Course Syllabus Psychology 263 and Dreaming LWICHLIN (x4377) Larry Wichlinski Winter Term, 2015

Office Hours: Monday 3-4 p.m.; Wednesday 3-4 p.m. and by appointment

Books: Ekirch, A. R. (2005). At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past. New York: W.W. Norton.

Stevens, A. (1995). Private Myths: and Dreaming. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

About the Course:

Welcome sleepers and dreamers! In this course we will delve deeply into two of the most fascinating phenomena in the natural universe—sleep and dreaming. We won’t be able to cover every single topic within this domain, but over the next 10 weeks you’ll get a good overview of the field.

The format of this course will be a combination of mostly discussion and some lecturing. We will NOT use a textbook, only journal articles (both reviews and empirical papers, mostly very recent ones) and two excellent (I think) sources on the history of sleep and dreaming. Most of the journal articles are available through Science Direct or one of the other electronic databases, retrievable via the Gould Library website. The ones not available through Science Direct or other electronic databases will be available through electronic reserve in the library. The articles on e-reserve are noted in the References section at the end of this document.

The readings assigned for any given class day should be done by the time you get to class. Be forewarned that this course is reading intensive and some of the material is heavily biological; just do the best you can if you don’t understand all of the material. I HIGHLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU READ AHEAD AND DO NOT WAIT UNTIL THE NIGHT BEFORE TO READ THE ARTICLES ASSIGNED FOR THE NEXT DAY. YOU ARE LIKELY TO BE OVERWHELMED.

Requirements Fulfilled

For Psychology majors, this course counts toward your midlevel course requirement in the Biological-Behavioral Cluster. For Neuroscience concentrators, this course counts as an elective. For everyone else, this course counts toward distro requirements in Social Science.

Assessment:

There are two exams in this course and one course project. Both exams are take-home, open book exams, divided into two questions each (i.e., you will submit 4 different papers about 4 pages each with separate deadlines for each paper). The course project will be an individual applied sleep project. You will submit a final report on your project due on Tuesday, February 24th. I will provide a separate handout regarding this assignment.

You will be graded on these three elements as well as on class participation. Part of your class participation grade will involve leading a large class discussion as part of a 3-member team assigned to specific readings and topics for a given class day.

The overall breakdown is as follows:

Midterm Exam 30 % (15% + 15%) Final Exam 30 % (15% + 15%) Class Project 20 % Participation 20 %

If you believe that you’ll be unable to take the exam or hand in your course projects on the assigned day—for whatever reason--please see me as soon as possible. I will consider requests for extensions on a case-by-case basis.

Also, if for any reason you are unable to submit your final paper by the end of the final exam period, you’ll have to go through your class dean in order for me to accept your work. College policy dictates that I can’t accept class work after the end of the final exam period.

Students with Special Needs:

Those with special needs should see me as soon as possible in the term, concerning any needed accommodations.

Electronic Etiquette

Please put away your cell phones during class and don’t be checking them during class discussions, however tempted you may be. If you’re using your cell phone in class, I’m going to assume it’s because you have a relative or friend in the hospital and you’re checking on their status.

Final Thoughts:

I firmly believe that it's possible to work hard, learn a lot, and have some fun, too. I want this course to be a positive experience for you. As the term progresses, let me know if there are ways I might make that possible.

Also, I invite you to see me during my regular office hours. If these hours are not convenient, please arrange an appointment with me for some other time. Two final notes: I normally do not answer email on weekends, so if you send me one over the weekend, I probably won’t answer it until Monday. But I’ll try to get back to you as quickly as I can.

Have a great term, and make sure you get enough sleep.

Course Calendar:

Date Day Topic and Assignment

Jan. 5th Mon. Overview and Course Introduction

Jan. 7th Wed. Classical and Post-classical Views on Dreaming Assignment: van de Castle (1994)

Jan. 9th Fri. Dreaming: Freud & Jung Assignment: Freud (1913); Jung (1961); Stevens (1995) Private Myths: Chapter 3

Jan. 12th Mon. Science; More Freud & Jung Assignment: Private Myths, Chapters 4 & 5

Jan. 14th Wed. Common Dreams + Neurobiological Views on Dreaming Assignment: Hobson & McCarley (1977); Private Myths, Chapter 10 (Common Dreams)

Jan. 16th Fri. Evolutionary Theories of Dreaming Assignment: Revonsuo (2000)

Jan 19th Mon. Theories of Dreaming II Assignment: Domhoff (2001); Franklin & Zyphur (2005)

Jan. 21st Wed. Theories of Dreaming III Assignment: Malinowski & Horton, (2013); Morewedge & Norton (2009)

Jan. 23rd Fri. NO CLASS

Jan. 26th Mon. Theories of Dreaming IV Assignment: Hobson et al (2014)

Jan. 28th Wed. The Neurobiology of Sleep & Dreaming Assignment: Monti (2013); Solms (2011)

Jan. 30th Fri. The History of Sleep Assignment: Ekirch (2005) At Day’s Close Prelude; Chapter 7; & Chapters 10-12

Feb. 2nd Mon. Effects of I: Assignment: Blagrove et al (1995); Friedmann et al (1977); Harrison & Horne (1999); Pilcher & Huffcutt (1996)

Feb. 3rd Tues. MIDTERM EXAM QUESTION 1 DUE IN PSYCH OFFICE BY 4:30 P.M. (NO ELECTRONIC COPIES)

Feb. 4th Wed. Effects of Sleep Deprivation II: Cognitive Function Assignment: Asfour et al (2014); Shochat et al (2014); Gruber et al (2014)

Feb. 6th Fri. Effects of Sleep Deprivation III: Emotion and Judgment Assignment: Baum et al (2014); Meldrum & Restivo (2014); Talamini et al (2014)

Feb. 9th Mon. NO CLASS—MIDTERM BREAK

Feb. 10th Tues. MIDTERM EXAM QUESTION 2 DUE IN PSYCH OFFICE BY 4:30 P.M. (NO ELECTRONIC COPIES)

Feb. 11th Wed. Sleep & Emotion II Assignment: Cairney et al (2014); Deliens et al (2014); Menz et al (2013)

Feb. 13th Fri. Effects of Sleep Deprivation IV: Biological Changes Assignment: Alkadhi et al (2013); Havekes et al (2012)

Feb. 16th Mon. Sleep & Memory I Assignment: Albouy et al (2013); Lahl et al (2008); Rasch et al (2007)

Feb. 18th Wed. Sleep & Memory II Assignment: Baran et al (2012); Potkin & Bunney (2012); Wamsley et al (2010)

Feb. 20th Fri. Sleep & Memory III: Assignment: Fuentemilla et al (2013); Ji & Wilson (2007); Schonauer et al (2015)

Feb. 23rd Mon. Sleep & Memory IV: Unexpected Findings & Rethinking Sleep Assignment: Ackermann & Rasch (2014); Pace-Schott et al (2009); Wilhelm et al (2011)

Feb. 24th Tues. Sleep Projects Due by 4:30 p.m. in Psych office (NO ELECTRONIC COPIES)

Feb. 25th Wed. Sleep & Memory V: Integration and Synthesis Assignment: Abel et al (2013); Breton & Robertson (2013); Inostroza & Born (2013); Stickgold (2013)

Feb. 27th Fri. Other Sleep Theories Assignment: Siegel (2009); Tononi & Cirelli (2014); Xie et al (2013)

Mar. 2nd Mon. Sleep Disorders I: & Night Terrors, Assignment: Aurora et al (2010); Haupt et al (2013); Schredl (2009)

Mar. 4th Wed. Sleep Disorders II: Sleep-related Sex & Violence, REM Behavior Disorder Assignment: Mahowald (2009); Ohayon & Schenk (2010); Schenk et al (2007)

Mar. 6th Fri. Sleep Disorders III: & Assignment: Buysse et al (2008); Marshall et al (2008); Povitz et al (2014)

Mar. 9th Mon. Sleep Disorders IV: & Assignment: Akintomide & Rickards (2011);; Partinen et al (2014); Plazzi et al (2008)

Mar. 12th Wed. Sleep & Depression Assignment: Gangwisch et al (2010); Palagini et al (2013); Sahlem et al (2014)

Mar. 11th Tues. Exam II, Question 1 Due by 4:30 p.m. In Psych office (NO ELECTRONIC COPIES)

Mar. 16th Mon. Exam II, Question 2 Due by 4:30 p.m. THIS TIME ELECTRONIC COPIES ARE OK (OR SUBMIT A PAPER COPY TO THE PSYCH OFFICE

REFERENCES

Abel, T., Havekes, R., Saletin, J. M., & Walker, M. P. (2013). Sleep, plasticity, and memory from molecules to whole brain networks. Current Biology, 23, R774-R788.

Ackermann, S. & Rasch, B. (2014). Differential effects of non-REM and REM sleep on memory consolidation? Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 14, 430.

Akintomide, G. S. & Rickards, H. (2011). Narcolepsy: A review. Neuropsychiatric Disease & Treatment, 7, 507-518.

Albouy, G., Fogel, S., Pottiez, H., et al (2013). Daytime sleep enhances consolidation of the spatial but not motoric representation of motor sequence memory. PLOS ONE, 8, e52805, 1-13.

Alkadhi, K., Zagaar, M., Alhaider, I. et al. (2013). Neurobiological consequences of sleep deprivation. Current Neuropharmacology, 11, 231-249.

Asfour, L., Asfour, V., McCormack, D., & Attia, R. (2014). In surgeons performing cardiothoracic surgery is sleep deprivation significant in its impact on morbidity or mortality? Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 19, 479-487.

Aurora, R. N., Zak, R.S., Auerbach, S.H. et al. (2010). Best practice guide for treatment of disorder in adults. Journal of Clinical , 6, 389-401.

Baran, B., Pace-Schott, E. F., Ericson, C., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2012). Processing of emotional reactivity and emotional memory over sleep. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 1035-1042. E-reserve.

Baum, K. T., Desai, A., Field, J. et al (2014). Sleep restriction worsens mood and emotion regulation in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and , 55, 180-190. E-reserve.

Blagrove, M., Alexander, C., & Horne, J.A. (1995). The effects of chronic sleep reduction on the performance of cognitive tasks sensitive to sleep deprivation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 21-40. E-reserve.

Breton, J. & Robertson, E. M. (2013). Memory processing: The critical role of neuronal replay during sleep. Current Biology, 23, R836-R838.

Buysse, D. J., Angst, J., Gamma, A., Ajdacic, V., Eich, D., & Rossler, W. (2008). Prevalence, course, and co-morbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults. Sleep, 31, 473-480. E-reserve.

Cairney, S. A., Durrant, S. J., Hulleman, J. et al (2014). Targeted memory reactivation during slow wave sleep facilitates emotional memory consolidation. Sleep, 37, 701-707.

Deliens, G., Gilson, M., & Peigneux, P. (2014). Sleep and the processing of emotions. Experimental Brain Research, 232, 1403-1414.

*Domhoff, W. (2001). A new neurocognitive theory of dreams. Dreaming, 11, 13-33. E-reserve.

Franklin, M.S. & Zyphur, M. J. (2005). The role of dreams in the evolution of the human mind. Evolutionary Psychology, 3, 59-78.

Freud, S. (1913). On the Interpretation of Dreams. Translation of 3rd ed. By A. A. Brill. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club. (1995 reissue). (Chapters 3 and 4). E-reserve.

Friedmann, J., Globus, G., Huntley, A., Mullaney, D., Naitoh, P., & Johnson, L. (1977). Peformance and mood during and after gradual sleep reduction. Psychophysiology, 14, 245-250. E-reserve.

Fuentemilla, L., Miro, J., Ripolles, P. et al (2013). Hippocampus-dependent strengthening of targeted memories via reactivation during sleep in humans. Current Biology, 23, 1769-1775.

Gangwisch, J. E., Babiss, L.A., Malaspina, D., Turner, J. B., Zammit, G. K., & Posner, K. (2010). Earlier parental set bedtimes as a protective factor against depression and suicidal ideation. Sleep, 33, 97-106. E-reserve.

Gruber, R., Somerville, G., Enros, P. et al (2014). Sleep efficiency (but not sleep duration) of healthy children is associated with grades in math and languages. Sleep Medicine, 15, 1517-1525.

Harrison, Y. & Horne, J.A. (1999). One night of sleep loss impairs innovative thinking and flexible decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 128-145. E-reserve.

Haupt, M., Sheldon, S. H., & Loghmanee, D. (2013). Just a scary dream? A brief review of sleep terrors, nightmares, and behavior disorder. Pediatric Annals, 42, 211-216.

Havekes, R., Vecsey, C. G., & Abel, T. (2012). The impact of sleep deprivation on neuronal and glial signaling pathways important for memory and synaptic plasticity. Cellular Signalling, 24, 1251-1260.

Hobson, J. A. & McCarley, R. W. (1977). The brain as a dream state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1335-1348. E-reserve.

Hobson, J. A., Hong, C. C.-H., Y Friston, K. J. (2014). Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 1133, 1-18.

Inostroza, M. & Born, J. (2013). Sleep for preserving and transforming episodic memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 36, 79-102.

Ji, D. & Wilson, M.A. (2007). Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 100-107.

Jung, C. (1961). On the nature of dreams. In: Jung, C. Dreams. Bollingen Series XX. Princeton University of Press. From: Vol. 8, The Structure and Dynamic of the Psyche. Reissued 1974. E-reserve.

Lahl, O., Wispel, C., Willigens, B., & Peitrowsky, R. (2008). An ultra short episode of sleep is sufficient to promote declarative memory performance. Journal of Sleep Research, 17, 3-10.

Mahowald, M. (2009). The REM sleep behavior disorder odyssey. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13, 381-84.

Malinowski, J. & Horton, C. L. (2013). Evidence for the preferential incorporation of waking-life experiences into dreams. Dreaming, 24, 18-31.

Marshall, N.S., Wong, K.K.H., Liu, P. Y., Cullen, S.R.J., Knulman, M.W., & Grunstein, R. R. (2008). Sleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all- cause mortality: The Busselton Health Study. Sleep, 31, 1079-1085. E-reserve.

Meerlo, P., Mistleberger, R.E., Jacobs, B.L., Heller, H.C., & McGinty, D. (2009). New neurons in the adult brain: The role of sleep and consequences of sleep loss. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13, 187-194.

Meldrum, R.C. & Restivo, E. (2014). The behavioral and health consequences of sleep deprivation among U.S. high school students: Relative deprivation matters. Preventive Medicine, 63, 24-28.

Menz, M. M., Rihm, J. S., & Salari, N. et al (2013). The role of sleep and sleep deprivation in consolidating memories. NeuroImage, 75, 87-96.

Monti, J. M. (2013). The neurotransmitters of sleep and wake, a physiological reviews series. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 17, 313-315.

Morewedge, C. K. & Norton, M. I. (2009). When dreaming is believing: The (motivated) interpretation of dreams. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 249-264. E-reserve.

Mullin, B.C., Phillips, M.L., Siegle, G. J. et al (2013). Sleep deprivation amplifies striatal activation to monetary reward. Psychological Medicine, 43, 2215-2225.

Ohayon, M. H. & Schenk, C. H. (2010). Violent behavior during sleep: Prevalence, comorbidity, and consequences. Sleep Medicine, 11, 941- 946.

Pace-Schott, E. F. (2009). Failure to find executive function deficits following one night’s total sleep deprivation in university students under naturalistic conditions. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 7, 136-163. E-reserve.

Palagini, L. & Rosenlicht, N. (2011). Sleep, dreaming, and mental health: A Review of historical and neurobiological perspectives. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 15, 179-186.

Palagini, L., Baglioni, C., Ciapparelli, A. et al (2013). REM sleep dysregulation in depression: State of the art. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 17, 377-390.

Partinen, M., Kornum, B. R., Plazzi, G. et al (2014). Narcolepsy as an autoimmune disease: the role of H1N1 infection and vaccination. Lancet, 13, 600-613.

Pilcher, J.J. & Huffcutt, A.I. (1996). Effects of sleep deprivation on performance. A meta-analysis. Sleep, 19, 318-326. E-reserve.

Plazzi, G., Serra, L., Ferri, R. (2008). Nocturnal aspects of narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12, 109-128.

Potkin, K. T. & Bunney, W. E., Jr. (2012). Sleep improves memory: the effect of sleep on long-term memory in early adolescence. PLoS ONE, 7, 42191, 1- 4.

Povitz, M., Bolo, C. E., Heitman, S. J. et al. (2014). Effect of treatment of on depressive symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 11, e1001762.

Rasch, B., Buchel, C., Gais, S., Born, J. (2007). Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation. Science, 315, 1426-1429.

Revonsuo, A. (2000). The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 877-901. E-reserve.

Sahlem, G. L., Kalivas, B., Fox, J. B. et al (2014). Adjuctive triple chronotherapy (combined total sleep deprivation), sleep phase advance, and bright light therapy) rapidly improves mood and suicidality in suicidal depressed inpatients: An open label pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 59, 101-107.

Schenk, C.H., Arnulf, I., & Mahowald, M.W. (2007). Sleep and sex: What can go wrong? A review of the literature on sleep related disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences. Sleep, 30, 683-702. E-reserve.

Schredl, M. (2009). Nightmares. In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 1145-1150. E-reserve.

Siegel, J. M. (2009). Sleep viewed as a state of adaptive inactivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 747-753. E-reserve.

Schochat, T., Cohen-Zion, M., & Tzischinsky, O. (2014). Functional consequences of inadequate sleep in adolescents: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18, 75-87.

Schonauer, M., Gratsch, M., & Gais, S. (2015). Evidence for two distinct sleep- related long-term memory consolidation processes. Cortex, 63, 68-78.

Solms, M. (2011). Neurobiology and the neurological basis of dreaming. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 98, Sleep Disorders, pp. 519-44. New York: Wiley. E-reserve.

Stickgold, R. (2013). Parsing the role of sleep in memory processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 847-853.

Talamini, L. M. Bringmann, L. F., de Boer M. et al (2013). Sleeping worries away or worrying away sleep? Physiological evidence on sleep-emotion interactions. PLoS One, 8, e62480.

Tononi, G. & Cirelli, C. (2014). Sleep and the price of plasticity: From synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration. Neuron, 81, 12-34.

Van De Castle, R. L. (1994). Dreams and demons: The second to the eighteenth centuries. In: Our Dreaming Mind. New York: Ballantine Books. E-reserve.

Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M.T., Payne, J.T., Venavides, J.A., & Stickgold, R. (2010). Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Current Biology, 20, 850-855.

Wilhelm, I, Dickelmann, S., Molznow, I. et al. (2011). Sleep selectively enhances memory expected to be of future relevance. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 1563-1569. E-reserve.

Xie, L., Kang, H. Xu, Q. et al (2013). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science, 342, 373-377.

OTHER RELEVANT REFERENCES (NOT ASSIGNED)

Agnew, H. W., Webb, W. B., & Williams, R. L. (1967). Comparison of stage four and 1-REM sleep deprivation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24, 851-858. E-reserve.

Aran A., Lin, L., Nevsimalova, S. et al. (2009). Elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies in patients with recent narcolepsy onset. Sleep, 32, 979-983. E-reserve.

Barbera, J. (2008). Sleep and dreaming in Greek and Roman philosophy. Sleep Medicine, 9, 906-910.

Benedetti, F. & Colombo, C. (2011). Sleep deprivation in mood disorders. Neuropsychobiology, 64, 141-151.

Bornemann, M.A.C, Mahowald, M., & Schenck, C. (2006). : Clinical features and forensic implications. Chest, 130, 605-610. E-reserve.

Cai, D. J., Mednick, S. A., Harrison, E. M., Kanady, J. C., & Mednick, S. C. (2009). REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 10130-10134.

Gujar, N., Yoo, S-S., Hu, P., & Walker, M. P. (2011). Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences. The Journal of Neuroscience, 3, 4466-4474.

Conte, F. & Ficca, G. (2013). Caveats on psychological models of sleep and memory: A compass in an overgrown scenario. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 17, 105-121.

Dement, W. (1960). The effect of dream deprivation. Science, 131, 1705-1707.

Desseilles, M., Dang-Vu, T. T., Sterpenich, V., & Schwartz, S. (2011). Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: A neuroimaging view. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 998-1008.

Fischer, S. & Born, J. (2009). Anticipated reward enhances offline learning during sleep. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 35, 1586-1593.

Hobson, J. A. (2009). REM sleep and dreaming: Towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 803-813. E-reserve.

Kahn-Green, E.T., Lipizzi, E.L., Conrad, A.K., Kamimori, G.H., & Kilgore, W.D.S. (2006). Sleep deprivation adversely affects interpersonal responses to frustration. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1433-1443. E-reserve.

Kales, A., Hoedemaker, F. S., Jacobson, A., Lichtenstein, E. L. (1964). Dream deprivation: An experimental reappraisal. Nature, 4965, 1337-1338.

Nielsen, T. & Levin, R. (2007). Nightmares: A new neurocognitive model. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11, 295-310.

Nir, Y. & Tononi, G. (2009). Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 88-100.

O’Reardon, J. P., Peshek, A., & Allison, K.C. (2005). Night eating syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, and management. CNS Drugs, 19, 997-1008. E-reserve.

Oudiette, D., Dealberto, M-J., Uguccioni, G. et al (2012). Dreaming without REM sleep. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 1129-1140.

Pace-Schott, E. (2008). and dreaming. In: Serotonin and Sleep: Molecular, Functional, and Clinical Aspects. Ed. J.M. Monti, S.R. Pandi-Perumal, B.L. Jacobs, & D.J. Nutt. Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag E-reserve.

Payne, J. D., Schacter, D. L., Propper, R. E., et al. (2009). The role of sleep in false memory formation. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, 92, 327-334.

Poe, G. K., Walsh, C.M., & Bjorness, T.E. (2010). Cognitive neuroscience of sleep. In: Progress in Brain Research, 185, Eds. G. A. Kerkhof & H.P.A. Van Dingon.

Rechtschaffen, A. & Siegel, J. (2000). Sleep and dreaming. In: Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., & Jessell, T.M., Eds. (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. E-reserve.

Riemann, D., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Berger, M., Perlis, M., & Nissen, C. (2010). The hyperarousal model of insomnia: A review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14, 19-31.

Rial, R.V., Nicolau, M.C., Gamundi, A. et al. (2007). The trivial function of sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11, 311-325.

Romcy-Pereira, R. N., Erraji-Benchekroun, L., Smyrniotopouos, P., et al. (2009). Sleep-dependent gene expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex following long-term potentiation. Physiology & Behavior, 98, 44-52.

Saletin, J. M. & Walker, M. (2012). Nocturnal mnemonics: Sleep and hippocampal memory processing. Frontiers in Neurology, 3, 1-12.

Schmid, S.M., Hallschmid, M., Jauch-Chara, K., Born, J., & Schultes, B. (2008) A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men. Journal of Sleep Research, 17, 331-334.

Siegel, J. M. (2009b). The neurobiology of sleep. Seminars in Neurology, 29, 277-296. E-reserve.

Spoormaker, V.I., Schredl, M., van den Bout, J. (2006). Nightmares: from symptom to . Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10, 19-31.

Stickgold, R. & Walker, M.P. (2007). Sleep dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Sleep Medicine, 8, 331-343.

Szelenberger, W., Niemcewicz, S., & Dabrowska, A.J. (2005). and night Terrors: Psychopathological and psychophysiological correlates. International Review of Psychiatry, 17, 263-270. E-reserve.

Vassalli, A. & Dijk, D-J. (2009). Sleep function: current questions and new approaches. European Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 1830-1841.

Venkatraman, V., Chuah, Y.M.L., Huettel, S.A., & Chee, M.W.L. (2007). Sleep deprivation elevates expectations of gains and attenuates response to losses following risky decisions. Sleep, 30, 603-609. E-reserve.

Venkatraman, V., Huettel, S.A., Chuah, L.Y.M. et al. (2011). Sleep deprivation biases the mechanisms underlying economic preferences. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 3712-3718.

Walker, M.P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 168-197. (Available from Matthew Walker’s website at UC-Berkeley).

Wu, J. C., Kelsoe, J. R., Schachat, C. et al (2009). Rapid and sustained response with sleep deprivation and chronotherapy in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 298-301.