager, sfoin/ess to the company as general sales manager ing J. L. Mauthe, who has become vice s te e l bureau, metallurgical division, Carnegie- after temporary emergency service with president in charge of operations, as an­ Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, as reported in STEEL, July 12, p. 86. the United States Ordnance Department, nounced in S t e e l , July 5, B u f o r d M. /TEEL 96 MEN of INDUSTRY

headquarters are in Chicago, Mr. Dostal’s in San Francisco. Roy V. Gavert, former manager of the Canton Ordnance divi­ sion for Westinghouse, has been ap- l>ointed headquarters staff superinten­ dent of the district manufacturing and repair department, East Pittsburgh, Pa.

John W. Thompson, for the past four years Cleveland district representative, Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, Pa., has been appointed assistant manager of al­ loy steels sales with headquarters in Reading.

Marcello A. King has joined Worthing­ ton Pump & Machinery Corp., Moore E. S. M O O R H E A D WILLIAM J. McMILLEN Steam Turbine Division, Wellsville, N. Y., as executive engineer, taking Stubblefield, formerly superintendent of a national director of the American In­ charge of design, research, testing, and the coke plant and blast furnaces at the stitute of Electrical Engineers for a term service. Campbell works in Youngstown, suc­ of four years beginning Aug. 1. ceeds Mr. Glossbrenner as superinten­ Richard II. Hughes has joined Alm- dent of the Brier H ill works. William J. McMillen, since 1939 assist­ quist Brothers & Viets, Los Angeles, as ant manager of roll sales, Mackintosh- manager of the abrasive division. E. S. Moorhead, organizer and direc­ Ilemphill Co., Pittsburgh, has been ap- tor of the steel tubing division, Iron and oointed manager of production and Frank H. Buckingham has been named Steel Branch, War Production Board, manufacturing. Mr. McMillen has been president of the Sandusky Foundry & has resigned to become general man­ associated with the company 26 years. Machine Co., Sandusky, O., succeeding ager of the Steel Tube Division, Talon Devercux Lake, resigned. Inc., Oil City, Pa. Fred T. Whiting, manager of Westing­ house Electric & Mfg. Co.’s Northwest­ S. H. Mortensen, chief engineer of the ern district, and Charles L. Dostal, Pa­ Fred W. Fraley has been appointed electrical department, Allis-Chalmers cific Coast district manager, have been vice president and sales director, Dia­ Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, has been elected appointed vice presidents. Mr. Whiting’s mond Alkali Co., Pittsburgh.

OBITUARIES . . . president of General Bronze Corp., Long John Henry Dumbclton, 52, technical Island city, N. Y., Mr. Geiger left that adviser and purchasing agent for the Edward F. Kenney, 74, metallurgical company in 1936 to devote full time to maritime division, A. B. C. Steel Equip­ engineer on the staff of the vice presi­ Surrey Motors. ment Co. Inc., New York,, died July 4. dent of operations, Bethlehem Steel Co., — o— Bethlehem, Pa., died July 8 in Media, Charles H. Wilkinson, 61, president, Forrest A. Kelly, construction produc­ Pa. Mr. Kenney was widely known Logansport Machine Co., Logansport, tion co-ordinator, Republic Steel Corp., throughout the steel industry, with which Ind., died July 13 in Cleveland. Cleveland, died June 26. he had been associated since 1907. He was past president of the American Steel Manufacturers Association, which was lat­ II. William Peyser, 31, manager, sales- er absorbed by the American Iron and correspondence department, Carbide & Steel Institute, and was a senior member Carbon Chemicals Corp., New York, died of several committees of the American July 3 in Brooklyn, N. Y. Society for Testing Materials. Mr. Kenney had also served as a member of the Tech­ C. J. Qualter, general manager, gear nical Advisory Committee, WPB. department, Meisel Press Mfg. Co., Bos­ ton, died recently. Samuel Reid Russell, 63, senior tech­ nician, explosive department, E. I. du Forrest Gains Hamrick, 63, comptroller, Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, American Smelting & Refining Co., New Del., died in Easton, Pa., July 8. York, died July 9 in Ridgewood, N. J.

Gustave F. Williams, president, Wil­ Henry J. Mollenberg, 75, president, liams Mfg. Co., Cles’eland, died July 3 Mollenberg-Betz Machine Co., Buffalo, in Columbus, O. died July 11 in that city. J A M E S E. M a c M U R R A Y

Erwin H. Geiger, 47, president, Sur­ Who was founder and president for 38 years Hugo C. Wagner, 70, department of Acme Steel Co., Chicago, died July 7 in manager, Simmons Co., Kenosha, Wis., rey Motors Corp., Long Island city, South Pasadena, Calif., as announced in N. Y., died July 7 in that city. Formerly STEEL, July 12, p. 87. died July 4 in Evanston, 111.

July 19, 1943 97 POSTWAR PLANNING

lightened attitude on the part of govern­ Possibilities for the Future ment. By applying Hatch act principles to pressure groups, he suggests that Con­ gress might destroy the disproportionate­ Limitless, Industrialist Holds ly sw'ollen power of vociferous minorities. By substituting regulatory laws for gov­ Chairman of Monsanto Chemical Co. in new book maintains ernment of business by capricious and unpredictable boards and commissions, present visions are but the promises of great adventures which Congress could free business from crip­ lure modern pioneers. . . Says private enterprise more likely pling uncertainty at the same time it to further progress than collectivism continued to protect the people from business excesses.

As another necessary measure, he sug­ THAT the possibilities of the future much well-deserved, although misdirect­ gests that taxes should he reconsidered are so limitless only one forecast can be ed, criticism by new dealers. Business on the basis of what kind and what rates made with certainty— that the most ex­ men should correct the causes of the anti­ w’ill produce over the long pull the great­ travagant prophecy will fall short of po­ pathy to their ways that has arisen in est potential revenue needed for normal tential accomplishments, is the hope such profound and superb intellects as operating expenses of government and which Edgar M. Queeny, chairman Mon­ that of the archbishop of Canterbury. liquidation of the national debt, thus santo Chemical Co. St. Louis, holds They should be willing to have all con­ forestalling the inflationary threat of forth for the postwar world in a book, ditions necessary to a free market re­ continued deficit financing and freeing “The Spirit of Enterprise,” just released stored, and to provide the people with capital markets for the tremendous job by Scribner’s Sons, N ew York. the full advantage of competition. of reconstruction and new industrial ex­ Denying that our economy has reached National Incorporation Law pansion which lies ahead. maturity and that our chief problem is Among the specific suggestions Mr. H e warns it is not necessary to so­ to learn to live with our new and un­ Queeny offers for the immediate future cialize our economy through central eco­ manageable riches, Mr. Queeny main­ are a national incorporation law which nomic planning in order to provide ade­ tains “we are rich in material things only would strengthen existing antitrust laws quately for the so-called low’er third. by comparison with other nations and by prohibiting interlocking directorates, On the contrary, by encouraging free with the past.” mergers between competitors and the enterprise, we encourage the technological The day may come, he predicts when ownership of stock by one business in progress which brought us to our present workers will travel a hundred miles from another. Business, he suggests, must also peak and which promises even greater country homes to offices and factories by give up “the special privileges it now gains for the future. By absorbing a part, helicopter bus with no greater expendi­ enjoys in the way of excessive tariffs or even all, of the savings of technological ture of time and money than is required against nations with an equivalent stand­ progress through a progressively-increas­ for a bus-ride through five miles of city ard of living and be reconciled to a re­ ing manufacturer’s excise tax, we could traffic today. duction of those against low’ standard finance a much more ambitious and exten­ “Business believes that pre-fabricated nations as fast as it can be accomplished sive social program than any redistribu­ houses of the future will be warmed by without disrupting our economy.” tion of our present wealth, and we could sunlike-, healthful, penetrating radiant To be effective, however, he points do this without raising average prices heat from tiny wires buried within walls. out that these progressive moves by busi­ to the public or reducing incentives to They will be air-conditioned for summer ness must be matched by an equally en- capital, labor or management. comfort, illuminated by cool, germicidal light, and equipped with built-in, lowr- temperature refrigeration to keep food fresh for months, even years.” Nation Needs More Employers! "But these and many hundred other visions,” he points out, “are but promises Economist declares their birth and survival rate should be of great adventure which lure modem made higher in treatise on postwar readjustments in which pioneers. That we have reached matur­ ity’ is a conclusion of pessimism.” question is raised whether labor has not overpriced itself in It is Mr. Queeny’s conclusion that the terms of full employment people, expressing their desires in the market place, are much more likely to EXPERIEN CE during the 20’s and 30’s to whether labor has not overpriced itself stimulate further progress toward the indicate that there must be some wage in terms of full employment. material and spiritual gains he deems for labor at which greater quantities of Figures for the 30’s, he says, are par­ possible than any state-planned, state- it can be absorbed into productive em­ ticularly significant. Figuring 1929 on a controlled production system. ployment than at any other, states Dr. basis of 100, both wholesale and retail While he votes unhesitatingly for free Emerson P. Schmidt, economist of the prices had dropped to 81 by 1939; at enterprise as opposed to a state planned Committee on Economic Policy, Cham­ the same time hourly wage rates had and directed economy, and while he mar­ ber of Commerce of the United States, risen to 122. The popular assumption shals an imposing array of historical and in another notable pamphlet, No. 5 in that high hourly wrages mean greater contemporary data to support his choice, the scries entitled “Postwar Readjust­ purchasing power fails to take into con­ he does not find business faultless. ments.” sideration that high hourly w’ages also “Business men,” he says, “should be In the pamphlet Dr. Schmidt discusses mean higher production costs. willing to accept more of the classic con­ problems that will be involved in the Higher production costs forced manu­ ception of the free enterprise system. postwar absorption of oiu total labor sup­ facturers all through the 30’s to seek ways Business should recognize the justice of ply, and in it he raises the question as and means of increasing productivity per

/■TEEL 98 POSTWAR PLANNING worker in order to be able to sell its goods and that of the employer less attractive. “Instead of making it tougher for an or services at prices that met competi­ “Then we wonder why there are not employer to put and keep men on his tion and which consumers would pay. more employment opportunities! We payroll,” concludes Dr. Schmidt, ‘ we The continual demand of labor for higher need more employers. The way to get must make it easier and more attractive pay thus was a leading factor in bringing them is to make their birth and survival for him; otherwise all this talk about about more unemployment. rate higher,” says. Dr. Schmidt. jobs for all is a species of self-decep­ Just as a good example, Dr. Schmidt While social gains may be desirable, tion or, at best, a gross deception of labor itself. No one has any right to trifle with includes figures showing that for every and while no one wants to set the clock 100 people employed by the railroads in back, in our enthusiasm for reform and the welfare of labor.” 1923 only 55 were on railroad payrolls change we must exercise much greater Copies of the pamphlet may be had by writing to the Chamber of Commerce of in 1940. W hile the railroads have had a care in the future than we have in the good record in the field of labor rela­ past. the United States, Washington. tions, as Dr. Schmidt points out, relative freedom from strikes has been purchased at the price of many jobs of railroad men. REHABILITATION On the other hand, Dr. Schmidt states, more thought should be given to “real” Restoration of economic and political structures of war- rather than hourly wages. In 1908 rubber workers were being paid an average of torn countries of Europe and Pacific areas as they are 40 cents an hour on tires costing $35 that removed from Axis domination to provide huge demand would run an average of 2000 miles; he for labor and materials of all kinds shows that an hour’s pay to the rubber worker would have enabled him to drive VAST amount of employment prosperity elsewhere helps us to be a car six miles, counting only the factor will be furnished in relieving and prosperous,” Governor Lehman of tire wear. In 1936 the rubber worker rehabilitating war-torn countries of says, “r would like to suggest received 88 cents an hour, a gain of 120 Europe and in the Pacific area as that prosperity, like peace, is in­ per cent. However, a number of other they are removed from Axis domi­ divisible. After the war the peo­ things had happened. The tire cost $8, nation, according to Herbert H. ples of this world will either go it could run 20,000 miles. The wage of Lehman, director, Foreign Relief forward on the road to progress a rubber worker in 1936 was sufficient and Rehabilitation Operations, and together or they w ill go to eco­ to drive his car 2200 miles as far as tires former governor of New York, in nomic ruin together.” were concerned. Higher quality at lower recent speeches. He quotes from Henry’ J. Kaiser, prices, declared Dr. Schmidt, must al­ So gigantic is the problem that West Coast industrialist: “Let it ways be far more important in the stand­ a draft agreement, already signed be said again that there will never ard of living of the American people than by China, the Soviet Union, the be any significant prosperity in the number of counters (dollars) they United Kingdom and the United America as long as there are great get. States, has been placed by the hosts of people living on the mar­ In other words, by continually driving Department of State before the 43 gins of prosperity anywhere (n for higher wages labor may be killing governments of all the United Na­ earth.” the goose that lays the golden eggs, and tions and the other nations asso­ As the war approaches its cli­ if labor continues to ignore this fact it is ciated with us in this war. The max, and in the immediate post­ going to eliminate the possibility of hav­ principle is that of “equitable shar­ war era, says former Governor Leh­ ing full employment after the war. ing.” The needs are so large that man, machine tool builders, ship­ Another threat is that continued de­ no one nation, nor any limited builders, and many other indus­ mands for higher wage rates in those in­ number of nations, could supply tries will be able to continue in dustries that are more profitable at any them without draining off raw existence and provide employment time, and in insisting upon bonuses and material supplies to an undue ex­ by producing one or another of the other financial benefits to the workers tent. many items that will come under involved, will invite trouble. Initial needs in supplying relief the general head of foreign relief It should be clearly understood, Dr. will include such items as food, and rehabilitation. Schmidt states, that wage rates in any medicine, clothing and other essen­ In other words, such relief and one industry should not depend upon tial supplies. Then must follow rehabilitation is impelled not only productivity and profits in that particular assistance needed for purposes of by considerations of decency and industry. Rather, the increase in output rehabilitation, seeds, fertilizer, farm humanity, but it is good business. should be shared by all consumers, which animals and many other items. By rebuilding the foreign countries automatically would include all labor Railroads, bridges, highways, port and creating better customers for rather than some labor. In other words, facilities, telephone and telegraph many of the products in which, we need a new concept of “collective bar­ lines must be repaired. Water sup­ because of our inventive and pro­ gaining if we are to avoid vast unem­ ply and sanitation must be re­ ductive genius, we are pre-eminent ployment at some time in the postwar stored. Farm and factor)’ equip­ in the world, we will have less to period. ment will have to be furnished. worry about in connection with It is necessary that we re-leam the The morale of Axis controlled peo­ our own economy. Instead of simplest definition on an employer: An ples must be re-established and playing “Santa Claus” as many employer is a person who provides em­ they must be enabled to achieve critics have charged, expenditures ployment. In the 30’s when we had a and maintain a high degree of pros­ that come under the head of for­ dire shortage of employment offers and perity. eign relief and rehabilitation will a surplus of would-be employes, we tried “Prosperity in this country helps prove a profitable investment in to correct the unbalance by making the other people to be prosperous and the long run, he says. position of the employe more attractive

July 19, 1943 99 . - - engineering ingenuity

Tow Bridge Solves Launching Problem "WHACKY" PROPOSAL PRACTICAL

from its anchorage when necessary. Unique span erected over dredged channel from inland ship­ Odenbach engineers went into a hud­ yard permits passage of newly launched tankers with minimum dle, conceived what seemed a “whacky" interruption of highway traffic. . . Bridge is economical to yet practical idea. Maybe it was crazy, they conceded, but they were from Mis­ operate and can be easily moved from an souri and had to be shown. So they called in “outside” advice. Engineers of the Irving Subway Grat­ AM ERICA’S war production ingenuity of launching tankers was solved neatly ing Co. were consulted. “Not so crazy,’ is no more in evidence than at the and with dispatch. The farm abutted Round pond, which was the comment from these experts. Odenbach Shipbuilding Co. yards in extended near the shipways and some Odenbach and Irving engineers rolled up Greece, N. Y., a few miles outside of distance to the lake. Engineers dredged their sleeves and went to work. Rochester, where engineering achieve­ the pond and provided an exit route for What is described as one of Amer­ ments aren’t restricted solely to novel the ships which are being launched to­ ica’s most unusual bridges resulted! techniques in turning out oil tankers It is a “pontoon tow” span, 65 feet for the Transportation Corps, Army Serv­ day at the rate of one every 12 days. Yet still another problem presented itself. long and 22 feet wide, with four lifting ice Forces. Edgemere drive carried across the newly pontoons, one under each comer, and The mere fact that the shipways are dredged exit channel. This called for four outrigger pontoons for added sta­ operating is indicative of the ingenuity construction of a bridge— and a different bility. The bridge is surfaced with that is being translated into striking pow­ type of bridge— one that could be put standard open-mesh steel decking 2h er through production. For the Oden­ in place in a hurry; would be economical inches deep, which saves an estimated bach yards were constructed inland on in cost and operation and easily moved 50 tons in weight oxer corresponding a farm site, about 1800 feet from Lake Ontario a year ago. Sufficient lakefront property was at a premium; couldn’t Just off the ways this Army tanker sails past “pontoon tow" bridge which be obtained, in fact. But the problem has been towed aside by a crew of two men. Lightweight bridge is surfaced with open-mesh steel decking

/TEEL ENGINEERING INGENUITY

Left—Inland yard of Odenbach Shipbuilding Corp. necessitated dredging of a canal to Lake Ontario and construction of "pontoon” tow bridge. Span is shown being swung by guy ropes to allow passage of newly launched tankers

Above—“Pontoon tow” bridge is an open-deck steel span which can be swung easily aside to allow passage of tank­ ers when they are launched from the inland ways. Here bridge is shown being raised and guy ropes are being attached to slip span from mooring

Right—Closeup of two-lane open-mesli steel surface “pontoon tow” bridge. Machine at left is portable air compressor which pumps air into four lifting pontoons and raises span above roadway level

concrete surfacing. Total weight of the span is 75 tons, with 15-ton capacity and two-way continuous traffic. Lifting pontoons are each 25 feet by 10 feet by 6 feet deep, with the out­ riggers 5 feet by 6 feet by 7 feet. The bridge, which is about 200 feet back ping the bridge from anchorage con­ engine room section and after-peak sec­ from the lakefront, rests on a continuous sumes 20 minutes or less. tion. Workers put through the complete concrete sill. When a boat is ready for Odenbach engineers say the bridge is hull in only 11 working days. its shake-down run on Lake Ontario, it a complete success and offers a practical Before the war, the Odenbach com­ is towed down the channel to the pon­ answer for any problem of the kind pany built large tankers with three mil­ toon bridge. Here a portable air com­ where mobility is required only occasion­ lion gallons average capacity. Now, how­ pressor mounted on a truck pumps pres­ ally and where economy and construc­ ever, the yard is concentrating on sured air into the lift pontoons, which tion speed are prime considerations. medium-sized tankers, 180 feet long, empty out the water. The span then The span utilizes a 90 cubic-foot por­ with a 30-foot beam and a 13-foot mold­ raises several feet above a roadway level table compressor. Lifting capacity is ap­ ed depth. Two diesel engines propel and is ready for the tow-lines. proximately 120 tons. the twin-screw craft which are designed The bridge is then swung by a team for ocean travel. They can carry 288,000 Credited With “Firsts” of two men from the roadway about 50 gallons of gasoline. feet and sidled into a specially-dredged The Odenbach company is credited Guiding genius of the shipyard is bay. Before this bridge “hangar” was with many notable “firsts.” Most re­ John H. Odenbach, of Rochester, who hacked out of the channel, the float­ cently, it won praise for its technique invented the steel channel system of ing span was towed out into Lake On­ of using channel irons for hull construc­ construction, which is under study for tario while newly launched tankers made tion, rather than conventional steel possible use in other Army yards. their proud exit down the channel. Now, plates. This allows for 90 per cent pré­ In 1931, when Mr. Odenbach entered however, the entire procedure is expe­ fabrication before going down the ways. the shipbuilding business, his yards turned dited by simply swinging the bridge In addition, the tankers are 80 per cent out. the largest all-welded ship of any aside. Entire process of inflating the welded. Boats are built in 6 sections kind— a combination tanker and freighter pontoons with compressed air and slip­ — 3 cargo tank sections, bow section, 212 feet long with a 30-foot beam.

July 19, 1943 MEETINGS

Gould Corp., was re-elected secretary of UTILITY BUILDING the Buffalo Control. Coal Conference Maynard F . Carter of tire Worcester New type of galvanized steel Pressed Steel Co., Worcester, Mass., has Stresses Output semicircular building, 40 feet been re-elected a director of the Boston wide by 100 feet long, is being Control. Mine operators, equipment built in great numbers in foreign C. V. Burns, assistant treasurer of the men, government officials meet theaters of war to be used for pur­ American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co., poses ranging from recreation cen­ was re-elected a director of the St. Louis to study means of restoring ters to machine and repair shops. Control. peak production Exclusive of the time required Kenneth B. Coates, assistant treasurer for laying a concrete floor, the of the Great Lakes Steel Corp., and Vernard D. Hanna, secretary-treasurer REM OVAL of all obstacles standing structure can be erected in about 300 manhours. The arched ribs of the Wolverine Tube Co., have been in the way of maximum production of arc made of strip steel. R ’.bs are re-elected directors of the Detroit Con­ coal for war and intensified co-operation manufactured in sections and can within the industry during a most crucial trol. be laid on the ground and bolted Michael J. Caden, controller of the period in its history are favored topics together. Construction crews are Rustless Iron & Steel Corp., has been as members of the American Mining able to raise the ribs by merely elected a director of the Baltimore Con­ Congress meet July 19 at the Netherland pulling them into place with a trol. Plaza, Cincinnati, for a two-day coal James H. Barrett, secretary-treasurer mine war conference. rope. The corrugated steel cover is of the Murray Corp. of America, Detroit; In order that the meeting of mining camouflaged. Each unit weighs Richard L. Brummage, controller of the executives, government officials and approximately 25,000 pounds and Tubular Alloy' Steel Corp., Gary, Ind.; equipment manufacturers might be con­ can be packed into crates occu­ Phillip Donham, secretary' and treasurer fined strictly to discussions of industry­ pying only 369 cubic feet of space. of the Electro Refractories & Alloys wide difficulties, exhibits were ruled out. Corp.; Stanley E. Lebrocq, controller of The conference program highlights the Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton, the manpower problem by giving it first Ont.; John H. Nagle, assistant treasurer Knoizen, director, Mining Equipment place in the opening sessions on Mon­ of tire Muehlhausen Spring Corp., Log- Division, WPB, on Machinery and day. ansport, Ind., and French Peterson, con­ Equipment for Coal Mining.” George Technological advances, improvement troller of the Kelly O’Leary Steel Works, E. Stringfellow, vice president, Thomas in mining, handling and preparation Chicago, have been elected to member­ A. Edison, Inc., incoming chairman, technique and conservation of men and ship in the institute. manufacturers division, American Mining materials were to be covered by speakers addressing the four deep and strip min­ Congress, will preside. ing sessions. Carl E. Newton, Deputy' Federal Coal Plans Being Prepared for Mine Administrator, and Hon. James V . A special meeting was arranged for Forrestal, Undersecretary' of the Navy, Annual Chemical Meeting Tuesday morning to give coal company will be guest speakers at the annual purchasing agents and their staffs the “Catalysis of War Chemistry” will be dinner on Tuesday' evening. Irvin Davis, chance to discuss buying problems and the central theme of hundreds of papers president, Hatfield Campbell Creek Coal procedures with A. S. Knoizen, director, and addresses to be presented before War Production Board Mining Equip­ Co., was toastmaster. the 106th meeting of die American ment Division. An open meeting was to Chemical Society in Pittsburgh, Sept. be held Tuesday afternoon for mining New Officers Announced 6 to 10. equipment manufacturers to gain a bet­ Advances in wartime research will be ter understanding of allotments, equip­ By Controllers Institute reported at scientific sessions. “Man­ ment scheduling and other matters per­ W. H. Dupka, controller of the Jones power” will be the subject of a three-day taining to their field from W PB officials. & Laughlin Steel Corp., has been elected symposium at which industrial leaders George F. Campbell, vice president, a vice president of the Pittsburgh Con­ will discuss measures to overcome short­ Old Ben Coal Corp., national chairman trol of the Controllers Institute of Amer­ ages of trained scientific workers. of the congress, is general chairman ica. J. II. Carson, controller and assist­ of the meeting and leader of the opening ant treasurer of the Pittsburgh Coke & CONVENTION CALENDAR session. R. L. Ireland, Jr., president, Iron Co., was elected secretary. Hanna Coal Co., Cleveland, will preside E. A. Berry, treasurer of the Koppers American Chemical Society, annual meeting. Minneapolis, Sept. 6-10. Dr. Charles L. Par­ at the luncheon meeting on Monday Co.; R. C. Markle, controller of the Car- sons, secretary, 1155— 16th street N.W ., Wash­ which will feature a talk on the military negie-Illinois Steel Corp.; M. M. in g to n . Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, situation. . Practical topics bearing more Schratz, auditor of the Aluminum Co. semiannual meeting, three to four days start­ directly on problems of the coal industry of America; R. E. Hanley, secretary and ing Sept. 28, Hotel W illiam Penn, Pittsburgh. were to be discussed by speakers address­ treasurer of the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Electrochemical Society Inc.,, annual con­ ing the luncheon session on Tuesday. Corp., and Rolf Griem, assistant controller vention, New York, Oct. 13-14-15 and. 16. Secretary, Dr. Colin G. Fink, Columbia Uni­ The speakers and their subjects: of the A. M. Byers Co., were chosen versity, New York. Howard I. Young, director, Mineral directors. American Institute of Mechanical Engineers, regional meeting; Iron and Steel Institute of Resources Co-ordinating Division, War James W. Flynn, assistant secretary Metals Divisions, A.I.M.E. Hotel Sherman, Production Board, on “Assisting the and treasurer of the Sheffield Steel Corp., Chicago, Oct. 16-19. Mines To Maintain Full Production”; has been elected vice president of the American Society for Metals, twenty-fif«1 national metal congress, Palmer House, Chi­ T. J. Thomas, director of production for Kansas City Control. cago, Oct. 18-22. American Welding Society, twenty-fourth coal mine operations, Department of the Walter H. Winter, assistant secretary annual meeting, Oct. 18-21, Hotel Morrison, Interior, on “Coal for War”; Arthur S. and assistant treasurer of the Symington- C h icago .

/TEEL 102 NEW FACILITIES

is known there is no siderite in com­ Work Progressing on Two Stacks mercial quantities. The problem of beneficiation in the case of the ore going to Houston is not Under Construction in Texas quite as difficult as will he necessary at Daingerfield. Lone Star state to resume her place among pig iron producing Sheffield Steel Corp. does not at pres­ states after lapse of many years when new furnaces at Houston ent contemplate the use of siderite. The limonite ore is to be crushed and washed. and Daingerfield are blown in some time during fourth quarter Calcining is not contemplated. With a mixture of ores from tire North and CONSTRUCTION of the two Texas the water level, is a layer of siderite of South basins, the burden for the Hous­ blast furnaces— the 274,000-ton stack of varying depth. A sufficient quantity of ton furnace, on a 50-50 basis, w ill con­ the Sheffield Steel Corp. at Houston, this ore to last the Daingerfield stack for tain 45 to 46 per cent iron, 11 per cent and the 432,000-ton unit of the Lone many years is located a few miles from silica and about 0.2 per cent phosphorus. Star Steel Corp. at Daingerfield— is go­ the plant site. A rail haul ranging from around 50 to ing forward and both are slated to go To use the ore an elaborate system of some 200 miles is involved in getting into operation during the fourth quar­ beneficiation must be employed, includ­ the ore to the Houston site. ter. ing crushing, washing and concentration. While the final cost of the ore de­ Thus Texas again will take her place, The ores are high in silica and alumina. livered to the furnaces is not known after a lapse of many years, among the Each type requires individual treatment. exactly, the indications are that the unit pig iron producing states of the union. In the case of siderite carbonic acid will cost of the contained iron will be low­ Product of the Houston stack will be have to he driven off by roasting. Both er than that in the case of lake ore de­ charged into the Sheffield Steel Corp.’s classes will he roasted or calcined and livered to Pittsburgh district furnaces. open-hearth furnaces, to he rolled sub­ the fines of both w ill be sintered. Flo w ­ The Sheffield management also con­ sequently in this company’s finishing sheets for the preparation of these ores templates the use of Mexican magnetite mills. have been completed as a result of re­ containing 63 per cent iron, 3 per cent Pig iron to he made at Daingerfield search, excepting that further details silica and 0.60 per cent phosphorus. will he available to other consumers. will have to he worked out to utilize While it would bring up the phosphorus The Lone Star Steel Corp. contem­ the high silica middlings and thus permit content it would reduce the silica in plates an open hearth and rolling mill higher recovery and bring down overall the charge. This ore would be hauled program but such construction has not costs. The calcined limonite ore will some 1000 miles from the Cerro de Mer­ been authorized by the War Production average 51 per cent iron content, while cado, the famous “iron mountain” in Board. the calcined siderite will average around the state of Durango. Continuous de­ At Daingerfield iron ore from the so- 56 per cent. Silica will run around 11 livery of this ore may not be possible called North Basin, in Cass, Marion, Mor­ per cent and phosphorus 0.08 per cent. during the war period because of car ris and Upshur counties, will he used shortages. Ores from Cass County exclusively. The ore occurs in green Both the Daingerfield and Houston sand beds under an overburden of loose At Houston the Sheffield Steel Corp. plants are equipped with batteries of sand and soil approximately four feet plans to use iron ore from Cass county by-product coke ovens. They will op­ deep, so that open pit mining methods in the North Basin and from Cherokee erate on coal of metallurgical quality may be employed. county in the so-called South Basin. In from three mines in the state of Okla­ The ore comprises an oxidized layer the South Basin the ore is a layer of homa which are scheduled to deliver a of limonite which averages 12 feet in limonite about 214 feet deep and having total of 2800 tons of coal daily to the depth. Underlying it, starting close to little or no overburden. As far as now two plants. They Say:

“Certainly this Congress is no rubber-stamp Congress. diate postwar period.”— Lawrence Valenstein, president, Co-operating with the President on every war question. Grey Advertising Agency, New York. Congress has differed with him on almost every domestic 6 0 0 policy.”— Senator Taft of Ohio, addressing Alabama Bar “It is probable that immediately following peace and Association. possibly even before then there will come from the rail­ o o o roads of the country a demand, so insistent that Compliance "The spirit of co-operation and unity in industrial Amer­ with it will be imperative, for new equipment by way of ica accounts in large measure for the tremendous advances rolling stock to replace that destroyed or worn'out by rea­ in production. We have all worked together; we have son of the heavy continuous service given by the roads sacrificed together; we have resolved differences around during these years of national emergency.”— Charles J. the council table and the ration boards in behalf of an all- Hardy, president, American Car & Foundry Co. out effort. And we have not held back or delayed in con­ o o o structive action.”—John R. Steelman, director, United “Through efforts on the home front, together wifh those States Conciliation Service. on the battlefield, we have the enemy staggering. But like o o o a winning prize fighter, we shouldn’t give the enemy a “Through some lack of foresight or vision manufacturers breather, but continue our onslaught until he is completely have permitted the public to get conceptions of postwar out.”— Dr. William P. Edmunds, Cleveland area director, products which are impossible of attainment in the imme­ War Manpower Commission.

July 19, 1943 103 ACTIVITIES

in by-product coke ovens. The Inter­ lunch rooms is saved by delivering the Rolling Process lake Iron Corp.’s Chicago tar distilla­ food directly to workers. tion plant, which has been in operation For the duration the containers are for the past three years and its tar acid available only for nse in essential war Conserves Steel and naphthalene plant now under con­ plants. struction in Chicago, have been sold to American Rolling Mill develops the new corporation. BRIEFS . . . new method of rolling pro­ Officers of the Interlake Chemical peller blade steel; saves criti­ Corp. are George R. Fink, chairman of Cooper-Bcsscmer Corp., Mt. Vernon, cal metal the board; Leigh Willard, president: Earl O., has extended its line of marine en­ Doig and J. A. Mitchell, vice presidents, gines and is now producing diesels for M ETHOD of rolling airplane propeller and J. R. Alderman, secretary and treas­ propulsion and auxiliary power in salvage blade steel so that two blades may be urer. Directors are Mr. Fink, George vessels of the United States and British made from the same amount of critical Humphrey, Mr. Doig, Severance A. Mil- navies. material that previously made one was likin, Mr. Mitchell, and Mr. Willard. revealed recently at the annual share­ Jessop Steel Co., Washington, Pa., an­ holders’ meeting of the American Roll­ Develops New System nounces organization of a new technical ing Mill Co., Middletown, O. sales staff composed of the following Charles 11. Hook, president of the To Feed Workers on Job specialists: John 11. Harbaugh, metallur­ firm, described the rolling process de­ gical sales engineer; II. E. Doughty, as­ A new system for feeding war work­ veloped by the company. The process sistant general sales manager; R. P. J- ers on the job, thus avoiding conges­ saves large quantities of critical mate­ McCarty, eastern stainless steel repre­ tion in cafeterias, has been developed rials and reduces machining time of the sentative; W. E. Wilson, mid-western by Mealpack Inc., New York city. finished propeller by more than half, it stainless steel representative; John W alk­ Hot and cold foods, packed side by was said. er, composite steel representative, and Achievements of the steel industry, E. II. Dan, sheet and plate representa­ which has increased ingot capacity' by tive. 15,000,000 tons since 1940 and currently OFF TO W AR is producing at the rate of 90,000,000 More than 7200 employes of Iron and Steel Division, War Produc­ tons in 1943, were cited. This has been the Birmingham district plants, tion Board, is staging an elaborate “Steel done, Mr. Hook said, in the face of seri­ mines and mills of the United for Victory” exhibit at the main en­ ous raw material handicaps and wide­ States Steel Corp. subsidiary com­ trance to its offices in the Social Securi­ spread labor disturbances throughout panies are serving in the armed ty building, Washington. the industry. forces, according to officials of Stockholders were told that the recent the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Rail­ Mack Trucks Inc., Long Island, N. 7.. stoppage in the nation’s coal mines, road Co., Birmingham, Ala. has been producing high-precision and which impaired steelmaking facilities Of the 7200 serving on land high-strain parts for the Republic Thun­ generally, had not interrupted production and sea, more than 7000 are from derbolt, P-47, during the past year. in the company’s plants because an ample Bessemer, Ensley and Fairfield stock of coal was on hand. operations, and from various Curtiss-Wright Corp., New York city, James B. Doan, J. Frank Drake, It. L. mines, quarries and office staff of is producing the troop transport plane, Gray, and Charles 11. Hook were re­ the Tennessee company. Virginia C-46, in western New York plants ot its elected directors for a three year term. Bridge Co.’s Birmingham plant has airplane division, G. W. Vaughan, presi­ relinquished 135 employes to the dent, announced. The C-46 will be built NAM Issues Booklet armed forces and Universal Atlas in another factors' in Missouri soon. With 70 Morale Posters Cement Co.’s Leeds plant lost 22 Sam Tour Sc Co. Inc. since July 1 National Association of Manufacturers to the services. has been operating the metallurgical lab­ recently issued to its 9000 members a oratories of Lucius Pitkin Inc., 45 Fulton “Posters-For-Production” booklet con­ street, N ew York cits'. Sam Tour & Co. taining reproductions of 70 morale- side to form a complete meal, can now Inc., with main offices at 65 Pine street, building posters chosen as representative be served up to five hours after pack­ specializes in metallurgical, chemical and of the war effort. ing in the container produced by the process engineering. Lucius Pitkin Inc. Posters were chosen from approximate­ company. The container consists of five continues as analysts, assayers, chemists, ly 1000 submitted by 700 companies and earthenware food and beverage com­ consultants, spectroscopists, sveighers, were judged by three non-members of partments insulated within durable fin­ samplers, and shippers representatives. the association. ished pressed steel. A menu for pre-ordering the follow­ Interlake Chemical Corp. ing day’s meal is enclosed and the en­ H. G. Irwin Lumber Co., Garland, tire container sealed for delivery to the Pa., has discontinued tire use of the trade Formed in Delaware workers on the job. A seal-lock pre­ names “Durock” and “Silveroc” for the Interlake Chemical Corp., a new com­ sents tampering with the containers duration of tire w ar. They w ill, how­ pany to be owned jointly by Interlake and also carries the worker’s shop num­ ever, continue to manufacture hammer Iron Corp., Chicago, and Great Lakes ber to permit easy identification. boards under the trade name of Grade Steel Corp., Detroit, has been incor­ W hen unsealed tire top lid of the con­ A” hammer boards. porated in Delaware with authorized tainer becomes a comfortable tray. Dis­ capital of $5,000,000. tribution methods from the kitchen to the Universal Atlas Cement Co., United The chemical corporation was organ­ worker vary with the size and nature of States Steel Corp., subsidiary, announces ized for the purpose of processing chemi­ the operations. Time lost getting to and operation of its new cement plant at cals recovered from distillation of coal from the food lines in cafeterias and Northampton, Pa., has begun.

/ T E E L 104 AWARDS

Presentation of the Army-Navy "E” pennant (right) was made by Col. Thomas G. Lanphier ( center) to E. C. Clarke, president, Cham- bersburg Engineering Co., Cham- bersburg, Pa., on Jane 23. Merle B e a m, employe representative (right), received “E” pins on be­ half of employes

Link-Belt Co., Indianapolis, plant was awarded (left) the Army-Navy “E” flag. Frank S. O’Neil, president, accepts the flag from Col. F. W . McMahon (left)

C. Donald Dallas, president (below), Revere Copper & Brass Inc., accepted the Army-Navy “E” award for the company and the 1875 employes of the Baltimore di­ vision at a recent ceremony

Metalworking Companies Cited by Armed Services

Outstanding performances on war con­ tracts won the joint Army-Navy “E ” awards for the following companies re­ cently: Acc Mfg. Corr>., Philadelphia. Amana Society, Refrigeration Division, Amana, Io w a . American Finishing Co., Memphis, Tenn. American Smelting & Refining Co., Garfield, U ta h . Automotive Maintenance Machinery Co., Chi­ cago. Brighton-Advance Corp., Brighton, Mich. Cannon-Kocka Co., Cleveland. Cincinnati Gear Co., Cincinnati. Crosse & Blackwell Co., Baltimore. Detroit Gasket & Mfg. Co., Detroit. Diamond Calk & Horseshoe Co., Duluth. Eugene Dietzgen Co., Chicago. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc., Du Pont, Wash., and Pryor, Okla. Eastern Rolling Mills, Baltimore. General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass. General Instrument Corp., Elizabeth, N. J. General Machine Co., Newark, N. J. Hammond Iron Works, Warren, Pa. Heintz ¿«c Kaufman Ltd., San Francisco. Iicywood-Wakefield Co., Gardner, Mass. Jacobs Mfg. Co., West Hartford. Conn. Remington-Rand Inc., Illiopolis, 111. United States Bronze Powder Works Inc , Clos- te r, N . J. United States Pipe 6c Foundry Co., Birming­ ham , A la . Atlas Powder Co., Reynolds, Pa, Baker Mfg. Co., Springfield, 111. Bastian-Blessing Co., Chicago. Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Dow Chemical Co., Pittsburg, Calif. Fay & Scott, Dexter, Me.

July 19, 1943 105 THE BUSINESS TREND

1475 PETROLEUM PRODUC ION Labor Problems Press for 1375 1775 1175 Solution as Output Slips tn 1075 975 LU TREN D of industrial activity is again slightly lower as cc 875 the latest weekly indicators reilect some letdown in heavy cc 775 <, goods production due to unstable conditions. Fluctua­ < 0 ^ CD tion in the steelmaking rate, slight contraction from the 170 LL 9T0CK8-HEAVY FUEL OIL peak of electric power output, failure of coal operations O 1 0 0 to rebound following the back-to-work order and product (S i design changes are conspicuous causes, but the labor 80 situation— absenteeism, replacement difficulties and grow­ 60 ing strike threats— is the major deterrent. 4 0 ST EEL— Dwindling coal supplies again last week ham­ pered steel production in the Pittsburgh district and other 2 0 neighboring steel centers. This followed recovery of O 5 points in the ingot rate to 97 per cent during the pre­ 1937 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 ceding week. Hit hardest by miner absenteeism were captive mines of steel companies, particularly those in program is to enact into law common standards not con­ western Pennsylvania, where activity last mid-week was tained in present law to guide government departments as only 30 to 50 per cent of normal. a basis in renegotiating war contracts. Congressional in­ vestigators are convinced there is no need to amend the CONSTRUCTION— More than 1000 new war plants, or law to allow creation of postwar reconversion reserves. $11 billion worth of a total of $14 billion authorized, are either in operation or near the operation stage. PETRO LEU M — Reduction by the year-end of crude oil Changes in the overall war requirements picture indi­ inventories above ground to the lowest point in 20 years cate some properties will not be used for tire purposes is foreseen. This development is expected to provide ample reason for relaxation of restrictions on drilling of originally intended, but will be diverted to other work. new wells, possibly higher prices for crude oil through Interesting sidelight on the decline in building volume upward revision of unprofitable price ceilings. is the perceptible reduction in costs and greater efficiency of construction crews. Job competition, restored by the High military sources have expressed concern over fu­ release of less experienced men to other war industries, is ture supply for domestic war purposes as well as for fighting machines abroad. Requirements of the services, said to be increasing the efficiency of those remaining. exclusive of aviation fuels and lubricants, are about 1,000,- RAILROADS— Carriers have moved into the strongest 000 barrels a day including Navy and lend-lease supplies. cash position in history, an Interstate Commerce Com­ This is about 30 per cent of total demand. It is known mission compilation discloses. At the end of April they that at least half of the cargo space for U. S. foreign ship­ held $2,346,270,000 in cash or negotiable securities, over ments is occupied by petroleum products. 114 billions more than a year ago. Net income of the 136 Most new well completions have been disappointing Class I railroads for the first four months of the year from the standpoint of volume, and drilling, which totaled $292,350,973, an increase of $144,303,516 over dropped off sharply in 1942, has continued to decline in corresponding 1942 period. 1943. Production of crude petroleum during the first REN EGOTIATION — One aim of the House of Represen­ five months of this year fell 300,000 barrels a day below tatives subcommittee studying the contract renegotiation government quotas. FIGURES THIS WEEK

Latest Prior Month Year INDUSTRY Period“ Week Ago Ago Steel Ingot Output (per cent of capacity)...... 97.0 92.0 96.5 97.5 Electric Power Distributed (million kilowatt hours)...... 3,919 4,111 3,926 3,424 Bituminous Coal Production (daily av.— 1000 tons)...... 1,758 767 508 2,034 Petroleum Production (daily av.— 1000 bbls.)...... 4,090 4,008 3,989 3,657 Construction Volume (ENR— unit $1,000,000)...... 42.0 60.1 69.6 401.6 Automobile and Truck Output (Ward’s, number)...... 19,435 18,645 19,065 22,980 °Dates on request. Lag of one week.

TRADE Freight Car Loadings (unit— 1000 cars)f...... S09f S52 854 754 Business Failures (Dun & Bradstreet, number)...... 33 66 54 159 Money in Circulation (in millions of dollars)...... $17,607 $17,420 $17,237 $12,489 Retail Sales (change from like week year ago)...... + 1 7 % + 12% + 15% + 2 7 % tt f f Six Months, j Preliminary.

/ T E EL 106 THE BUSINESS TREND

1940 1 1941 1942 1943 725 m i i i i ' i i i 1 1.1■ i i i 1 i 1 ' i ' 1 -i i i i i ; i i i , i ! ' : i ! , T " ■' ■ 240 Steel Employment 700 220 Total Payrolls 675 200 « Employes—Number (Unit— 3 650 180 Í (000 omitted) $1,000,000) u> .... t 625 160 2 1943 1942 1943 1942 TOTAL EMPLOYES-L 140 o Jan...... 637 651 129.7 118.8 § 600 (SCALE AT LEFT) Feb...... 635 651 12 2 .8 108 .5 120 z Mar...... 637 653 13 6 .8 117 .0 100 § A p r ...... 634 654 133.3 118.5 mX t o t a l p ay r o lls M ay . . 632 6 56 137 .4 117 .4 80 s ! (SCALE AT RIGHT) June . . . 659 1 1 8 .0 _ ...... - . —... . July ... 655 1 2 0 .7 A u g. 647 118 .7 *8° 48 Sept. . . . 641 124.8 O c t...... 635 1 2 6 .6 ■WAGE EARNERS' AVERAGE n 'Z WORKED PER WEEK 44 N o v. . . . 632 122 .8 40 D ec. . . 633 129 .3 36

1941 I 1942 1943 10 i i i M i"i r r . : i"I '■ i ...... í —r m i T i i. 10 Iron, Steel Production 9 9 Steel Ünyot—ßlcf, ûno+i ßnedudtian (Net tons— 000 omitted) Steel Ingots ------P ig Iro n ------1943 1942 1 94 3 1942 Ja n ...... 7 ,4 2 4 7 ,1 1 2 5,1 9 4 4 ,9 8 3 F e b ...... 6 ,8 2 6 6 ,5 1 2 4 ,7 6 6 4 ,5 0 0 M a r...... 7 ,6 7 0 7 ,3 9 2 5,3 1 4 5 ,0 5 5 A p r ...... 7 ,3 7 4 7 ,1 2 2 5 ,0 3 5 4 ,8 9 6 M a v ...... 7 ,5 4 5 7 ,3 8 2 5 ,1 7 8 5 ,0 7 3 June . . . . . 7,027 7,015 4 ,9 3 5 J u ly ...... 7 ,1 4 8 5 ,0 5 1 A u g ...... 7 ,2 3 3 5 ,0 0 9 Sept. 7 ,0 6 7 4 ,9 3 7 O c t...... 7 ,5 8 4 5 ,2 3 6 N o v ...... 7 ,1 8 4 5 ,0 8 3 D e c ...... 7 ,3 0 3 5 ,2 0 1

T o ta l . 8 6 ,0 6 1 5 9 ,9 5 9

Foreign Trade Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (Unit Value— 51,000,000) -E xports- Im p o rts - 1943 1942 1941 1 94 3 1 9 4 2 1941 Jan. 698 4 7 9 3 2 5 2 2 8 2 5 3 2 2 9 Feb. 679 4 7 8 3 0 3 2 34 253 2 34 M ar. 931 611 3 5 7 2 4 8 2 72 2 6 8 500 g A p r. 1,136 695 3 8 5 26 6 234 2 87 M ay 525 385 191 297 400 z June 6 18 3 3 0 2 1 5 2 79 o July 6 27 3 5 9 2 1 4 2 78 300 300 I A u g. 6 94 455 184 2 82 Sept. 7 1 8 4 1 7 196 2 63 O ct. 7 7 6 6 6 6 199 3 04 200 N o v. 750 4 9 2 174 2 8 0 COPVPVÖMT 194 i ______Dec. 853 651 3 5 6 3 4 4 / TEEL 100

T o ta l 7 8 2 6 5126 2743 3345 0

r i k i x x i /~ r- Latest Prior Month Year FINANCE Period” Week Ago Ago Bank Clearings (Dim & Bradstreet, total in millions)...... $7,558 $8,503 $8,123 $6,407 Federal Gross Debt (in billions of dollars)...... 141.3 140.7 140.4 77.9 Bond Volume, NYSE (millions of dollars) 52.0 64.0 53.2 29.0 Stock Sales, NYSE (thousands of shares) 4,163 5,279 5,263 2,763 Loans and Investments (in millions)!...... $45,843 $46,147 $47,182 $32,382 United States Gov’t. Obligations Held!...... 31,414 31,753 32,467 16,200 (Member banks, Federal Reserve System.

PRICES STEEL’s composite finished steel price average $56.73 $56.73 $56.73 $56.73 Spot Commodity Index (Moody’s, 15 items)! 243.1 245.4 245.3 233.4 Industrial Raw Materials (Bureau of Laborindex)! 114.0 114.2 114.1 99.9 Manufactured Products (Bureau of Labor index)! 99.7 99.7 100.9 98.9 11931 = 100; Friday series. 11926 = 100.

July 19, 1943 107 ->[=□ — > < L _ .

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Reliance Electric & Engineering Co. C le v e la n d

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/TEEL STEEL is more elastic than is cast Adjustable speed is important to many ternating-current system. Even under iron, so the physicists tell us, but how machines in obtaining maximum output. such circumstances, certain machines were can it be stretched sufficiently to meet In the period of industrial expansion jrrior frequently placed so as to favor group­ all war demands? to the current restricted situation, pro­ ing the direct-current motors. This was done in spite of the fact that it might in­ Copper available is far below require­ gressive plant engineers looked upon cur a penalty in the form of a less ef­ ments, and probably will be over 1,000,- adjustable speed drives as production tools ficient handling of the flow of materials 000 tons short of the country’s need in rather than purely as a means of power. to or from a department. 1943. What can be done about it? These engineers have made available at Fortunately, new variable-voltage ad­ Both steel and copper are vital mate­ each machine the kind of power best justable-speed drives have recently been rials in the manufacture of electric mo­ suited to its operation, such as direct developed and are now in production tors and in the distribution of power to current for. field control, adjustable speed in sufficient volume to provide a practi­ the machines which these motors are to motors, and alternating current for con­ cal solution for many adjustable-speed operate. It is imperative, therefore, to stant speed auxiliaries, with correspond­ driving problems. These sets, such as make installations with whatever com­ ing power distribution and conversion the Reliance V°S drive, are designed to bination of electrical equipment will re­ systems. require little floor space, permitting their sult in the least use of copper and steel The adjustable speed drive as a produc­ location at or near the respective ma­ without impairing the effectiveness of tion tool cannot be sacrificed. Its con­ chines they serve. The variable speed the machine. tribution to increased production is too motors are mounted directly on the ma­ Appreciable conservation can be made clearly established. But the method used chine with speed adjusting rheostats and by giving more consideration to plant to obtain that adjustable speed can af­ “start-stop” push button stations placed planning and layout. The decision as fect appreciably the solution of the at the operator’s convenience for maxi­ to the kind of motor drive to be applied problem of conserving vital war mate­ mum machine performance. Because all should be made with the prime objective rials. power requirements are served from the in mind of accomplishing the necessary Larger plants in particular, commonly regular alternating-current distribution results with the minimum expenditure have had direct-current circuits to serve system of the plant, time, expense, wir­ of copper and steel, whether in the plant adjustable speed direct-current motors. ing materials and accessories are con­ distribution or in the electrical equip­ The conversion of this power was su­ served. ment itself. perimposed upon the plant’s primary al- Fig. 3 represents a plant with machines arranged to keep material in process, Fig. 1— A speed range of 87.5 to 700 revolutions per minute is provided by traveling in a direct route from start to the 15-horsepou>er V°S control unit supplying power to a gear-motor drive finish of the operations. These machines for this machine. The V°S set takes power from the same alternating-current require 17 constant speed drives and circuit that feeds the induction motor in the foreground nine adjustable speed drives. Power dis­ tribution is 440 volts, 3-phase to all drive Fig. 2—The 15-horsepower V ° S drive here can operate this machine at a positions. The V°S drive is used for ad­ threading speed varying from 10 to 120 yards per minute—a 12:1 ratio justable speed requirements. Fig. 4 represents a plant with the Fig. 3—Reliance V ° S drives are used here to meet adjustable-speed require­ same machine and same drive require­ ments ments. In this case, however, the adjust­ able speed is obtained by using direct- Fig. 4— Adjustable-speed requirements, identical with those shown :n Fig. 3, are satisfied in this case by using direct-current field-control motors. Note current field control motors. The 440- com plexity volts, 3-phase power is distributed to all constant speed drive positions. A motor Fig. 5—Comparison showing how only 53 per cent of the steel for conduit and generator set is located at a central point only 40 per cent of the copi>er for wire are needed for servicing the V°S drives to convert alternating current to direct ( Please turn to Page 140) Fig. 6—Comparison of copper and steel required by the two different drive systems

Fig. 7—Overall comparison of material for drives and power circuits for the two drive systems

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D I/ ' S P r i v e t s M a i n M -Ct j5 e t } v a &- C o r p s / ? S T P P L P l /\ c/ t w i r i n g p.c.noioRt x p l a n t W i R i P

109 July 19, 1943 Fig. 1, (Above) — Desert training in California firing 90 - millimeter anti-aircraft gun at night. Official Signal Corps photo Fig. 2. (L eft)—These are the men responsible for 90- millimeter gun production at the Wheland plant: Left to right—Fred M. Arnold, chief engineer; Fred Mc­ Kinney, tool room foreman; Roy Smith, superintendent, tool room; W. H. Wilson, manager; Charles W . Whe­ land, vice president in charge of production; A. D. Willis, tool engineer Fig. 3. (Below)— Tool room checks out tools to workmen using register system By G . ELDRIDGE STEDMAN

w M l G J i ï S Depends Largely Upon Correct Tooling

MARKING the Civil War “battle- are now following. Much credit for Equipped with latest models of engine above the clouds”, four Parrott guns to­ the success of the W heland operation is screw cutting precision lathes, milling day stand sentinel at Lookout Mountain given to the dynamic drive of its vice machines with adjustable tables and Point over the sweeping Tennessee val­ president in charge of manufacturing, heads, surface and cylindrical grinders, ley. They were little affairs that lobbed C. W. Wheland. jig boring machines, furnaces for hard­ 33 cast iron balls each at the Federals, Successful mass production of this gun ening and tempering, an air-conditioned who were fighting down below. And on is, of course, entirely a matter of tool­ laboratory for gage testing, well ordered the spot where many of their little iron ing. In the hurry to meet schedules, tool cribs, an optical Bausch & Lomb shot bounded, the new Chattanooga gun with production among varied tool com­ comparator to check screw thread forms plant of Wheland Co.’s 90-millimeter panies delayed from three months to a and cutter shapes-— this W heland tool gun division is now in huge production year, it was necessary for Wheland to and pattern shop is a model in equip­ on this ordnance piece that has been set up a completely equipped tool room ment, efficiency and personnel. The mas­ found so effective in the Tunisian cam­ to produce this gun. The company has ter tool makers at W heland w ill tackle paign. Among the first in the field on done practically all the tooling in the anything and they pretty much had to 90-millimeter gun production, the Whel­ plant except standard size drills and when they took over the 90-millimeter and Co. revamped drawings, did much taps. gun as one of the first prime contrac­ redesigning, tooling and rebuilding of All forms of cutters and special tools, tors. old machine tools loaned to it from face mills with inserted teeth, special Certain drawings for varied jigs and Watervliet arsenal of the Army Ord­ radii cutters, extra-length reamers, spe­ fixtures came from the arsenal, together nance Department. cial end mills have been designed, with a scramble of machinery from The company makes all parts of the adapted and built. The company’s un­ which many parts were missing, others 90-millimeter gun— breech ring, breech usual ability to go this hard road in tool­ broken in transit. These drawings es­ block, rails, supports, internal compo­ ing alone is, I feel, one of the distinguish­ tablished a criterion, but it was neces­ nents, tubes. There are 93 parts in all, ing features of Southern manufacturing sary to completely redesign many of the a strange and fascinating departure from enterprise. fixtures. These fixtures were completed the crude design of the Parrott gun entirely by the Wheland Co. from the which was about the only field piece drawing board, through its own foundry, Fig. 4. (Left, below)—Milling a used during the Civil war. The Wheland through the machine shop, and on to tool spline gage in the tool room tooling for the 90-millimeter had a lot room and gaging laboratory. of pioneering within it. Methods and Fig. 5. (Right)—Another tool The flow of responsibility is from C. practices were established which others room worker is shown grinding a W. Wheland, vice president in charge of face mill for use by the gun shop Fig. 6—Cutting teeth into a radius end mill in the tool room

Mr. Wilson told me that Mr. Arnold had been seen fooling with a steam gage, brought down to the office entirely dis­ mantled— after a sleepless night. After three days of tinkering, there evolved this new telltale indicator— a very ca­ pable gage. It is merely one of many Arnold originations to be found in the Wheland setup. Another interesting tool observed in the making, was a 1-inch radius cutter, processed through the tool room in batches of six. This is hardened to 62 rockwell C. It is made of Clearite— a high-speed tool steel, has 12 flutes. It goes through the gaging laboratory for radius check of 0.002-inch tolerance. Tin's is one of the regular operating manufacturing; through W. H. Wilson, (gun barrels to you). To properly ma­ phases of the tool room, constantly build­ manager of the gun division; to Fred M. chine this changed specification it was ing these formed end mills that cut ex­ Arnold, chief engineer, gun division; to necessary to revamp the tell-tale gaging acting radii on the breech ring of the Roy Smith, superintendent of the tool instrument previously used in checking gun. room, who has co-operating with him the bore. This is the instrument that is This tool is forged into a billet by A. D. Willis, tool engineer, and Fred used to check the concentricity of the Wheland foundries, turned from this McKinney, tool room foreman. Usual gun tube in and out in the rough so that blank to the desired shape, set up in an output of the company includes wood­ when placed in the lathe for internal bor­ indexing geared head 0 11 a Milwaukee working machinery, oil drilling equip­ ing and external removal of metal, there milling machine, gashed with the proper ment, draw works, rotary pumps and can be assurance that equal distribution cutter, given a hardening heat treat. special contract jobs. of metal will be obtained. So a new After this it is ground, backed up and made into the finished tool on a Cincin­ C. W. Wheland handed the concepts telltale gage design was on the table under construction when I was there. nati tool grinder. of jigs, fixtures, patterns of tool design The fixture for milling the slot in a to Arnold, whose staff of draftsmen and This gage consists of a bar having what amounts to an outside mircometer set in­ support w-as in proces of construction, technicians have done an excellent job another Wheland design. This was real­ of tool engineering and construction. to its tin. The bar arrangement works a pivot which actuates a specially- ly a re-fixturing in that the original had Outside tool makers were called in on 011 proved a little light. In fact, much some of this work under the prodding designed indicator graduated to thou­ present work here is of that nature. of government expediters for more speed sandths and located on the fixture base, Careful survey is being constantly made at the start. But 90 per cent of such permitting the operator to determine to improve the tooling that has already fixtures were found to be faulty and accurately the i.d. of bore to the o.d. been evolved; “re-retooling”, they call i most of them could not be repaired. checking concentricity at any point on it. The tolerances on the end slots of Thereafter, the Wheland organization the tube. learned to rely pretty much 0 11 itself. Let me take you around this shop and Fig . 7. (Left, below)— Breech ring of 90-millimeter anti-aircraft gun being stop to observe a few of the many in­ gaged on surface plate in inspection room. Note special fixtures in which teresting tools in production the day I ring is placed was there. Recently a change was re­ quired in the machining of forged tubes Fig. 8. (Right)— This tool room icorker is milling screw slots in a reamer 4-sx ttonrJ ¡tt niiilrtna « / ir / o -fnr trip QC\~niilliiiiptpr ftlin TODAY copper fights

on the Today the copper industry is working all-out to win the war. No copper is available for any­ thing else. But post-war planners with specific problems in metals are referred directly to the global fronts Revere Executive Offices in New York.

COPPER AND BRASS INCORPORATED Founded by Paul Revere in 1801 Executive Offices: 230 Park Avenue, New York •

July 19, 1943 113- This gage inspection control room inside and outside diameter micrometers this fixture are 0.001-inch to 0.00125- abounds with the most modern equip­ inch. Locating plugs are arranged to per­ from 1 to 16 inches are used. The tool ment. Hoke A-B-C blocks are used, the mit revolution of the fixture 180 degrees crib employs a simple requisition con­ reference sets, of course, being in the plus, permitting a second milling op­ trol of these instruments. These gages laboratory while the production inspec­ eration in the turn to gain proper width are issued from the tool crib by slip tion sets are used in the shop. There of the fastening pads on the support be­ requisition in triplicate. One of these are such other fascinations as master forms is kept by the worker, a second ing machined. gage blocks, super micrometers refer­ The tooling of the intricately con­ is pegged on the shift call board, a third ence verniers, comparators, sensitive in­ toured Hydro-Tel templets for profiling ultimately gets into the permanent file. dicators. on the Cincinnati vertical milling ma­ At shift end, the gage is turned in, the There are many inspections throughout chine and the Pratt & Whitney Keller, paired forms are destroyed, the file form the gun division, M r. W heland s policy is another interesting tooling job. These is used to signal the gage inspection re­ being that of catching the error at the are of hardened tool steel lapped to quirements of that shift. All gages and seat of the crime. This saves man hours shape within tolerances of 0.0002-inch. other tools are routed to the controlled- that otherwise would be expended. In A cast iron lap is used with a lapping temperature laboratory at shift end addition, there are other production in­ compound by bench tool maker. These where they are inspected and adjusted spection checks on critical parts. For templets originate shapes and the ac­ under controlled temperature conditions example, when the breech ring comes curacy of the gun components machined and made ready for the shift use the next from the machines, it is taken over by is such as to make this lapping critical. day. This prevents entirely such alibis bench workmen who use hand files, hand All such templets are checked in the as “he tampered or dropped the gage grinders, emery cloths and lapping com­ controlled-temperature gaging labora­ on die last shift.” This inspection is pounds on certain critical radii to elimi­ tory. of 24-hour nature and no shift works nate all rough edges, and to assure by One of the parts machined on the with gages that have been used more varied plug, screw and depth gages that Hydro-Tel or upon the P & W Keller is than 8 hours without inspection. all holes have been properly machined. the automatic cocking lever. Of its 12 Stepping into this controlled-tempera­ From here, on a specially designed operations, three are profiled by these ture room in charge of E. R. Williams, dolly, the production inspected breech templets. The right and left hand ex­ a tool engineer and master toolmaker, I ring goes to the final inspection room, tractor made from tool room templets came first upon an instrument that is air conditioned for accuracy. Before and securing fixtures, the sear, breech known as a rail gage and is used for arriving, this ring has received more block and chain terminal cranks, as well dimensional control of distance between than 20 production inspections. After as the cocking lever, are intricate parts support pocket and breech ring pocket, being in the final inspection bays, every that are thus machined. with tolerance within 0.003-inch. It screw hole is checked in relation to ma­ takes about 4 hours to acclimate the One of the most interesting tools that jor and minor diameter of thread, depth, metal of this gage to the 68 dcgiees I saw was the geared offset head used elimination of sharp corners, agreement Fahr. temperature constant of this con­ for cutting the extractor pockets. Then with tolerances on all radii, planes, trolled atmosphere room. there was the wood-pack reamer, used angles, vertical and horizontal measure­ for finish grind of the tube rifling an I noticed a box of 34' broaching cut­ ments. exquisite job of tooling. ters, sparkling like jewels. They had Chief inspector is R. R. Caskey. For All fixtures covering the 93 parts of just been reground and were in for final a time, because of its necessary stand­ this 90-millimeter gun are made in the inspection before going out to rifle more ards in establishing quality inspection company’s own tool room. Some were gun barrels. Before these are placed control, tire Arm y Ordnance Department not engineered or designed here, but back in the plant for use, they must maintained a large “on-the-ground in­ all of them were constructed here except pass dirough a tool grinding inspection spection staff. Since W heland has de­ a few standard tools. Most gun tooling in which each broach blade is checked livered, the department is composed and machining is, of course, of special on the comparator for form, tool shape only of company men, a small comple­ design. “Designed, cast, finished in our and radius of the tool lip. ment of army men remaining only to own plant; that is what we are proud of,” sample the final inspections. All com­ Mr. Wheland commented. ponents of the gun are inspected, so far To check the desired accuracy which Pig g—Portion of temperature (Please turn to Page 143) is demanded of these 90-millimeter guns, controlled gage room. Optical comparator at left CARBOLOYIS THE REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF C A R B O I O COMPANY, INC.

“Ploughing” through tough cast armor plate at rials, staying sharp up to 10 times longer—increas­ cuts up to 1 in. deep—drilling gun barrels—cutting ing production often as much as 300% on the off shell—taking interrupted cuts through sand thousands of applications upon which victory holes and scale—producing a quality of finish on depends. critical parts often impossible to obtain with Write today for catalog GT-142 listing Carboloy former tools—holding close tolerances that drasti­ cemented carbide grades for cutting steel, cast iron cally reduce and often entirely eliminate subse­ and non-ferrous metals available in more than 300 quent grinding—making steels of 400 to 500 Brinell standard Carboloy tools and blanks. machineable—these are typical of the present day uses of Carboloy cemented carbide tools for cutting steel. Are You Using The Right.Chip Breaker? Today 63% of all Carboloy cemented carbides A special film available on de­ produced by Carboloy Company for machining sign and grinding of chip applications are steel cutting grades. You’ll find breakers for carbide tools. One of a series of six films on them in practically every major war plant through­ Design, Brazing, Application out the nation, turning out steel parts for war at and Grinding of carbide tools for use in your training pro­ speeds 4 to 5 times faster than former tool mate­ gram. W rite for folder GT-151.

CARBOLOY COMPANY/ lN<*, U141 e. 8 MILE ro a d , DETROIT, M ichigan SoU mokort of tho CorboJoy brond of comintod corbidmi Birmingham, Ala. • Chicago • Cleveland e Lo> Angelet e Newark e Philadelphia e PIHiburgh e Seattle Canadian Dtdributon Canadian General Electric Ca., lid., Toronto, Canada. Foreign Didrifcutor; International General Electric Co., Scheneclody, N. Y.

TITANIUM CARBIDES A TANTALUM CARBIDES t> TUNGSTEN CARBIDES

July 19, 1943 115 Fig. 1—Spraying on a protective coating of lead-base alloy by means of a special device for handling this low-melting point material. This is a ready method for renewing the zinc coat on welded sheet metal constructions where the heat of welding has vaporized the original coating Fig, o— Micrograph at 500 diameters shows mechanical bond between sprayed metal (dark) and steel base (light area). Smooth base metal is readily tinned by this method ALLOY-SPRAYER

. . . . coats new work, “ regalvanizes” old material, patches weld-burned areas

A RAPID low-cost means of applying A typical use of the sprayer is for a protective metal coating to metal assem­ regalvanizing areas from which galvan­ blies or structures, of re-coating areas izing has been burned during arc or re­ from which the galvanizing has been sistance welding operations. T h e oxide burned by welding, and of patching or remaining from the welding operation first repairing small areas in large galvanized is thoroughly brushed off and the area assemblies where the coating has been adjacent to the weld similarly cleaned. damaged, has been developed by the Then, while the metal is still hot, the Alloy-Sprayer Co., 2040 Book building, entire burned surface can be sprayed. Detroit. The thickness of the coating will be from The operation involves spraying the 0.001 to 0.008-inch, depending upon the surface to be protected with a coating of degree of resistance to corrosion required. “Galv-Weld” metal by means of a spe­ No Skill Required cial spray gun. This unit is a portable, self-contained gun-type device with ther­ Since it is not done at the welding mostatically controlled metal melting pot station, the spraying can be accomplished and a means of atomizing and spray­ by unskilled operators at less labor cost. Where production sequence does not Fig. 3—Portion of arc weld before ing the melted metal. It is operated by permit coating immediately after the spraying air under pressure in much the same manner as a paint sprayer. A trigger con­ welding operation, the work first is cleaned and then reheated to 250 to 4/5 Fig. 4—Same arc weld after re­ trol button on the handle is pressed degrees Fahr. and then sprayed. This newing original protective coat by during the actual spraying. The equip­ procedure has the advantage of keeping spraying. Method applies coating ment is sufficiently light and compact the operation uniform and the results that is evenly distributed, positive­ so that even when filled with metal, it positive, since the reheating permits the ly covers base metal and serves can be manipulated readily by hand. temperature of the base metal to be as excellent base for paint Moreover, it appears that an actual tinning of the base metal with the sprayed at a known rather than an estimated metal is effected by the process. Thus, level. Reheating for spraying is accom­ under certain conditions, sand blasting or plished by infra-red lamps, oven, or b> other extensive preparation of the sur­ an open flame, preferably one with a face of the base metal is not necessary. reducing atmosphere. The latter is not This can eliminate former costly and absolutely essential, but it has been tedious preparation methods. ( Please turn to Page 139)

/ T E ti- RIGIDITY Keeps Century Motors a - runnin' under heavy shocks and vibrating loads

Five features of Century design combine to assure freedom

from distortion — freedom from noise — perfect alignment.

The feet are cast Rigid curved Heavily ribbed A m achined The rigid steel as part of the end-brackets cast iron frame bead with close shaft is larger in motor frame with ma­ are b raced for per­ holds the stator lami­ tolerance on the end- diameter through the •chined mounting sur­ •manent alignment of •nations in place — bracket fits inside a • ®rotor which prevents faces providing for a bearings to maintain they are locked under similarly machined d eflection— protects firm attachment and a concentric magnetic pressure — they ca n ­ surface on the motor against bearing wear. alignment, essential field, essential to uni­ not shift position — frame — this accu­ when the motor is in­ form characteristics the air gap is m ain­ rately and perma­ corporated as part of and quiet operation. tained. nently aligns the precision equipment. bearings in relation to each other and to the motor frame.

hus, when a Century Motor is bolted Tto a machine or foundation, you can expect uniform and quiet operating characteristics to be maintained for continuous service, 3-shift operation.

Your Century Application and Serv­ ice Engineer will gladly tell you all of the advantages of Century Motors — help you select the correct Century Motor for practically any application, from fractio nal to 400 horsepower.

CENTURY ELECTRIC CO. 1806 Pine Street St. Louis, Missouri Offices and Stock Points in Principal Cities

One of the Largest EXCLUSIVE Motor and Generator Manufacturers in the World

July 19, 1943 TABLE IV— Composition of Aluminum Alloys Welded by the Aircraft B y HAROLD LAWRENCE In d u s try Metallurgist and Welding Engineer Alloy Copper Manganese Magnesium Chromium Aluminum

24S 4'2 25 N0°25 Balance 53SS None ‘ 1.25 None None Balance

TABLE V— Minimum Shear Strength of Spot Welds in Aluminum Alloys

SPOT nessTo i'o n e sheet 2 4 S T of two equal thick- 3S- ^H - % o.1ST Alclad nesses welded, inch dor1 0.010 ...... « £ mo 0:025 ::::::::...... w o 170 215 0.032 240 300 0.040 WO 340 430 WELDING n o s i .■ 2 8 0 5 1 0 6 20 0.064 390 720 840 nnsi 570 1000 1080 0 ? 0 2 : : ...... 8 0 0 1 32 0 1 32 0 (U25 1000 1620 1450

TABLE V I— Improvement in Spot Welds hy Heat Treating 24ST Alclad ALUMINUM As Welded Heat Treated Average shear load in lbs ...... 1071 1 4 5 - Max. shear load in lbs ...... 1254 6 18 Min. shear load in lbs ...... 9 46 Gain by heat treating is 35.5 per cent

The chemical solution that is used In first section of this article last week, application of resistance for brushing is made up according to welding to aluminum aircraft structures, different types of the following formulae: welding machines and electrodes were discussed Here are Solution A — 2.9 pounds gum traga- presented details of cleaning methods, a study of the metal­ can th lurgical factors involved and an examination of possibilities 8 pounds hot water of further expansion of spot welding to aircraft structures 0 to 7 pounds denatured alcohol Solution B— 10 pounds 30 per cent {Concluded from Last. Week) In chemical cleaning, several differ­ ent solutions have been used with suc­ hydrofluoric acid THE FOLLOW ING aluminum alloys cess. In some cases the surface prepara­ A wetting agent may be necessary with are found in aircraft construction: 24ST, tion is carried out by dipping while with oily stock. The amount of alcohol is 24ST Alclad, 526, 3S-%1I and 3SH. In large surfaces it may be necessary to varied according to the difficulty en­ Table IV the composition of the various paint the etchant on with a brush, allow countered in dissolving the gum. The alloys is given. The number followed it to stand for 30 seconds and sponge it hydrofluoric acid is added to solution by the letter S indicates the alloy. T off with a wet cloth. One dipping pro­ A after that solution has been made up. means heat treated and aged while V2/Î cedure is the following: Too much attention cannot be paid and H represent cold working to the half Dip the parts for 30 seconds in a to the preparation of aluminum alloy sur­ hard and fully hardened conditions. faces for welding. T. E. Piper of Both 24S and 52S have heavy oxide 5 per cent sodium hydroxide solution at 150 degrees Fahr., rinse in cold water, Northrop Aircraft Inc. reports that 30 coatings which are customarily removed million spot welds were made in one before any spot welding is performed dip for one minute in 50 per cent nitric year without a single hole being blown on them. Likewise 24ST Alclad gives acid at room temperature, rinse in cold because of improper surface prepara­ better welding results if the surface is water, rinse in boiling water and dry. tion. Ilis company uses a hath con­ prepared prior to welding. Both me­ In some cases it may be necessary to sisting of phosphoric acid with a clean­ chanical and chemical treatments are repeat the alkaline and acid dips to ing agent added. It has the advantages suited to the surface preparation of the thoroughly prepare the material. The commercial cleaning agents are used in of being used at room temperature with aluminum alloys. accordance with the manufacturer’s di­ a rather long period in which etching Mechanical cleaning is accomplished rections. may be done without harm to the ma­ with a fine grade of abrasive cloth, with terial. Results obtained with this hath fine steel wool or with a fine scratch are shown Fig. 5. Complete assemblies brush driven by a motor. In mechani­ Fig. 3. {Left, below)—Diagram of are prepared for spot welding with cally cleaning alclad alloys care must he spot weld pull-test specimen the most efficient use of cleaning labor taken not to remove the thin coating Fig. 4. {Right, below)— Represen­ yet reported. of pure aluminum that makes up the tative metallurgical zones in a spot Machines are set up for spot welding corrosion resisting surface. weld in 24ST Alclad

P

T E EL 118 THERMIT WELDING

Speeds Fabrication THERMIT

of large Parts ll'O" ------T

. » u T o speed construction many shipbuilders now fabricate stern frames from four

or more separate castings by means of ^THERMIT Thermit welding. WELD This method also provides the greater strength needed to meet the tremendous strain stern frames are subjected to by 20-8 wartime zigzagging and top speed maneu­ STERN FRAME vering in heavy weather. STERN FRAME SHOE Thermit welding is being used to great advantage throughout industry in fabri­ cating other large parts. When several small castings are Thermit welded into one Showing location o f Thermit welds in diagram o f stern frame for U. S. Maritime Commission ships. large unit, imperfections, which may occur in very large castings, are avoided. There is additional assurance of extra strength because the welds are even stronger than the original castings of the same cross sec­ tions. Shipping issimplified, as small pieces—

easier to handle and requiring lessspace— PREHEATING can be shipped more readily to the job and fabricated after arrival. Little, if any, machining is needed preparatory to weld­ ing and no stress relieving is required. Send for informative, 30-page booklet, "Thermit W elding”, describing many appli­ FINISHED WELD cations for both fabrication and repair of Some of the simple steps in the Thermit heavy parts. process for either fabrication or repair work.

METAL & THERMIT CORPORATION 120 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Specialists in welding for nearly 40 years. Manufac- ALBANY • CHICAGO • PITTSBURGH turers of'Murex Electrodes for arc welding and of Thermit for repair and fabrication of heavy parts. SO. SAN FRANCISCO • TORONTO

July 19, 1943 119 KENNAMETAL SERVICE ENGINEERS AND DISTRIBUTORS

0 N EW Y O R K — Buffalo—Cleveland 3700 • CALIFORNIA—San Francisco—Garfield 0818 New York— Worth 2-0029 Los Angeles—Lafayette 2254 Rochester—Stone 7173 • CO LO RAD O — D enver-C h erry 4202 0 OHIO—Cincinnati—Jefferson 8612 • C O N N EC TIC U T Hartford— W . Hartford 3-6669 Cleveland— Main 1532

• GEORGIA—Atlanta—RA-6477 0 O K LA H O M A —Tulsa 36826

• IL L IN O IS —Chicago—State 4263 0 P EN N SY LV A N IA —E rie —Erie 53309 Rockford—Forest 890 Philadelphia—Baldwin 1250-1251 Pittsburgh—Churchill 6967 • IN D IAN A Indianapolis— Market 2523-2524

0 LOUISIANA—New Orleans Raymond 5812 0 TEXAS—Dallas—Central 6546 Houston—Woodcrest 6-5029 0 M A S S A C H U S ET T S —Boston— Devonshire 7174 0 WASHINGTON -Seattle—Main 5253 Medford—Mystic 4621-R 0 WISCONSIN Milwaukee Marquette 0801 0 MICHIGAN—Detroit Trinity 1-7011

0 MISSOURI—Kansas City -Benton 0751

MONTANA WASH,

pAfcOTA

OREGON ^ q MING NEBRASKA

IDAHO

UTAH NEVADA COLORADO KANSAS

MEXICO ARIZONA

Leadership in any fiej^ carries with it the responsibility of SERVICE

In addition to supplying the steel-cutting industry with the most efficient carbide tools, KENNAMETAL Inc. maintains an extensive staff of skilled representatives. These representatives are located in the major manufacturing centers in order to provide more rapidly assistance in solving your steel-cutting problems. Because they have been chosen on the basis of experience in and knowledge of steel-cutting they are qualified to advise you in the selection of tools for specific operations and to suggest means for increasing tool life through the care and handling of your Kenna- metal tools. As the leader in the steel-cutting carbide tool field Kennametal realizes its responsibility of service to you, its customer. Feel free to call on your STYLE 9 TOOL Kennametal representative for assistance any time a steel-cutting problem arises in your shop.

KENNAMETAL 200 LLOYD AVE.. LATROBE, PA. t* S.W: U. S. STStL KXPOfiT CO, 50 Owed. Sl. N^r Y«* TrO. .«Wri l^U-LF^CW. (E.«U^ «rf .»4 &V..I BHtoU)______along empirical lines. Usually plant of the sheet plus 1/16-inch will exceed experience is such that the several vari­ 4 0 0 the minimum strengths shown in Table V. ables can be present, but universal prac­ W Welds made with the stored-energy 1 .064 2‘ 1ST ALCLAP tice is to check by means of a test cou­ 2 x type of welding machines are equal to pon to make sure that the resulting welds o or better than those made with alternat­ will be acceptable. Samples such as the IX V 0 300 ing current machines. Frequently the one pictured in Fig. 3 are quite common s \ stored energy units make larger spots and the failures fall into three distinct 1 .040 24ST which accounts for a higher shear ALCLAD types which are known as “pulling the UJ strength value when one is observed. o button” as shown in Fig. 6A; “pull out” 1 z 2 0 0 Although spot welds are primarily shear as shown in Fig. 6B; or clean £ designed for shear, stresses brought about shear as shown in Fig. 6C. The type CO 1 co by tension loading are introduced by of failure is an index" to the proper es­ UJ cr secondary loads. Spot welds in ten­ tablishment of welding conditions. Ten­ 1 100 1 1 sion have from 20 to 90 per cent of sile tests have given a good account of 1 their shear strength. Strength in ten­ themselves as a means of checking the z sion may be determined by means of quality of spot welds. o 1 to WIRE BRUSHED .. __' the U-shaped tension test piece. Frequently a cross section is made of For some time it was obvious to a weld as a check upon the welding pro­ 0 10 2 0 3 0 metallurgists that the strength of spot cedure. A hack saw cut is made through TIME OF TREATMENT-MINUTES welds in 24ST material was less than the center of the weld nugget, the cross Fig. 5 (Above)—Comparing the it might be if the heat treatment of the section is smoothed with a file and the electrical resistance of chemically sheet had not been nullified by the weld region is brought out by means of and mechanically cleaned Alclad. heat of welding. In heavier sections, an etch in 10 per cent caustic solution. Northrup etching solution used especially, this lower strength was notice­ Primarily this test is designed to re­ able. However, the introduction of veal the area of the weld which should heat-treated spot welds has permitted have a diameter equal to twice the proper and has the typical columnar restoration of considerable strength, re­ thickness of the sheet plus 0.060-inch. structure that is always found in spot sulting in a 35 per cent improvement in The weld zone should extend at least welds. the shear strength of heat-treated spots 50 per cent into the part being joined. Zone 4: This central portion of the weld nugget reveals a somewhat differ­ over those not given any heat treatment. Still another method of preparation ent structure than Zone 3 with the dif­ Table VI gives the results of 100 tests is used to bring out more details in the ferences being ascribed to an inherent in the as-welded and heat-treated condi­ weld structure such as internal cracks lack of homogeneity in the nugget as tion to prove this point. and porosity. Specimens are mounted, may be expected from the fraction of a Spot welds in the following alumi­ preferably in the plastic mounts that second allowed for melting and solidifi­ num alloys are as resistant to corrosion are found in most metallurgical labora­ cation. as those portions of the material that tories, and prepared for etching and In Table V some of the typical have not been subjected to the weld­ microscopic study by means of the strengths to be expected from spot welds ing heat: 2S, 3S, 52S, 53S and 61S. No usual technique. Etching is accom­ are given. Since spot welds are gener­ difference will be found between the plished with the following solution: 0.5- ally loaded in shear, the strength of the corrosion resistance of these alloys as mil-liter hydrofluoric acid, 1.5 mil-liters weld becomes a function of the alloy spot welded or as riveted. With 24ST hydrochloric acid and 2.5 mil-liters nitric welded, the thickness of the material Alclad, corrosion resistance is provided acid and 95.5 mil-liters of water. welded, and the machine settings used by the cladding but care must be ex­ Examination of specimens correctly in making the weld. Welds made with ercised to see to it that the cladding is prepared will show the size, shape and recommended machine settings and with not contaminated by the alloy of the location of the weld zone, the structure a diameter equal to twice the thickness main body of the sheet through over­ of this region, the effect of heat from heating. Spot welds in alloys 17ST welding and the presence of cracks and and 24ST are selectively attacked under porosity, if any. The principal zones for corrosive conditions. Of course paints 24ST Alclad are those illustrated in Fig. have found widespread use as protective 4 and are as follows: media in many services. Zone 1: This region shows a typical The present widespread use of spot structure of heat treated and aged 24S 1 welding in joining the aluminum alloys which is a rather complicated arrange­ has been the fruit of much intelligent ment of aluminum alloyed or compound­ research which solved the vexing prob­ ed with other elements that make up lems of surface preparation and effi­ this material. cient use of electrical current. Surface Zone 2: This region shows the effect preparation through both mechanical and of the welding heat upon the alloy. Ag­ chemical treatment has brought about a glomerated CuAl,, which was invisible

July 19, 1943 121 MATERIALS

HANDLING PRINCIPLES: Reduction in travel distances. Increased speed. Elimination of waste motions. PRINCIPLES Use of mechanical handling when economical. Avoidance of duplication of investment. Co-ordination of interdepartmental handling.

o A '

— Elimination of waste motions. Much storage, material handling is the back­ N O A S P E C T of shop management effort is wasted in handling, piling, and bone of manufacturing. Low manufac­ gives more concern to many foremen storing of materials because of poor turing costs can be achieved only when than that of material handling. While arrangement of manufacturing and stor­ waste is at a minimum in the use of it is true that some plants designate par­ age areas and because improper types men, machines, and equipment devoted ticular persons to devote their entire at­ of handling equipment are used. solely to getting materials through the tention to solving internal and outside manufacturing process. The best tvan Needless handling operations can be material handling problems, all foremen to handle materials is not to handle them. eliminated when the movement of ma­ must devote some of their time to ma­ terials is carefully studied with a view to Constant study of material handling terial handling as it concerns their par­ tying in material handling procedure operations reveals the following as the ticular departments. Every foreman ap­ with the layout of the production floor. preciates that the size of the output of fundamental objectives: This leads particularly to the elimi­ his department may hinge largely on the Principles: In approaching a mate­ nation of “bottle-necks” (places where efficient and smooth flow of material in rial handling problem, it is first neces­ production tends to slow up because of process. sary' to determine what to move. Wbe"* piling up of materials in process). When several processes and machines are used Material handling systems as found in handling is studied in relation to layout in the manufacture of a product, manage­ present day industry' vary. Some plants of the plant as a whole, potential bottle­ have no systems at all, and others have ment must decide between moving the necks are minimized. systems so highly developed as to be product from process to process and mov­ — Use of mechanical handling when almost flawless. This depends largely ing machines, operators, and supplies. economical. When operations are per­ upon the nature of the manufacturing In brief, either the product, the worker, formed continuously, the use of mechan­ process and the amount of time, energy, or his tools may be stationary, while ical handling equipment usually results and money that has been devoted to this other factors are moved. When it has been decided what is to be moved, a in savings in time and cost, as well as problem. further analysis of the problem should be lessening the total time required to com­ No two plants have exactly the same made in the light of these items: plete a manufacturing process. type of handling because factory build­ It is often unwise, however, to use ings and their layouts differ widely. Re­ — Reduction in travel distances. All mechanical handling equipment when gardless of the kind of industry, the distances between manufacturing opera­ handling operations recur infrequently manufacturing processes involved, or the tions should be reduced to a minimum. because such situations do not justify quantity of materials to be moved, there An analysis of the distances traveled an investment of capital and special are basic principles of handling with on the production floor in moving mate­ which every' foreman should be familiar rials from operation to operation often equipment. —Avoidance of duplication of in­ and which deserve careful study. leads to new location of machinery and equipment, as well as revision of steps vestment. Unnecessary duplication in Objectives: From the time raw ma­ in the manufacturing process. material handling equipment increases terials are received until they are fully costs. Many department foremen want fabricated and placed in finished goods — Increased speed. Only' when speed their own material handling equipment and efficiency are combined in the han­ dling of materials is productive equip­ for exclusive use, even though it is use ment kept constantly' busy at maximum only occasionally. capacity. The efficiency of the plant as This practice must be carefully regu a whole is greatly increased. lated and unnecessary duplications o haw dJljL TnciÙ /uoÉdM r equipment avoided. Money investe 10 permanent handling equipment in cre a se s Abstracted from Supervision, May, 1943.

/T E E 1 . it most be on txide

New workers appreciate the simplicity of Exide Maintenance

NDUSTRIAL RECRUITS, like their more experienced fellows, areI learning about the compact effi­ ciency found in Exide Ironclad Bat­ teries. Rugged construction and easy maintenance are important features of an Exide Ironclad. They shorten the training periods of new workers and help deliver surging power for a real War of Movement on the Home Front.

STUDY THESE EASY MAINTENANCE RULES

• Keep adding approved water at regular intervals. Most local water is safe. Ask us if yours is safe.

• Keep the top of the battery and battery container clean and dry at all times. This will assure maximum protection of the inner parts.

• Keep the battery fully charged— but HIGH POWER, MORE PRODUCTION: An Exide avoid excessive over-charge. A storage bat­ Ironclad Battery delivers its power at high voltage tery will last longer when charged at its proper voltage. to insure good hauling speeds. There's always a • Record water additions, voltage and giant surge in reserve when an Exide powers your gravity readings. Don't trust your memory. battery-propelled vehicles. W rite down a complete record of your bat­ tery's life history. Compare readings. LONG LIFE, SAVES MATERIALS: Every Exide is If you wish more detailed information, or built to last, and saves vital materials by squeez­ h a v e a special battery problem, don’t hesitate to write to Exide. W e want you to ing the last ounce of use out of the materials in get the long-life built into every Exide Bat­ it. When you buy an Exide you definitely... Buy tery. Ask for booklet Form 1982. to Last and Save to Win!

EASY MAINTENANCE, SAVES LABOR: Exides are kept charged by the simplest method ever '- E x if c e devised. W ith the Exide Charge Control Unit IRONCLAD there's nothing to do but connect the battery to BATTERIES the charging source and turn a knob.

THE ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERY COMPANY, Philadelphia Exide Batteries of Canada, Limited, Toronto

July 19, 1943 123 amined in the analyses of material han­ the fixed costs, such as taxes, insurance, in bulk. This in turn resolves itself into a consideration of the physical dling problems are these: maintenance, etc. Power available; Every foreman’s interest in good man­ characteristics of products, containers, Best route to be followed; agement should compel him to see to it and bulk materials. Costs of equipment and installations, drat investments of funds in handling — Care and condition required. Tem­ and operating costs; equipment are kept at a minimum in perature, humidity, shock, etc., must be The maintenance costs of the equip­ order that the funds of the business may considered. Oftentimes, drying, shaping, ment to be used. be used for the most productive activi­ or hardening may be performed 'during The labor problem— amount of trained ties of the enterprise. transportation. personnel needed (if any), license re­ — Co-ordination of interdepartmental —Transportation required. It must quired, etc.; and finally, handling. Just as standard railroad be decided whether materials are to be Lost time of productivity due to equipment is a tremendous advantage moved horizontally, vertically, and at­ change-over of material handling meth­ in the nation’s transportation system, in­ tention must be given to piling, loading, ods. ternal plant handling systems should per­ and unloading. This involves both man and machine mit continuous and flexible service. — Quantity and time requirements. hours lost which cannot be recovered. Equipment needed in one department The amount of material required to be Of major importance are the various should be adaptable to possible future moved per period of time, such as tons techniques used in transportation of ma­ uses in other departments. per day, etc., deserves attention. In terials; problems of piling, loading and Standard tracks, roadways, container addition, careful attention must be given unloading; use of standard material han­ sizes, etc., permit shifting of equipment to whether or not the demand for these dling equipment; and the methods of to prevent bottle-necks occurring at un­ materials is continuous or just occa­ calculating quantities of material han­ sional. foreseen times. dling equipment needed to meet given — Materials to be moved. This in­ Fin ally, the length of time (months situations. All must be studied and volves consideration of whether unit ar­ years, etc.) the sendee will be needed worked out for most effective flow of ticles are to be moved, or whether they requires study. materials through the plant. are to be placed in containers or kept Other matters which must be ex­

Manchester, university librarian. the accumulated performance history of Practice on Forged Hand The “A. F. Davis Welding Library,” planes welded by the earlier technique. —“Efforts are being directed toward Tools Now in Print as it is known, was placed there as the university has the only 4-year course in metallurgical perfection of the weld nug­ Printed copies of simplified practice welding engineering. This is said to be get. rather than to the requirements for recommendation R17-43, “Heavy Forged the first time all important literature structural adequacy of the welded as­ Hand Tools”, recently revised at the re­ on welding has been concentrated in one sembly. “Weld inspection and test methods quest of and in co-operation with the place. War Production Board, are now avail­ have been developed to disprove the able, according to Division of Simplified metallurgical perfection of the weld Practice, National Bureau of Standards, Non-Irritating Cream rather than developing methods to deter­ Washington. Removes Paints from Hands mine the relative performance of welds The first edition of this recommenda­ of varying metallurgical perfection. A new compound for removing lac­ There is every chance in the world tion, approved by the industry in 1924, quer, dopes and paints from the hands that the riveting of aircraft structures listed 361 items or 54 per cent of the without the use of explosive solvents is is not 100 per cent perfect. But opera­ 665 varieties of forged tools then offered. reported by Dennis Chemical Co., 2701 tional experience has shown that rivet­ The recommendation was revised in Papin, St. Louis. ing is a worthy fabricating method. 1927, 1931 and again in 1935. These Called Den-Tex, it is merely worked Although weld tests have been quite enlarged the scope of the recommenda­ into paint or lacquer on the hands which severe, weld quality is attaining the goal tion to include successively, eye sizes then readily rinses off with water, leav­ of metallurgical perfection. As a re­ and shapes, railroad tools and certain ing the pores open and clean and the sult an increasing number of primary additional industrial tools. The edition skin soft. structures are and w ill be flowing through of 1935 contained 479 items. The pres­ The product is said to insure the re­ the powerful jaws of spot welding ma­ ent revision contains 351 types and sizes. moval of the most tenacious and resistant chines. In addition to the revised simplified material such as airplane dopes, enamels, schedule itself, the new publication in­ varnish, resin solutions, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY cludes a brief history of the development Welding and Brazing Alcoa Aluminum, of the project. Copies may be obtained Aluminum Company of America, 194:.. Spot Welding Aluminum “ Capacitive Stored Energy Systems of I** from the superintendent of documents, Welding,” by Howell B. Axtell and R- Government Printing Office, for 10 cents (Concluded from Page 121) Ringer, Jr. The Welding Journal, February, each. 1941. Wise in presenting some thoughts worthy “Condenser Discharge Welding of num Alloys,” by J. W. Dawson and R- of consideration in promoting a still W ise , ib id ., December, 1941. f Ohio State Completes further application of spot welding have “ Structural and Metallurgical Properties or Condenser Discharge Spot Welds,” by G* • done such a good job that they are Welding Library Mikhalapov and T. F. Falls, ib id April «g*: quoted as a conclusion for this ar­ “ Preparation of Aluminum Alloy for »P^ Welding,” by T. E. Piper, ib id ., O cto b e r, 194?- A new library' on welding, a gift of ticle: “Metallurgical Aspects of Spot Welds A. F. Davis, vice president and secretary, —“The spot welds performed in alumi­ Aluminum Alloys,” by J. R. Heising and E- B u rk a rt, Metal Progress, December, 1942. Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, has num alloys for aircraft structures are The Welding Handbook, American Weiams been established at Ohio State university, overly suspected. Society', 1942. , The Metals Handbook, American Society' to Columbus, O., according to Mr. E. N. —“This suspicion is not supported by Metals, 1939.

124 /T E E 1 vast increase in Dow magnesium produc­ tion since 1939 is vitally important to our drive for Victory. Magnesium is an essential mate­ rial for aircraft construction. As it weighs a full third less than any comparable light metal, its use increases speed and load capacity. When conditions permit the appli­ cation of weight-saving magnesium to peace­ time purposes, units of transportation, machinery, portable tools, appliances for the home—practically everything that moves—will greatly benefit from the huge production that will then be available to all industries.

MIDLAND, MICHIGAN

UM PRODUCER SINCE 1 9 1 6 INGOTS . CASTINGS • FORGINGS • SHEET STRIP • PLATE • EXTRUSIONS

July 19, 1943 Left, above— E"tnj end of live up to fusion unit platform Center—General view of control

Help Solve Tin Shortage

MORE OF the gap between the de­ By RICHARD A. GEUDER The Reliance Electric & Engineering mand for tin plate and the available Manager, Metal Industry Application Co., Cleveland, supplied the electrical supply will be bridged soon with the Reliance Electric & Mfg. Co. equipment for several of the new lines C le v e la n d completion of several of the; new con­ recently completed, and for many of tinuous electrotinning lines which have the remaining lines still under construc­ been under construction for the past product is a satisfactory substitute for tion. In fact, Reliance engineers pion­ year. The line at the Irwin Works of hot-dipped tin plate, it is expected to eered the synchronization and control Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, effect a saving of two-thirds of the tin methods w hich are being used for these was the first to go into operation of the which would otherwise be required to lines. They made the first application 26 new plating units being built at top produce the same amount of plate. of them to an electrolytic tin plating speed by 11 steel companies to meet the line installed at the Gary tin mill of A line running only 300 feet per emergency created by Japan’s conquest minute for 20 turns per week ( 160-hours) Carnegie-Illinois about six years ago. A of most of the world’s tin supply. would save about 1000 tons of tin per considerable amount of experimental work Government estimates, based on regu­ year, it is estimated. Actually, all the was done with this line in the interven­ lations so far issued restricting the uses new lines have top speeds of at least ing period and over 3,000,000 boxes of of tin plate, have indicated that the coun­ 500 feet per minute, with some even plate, used in dry packs and as can ends try’s military and civilian requirements contemplating speeds as high as 1300 in experimental wet packs, have been suc­ for 1943 could not possibly be met unless feet per minute. On the basis of 0.5- cessfully produced to date. plating methods were developed on a pound coating, the individual lines now Four other companies, Clark Control­ large scale to yield usable plate with being built will, therefore, each have ler Co., Cleveland; Electric Products Co., considerably less than 1.25 pounds of outputs ranging from 750,000 to 1,500,- Cleveland; Hanson-Van Winkle-Mu'nning coating, approximately the minimum 000 boxes per year. W ith 26 of these lines Co., Matawan, N. J.; Electric Machinery which can be satisfactorily applied by to be in service within the next few Mfg. Co., Minneapolis; and the Inter­ the conventional hot-dip process. months and running certainly faster than national Telephone & Telegraph Corp., Electrolytic tin plate with 0.5-pound half speed, some idea can be obtained New York; have been associated with of coating comes closest to meeting the of the importance of the new process Reliance Electric & Engineering in the fundamental requirements. Where in and the part it is likely to play in the development of various phases of the other respects the electrolytieally tinned solution of the critical tin shortage. work.

/•TEEL The electrolytic tinning line is essen­ highest speed (in the neighborhood of give voltage control and controls also tially a continuous process which takes 75 to 150 feet per minute) that can be the 5-kilowatt 175-volt counter EM F ex­ the tin plate in coil form from the cold maintained and still have the weld com­ citer. This counter EM F exciter will con­ rolling mills and after side trimming, pleted before the entire storage is re­ trol the field strength to the main drive cleaning and pickling, deposits tin on moved from the loop. bridle, the flying shear motor and the the strip electrically. Low-voltage gener­ In addition to the two uncoilers, the lapping conveyor motors. ators (or rectifiers) supply direct current line includes the following units: seam The matching of the entry pinch roll for depositing the tin on the steel from welder, loop pit, roller guide, pin hole motor with the main drive bridle motor a cast-tin anode. detector, gage rolls, drag bridle rolls, is of importance since this entry pinch Like the continuous rolling mill, the electrolytic pickier, multi-compartment roll must be able to overspeed the rest continuous electrotinning line must de­ plating tank, tin recovery system, steam of the line to accumulate a loop in the liver a quality' product at a relatively dryer, reflow unit, drive bridle, weld pit. The tension between the uncoiler high speed and with a minimum of in­ cutout shear, roller leveler-flying shear, drag unit and the entry' pinch roll is only terruptions for adjustment or repair of off-weight piler, branner, and final pilers. of sufficient magnitude to prevent the equipment. One of the most important The line operates in synchronism from coil from unwinding and to assist in considerations is the accurate relation­ 50 to 600 feet per minute by voltage decelerating the coil when the line is ship which has to be established and control (50 feet per minute for setup decelerated. maintained between the current den­ purposes) and field control. Tension regulators are being used to sity used in the plating bath and the speed avoid the use of rider roll rheostats and with which the material is moved Speed Is Controlled to relieve the operator of any particular through it. Furthermore, to obtain the The main drive bridle is the master attention to this point. Each of these maximum production out of the equip­ motor and its speed is under the control uncoiler drag units will pump into its ment, it has been found that this speed of a speed regulator operating on a motor- own 250-volt 5-kilowatt generator whose must be maintained uniformly and at as operated rheostat and itself having a field will be changed in proportion to high a value as is consistent with the vernier speed control. The center por­ the line speed. handling of the product. These require­ tion of the line between the entry' drag The piler lapping pinch rolls must ments have presented interesting prob­ bridle and the main drive bridle has the operate in synchronism with the flying lems from the standpoint of the synchron­ strip under tension. The tension at the shear to maintain good lapping for good ization and control of the many drives entry drag bridle is under the control piling. Flying shear and lapping pinch operating in tandem. All of the lines of a tension regulator. Since the speed rolls therefore, are served by the same are using variable-voltage control for range of the line is partially by voltage generator. Likewise, the lapping con­ acceleration and speed control, and most and partially by field control, this ten­ veyors must match the flying shear mo­ of them require a rather complex cur­ sion regulator for the entry' drag bridle tor characteristics, since these conveyors rent density control in terms of lineal operates on a small 125-volt booster, are carrying the sheets which have been speeds. so that irrespective of whether the line satisfactorily lapped over each other for In a typical installation, the strip is operating on voltage control or field good piling, and for successful piling enters the tinning line from one or the control, current in the armature of the the degree of lapping is important. When other of two uncoilers which are used entry' drag bridle w ill indicate the same necessary the operator can make vernier alternately. The operation of the line back tension. adjustments at this end of the line. is expected to be such that when a new The motor-operated rheostat, which Tire branner drive and the two convey­ coil is welded on to the trailing end of a controls the speed of the main drive ors immediately preceding it are on their preceding coil, the line is first slowed bridle by voltage and field, actually own separate generator. This is done down to a point which represents the controls the voltage of the generator to since the action of a branner is not

July 19, 1943 127 iti a a.aaa ska« ox awxw.h riviNC o» CO*tv L&T «U.C« CON W a t

Typical arrangement of equipment coiler is stopped to change coils. Both satisfactory at low speeds. The branner for electrolytic tinning line where the entry and delivery loopers automati­ will actually run over a speed range of reflow process (fusion unit) is cally control themselves so as always much narrower proportions than is true of part of one continuous operation to bo in readiness for the stopping of the the rest of the line. In fact, it is ex­ entry or the delivery ends of the lines. pected that the branner will never run ful operation for as long as 15 years. A All of the electrolytic tinning lines below 100 feet per minute and in gen­ 20,000-ampere plating unit has been in that are being installed now will in all eral its entire speed range will be covered service for four years in England on a by voltage control with a vernier field likelihood include some type or reflow continuous 24-hour basis with no loss rheostat merely for setup purposes. unit as part of the operation. Those be­ in efficiency to date. The current for the conductor rolls ing built along the specifications devel­ Electrolytic tinning line installed by the in the electrolytic bath is supplied from oped by the Crown Cork & Seal Co., Bethlehem Steel Corp. at its Sparrows low-voltage generators or rectifiers. Be­ Baltimore, have reflow units as separate Point, Md. plant differs from some of the cause the amount of plating put on the lines with generally two reflow lines for others in several particulars. The strip strip is dependent upon time and current, each tinning line. is rerolled in coil form after plating, in­ an intricate and accurate current con­ The reflow or brightening process is stead of being sheared into squares. trol system has had to be worked out to almost identical in operation with the The electrolyte used is alkaline instead maintain the current density proportion­ tinning line itself. Differences are in of acid. The reflow process is a separate ate to speed. speed of operation and the fact that there operation which is performed separately. A special galvanometer-operated in­ is a vertical heat muffle instead of an Moreover, the plating section of the line— strument is used to control the field of horizontal electrolyte tank. Individual the center section— is kept running at a the plating exciter. The instrument elements are the same— entry pinch roll, constant speed without the necessity of will have a “bridge circuit” in connec­ entry loop, main pinch roll, delivery loop, accelerating or decelerating during the tion with a tachometer driven by the drag unit and recoiler, variable-voltage main drive bridle to obtain this inter­ making of the weld and the cutout of generator sets, etc. The tin plate goes relationship of plating current and speed. the previous weld. through in strip form and is rewound in However, it has been arranged so that coil form. Storage Is Provided the value of current can be changed On both the electrolytic tinning and arbitrarily for any line speed to com­ Strip in coil form is pulled from one reflow lines, speed control and current pensate for thickness of coating desired of two uncoilers through the welder by or heat control with respect to speed or width of strip being plated. the entry pinch roll. Following this are vital factors and must be handled Three of the electrotinning lines Re­ entry pinch roll and preceding the tanks accurately by a regulator control of liance is equipping will use selenium is a looper, or accumulator, that provides special design. rectifiers to supply the low-voltage, high- storage of strip. This storage is avail­ A ll of the new electrotinning lines current plating requirements. Each rec­ able while the center portion of the w ill handle a continuous strip of about tifier bank has its own saturable core line continues to run with the entry and 31 gage in widths up to 36 inches. In­ reactor for voltage control (20 to 1), and stopped to weld the leading end of a itial speeds will range all the way from its own motor-driven blower for air cir­ new coil to the trailing end of the pre­ 200 feet per minute up to 650 feet per culation. The rectifier plates themselves ceding one. minute. Higher speeds are possible; are immersed in transformer oil and Similarly, at the delivery end of the in fact, the new lines in their initial try­ arranged in racks in a sheet metal en­ line, there is a looper in which strip outs have all easily reached a speed ap­ closure. Each bank is equipped with can be stored while the center portion preciably above the intended maximum, thermoguards which operate in case of of the line continues to run and the re- producing usable plate. overheating. Selenium rectifiers, while new in the United States, are old in Europe where in this line loopers (accumulators) at entry and delivery ends provide enough some installations have been in success- stock to keep line going without interruption or slowdown for attaching or detaching new coils. Reflow process is set up as a separate line

/ T E E L 128 # It’s the ignorant men who make costly mistakes. Trained men don’t get hurt by small fires. Trained fire-fighters don’t let little blazes grow into big ones. The way to train workers in fire extinguishing is by demonstrating use of extinguishing equipment. Show how to handle real fires. Show how various types of extin­ guishers are handled on different kinds of fires. Walter Kidde & Company has prepared a booklet — "How To Teach Fire-Fighting.” It tells how to stage a fast-moving, interesting, instructive fire class. Write for your plant’s copy. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc. 747 Main Street Belleville, N. J. Right, correct hardness is illustrated here. Less mobil­ Fig. 1. (L eft)— Diagram to illustrate how too soft a rubber prevents the flange from reaching the die ity of the rubber here allows flange to reach die. Note 3-degree backing off to correct for springbuck because the ritbber flows bach in behind the flange. when pressure is released

PROPERTIES OF RUBBER as used in METAL DRAWING and PRESSING

usage, now under discussion, is concen­ RUBBER, as a medium by which B y L. J . BROWN Avon Rubber Co. Ltd. trated in the aircraft manufacturing metal sheet may be formed, is now, after trade or similar essential types of work. some years of experience, firmly estab­ However it is applicable to a wide lished. During tire last few years, many Thus an otherwise shrewd and energetic variety of trades and articles other than articles have been written around the engineer or works manager, denied him­ aircraft construction. A small selection whole process, but these articles focus self proper information and co-operation of articles would include metal orna­ somewhat sharply upon the “mental” in the very heart of the process. Rubber ments, electrical trade pressings, house­ side of the job. is at least an equal partner in this pro­ hold metal and hollow-ware, radio It is hoped to give here some new cess of drawing and pressing; the fol­ speaker chassis, cosmetic box novelties, lines of thought and tire extension of lowing remarks are, therefore, submitted engineers’ special sundries and special­ existing ideas, put in practical language as a collection of recorded observations ized toys. and concentrated upon the rubber aspect. to enable the metal worker to focus his The guiding principle will always be References will be made to the mechan­ attention on rubber in the operations of “economics”. The prohibitive cost of ical side, but let it be remembered that forming, drawing, blanking, piercing, original tools as compared with the num­ the target is “rubber”. This article is flanging, bending and bulging. ber of articles for “run” is a governing written by a man in the manufacturing Today, rubber is a closely protected rubber trade who has been technically material in very short supply and every factor; thus, if there are thousands of interested in this process since its earliest care must be taken to secure not only parts to be run, steel tools should e days. economical design, but the longest used; if there are only hundreds to be run the rubber matrix system is most A ll too often in the past the actual possible life from every ounce. The main press operator or engineer has not been the man who canre into direct contact with the rubber trade and such tech­ nical assistance as it was eager to offer. Fig. 2—These diagrams illustrate flanging operations done with the aid of^ a pressure retainer block. Note arrows show direction of advancing pressure r r o m Sheet Metal Industries, L o n d o n .

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