.y

Vol. XVI No. 4 April, 1961 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH REFUGEES IN CREAT BRITAIN

I FAIRFAX MANSIONS, 0//ice and Consulting Hours: FINCHLEY ROAO iCorncr Fairfax Road), lONOON, N.W.3 Mondayto Thursday 10 a.nu—1 p.m. 3—6 p.m Telephone: MAIda Vala 9096'7 (General Ofticej friday 10 a.m.—l p.m. MAIda Vale 4449 (Employmant Agency and Sociai Service! Depl.)

on him alone. He is too unimportant as an indi­ vidual, and he was only one of the numerous EFFORTS OF ATONEMENT exponents of a system which, after all, was a German system. If we are prepared neither to BROTHERHOOD WEEK IN GERMANY EXPRESSIONS OF GOOD WILL close our eyes vis-a-vis the Eichmann trial nor to regard him as a scapegoat for ourselves, we have Last month the " Brotherhood Week," which Whoever follows the German Press is bound almost done what we can do in this case. . . ." uas now become a traditional annual feature, to notice that in many papers hardly an issue In another article the " Frankfurter Allgemeine *as observed all over Western Germany and passes which, in one way or another, does not Zeitung" reviews the television series " Das refer to the Nazi past and tries to bring home Dritte Reich". " Whoever remembers just one •n Western Berlin. Its object is to promote to the public the obligations arising from it. With­ Understanding between the races and religions of the pictures from the concentration camps or out wishing to single out any particular Gennan the Warsaw Ghetto", the paper writes, " is no and especially between Jews and Christians, newspapers, it can be stated that papers such as longer entitled to calm down his own conscience. functions took place in more than 25 large the " Frankfurter Rundschau " and the " Frank­ Most terrifying are always the pictures of the ^nd small towns. They included talks, film furter Allgemeine Zeitung" keep on warning of children, because they are the most innocent of Performances, readi'ngs from German-Jewish any dangers of neo-Nazi&m and, in their reports all the victims. You see starved Jewish children, authors and special youth meetings. The Ger- about the trials of Nazi criminals, make the who had found a few potatoes and kept them readers aware of the horrors of the past. Few under their rags; they were found out and had pian radio stations also dedicated a variety of examples, taken at random, bear out this observa­ DToadcasts to the event. The "Allgemeine to surrender them to the German guards. There tion. have often been ' Herrenmenschen', who enlisted Wochenzeitung der Juden in Deutschland" In a front page article on the Eichmann trial the services of torturers; but torturers who pubhshed a message by Federal President Dr. the " Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" writes : regarded themselves as ' Herrenmenschen ' were "einrich Luebke, and articles by prominent ". . .It would be dangerous if we ignored the a species reserved to the Germans." politicians, writers, and theologians, such as moral and political aspects of the trial. . . . We A third example, taken from the cultural '•ederal Minister Ernst Lemmer, Erich Lueth, have to see the problem as we would see it if column, is an article on " Great Jewish Musi­ ^ud Dr. Hermann Maas. another nation was involved in the trial. Adolf cians ", based on a recent book by Arthur Holde. Federal President Luebke himself gave an Eichmann is a German ; he organised the deporta­ At the end of a detailed appraisal the reviewer, tion of the Jews into the extermination camps ; H. H. Stuckenschmidt, writes : " Among the effects address at a meeting in the Frankfurt Pauls- and he is also accused of having been one of of the racial ideology on the cultural life, that in ^irche. Co-existence between Germans and those who devised the methods of their destruc­ the musical sphere has been the most far-reaching Jews was possible, he said, only if the Germans tion. He belonged to a political gang with which, one. The loss of substance which Germany's j^ognised the extent of the catastrophe which for a number of years, the majority of the Ger­ musical life has suffered becomes even greater "'t-er brought to the Jews of Europe and man nation identified itself. The world will hardly since the resources have become smaller. The examined their share of responsibility for past differentiate between the Eichmann who is now more we succeed in obtaining the co-operation on trial and the Germans of those days. It is of our Jewish fellow-citizens, the greater wil! be events. Though the destruction of the Jewish impossible to ' overcome' the past entirely, for the gain for our musical life. The mistakes of people was only aimed at and orga'niscd by the essence of a people and of a nation is its the past cannot be undone, but we can help tew demagogues, it had been carried out in continuity. We can neither ignore Eichmann nor to contribute to the disappearance of the preju­ e name of the entire German nation. The can we exculpate ourselves by shifting the burden dices by which they had been caused." Ge •"nian people must do everything to repair hatever damage could be repaired, materially * Well as morally, but adequate compensation Herbert Freeden (Jerusalem) infl'' ''"P°^S'''le because of the enormous losses .. ""^'ed by the Nazis. Compensation would, erefore, have to be regarded i'n the first place ON THE EVE OF THE EICHMANN TRIAL "s an expression of good will. The historic trial against Adolf Eichmann is by a High Court Judge. Justice Landau was .yr. Luebke criticised the East German to begin. The opening date has been set for nominated by the President of the Supreme girne for refusing to give compensation for April 11. The indictment which has been sub­ Court to fill this post. Moshe Landau was fL^^'victims and at the same time denouncing mitted by the Attorney-General to the Jerusalem bom in Danzig in 1912, settled jn 1933 in jjr.^^'^eral Republic as a neo-Nazi State. He District Court is more detailed than the Notice Palestine, and received the LL.B. from Lon­ mu H '^^' ^^^ systematic prosecution of Nazi of Charge, handed over to the accused's don University. After three years of practising rderers also played an important part in the counsel on February 1. The document contains as a lawyer he was appointed Magistrate in rtian efforts of undoing the wrongs, 15 counts and a list of 37 prosecution witnesses. 1940; in 1948 he became a District Court the ^°*^^er," the President said, " undoing In it Eichmann is charged with crimes against Judge, and in 1953 he was appointed to the can ^"^""S^ 's a task which, by its very nature, the Jewish people, crimes against humanity, Supreme Court. j*nnot be solved one-sidedly. Good will of war crimes, and membership in hostile Nazi The other two judges, also veteran members ma °'^^'' side is also necessary. We Ger- organisations. of the Israel Judiciary, are Dr. Benjamin *ns must not forget what has happened. Yet The last finishing touches to the impressive Halevy and Yitzhak Raveh. Judge Halevy was sha^ hope that the Jews will contribute their court hall, a last check and re-check of the born in Weissenfels an der Saale in 1910, tha,[*k° accomplishment of the task and stringent security measures, a last rehearsal of received, in Berlin, the Doctorate Magna cum Our *'^' respond to the manifestation of the technical facilities for Press radio cables, Laude in the Faculty of Law, and came to i^gtt sood will. Our efforts would remain wires and long-distance calls are all but com­ Palestine by the end of 1933. After years of rtective, and might even lessen in the course plete. Hundreds of foreign correspondents, legal work and training he opened a legal office gg.^"^e, if we did not feel that the other party writers, film men, political observers, special of his own in 1938. Soon afterwards, hov/ever, at u ^°^^ confidence in us. Otherwise, efforts diplomatic representatives, eminent jurists, poli­ he was appointed Magistrate in Jerusalem. In be f",, '"Standing and co-operation might again ticians, delegates of anti-Nazi organisations 1948 he was nominated first Judge in the Jera­ to if "°*ed by distrust. We must have a chance from all comers of the world, are pouring jnto salem District Court, and, after a few months, our ^^^^ ^^ ^^^" ^°^ ^^ disappointed in Jerusalem, where hotel accommodation is at a appointed President of the District Court. Judge niti ^'^^^^^ours, but that we may expect recog- premium. Halevy's name became known in connection Pres'rf' ^'^'^°uragement, and response." The The composition of the court was announced with the Kastner trial. On two occasions he rQ^"^^nt also stressed the common spiritual on February 27. Under the terms of a recently presided over military courts, one of them the IS on which both Judaism and Christianity passed law on the trial of cases involving a Kfar Kassem trial. •^•^e based capital charge, the Bench will be presided over Continued on page 2, column I Page 2 AJR INFORMATION April, 1961

ON THE EVE OF THE EICHMANN TRIAL (Continued from page I) COMPENSATION NEWS Judge Raveh, a District Court Judge in Tel NEW AUSTRIAN COMPENSATION LAWS SOZIALVERSICHERUNG IN OESTERREICH Aviv, was bora in Aurich, Germany, in 1906. After graduating from a secondary school in On March 22nd, the Austrian Parliament Die Aufmerksamkeit unserer Leser wird auf die 8. Novelle zum Allgemeinen Sozialversicherungs- Berlin he studied law at the universities of passed a Law establishing a Fund of 6,600,000 dollars to provide a certain measure of com­ gesetz (A.S.V.G.) gelenkt, die beachtenswerte Beriin and Halle. From 1931 to 1933 he acted Verbesserungen bringt; insbesondere sieht diese as Magistrate in Berlin. For six years after pensation for losses arising from confiscation Novelle einen 14. Monatsbezug, zahlbar im April his emigration to Palestine he was Secre­ of bank accounts, securities and the imposition eines jeden Jahres, vor. Auch werden alle Renten tary of the Association of Immigrants from of discriminatory taxes by the Nazi regime. neu bemessen, was der ueberwiegenden Anzahl Germany, in Tel Aviv (1933-1939). For eight Victims of that regime residing both in Austria der Rentner eine betraechtliche Aufbesserung years he practised as a lawyer. In 1948 he and abroad will be able to benefit from the ihrer derzeitigen Bezuege bringen wird. Naehere Fund. Einzelheiten werden wir in der nachsten Nummer became Registrar of Lands, subsequently Land von AJR Information mitteilen. Settlement Officer, and in 1953 was appointed At the same sitting the Austrian Parliament passed a Law providing increased rates of Der Austrian Desk des United Restitution to his present post as District Court Judge, Office, 183/189 Finchley Road, London, N.W.3. Tel Aviv. compensation for incarceration in concentra­ steht alien Interessenten zur Beratung in Sozial- tion camps, further compensation for intern­ versicherungsangeiegenheiten zur Verfuegung. The burden of proving Eichmann's guilt lies ment by countries allied to Germany or at war on Gideon Hausner, Israel's Attorney-General with Germany, for life underground, deporta­ since last July. In his words, public opinion tion, and the period during which the Jews' AJR MEETING ON COMPENSATION will have no influence on the trial, and Eich­ Star had to be worn. Compensation will also Valuable information on the special questions mann will appear as an unknown man. The be paid to Austrian nationals for loss of connected with the settlement of claims in Berlin Attorney-General will have to convince the income and interruption of studies due to and on general legislative problems were given court that the indictment is based on facts, not persecution by the Nazi regime. This Law will by Dr. Otto Bental (Director of U.R.O., Berlin) on assumptions. come into effect when the negotiations between and Dr. F. Goldschmidt (Senior Legal Adviser of Gideon Hausner, just 45 years of age, came Austria and Germany on a German contribu­ U.R.O., London) at a well attended AJR Meeting to Palestine, together with his parents, from tion towards its cost have been concluded. It on March 21. A full report will be published in Lemberg, in 1927. His father. Dr. Bemard is hoped that an agreement between the two the next issue. Hausner, was at one time Theodor Herzl's countries will be reached in April. secretary, and during the First World War was The negotiations between Austria and Chief Rabbi in Lemberg. After he settled jn Germany will also deal with the question of Jerusalem, General Pilsudski appointed him as provision by both countries of additional funds In Parliament Polish Consul. His son Gideon went to the for assistance to those who had to emigrate, Praise for Jewish Immigrants Herzlia Gymnasium in Tel Aviv, then enrolled most of whom are no longer Austrian During a debate in the House of Commons on at the Hebrew University (Philosophy and His­ nationals. The Committee on Jewish Claims the control of immigration from the Common­ tory), with a special emphasis on Arab litera­ on Austria is actively concerned with those wealth, Mr. Charles Royle said that over the ture. Only later did he switch over to the Law negotiations. centuries this country had gladly received the School, and in 1946 he became a lawyer. His oppressed, the persecuted and the poor. Through legal career was soon put to the test, when TAXATION TEST CASES the ages Britain had been repaid in great and he acted as counsel for the defence in the Hearing in May abundant measure for the hospitality she had extended. Among those who had been admitted trial against the arrested members of the Execu­ According to latest information, the hearing were 90,000 refugees from the Hitler regime tive of the Jewish Agency. During Israel's of the test cases concerning " Renten" fuer before the war. " We can be proud of our record War of Liberation he was Military Prosecutor " Berufsschaden " and " Schaden an Leben " and we have not suffered because of it," said Mr. and was appointed President of the Military has been fixed for the second half of May. Royle. " We have gained by these people coming Court. On the list for elections to the Fourth to us." Knesset—1959—he appeared as a candidate DEMANDS OF AUSTRIAN VICTIMS Of those who supported the motion to control for the Progressive Party. His fluency in immigration, Mr. Royle said: "They have been languages stems from his student days—^apart The annual meeting of the Council of Jews impregnated to their very souls by the fascist from Hebrew, English, French, Arabic, Polish, from Austria in Great Britain (Jacob Ehrlich propaganda that is so rife at this time in places Society) put forward an 'urgent resolution calling like Notting Hill. It is the same bestial, insidious, he also knows a certain amount of German. on the Austrian and German Governments to inhuman propaganda that Hitler used." Among the witnesses for the prosecution are arrive at a settlement concerning a German con­ The Under-Secretary, Home OflBce, said it was Benno Cohn and Dr. Hans Friedenthal, the tribution to Austria for indemnification. It was inconceivable that Britain, with her great tradi­ two last chairmen of the Zionistische Vereining also stressed that all Austrian victims of Nazism tions, could ever legislate by discriminating on the fiir Deutschland; Dr. Walter Lindenstrauss, should be indemnified without discrimination. In grounds of race, colour or creed. a further resolution the Council deplored Austrian of the former Palaestina-Amt, Berlin; Joel attempts to divert Jewish heirless and unclaimed Eichmann TV Programme Brand, a representative of Hungarian Jewry ; property for other purposes, and declared that any In the House of Lords Lord Stoneham protested and Dr. Paul Maerz, a former Zionist leader legislation which discriminated against the Jewisn at the screening of advertisements in the middle in Czechoslovakia. Dr. Robert Servatius, the victims of Nazism would constitute a violation of of certain programmes, and cited the Eichmann Counsel for the Defence, stated that he had the undertakings contained in the State Treaty. programme as a grave example. He talked of the found many people in Germany willing to be The Council acknowledged the valuable help harrowing scenes depicted during the programme, called as witnesses for the defence, but that received and the kind understanding shown for its which he referred to as serious and well done. they would not come to Jerusalem, as they work by other organisations, such as the AJR. the " But the advertisements immediately following United Restitution Organisation, the Board of ' End of Part 1' were for porridge oats, luscious did not recognise Israel's right to try his cUent. Deputies, the Central British Fund and the World toffee, two more food advertisements and a beauty Jewish Congress (British Section). It also placed preparation. . . . Anyone who could allow sucn on record its deep-felt gratitude for the pioneer an intrusion into a programme of that kind must your House for:- work of its Hon. President, Dr. F. R. Bienenfeld. be utterly devoid of any feeling whatsoever." CURTAINS, CARPETS, LINO UPHOLSTERY I sPEC/AL/rr —— ^^^— Feuchtwanger (London) Ltd. CONTINENTAL DOWN QUILTS ! Bankers ALSO RE-MAKES AND RE-COVERS BASILDON HOUSE, 7-11, MOORGATE, E.C.2 ESTIMATES FREE Telephone: METropolitan 8151 DAWSON-LANE LIMITED 17, BRIDGE ROAD, WEMBLEY PARK Representing: I. L. FEUCHTWANGER BANK LTD. FEUCHTWANGER CORPORATION Teleptwjne : ARN. 6671 TEL-AVIV : JERUSALEM : HAIFA 60 EAST 42mJ ST.. NEW YORK, 17, N.Y. Personal attention of Mr. W. Sctiacttmann MR INFORMATION April, 1961 Page 3 HOME NEWS ANGLO-JUDAICA Board of Guardians FASCIST DANGER DISCRLMINATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Board of Guardians failed to reach its Mrs. Jo Grimond, at a meeting of the Liberal There is growing evidence that fascist groups target of £75,0(X) at the appeal dinner held in the Party Council, called for an investigation into anti- all over Europe are co-ordinating their activities. Fishmongers' Hall recently. The Mayor, in his Jewish discrimination in British public schools. It Anglo-Jewry has been warned to expect new address, referred to the dinner as " a superb is Mrs. Grimond's intention to formulate a reso­ trouble from the fascist movement in this country, occasion" but pointed out that Anglo-Jewry, lution on the subject to put before the Council especially when the Eichmann trial takes place. which rose so magnificently to fund-raising appeals when it meets again in May. Sir Barnett Janner, M.P., when presenting the for Israel, was inclined to lag behind in the vital There could be no justification whatever for report of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the sphere of home charities. restricting the number of Jewish boys at any Board of Deputies, described the position as school, said Mrs. Grimond. extremely serious, unless an effective check was New BUnd Home placed on the growth of " these sinister groups in Europe and beyond ". The Mary Alexander Home for the Infirm LABOUR ELECTIONS Neo-Nazi and fascist groups in Germany, Jewish Blind, at Totteridge, N.20, will be opened Hammersmith Borough Council's Labour Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Austria, Italy by Princess Margaret on May 30. This Home majority has chosen Councillor Stanley Atkins as and Sweden, said Sir Barnett, were now linking will be the first of its kind in the country, segre­ 'he next Deputy Mayor. Councillor Atkins was their activities, and their representatives had met gating the very elderly from the more able-bodied Chairman of the West London Corra Committee in an international congress in Paris in October residents of Jewish Blind Homes. during World Refugee Year, and is Warden of last. He warned that the aim of this movement 'he Shepherd's Bush, Fulham and District Syna­ was to set up a fascist order in Europe. Spanish and Portuguese Jews gogue. Mr. Henry Solomons, Hammersmith's only Judge Laski was elected President and Mr. <5ther Jewish councillor, has been placed on the LECTURES FOR GERMANS IN ENGLAND Alan A. Mocatta, Q.C., Vice-President of the Parliamentary Panel of the Union of Shop, Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation Elders Under the heading " Deutschland Gestem und at the Elders' annual session. The need to find Distributive and AlUed Workers in place of Mr. Morgen," a series of lectures has been organised Alfred Robens, now Chairman of the Coal Board. accommodation so that Egyptian children living in by the recently founded " Arbeitskreis 1961 ", It the Golders Green-Finchley area can attend is the object of this venture to establish a forum Hebrew classes was stressed by Mr. H. M. Can­ MOSLEY DEFENDED for Germans who are staying in this country, e.g., sino, who stated that there were nearly 50 children as workmen or domestic helps, and to discuss in the area needing instruction. Leicester University students have protested at with them questions of political significance. The ^e Vice-Chancellor's refusal to allow Sir Oswald initiative for the establishment of the "Arbeits­ Mosley to participate in a debate at the Univer­ kreis " had been taken by the ministers of the Soho's Synagogue sity. Mosley had been invited by the Students' Gennan congregations in London, by former, Union to take part in a debate on nuclear refugees and by personalities attached to the Ger­ The West End Great Synagogue in Dean Street ^disarmament. man Embassy. The Chairman is Dr. Alfred is to be demolished and rebuilt on the same site. Dr. Charles Wilson, the Vice-Chancellor, Wiener. In the first lecture Mr. Hans Jaeger gave For the next eighteen months members of the explained that he had acted in the interests of an excellent analysis of the political events which congregation will worship at 14 Berners Street. order and good relations between the University led to the ascent of the Nazi regime. The ques­ The members of this synagogue number 600 ^d the public. A resolution deprecating Dr. tions raised during the discussion revealed the families living near Dean Street. With the building Wilson's decision was unanimously passed at a audience's great interest in obtaining factual infor­ of more flats in the West End, it is expected that protest meeting attended by over 500 students. mation. Several people asked whether it was an increasing number of Jews will return to the really necessary to dwell on the past happenings. area. NO VISAS FOR ISRAEL REQUIRED It is only to be welcomed that such grievances come into the open and can be dealt with in a New Home for Aged In March the new regulation abolishing visas frank way. The subjects of the next two lectures '0 Israel for holders of British national passports will be the resistance of July 20, 1944 (speaker, The Lord Mayor of London will in June lay canie into force. Holders of other passports Eberhard Bethge), on April 5, and the experience the foundation-stone of the Lewis W. Hammerson re-Mdent in Britain will stiil need a tourist visa, of a German-Jewish refugee (speaker, Alfred Memorial Home for elderly Jewish men and unless they are citizens of one of the other six Wiener), on May 3. The meetings take place at women in The Bishop's Avenue, N.2. The Home °ii^tries which have the same privileges. 8 p.m. at the German CVJM, 35 Craven Terrace, is to accommodate thirty persons, but provision Ihis is not a reciprocal arrangement and its W.2. It would be appreciated if readers of this has been made for future extension and for the ""ject is the stimulation of tourism. paper drew the attention of interested persons to possible admission of infirm cases. The needs of the functions. persons of limited means will especially be con­ sidered by the Admissions Committee.

TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING Commemoration for Ghetto Fighters Hon. Officers of the Council of Christians and Ackermans Jews were given the opportunity of seeing a The Warsaw Ghetto Commemoration Commit­ private showing of Warner-Path^ Distributors' new tee is organising a party of about 80 British Jewfs film " Hand in Hand ". The plot is based on the for a pilgrimage to Warsaw in April to com­ friendship between two children, a Jewish girl and memorate the heroism of the ghetto fighters. Mr. a Roman Catholic boy, who manage to find a Bernard Kops, the playwright, and Mr. Michael Chocolates way through the adult barriers between them, to Cliffe, M.P., are to head the pilgrimage. enjoy an exciting adventure. The film is excellently It is intended that this will be an annual event, De Luxe produced and will certainly help to overcome but it is in no way envisaged as a sentimental prejudice and ignorance. hark back to the past. The party will spend six 'N BEAUTIFULLY days in Warsaw and will visit Auschwitz and the sites of other death camps. DESIGNED NAZI BLACK LIST FOR BRITAIN PRESENTATION Mr. C. C. Aronsfeld, Assistant Director of the Anglo-Jewry Praised BOXES Wiener Library, at a talk he gave to a meeting organised by the Zionist Federation on " Aspects The Earl of Longford (formerly Lord Paken­ of the Eichmann Trial", said that the Nazi black ham), speaking at a banquet held at Mansion MARZIPAN list prepared against the eventuality of a German House, said that Anglo-Jewry was setting a wonderful example both for its generosity and in SPECIALITIES invasion of Britain, contained 2.300 names of British people, including Jews, who were to be its public works. Lord Longford also praised the liquidated immediately. The list was now in work of the Lord Mayor, who was a guest at the Washington, and a copy was in the library of banquet together with the Lady Mayoress and BAUMKUCHEN London University. The Wiener Library was also the Sheriffs of London. to obtain a copy. 43, KENSINGTON CHURCH ST., Mr. Aronsfeld produced several documents, Award for Lily Montagu LONDON, W,8 many of them photographic copies of originals held by the Library, which had been seen and The Henrietta Szold Award, which was estab­ WES. 4359 and examined by Commander A. Selinger, the Israeli lished in January and which it was stated would 9, GOLDHURST TERRACE, Chief investigator. One of these documents con­ be given each year " to an outstanding woman in FINCHLEY ROAD, N.W.6 tained evidence given at the Nuremberg trials, in Britain whose work follows more or less on the which Eichmann disclosed the number of Jews lines of the great Henrietta Szold ", the founder MAI 2742 murdered—four million in the extermination of Youth Aliyah, has this year been presented to camps and an additional two million in Russia. the Hon. Lily Montagu. Page 4 AJR INFORMATION April, 1961

NAZI "MERCY" KILLINGS NEWS FROM GERMANY The findings of the Federal Disciplinary Court in Karlsruhe have been pubUshed with regard to GLOBKE EXPLAINS CARLO SCHMID ON T.V. a doctor now living in Bavaria, who carried out " mercy" killings under Nazi orders during the In Munich an Eichmaim exhibition was opened, In a television programme in Munich, on Ger­ war. The Court condemns all " mercy " killings man-Jewish relations, Professor Carlo Schmid, and euthanasia, and stresses the illegality of containing several hundred documents on the Nazi Hitler's decree of September 1st, 1939, in which persecution of the Jews. Before the opening the Vice-President of the Federal Parliament, said that the " mercy" killings of incurably sick people public prosecutor seized a number of items relat­ no moral or material reparation could ever were justified. ing to the activities at the Nazi Ministry of the remove the burden of guilt from the shoulders of Interior of Dr. Globke, the Federal German Secre­ The Karlsruhe Court points out that " mercy " the German people. killings can in no instance be justified legally. tary of State. With the rooting out of the Jews, something Nor can they be justified when carried out by The exhibits contained no new incriminating extremely valuable for the development of the doctors who have taken the Hippocratic oath. material against Dr. Adenauer's chief aide. Accord­ German nation and spirit had vanished. The Finally," mercy " killings cannot be upheld by any ing to thc prosecutor, however, the exhibits and former fruitful symbiosis of Germans and Jews constituted authority, nor can doctors shelter the manner of their presentation (they were shown had been lost for ever. But even the few Jews themselves behind such authority. together with pictures of murdered concentration still in the country could help the Germans This is of special relevance since, only recently, camp inmates and human skeletons) were intended towards greater spiritual and cultural richness. the medical chamber of the city of Hamburg to create the impression that Dr. Globke had decided that a number of Hamburg doctors should played a prominent role in drafting the Nurem­ TRIAL OF GUSEN CAMP COMMANDANT not be deprived of their certificates although they berg racial laws and the extermination of the had killed mentally sick children during 1941 and Jewish people. The charge, said the prosecutor, A German historian, Dr. Seraphim, stated at the 1942. It was considered that these doctors should was unfounded and the chairman of the exhibi­ trial of Karl Chmielewski (tbe former commandant continue practising " in view of the conditions tion's organisation committee would be prosecuted. of the Gusen concentration camp who is accused existing in 1941 and 1942 " and in view of their in Ansbach of murdering at least 297 inmates) that good records since the war. The Hamburg doctors Dr. Globkc stated in an interview with the Jews and Russians were singled out for early stated that in all cases of " mercy " killings the West German weekly Die Zeil that " you can fight slaughter from among the prisoners. The witness permission of parents was first obtained for the a totalitarian regime from without and from said that documents on Gusen showed that carrying out of a " very dangerous operation "• within. Whoever decides on the latter must apply thousands of prisoners had been killed within a The patients were, however, being deliberately pu' all his cunning if he is to survive." Explaining few months. to death and the Hamburg medical chamber's why he had remained at the Ministry of the Other witnesses have described Chmielewski as readiness to accept this explanation is therefore Interior after 1933 he said he was aware that one of the most brutal of concentration camp surprising. although his retention of office and co-authorship murderers. The trial, which has been proceeding Under Hitler's euthanasia programme, death of a commentary on the Nuremberg racial laws since the middle of February, is thought to be one certificates were signed for Jews and political might one day be misinterpreted, he knew his of the biggest of its kind before a German court. opponents of the Nazis, but the dominating prin; position would enable him to help many opponents More than ninety witnesses, many of them from ciple was the elimination of " useless mouths'" and victuns of the Nazi regime. abroad, have testified against the accused. and of people who did not come into the category He stated that resistance groups had asked him According to the indictment, over 10,000 of the Nazi idea of the " master race ". to remain at the Ministry. He was able to pass prisoners perished at Gusen while Chmielewski them valuable information and aid many perse­ was Commandant between 1940 and 1942. It is NEW BELSEN MEMORIAL cuted people. He claimed that he had succeeded alleged that one of his favourite methods of va preventing the intended compulsory dissolution killing prisoners was to pour cold water over them The memorial for the victims who perished in of all German-Jewish mixed marriages, and until they collapsed and died. Belsen is to be reconstructed. The Land Lower secured the scrapping of a particularly severe draft Chmielewski has denied knowledge of any Saxony has allocated 750,000 DM. for the of the Nuremberg laws. murders or torture at the camp. A camp survivor, purpose. however, told the court that the former S.S. oflficer had been so brutal that he was even criticised by his superiors, who feared that German civilians living near by might learn of the inhuman KELLERGEIST treatment of prisoners. ADVISES A.J.R. READERS Walter Junge, a former guard at the camp, is also on trial with Chmielewski. FURTHER ARRESTS AMC Alfred Rapp, a former leader of the SS and an assistant of both Himmler and Heydrich, has been arrested in Essen. He has been charged with responsibility for the murder in Poland during the war of several thousand Jewish women and children and gipsies, and is said personally to have THE ATLANTIC METAL shot many of them. The arrest followed investigations conducted by CO. LTD. the Central Agency for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes at Ludwigsburg. Rapp, who disappeared after the war, was found living in a local hotel since 1953 under the name of Alfred Ruppert. It has been anounced by the Hamburg police For that Willi Dusenschon, an ex-Nazi S.S. captain and concentration camp commandant, has been arrested on a charge of killing two people in Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Fuhlsbiittel concentration camp during the war. Metals Choose Hallgarten- AWARD FOR INFORMATION ON Choose Fine Wines DR. MENGELE The Frankfurt Public Prosecutor has promised an award of 20,000 DM. for information which Ask for them by name! will lead to the arrest of the Auschwitz Camp doctor, Joseph Mengele. According to rumours, a Mengele went to Argentina under an assumed If you have any difficulty in finding name but disappeared after the arrest of Eich­ HALLGARTEN wines, write to us mann. for assistance SENTENCED FOR ANTI-JEWISH REMARKS 5-23, St. Pancras Way, S. F. & 0. HALLGARTEN A West Beriin tailor, Georg Lubkowitz, was London, N.W.I. sentenced to five months' imprisonment after tell­ 1, Crutched Friars, London, E.C.3 ing a policeman he would kill a Jewish restaurant EUSton 9001 /7 owner. " I am a German. The Jews are getting insolent again ", he told the police. AJR INFORMATION April, 1961 Page 5

'indre Jabes (Geneva) Moroccan Government's attitude in this question is understandable. After many interventions in favour of the Alliance schools the Government seems to be hesitating. While some extremists SPOTLIGHT OX MOROCCO want to take over all the Jewish schools, other Moroccan personalities are inclined to show more . Jews have Uved in Morocco for a long But the Moroccan Government remained adamant. flexibiUty. 'ime. Some were there even before the arrival Thus, from 1956 to 1961, the Jews were forced One observation must be made. Neither Jews of the Arab Moslems. Others came from Spain to rely on clandestine emigration, with all its as individuals nor Jewish organisations, are trusted Ip escape persecution. Others again came later. dangers.. Periodically, a group of would-be in Morocco any more than in the other Arab Their total number is about 200,000, although emigrants was arrested; they were dragged into countries. Whatever statements have been made 'he official figure is 165,000. It was the largest police stations and manhandled. In some instances again and again in Morocco by the late King, by or the Jewish communities in the Arab countries, they were even sued for having committed a his Ministers, or by the poUtical parties, to the since Iraq had onlv 150,000 Jews and Egypt criminal offence. But clandestine emigration effect that Moroccan Jews, as Moroccan citizens, 100,000. About 90,000 live in Casablanca. There continued. are equal to all other Moroccans in rights and has been a movement of the Jews from the One day, on lOth January, 1961, the duties, and that religion, whether Islam or remoter villages to the towns, and from the smaller world learned that 42 Jews, mostly women and Judaism, makes no difference, in fact, a Jew is 'owns to the larger. children, had died, drowned because the small not just a Moroccan citizen equal to a Moslem In most towns there is a '" Mellah," or poor boat they had boarded, the Pisces, had sunk in in status. Jewish quarter, whose population Uves under piti- a storm at sea. It was a catastrophe for world jul conditions. Moroccan Jewish associations are Jewry, and the name of the " Striuna" was Change of Status 'ictive, but most communal work remains the recalled. The world Press published articles on responsibility of Jewish intemational organisations. the situation of the Jews in Morocco. Until the end of the nineteenth century Jews '1 general, Moroccan Jews are attached to their Then, suddenly, when it was least expected, and in Morocco, as in all other Arab and Moslem f^hgion. Many synagogues are at their disposal, with no explanation, the late King Mohammed V countries, were at best second-class individuals *s Well as quite a number of Yeshivot. of Morocco stated, on February 16th, 1961, at a " protected " by the sovereign. The word " Jew " Up to this year the Jews in Morocco had no meeting with the leaders of the Jewish community was an expression of contempt. With the French fears for their physical security. Anti-Semitic in Morocco that freedom of movement would be occupation the Jews gained quicker promotion outrages took place for the first time at the begin- restored to the Jews. than the Moslems, and this contempt consequently •iing of January, 1961, on the occasion of Nasser's As to the implementation of this assurance, was mixed with envy. Since independence, part participation in the Casablanca Conference. The developments in the next few months will of this contempt has come back, now mixed with pretext was that the Jews planned terrorist action have to be watched carefuUy. Much will depend a feeling of distrust due to Arab and Moslem against Nasser and wore blue and white (the on the political line the new King, Hassan II, soUdarity in the Palestinian struggle. Israeli colours) as a protest against Nasser or takes, and his policy will be influenced by the Arab States of the Middle East, especiaUy Egypt, "lack as a sign of mourning. Men as well evolution of the intemal situation in Morocco. with hundreds of agents in Morocco, have taught as Women and children, were arrested and badly Morocco the concept of "criminal Zionist 'reated at police stations. The Jewish leaders Communal Organisation activity." Moroccans have leamed that a Zionist tried in vain to see the Govemor or the Chief is a "traitor" and a "criminal." But nobody o' Police. FinaUy, the leaders of the community A dahir (law) dating from the time of the French has tried to define a Zionist nor to explain the were received by the Minister of Interior, the Protectorate regulates elections for the committee term " Zionism." All Jews are, therefore, sus­ !r,nme Minister, and eventually, by the late King, of each local Jewish commimity. The President pected of being more or less " Ziorusts," poten­ th Tieetings were satisfactory. Apparently of each committee represents its community at the tial " traitors " and " criminals." Morocco has 'nings had gone too far. The Govemment has Council of Moroccan Jewish Communities. Mem­ also been taught that Jewry and Judaism are aKen strong measures against those responsible bers of the Council then elect a Secretary-General. engaged in a world-wide conspiracy against Arabs " the police force, and Jews have received During the French Protectorate, the Secretary- and Moslems. Suspicions of this sort cannot create assurances that they will be protected. It is to be General of the Council had fairly close relations a climate of sympathy or security for the Jews as "oped that this promise will be kept. with the French authorities, an obvious necessity, individuals, or for Jewish organisations. But since these sad events of January. 1961, the because otherwise he could hardly expect to Apart from the suspicion of Zionist activities, Ws have realised that without strong protection accomplish anything in the interest of the com­ the Moroccan organisations are threatened. in om the Government they may meet hostility munity. After Morocco's independence, however, another way, which stems from the concept of ,.*^''*\'he Moroccan crowds and, graver still, from the Moroccan authorities remembered that the integration. Why, say the Moroccans, should the '"e Moroccan police. Council of Jewish Communities had collaborated Jews have special and different social, educa­ with the French. The Council was, therefore, not tional, and philanthropic facilities ? Why not Emigration to Israel very popular with the Govemment. merge specifically Jewish welfare bodies with the There are also other reasons for which the new general Moroccan organisation of I'Entraide com '"• ^" o'^*^!" countries in which a Jewish Government feels uneasy in the matter. In the Nationale ? In fact, what is aimed at is not ^nirriunity exists, there is emigration to Israel, first place, the Jews are a Moroccan minority, but national solidarity and integration but the weaken­ cm' "^^"^ "'" enlarge on the reasons for this the Government hesitates to recognise them as ing of the Jewish community by weakening its 5Q'^''a'ion, which are sometimes sentimental, such. In the second place, the Government fears communal organisations, and, even more, the f-rj^'iiTies economic, and sometimes based on relations between a central Jewish body and Israel strengthening of the Entraide Sociale by obtaining Jevu • '^^6 there were about 60.000 Moroccan or Zionism. In the third place, the Moroccans thc financial help at present given to Moroccan •y^-•,^*TS •_"in IsraelIsrael. , Thermere ear are eno noww 80,00 8U,U00U t ot o90,000 W.OtW. . say that the idea of a Moroccan minority is a Jewish institutions by the intemational Jewish 'ion •'^ obviously an added reason for emigra- creation of French ColoniaUsm. The Jews must organisations. Moroccans say that by helping fij • Pi'actically every Moroccan Jewish family be " integrated." For the extreme partisans of only Jews, the Jewish organisations practise dis­ to r^' .^^ one member in Israel and the desire integration. Jewishness must be restricted to going crimination against Moslems. We must admit 'he f""* is strong. With the deterioration of to synagogue. that up to now the Govenmient has not pressed Mor ?^' P^'i'i"' climate, the Suez Campaign. Most Jewish children go to the schools of the too much for this merger., but Jews must be vigi­ s[,j-°'^9o s joirting of the Arab League, and friend- Alliance Israelite Universelle, where they leam lant in this field, for the future might be different. of th*' ^Sypt, the Jews took fright and some French, Arabic, and Hebrew. Perhaps more In the past the Jews have enjoyed the privi­ wanted to escape before it was too late. important than this plurality of teaching is the leged position of being the middle-class in 'osThet "tKn •'^^e the economic crisis. Some Jews fact that they are brought up in a Jewish environ­ Morocco. They were Europeanised and received event i'/ ^^^ ^"*^ others thought they would ment and that they receive social care and atten­ social promotion quicker than the Moslems. They for ].y lose theirs. This was another reason tion. were a wealthy community, occupying strong posi­ Morft^'"^ at once. But when, in 1956, the first When Morocco gained its independence the tions in finance, commerce, industry, the Uberal Genei^" Moslem was appointed Director- .Alliance IsradUte Universelle recognised the professions, and even the civil service. But since exit V °^ Natiopal Security he stopped issuing Mo-occan Govemment as owner of the schools' Moroccan independence the Govemment has been trat,,^'^*^ for Jews. At that time there was a buildings. About three-quarters of their budget pushing hard for the educational and social promo­ Were '^^'"P "*^'" Casablanca, where 8,000 Jews was covered by the Moroccan Government. tion of the Moslems. This drive towards " moroc- Protra ^t*^"'"^ departure. It took months of Recently the Govemment claimed that Jewish canisation" and "arabisation" first had its effect the iw"^ *"*' nerve-racking negotiations between children ought not to receive a better education on the foreigners in the country (mostly French), (^ nioroccan Govemment and the World Jewish than Moslem children in buildings owned by the and is now affecting the position of the Jews. Up in the^^ *°. ^^'^^^ an agreement. The 8,000 Jews Govemment, and with Government money. As to now the Jews have had no cause to complain of after ,h^"^'* camp were allowed to emigrate, but a first step, the Govemmenit decided to take over overt economic discrimination, but it is feared, and minted t"o "collective emigration was to be per- one-third of the AUiance schools. The schools not without reason, that political and economic WoiiiJ','hough requests for individual passports taken over would be used for Jewish pupils half considerations will compel the Moroccan authori­ Second ^'•^"'ed. The 8.000 Jews left, but the the day and for Moslem children the other half. ties to find jobs for Moroccan Moslems, especially iiented ^^^ °^ '^^ agreement was never imple- Jewish leaders in Morocco are worried because those of the younger generations. Discrimina­ circu], "^^ Moroccan Government issued a half a day in school is not enough, especially tion, though discreet, may increasingly extend its On all , *° 'ocal governors, patting an embargo with a heavy syllabus, including three languages. harmful effects to the Jews. The w?''^^ emigration. Besides, half a day does not allow effective wel­ There can be no conclusion to this short, and tried t *""'^ Jewish Congress had repeatedly fare work. And last, but not least, for half the by no means exhaustive, study. We have merely of the ri,'^^^^'^'^ '*''^ policy, invoking Article 13 days Jewish children would be abandoned to the given a summary account of Jewish problems in made • "^^1" of Human Rights and the promise many dangers of the streets. Morocco. Only the future will tell how these ' ^sing political and humanitarian arguments. Nevertheless, it must be admitted that the problems will evolve. Page 6 AJR INFORMATION April, 1961

ANTISEMmSM IN PREWAR POLAND NEWS FROM ABROAD DENIED Prince RadziwiU, brother-in-law of President THE CONGO JEWISH SCIENTISTS IN THE VSS.n. Kennedy, has written to Herbert Agar, author of Africans throughout the Congo consider Jews " The Saving Remnant", (an account of the work Oflficial statistics in the U.S.S.R. show that Jews of the " Jomt") objecting to the manner in which as their friends. In the recent Luluabourg riots, are prominent in all fields of Soviet science. No he has represented the Polish attitude to Jews in when some 200 people were killed, the Jewish fewer than 28,966 out of a total of 284,000 men community suffered no casualties and their shops the book. and women engaged in all branches of Russian Prince Radziwill asserts that it is grossly unjust and houses were untouched. There is, however, science in 1958 were Jews. to state that the Poles had been as antisemitic as always the danger that Jews might be mistaken The number of Jewish scientists in 1959 the Germans. He maintains that the book ignores for Belgians, and the 200 Jews in Leopoldville increased to 30,633 out of a total of 310,000. In the help given to Jews by Poles during the Nazi fear for their future because they are white. comparison the Ukraine population, which num­ period. Last July, during the anti-Belgian riots, 300 bers 37,000,000 and is nearly fifteen times as He states that antisemitism was unknown in Jews fled the city, settling mostly in Israel and large as the Jewish community, has only 30,251 historic Poland and that the " disease . . . was in Belgium. scientists. gradually brought to that country by the Russian Jews look forward to the various Congolese MATZOT IN EASTERN EUROPE invaders. . . ." factions restoring unity to the country and to the " After Poland regained her independence in estabUshment of a strong central government. Small consignments of Israeli matzot have been 1918 there were never any laws discriminating against any Polish citizens whatever their MOROCCAN-JEWISH EMIGRATION sent to Russia by Israeli rabbis, following urgent requests from Jews in Russia. This is the first denomination," he says. The Moroccan Minister of Information, in a time that Jews in Russia have openly appUed to comment on the status of Moroccan Jews fol­ Israel for matzot. EXODUS FROM CUBA lowing the late King Mohammed's pledge that According to reports, the Soviet authorities About 7,000 out of Cuba's 11,000 Jews have left passport restrictions would be lifted, stated that have only allowed matzot to be baked in Moscow the country since Dr. Castro assumed power. those who leave for Palestine must stay there. and Leningrad and this will be insufficient to Although emphasis is placed on the fact that Moroccans who emigrate to Israel now lose their meet the demand. the present Jewish exodus is not the result of Moroccan nationaUty. In Budapest, efforts are being made by Jewish discriminatory practices by the Castro Govern­ One hundred and seven Moroccan Jews who communal leaders to arrange the widest possible ment, the lives of many Jews have been changed had taken refuge in the Sahara department of distribution of matzot for Passover. Conspicuously by the U.S.A.'s severance of diplomatic relations La Saoura. have left Oran for Marseilles. Recently displayed placards are on notice boards of Buda­ with Cuba. Most wealthy Jews left the country 35 Jews from the department of Constantine. pest's many synagogues, and advertisements when their businesses were nationalised, while Eastem Algeria, left Bone for IsraeL appear in Hungarian Jewry's oflficial organ, giving Cuba's new economic policy has affected all details where matzot can be obtained. affluent business and professional circles withoiit ALGERIAN JEWRY regard to race or creed. Jewish life in Cuba is CZECHOSLOVAKIAN SYNAGOGUES In the official monthly organ of Algerian Jewry, being liquidated because synagogue presidents and M. Jacques Lazarus, one of the leaders of the Permission has been granted by the Czech Jewish community leaders have emigrated. Algerian Jewish community, makes what may be Government to reopen a number of synagogues Emigrants are allowed to take with them only considered as Algerian Jewry's reply to an appeal for Sabbath and Holy-day services. Regional $5, but the Govemment has made no diflficulties to them for support made by the rebels in party committees will provide accommodation in about luggage and personal belongings, including December 1959. places where synagogues have been destroyed or furniture. He recalls the friendly ties which have always are being used for other purposes. SHANGHAI JEWISH COMMUNITY existed between Algerian Moslems and Jews and the numerous occasions on which Jewish leaders THE NETHERLANDS The Council of the Shanghai Jewish com­ have sought to promote the social progress of munity in its annual report, acknowledges the Algerian Moslems. He refers to the many Jewish Anniversary of "February Strike" Chinese People's Government's " friendly and casualties sustained during the years of terrorism Amsterdam commemorated the 20th anniversary sympathetic altitude" to the charitable work and the liberal attitude assumed by Jewish leaders of the " Febraary Strike " at a ceremony in the undertaken by the Council. towards every aspect of the Algerian war. centre of the former Jewish quarter. In spite of dwindling numbers due mainly J

JEWS IN MUSIC Milestone*: Curt Bois, who is 60 on April 5th, started his career together with his sister Ilse in A New Anthology a national style, and it is noteworthy that this Ferdinand Bonn's production of " Richard III" coincides with a reluctance to absorb the radically advanced idioms of contemporary music : the at Berlin's " Zirkus Schumann ". He made a name Since Biblical times music has played a promi­ internationalism of tiwelve-tone music is not yet for himself by singing thc famous " Heinerle, nent part in the life of the Jewish people, and for a people that is just in the process of becoming Heinerle, hab kein Geld , . ." in " Dtr fidele So it does in modern Israel. The contribution a nation ! Bauer ". We remember this wonderful comedian which Jews have made to the musical life of best as M.C. with Rudolf Nelson and as a member In spite of its title, " The Ideological Conflicts ", of Reinhardt's ensemble in the "Schwache turope and America since the emancipation has the chapter on antisemitism does not probe deeply been disproportionately large and outstanding. enough; its limitation to Gennany renders the Geschlecht" and von Unruh's " Phaea ", singing These are well known and undisputed facts, picture incomplete, at least as regards hterary Hollaender's unforgettable "Guck doch nicht which have been the subject of a great deal of antisemitism. On the other hand, there is a com­ immer nach dem Tangogeiger hin". He made yesearch and are also reflected in an extensive petent account of the Nazi period; it includes very few screen appearances before he had literature. The events of the last thirty years musical life in Theresienstadt, ahhough it makes to leave his beloved Berlin where he was bora. have made much of this Uterature obsolete. To no mention of the ultimate horror in Jewish Curt Bois survived thc Nazi r^ghne in HoUywood ™eet the need for an up-to-date concise survey musical history : the camp orchestra in Ausch­ and retiu"ned to Germany shortly after the war. ^Ji' the general reader, the Cultural Department witz. Surprisingly, Holde considers the 1941-43 First, in East Berlin, he played Brecht's " Pun­ ot the Conference of Jewish Material Claims Against edition of H. J. Moser's " Musiklexikon" as a tilla " on stage and on screen, and recently, under "Jermany has commissioned the music critic of temporary aberration; unfortunately, this able the direction of Fritz Kortner, he also appeared ?"f^au, Artur Holde, to fiU this gap. His musicologist has indulged in racialist views both in the West. "ook* seeks to combine the task of an historical before and after the Nazi period. Home Newt: Otto Preminger announced that survey with that of an encyclopaedia. The first The final chapter approaches the cracial ques­ his Israel film " Exodus " wiU have its first night ^iJt chapters follow the development of Jewish tion of a Jewish style in music. The author may at London's " Astoria " on May 9th.—Alfred H. sacred music from the beginning of the seventeenth well have felt that a fundamental examination Unger is adapting Voltaire's " Candide" for the Century to the present day; the remainder of the of this much-discussed problem would be beyond German radio.—Hilde Spiel de Mendelssohn's Dook includes all musical activities outside the the scope of his book, and he is also aware of new novel, " The Darkened Room ", will be pub­ synagogue, listing and discussing not only com­ the danger of gliding into raciaUst theories. As lished here by Methuen in June.—Peter llling wiU posers, performers and musicologists but also it is, the views which he puts forth with com­ appear in " The Oldest Profession ", starring Rex pioneers in the development of mechanical music mendable caution seem unexceptionable, without Harrison and Rita Hayworth, currently in produc­ and collectors, as well as foundations, instimtions suggesting any new aspects. It caimot be too tion in Spain.—Kurt Weill's widow, Lotte Lenya, and organisations. The final chapters comment strongly emphasised that any valuable theory on appeared in " Monitor " on B.B.C. Television.— ^ the music of Palestine-Israel, on antisemitic this question of a Jewish style will have to be German actress Margit Saad recently appeared in reactions and on the problem of a Jewish style. based on the most thorough musicological two pictures here: " The Rebel", with Tony An undertaking of this kind is formidable and research. Hancock, and the French film, " The Young Have PJ^sents obvious diflSculties. There is first the No Morals".—Dorothea Gotfurt sold her play problem of deciding on the names and facts to " Your Obedient Servant" to Richard Todd's own Dr u?*^'"'^^'* •' ^ regards names, the additional Jacques Offenbach's Reminiscences company. Her husband, Frederic Gotfurt, j^P^^*^ of verifying the Jewish origin has to be This first German translation of a book* which co-scripted " Don't Bother to Knock ". the r • Although the book is not designed on the composer published in 1877 has had a some­ /\eic« from Everytvhere: In Jerusalem the only ne lines of an encyclopaedia, it may be used as what adventurous history. In his Introduction ?uch with the help of the index. In this res.pect daughter of the late Rudolf Olden, Mary, married Reinhold Scharnke reveals how, in 1931, during the First Secretary of the Israel Embassy in _ '^ particularly valuable, even if, as is only a stroll among the famous bookstalls on the auth'^^' in such cases, one may disagree with the Washington.—Erich E. Stern, the Berlin stage Seine quay near Notre Dame, he discovered and designer who now calls himself Eric Stearne, is a utnors selection and with the amount of space bought the French original for as little as 3 shni u ^^^ ^^ '° grant or refuse. A few errors francs. Encouraged by the musicologist, Alfred teacher at the California College of Arts and Mah . ^^ amended in a second edition: in Einstein, he translated the little book, which was Crafts ; he left England in 1948.—Franz Werfel's •anier s Tenth it is the Adagio, not the Andante, not known in Germany, with the intention of sister, Marianne Rieser, widow of thc late director th»' n '^ complete (p. 81); Josef Rosenstock left publishing it. " Dennoch kam es damals nicht of Ziirich's " Schauspielhaus ", has an exhibition J^e Berlin Kulturbund before its end (p. 168); dazu"—we may assume that it was not ready of her paintings in Ontario.—Robert Jungk will cnn^*" del Mar, to our knowledge, was not the until it was too late, i.e. before 1933. edit a regular column for Hamburg's Zeit. fp *^"c'or of the Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra In his opening chapter Scheamke recalls the Germany: The 700-page collected works of unVi 1 ' finally, readers in this country are superb pre-1933 German performances of H. J. Rehfisch will be pubUshed by Desch in the 'Ben 'o_ back the statement (p. 107) that the Offenbach's works, produced by Griindgens, Federal Republic and by Ruetten & Loening in Ablw I "" chimes are those of Westminster FehUng and Hartung, above all Reinhardt's unsur­ East Germany.—At the " Kurfuerstendamm Wah ^ • A second edition should also include passed production of " The Tales of Hoffmann " Theater " in Berlin, Annemarie Hase will appear the ^f^hr among the conductors; in view of in Berlin's Grosses Schauspielhaus. He follows in Anita Loos's " Happy Birthday ", directed by fav/^*''•'^"*'^^ 'is's of compositions, international this up with a short biographical sketch, which Gruendgens' pupil, Imo Moszkowicz.—Hans Oj""''",^ like M. Moszkowski's "Spanish records Offenbach's rise to fame from his begin­ Woelffer, of Berlin's " Komoedie ", hopes to take ^eserv^ and A. Benjamin's "Jamaican Rumba" nings as the son of a Cologne chazan to his over " Theater des Westens" when the new ouBht '° ^ mentioned ; above all, some space triumphs in Paris during the reign of Napoleon Municipal Opera House in Charlottenburg has Movpn!° ^ devoted to the songs of the Zionist III. The French defeat in 1871 brought hard been rebuilt; he will open it with " My Fair " Hat k ^"T! " '" ^^^ Diaspora, especially to times for Offenbach, and it was financial pressure Lady".—Tilla Durieux will play in Rodney which caused him to accept the offer of a concert Ackland's " Bis ans Ende", directed by Margit si'ble comments the author proceeds with sen- tour in the U.S.A. in 1875. After his return, he Weiler, at Hamburg's " Keller-Theater ".—On the sions '^^'ni°°> refraining from any rash conclu- put pen to paper to set down his impressions. SOth birthday of Siegfried Jacobsohn, the late 'i'erat ^ ^^ theories in which the relevant In some ways the Uttle book is reminiscent of founder of the " Weltbuehne", Walter Kiaulehn Jewish "^^ on the subject—both Jewish and non- Mendelssohn's letters: in the loving observation spoke about this dramatic critic.—Herbert Viktor, decisiv ? "^^^'s. What emerges clearly is the of every detail, reported with unfailing enthusiasm, who produced the Israel film " Paradies und the n-* '"^Pact of general historic conditions. In and above all in its testimony to Offenbach's Feuerofen ", will direct " Der Transport", scripted emanr"*^^^"^** century, during the heyday of close attachment to his family. This had made by P. H. Rameau and Wuttig. Jevvi^u'?^'!*^" and assimilation, the majority of acceptance of the American offer a painful duty, Obituary: Comedian Fritz Imhoff died in con^o^" , composers left the community and it had clouded his departure, and it made the final Vienna, aged 70; he started as a tenor and made *ork rf ^^ denied it the direct benefit of their reunion a joy which is movingly recorded in a name for himself in " Femina ".—Concert Pictur °*^ century presents quite a different the description of the landing at Le Havre, with manager Benno Lee, who formerly worked in Politin I ^y^i"?' no doubt, to the influence of which the book ends. Vienna and later on for " Hunter College ", died, imDaot developments and, not the least, the Not only American readers will be fascinated aged 78, in New York.—Music critic Lothar Band, Jewisv °'^ Zionism. We find that the leading by Offenbach's impressions of American hotels, who wrote for Mosse's Volkszeitung and after to T„j fomposers have not only remamed loyal railway travel, advertising, the Press, the Puritan the war for Der Abend, died, aged 75, in Berlin.— ^^ uaaism—or have retumed to it, i.e., Schoen- Sunday and the like. It goes without saying that Othmar Keindl, who was on Max Reiuhardt's descrint" V^ ^'^ created manv works of Jewish we also gain significant information about the staff and later became manager of " Schwan- social a ?' sacred and secular. In America, musical life of the country, including the quality neckt's", died, aged 83, in East Berlin.—Paul renaissa economic conditions have favoured a of its orchestras. There is a reference to the Wittgenstein, the one-armed Austrian pianist, died lines to *^-°u 'y^Soguc music on contemporary position of the negroes, and mention is also made in the States, aged 73.—Trade Voigt, wife of huted • I* ,. prominent composers have contri- of a Niagara hotel owner who excluded Jews, band leader Frank Fox and once a star of the incenti'u ^"^^u composers have so far lacked this with the result that he had to close down within cabaret, died in Vienna.—Novelist and playwright *^haract*' °^^^^ of the strictlv traditional two years, Dr. Wemer Schendell, better known perhaps as "leni^ • T Services there. Otherwise, develop- secretary of " Schutzverband deutscher Schrift­ • Olfenbach In Amerilui. Relsenatlzen elnes Mnslken. steller ", died in Berlin, aged 69. PF M . ^" 'srael tend towards the estabUshment of Translated and edited by Reinbold Scharnke. (Max Hesse : •^" Holde: Jews la Male. Peter Owen, London. 30>. DM3.40.) Page 8 AJR INFORMATION April, 1961

Rabbi Dr. Georg Salsberger IDEAS OR FACTS ABOUT GERMAN RACIALISM? JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY The number of German publications about the causes of Hitlerism and the extermination of the A Re-appraisal by James Parkes Jews is still growing. Can anything really new or more original be said about the ideological roots From the opening of this century quaUfied Pharisees refashioned and toned down many an of antisemitism after the penetrating sociological- representatives of Christianity and Judaism have old law from the five books of Moses. EquaUy philosophical studies by H. Arendt, E. Reichmann, been increasingly concerned to gain objective unjust, Parkes writes, is the assertion that Judaism A. Leschnitzer, H. G. Adler and other Jewish knowledge and understanding of each other's reli­ teaches justification by works alone, instead of by authors ? In fact, most of the recent books quote gion. On the Jewish side Claude Montefiore and faith, that it teaches outward action for the sake from or refer to these standard works. Is mere Israel Abrahams in England, Martin Buber, Leo of reward. The Christian theologian, James documentary evidence of the horrors committed Baeck and Franz Rosenzweig in Germany, deserve Parkes, says: the Rabbis were probably less con­ by the Nazis perhaps not more effective for Ger­ special mention, as do on the Christian side the cerned with recompense than the Christians, for German, Hermann Strack, the American, George man re-education than the reiteration of the trends they were less interested than the latter in the which led to the holocaust ? A booklet, containing Foot Moore, and Travers Herford, the English­ future life. The God of the Old Testament is not man. Of equal stature is their associate, the well-selected documents for teaching purposes, the God of wrath—strangely enough, Parkes calls confirms this observation.* Anglican clergyman and scholar, James Parkes. Him Jahweh, as do most Christian theologians, A convinced Christian, he took up the struggle although he certainly does not think the people of On January 9th an exhibition was opened in against antisemitism in his early years and at con­ Israel believed only in a national god. That the the Hamburg Hall of Nations, entitled " Die siderable sacrifice and has continued to wage it, prophets of Israel admonish their i>eople and Vergangenheit mahnt!" A booklet published on since the appearance of his first book, "The threaten them with punishment does not mean this occasion contains the two inaugural speeches.t Conflict of the Church and the Synagogues ", in that Israel is corrupt, as is frequently maintained H. Kalbitzer's short speech reports two factual numerous writings and lectures, as a fight against in Christian apologetics. And so Israel has not experiences about the cruel treatment of Jews in a anli-Jtidaism. His recently published book, "The been excluded from the promise, and the covenant German camp and in Lithuania. Prof. Kraus Foundations of Judaism and Christianity ",* is gives an outline of the growth of Christian- doubtless the crown of his Ufework. made on Sinai between them and God has not German nationalism in the last century, the been annulled. ensuing racialism, and the gradual elimination of The book, which is based on a thorough Christianity, just as much as Judaism, claims the Christian idea in favour of a raciaUy " pure " knowledge of the relevant Christian and Jewish predestination. It cannot be explained as a side­ and united Reich. I imagine that, especially young literature, is both historical and theological. line of Judaism, as, for example, the apocalyptic people, were more impressed by what Herr Kal- Historical misconceptions, says the author, cannot or Essene branch; it is not peripheral, but central. bitzer said in a few words, than by the exposition lead to good theology. He therefore subjects to Both religions derive from one stem, both divide of " metaphysical dualism ", initiated by the young severe scientific scrutiny the history of the Jews the inheritance. Fresh proof of this has been Hegel and brought to a climax by Lagarde who, from their return from exile in Babylon up to and suppUed by the papyrus scroUs found in recent in his hateful resentment against the " dark including the time of Jesus of Nazareth. Since he years in the Dead Sea. powers" in the midst of the chosen Teutonic writes in the first place for Christian readers, he Both religions are of equal value as revelations race, demanded the extermination of the Jews. takes for granted a general knowledge of the of God ; Golgotha stands beside Sinai, without development of the church (whose origin he cancelling the latter. The two vary in that Nevertheless, Prof. Kraus's lecture demon­ attributes to Jesus, and not, as is usual, to Paul), Judaism is attached to a people and lays the strates anew that, for certain propagandists of emphasis on man as a citizen and member of a hatred, the combination of the most contradictory but for the same reason he puts right a number elements of thinking was good enough to make of prevalent errors and prejudices about Judaism. community, thus stressing the importance of orthopractice, " right doing ". On the other hand, up a system. There could have been nothing Common Origin Christianity appeals to all peoples ; it therefore more paradoxical than the harnessing together of a religion which had taken over the love of one's The post-Biblical history of the Jewish people is centres on the individual and bases itself on neighbour from the Bible with an extreme commonly described by Christian historians and orthodoxy, or right belief. nationalism. This false ideology did not show the theologians as Late Judaism—denoting fall and But this difference should not be exaggerated. slightest trace of a historical understanding of the decay—whereas according to Parkes it was an Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and especially the poet-author Jewish situation let alone the appreciation of Early Judaism, an upsurge, to which both Judaism, of the Book of Job, are aware of the importance the Jewish individual as a human being. Even when correctly understood, and Christianity owe of a right relationship between the individual and Hegel, who revised his way of thinking to a their origin. For the misunderstanding of this God. Further, it must not be overlooked that the certain degree later on, who knew so much about fact special blame must attach to the translation New Testament, too, does not forget the the '• freedom of the spirit ", claimed this privilege throughout the Septuagint of the word " Thora " importance of the community ; but here the indi­ as a prerogative of the German race. It is sadly by " Nomos " (law), as if the Rabbis had confined vidual is stressed, and the community more in the interesting to find the Jewish-born F. J. Stahl their religion within legalistic limits and had Old Testament. It is' thus not a question of among those who over-rated the virtues of the placed an ever heavier burden of ceremonial duties Either—Or, but of the One and the Otiier. Christian-Germanic people and thought the Jews on their people, whereas the fulfilment of such Judaism and Christianity are not rivals, but two were an alien element. This great philosopher of duties was no burden to the Jews, but rather a aspects of one trath. law and leader of the conservative party, who pleasure, as the realisation of the prophets' had a considerable influence on Bismarck, did not teaching in their daily lives. Avoidable Breach demand the extermination of the Jews. But. a* The author says that in many respects the world There were originally three possible relationships is the case with many converts, he over-rode the is still far from having attained the refinement of for the two religions: they could behave as facts of his origin and over-compensated them bV social and econoniic customs which the Rabbis enemies ; one could absorb the other ; they could devoting his great talents to the ideology of hi* succeeded in instilling into their adherents. He new environment. As Prof. Kraus points out, says it is wrong to contrast the Christian religion, co-exist in a state of tension. Both are to blame he lacked Heine's sense of irony, who had taken as thc law of love, with the Old Testament " an that the " dissimilar twins" have separated and the same step, but considered it all his Ufetim© eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth "—the that they have disputed the other's legality until as nothing more but an " admission ticket to " jus talionis", which was early aboUshed. today. The breach between them, incomplete at European culture ". Requital was replaced by compensation. It was the outset of the second century, could have been Christian theologians, following on Jewish avoided. Instead, the tension has remained and It would be a good thing, on the occasion of an scholars, who gave a more factual picture of the cannot be removed, even by conversion. Indeed, exhibition like that in Hamburg, to confront much misunderstood and despised Pharisees. The it should not be removed, because it is a necessary and fraitful tension. This is the essential content evidence of the misdeeds of the Nazis w''" • James Parkes: The Foandadon ot Jadaiaa wd of the book. documents on Jewish achievements in Germany- Chrisdaaity. Published London. 1960, by Vallentine, Mitchell E.K. & Co. 42s. Finally we ask: Can Judaism and Christianity be reconciled ? As far as we know, James Parkes is the first Christian theologian who answers this • Wolfgang Scbeffler: Die Natlonalsozlalistlscbe Jn'fl' politik. HrsB. vom Otto-Suhr-lnstitut an d. Freien U"'' question unequivocally in the affirmative. Among versitat. Berlin. 1960 Gorta Radiovision Jews the first, and only one, to express himself in t Schriftenreihe der Neuen Gesellschaft. Heft 1. Prof. DJi the same way is Franz Rosenzweig. According to Hans-Joachim Kraus (Universitat Hamburg) : Das Unl>«" him both religions are true revelations of God: dcT christlich-ieniunbchen Relchsidee des 19. Jahrbonde'"' Service Hellmut Kalbiuer (Mitglied des Bundestages) : Die Venaose"' (Member R.T.R.A.) Judaism, as the everlasting life, Christianity as the everlasting way. Both are parts of the truth. heit mahot I Hamburg, 1961. i3, Frognal Parade, The auestion whether truth is divisible remains FmcUey Road, N.WJ unsolved. To the reUgious Jew Christology, the teaching of Jesus as the Son of God, who by His SALES REPAIRS death has given salvation from sin to those who All Leadinc Makes Supplied believe in Him, will remain a border-line. James Electrical AppliaacM Stocked Parkes is true to his own reUgion. In spite of this Wir koufen Einzelwerke, Bibliotheken, he tries honestly and courageously to be fair to Autogrophen und moderne Graphik Mr. Gort will always be pleased to the mother religion, which he regards as the sister advise you. religion. This endeavour, quite apart from its Direktor : Dr. Joseph Suschitzky (HAM. 8635) scholarly significance, raises his book to a moral 38a BOUNDARY ROAD, LONDON, N.W.8 height that fills us with respect and gratitude. Telephone : MAI. 3030. AJR INFORMATION April, 1961 Page 9

MICROFILM COLLECTION CULTURAL NEWS The Louis Ginzberg Microfilm Collection of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, estab­ PAINTINGS BY ROSE HENRIQUES RUSSIAN-YIDDISH PERIODICAL lished in the memory of the late Dr. Louis Ginz­ For many in our midst, the name of Lady berg, Professor of Talmud and Bible from 1902 Henriques is linked up with her widespread acti­ Mr. Alexei Surkov, Secretary of the Union of until his death in 1953, is the first centre to use vities as a leading Jewish social worker. What may Soviet Writers, confirmed in London that a modern techniques of reproduction and projection. he less known is the fact that she is also an accom­ Yiddish periodical will be published in Russia, This has been done in an attempt to gather into plished painter. This was brought home to viewers sponsored by his organisation. According to a one place microfilm copies of Hebrew manu­ at Whitechapel Art Gallery where more than report in the Warsaw Folks-Szlyme, this journal is scripts from all over the world. 250 paintings by Lady Henriques were on show. to be know as Soviet Homeland. It is the first The collection, comprising over 750 microfilm They are dedicated to " Vanishing Stepney," the Yiddish periodical to be published in Russia after reels, each containing several manuscripts, is now borough in which, together with her husband Sir a break of many years and will appear in June. available to scholars, Basil Henriques, she has spent the greater part Mr. A. Aaron Vergelis, the Yiddish writer, will JEWISH CULTURE IN .4MERICA of her Ufe. The atmosphere of the streets and be editor-in-chief and wUl be assisted by a Board places is recaptured. Jewish characters as well including Abraham Gontar and several other Dr. Judah J. Shapiro, Secretary of the American as members of other communities of Stepney's prominent Yiddish writers in the Soviet Union. National Foundation for Jewish Culture, in an mixed population appear. A triptych recalls the The new joumal, said Mr. Surkov, would pro­ interview in London stated that in the United past, with its various streams of immigrants, its vide a platform for authors who continue to write States and in Canada too Uttle is being done and places of worship and its prominent personalities ; insutficient funds are made available for the in Yid(iish, but this would not prevent the Union purposes of Jewish culture and education. Ameri­ and also symbolises the successive building of Soviet Writers from continuing with the periods, from the small houses to the high blocks can Jewry gave massive support to the promotion sponsoring of the translation of the works of of Jewish cultural activity overseas, but they had of flats of our day. The love of the district to prominent Yiddish writers and poets into Russian. which Lady Henriques' inexhaustible activities not done enough to support Jewish education, have been devoted, is reflected in every picture. Mr. Alexei Adjubei, editor-in-chief of Izvestia culture and scholarship at home. We have to be grateful not only for her great and son-in-law of Mr. Khruschev, who was also The National Foundation for Jewish Culture had and artistic achievements but also for the faith­ in London as a member of a delegation from the been incorporated in April, I960, in an attempt to fulness with which she gave us a lasting record U.S.S.R. visiting this country, stated that there is remedy this situation. Dr. Shapiro expressed his of •' Vanishing Stepney ". no difficulty for Jews in the Soviet Union to firm conviction that Jewish cultural and educa­ speak, read or learn Yiddish, and that Jews in tional values are the mainstay of Jewish com­ Russia must have the same faciUties as any other munal existence, and they should therefore have a PROMOTION OF HELEN ROSENAU minority there. He said there was no difference in prior call on communal and individual philan- The art historian Dr. Helen Rosenau has been his paper between Jew and non-Jew. In fact, his thropv. promoted from Lecturer to Senior Lecturer in the Deputy Editor and Foreign Editor were Jews. JEWS AT UNIVERSITY History of Art Department of Manchester Uni­ Every one of the 54 members of a fraternity at versity. We extend our sincerest congratulations EXHIBITION OF JEWISH MANUSCRIPTS the Stanford University, California, voted for the w Dr. Rosenau. admission of four Jewish students, although the The Amsterdam Historical Museum displayed ADELE REIFENBERG EXHIBITION national constitution of the fraternity provides that an exhibition of 76 illuminated Jewish manu­ membership must be restricted to "Christian An exhibition of paintings, etchings, etc., by scripts, which included sections of the Bible. Caucasians". The fraternity has now been Adele Reifenberg-Rosenbaum, Eric Doitch and Hagadot, Megillot Esther, a Talmud commentary threatened with expulsion by its national head­ bmanuel Levy will be held at the Ben Uri Gallery and a calendar. There was an MS. written at quarters. '14 Berners St., Oxford St., W.l) from April 16th Barcelona in 1348 and one dating from 1105. The Attorney-General of California has 'o May 14th. Open Monday to Friday 10-5, Most of thc manuscripts come from West German declared that he will support the fratemity in its Sunday 2.30 to 6. museums. efforts to combat discrimination.

ALFRED BROD GALLERY 36 Sackville Street, W.l

Annual Spring Exhibition of Dutch and Flemish 17th-Century Painters

APRIL 13-MAY 6 Page 10 AJR INFORMATION April, 1961

was in great demand after the Thirty Years War. From 1678 to 1720 the Jewish share in silver RECENT PUBLICATIONS increased from 26 per cent to 94 per cent. Thus, the Jewish traders continued visiting the A REMARKABLE BOOK ON LONDON endowed with a sense of history. Friedenthal's markets of Breslau. Two-thirds of all Polish real predecessor is Shakespeare's contemporary, goods, mainly wool, cattle, corn, wax, tallow, In 1958 Richard Friedenthal published his John Stow, a tailor, who wrote a "Survey leather, honey, lead and polish, were imported book on Japan : "Die Party bei Herm of London ". Both writers have been inspired by Jews in 1635. After the Swedish army left Tokaido". He had visited the International by the awareness of a turning-point in history : Breslau, they were even allowed to stay for two P.E.N. Congress there, staying no longer than days both before and after each market. From Stow, by the change from medieval England 1694 onwards they obtained permission to take three weeks in all. This best of books on Japan to the beginnings of modem England under was a tour de force, made possible by the lodgings in the city wherever they chose, and it the first Elizabeth, Friedenthal by the trans­ became more difficult to check their comings and author's gift of both intense and keen observa­ formation of the British Empire. The still goings. In 1697 a classification of the Jewish tion and his already wide knowledge of Japan's very readable work of the amateur Stow is traders, according to their importance for Breslau's history and culture. His latest work, however, a chronicle; the consummately professional trade, was introduced and awarded with greater is a well-infonned book, involving much history by Friedenthal is, in the first instance, or smaller privUeges. When the merchants com­ scholarship and study, on London, where he plained again, the Council, on March 15, 1702, a work of literature. In either book we meet re-imposed the old restrictions, but without men­ has lived for two decades.* It is remarkable the spirit of an age. for its instructiveness and narrative skill. tioning one group, the members of which were LUTZ WELTMANN. therefore exempted. This group consisted of the There is no shortage of good books on Schammesse, the silver contractors, and the London, but what Friedenthal gives is all first­ THREE CENTURIES OF JEWRY IN suburban Jews. The few days granted in 1635 hand, including the 46 illustrations. Many of were insufficient to wind up the business done these belong to the periods he is dealing with BRESLAU at the markets. The Council therefore came to Jewish history is full of two predominant an agreement with the Waad Arba Azaroth: a and drive his points hom.e. Here the experi­ number of official agents called " Schammesse" enced editor of encyclopedias has once more features : the sufferings and the outstanding per­ formances of our ancestors. We almost forget were allowed to stay in Breslau between the mar­ proved his skill. to ask whether the Jews had an everyday fife ket periods, supported by two servants each, to The book covers the centuries from Roman based on the social and economic order of those assist the Polish traders. They swore an oath as Londinium up to the development plans of centuries and without catastrophes and achieve­ brokers to the communal authorities and were Greater London. Once the gates of the actual ments. In a little book, the third of a series forbidden to do business for themselves. The issued by the Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum Bohemian and Silesian Jews followed suit, sending City of London were the gates of the old their own Schammesse to Breslau. Many of these Roman camp ; now, with the extension beyond in Miinster*, we find an important contribution to this problem. The author collected the material agents settled there for good. The merchants of the County of London and the Green Belt, the from the various archives in Breslau, took it with Breslau protested again, but in vain. airports are the gates of access to the old city. him to Israel after his expulsion and arranged it With his keen eyes Friedenthal early per­ there, examining and correcting the older findings The importance of the Jews for the Mint of ceived London to be a city of contrasts. It is by Zimmerman and Brann. Breslau has been mentioned already. Ferdinand I a city which did not wish to grow, a " Peter issued new regulations for the coinage of money Economic Function in Breslau in 1546. The first manager of the Pan" among European capitals, but which Mint was the Jew, Isaak Meyer, of Prague. Later could not help expanding, as suburbs and vil­ In 1454, owing to the " Jus Judaeios non on, Jewish silver purveyors are mentioned. They lages came jnto existence and amalgamated Tolerandi", the Jews were expeUed from Breslau, were accused, without success, of debasing metal organically round the original core. and almost 300 years were to pass before a and coins. They were even given the title of Friedenthal could easily have compiled a Jewish community was again recognised there. " Kaiserlicher Miinzlieferant", and were allowed London anthology from the writings of famous But from the very start the Jewish problem played to settle with their families in Breslau. The first an important part in the public life of the city. of them was Zacharias Lazarus, of Nachod, who English novelists and historians, but he resisted Breslau was East Germany's great centre of took residence there in 1657. He had a private the temptation and confined himself to using commerce, whence highways led to Poland, synagogue in his house which still existed in quotations from them as embellishments. He Prague and Leipsic, and thence to Turkey, Italy 1938. Other " Munzjuden " were Samuel Singer, is well aware that London is not England in and the Rhine. The trade moving on these roads of Teschen, Markus Perlhefter, of Zuelz, and the sense that Paris is France, though it is more was largely in the hands of the Jews. There were Herz Moses, of Hamburg. In 1694, the Oberfi«kal so than Berlin is Germany (or was, even as three sections of them : the Polish Jews, enjoying Franz estimated the number of Jewish families the protection of the Polish kings and of many living in Breslau at fifty, concluding that in these an undivided city). Nevertheless, much of Eng­ Polish noblemen ; the 'Bohemian Jews, with the circumstances the " Jus Judaeos non Tolerandi" land's history unfolds when seen from the Lon­ wealthy city of Prague as their centre ; and the had expired. The Council of the City did not don angle. How London made English history Silesian Jews of Glogau and Zuelz. The Munici­ recognise them as a community. Not until May 6. is part of the story. Mind and character of pal Council of Breslau was in a dilemma as to 1744, after the first Silesian war, did Frederick the Londoners were formed by it. how to deal with the Jewish traders. They could the Great acknowledge the Jewish community as a not be completely excluded without endangering religious body. Betweeii Yesterday and Tomorrow the economy of the city. This especially applied to the Polish Jews who dominated import from Friedenthal's " London" is a travel film the East. On the other hand, the merchants of Religious Services between Yesterday and Tomorrow. The author Breslau, uneasy about their Jewish competitors, When the Jews were expelled from Breslau in has remained enough of a " foreigner" to and themselves represented in the Municipal Council, asked continually for their exclusion. 1454 their three synagogues were closed for good. marvel at what he sees, but he has become The Council chose a compromise solution. The But the Jews visiting the markets of Breslau could sufficiently a " Londoner" to discern the Jewish traders were admitted, but only for the not do without a service, especially as the high various layers of the city's past and its present festivals frequently coincided with the Crucis four annual markets, the wool markets and some market in September. The Jewish traders there­ strata. Even when he writes about economic Christian festivals, and apart from the selling of fore rented private rooms for the service. For and commercial facts, he does so with charm; old clothes, only for wholesale trade. In addition, many years this practice remained unnoticed and whether he talks about the arts, the theatres, the Jews of Glogau were allowed to sell the undisturbed. But from the seventeenth century on the music-halls, the parks, squares, pubs, needlework of their wives and daughters. Even this restricted admission met with opposition. the merchants of Breslau time and again asked the pageants or institutions, he is never dry. The merchants accused the Jews of selling also Council to close the " Judenschulen ". The Jews When Wilhelm Hausenstein once wrote a replied that only common prayers took place, " Schnittwaren " (retail goods) and of remaining not a formal service. The Council asked the beautiful chapter on London in a book entitled in Breslau longer than allowed. professor of Hebrew, Daniel Springer, for a " Europaeische Hauptstaedte " the emphasis was statement, and as it was in favour of the Jews, on architecture. Friedenthal's book, which Actually, Jewish traders were completely excluded from 1543 to 1548. But they could not the prayers in rented rooms were not forbidden. appears in a series " Hauptstaedte der Gegen­ be kept away permanently, as they were assisted There were seven of them, all in the " Hund- wart ", is first and foremost social history. It from three quarters. The first of these was the haeuser " (Antonienstrasse). is in the people of London that Friedcnthal representative body of the Polish Jews, the " Waad In the suburbs belonging to monasteries out­ is most interested. Being a poet, he tells a love- Arba Azaroth " (Four Countries Council), which side the walls of Breslau there were no difficulties story. " Liebe zu einer Stadt", the sub-title could not leave the Polish traders unprotected for the Jews, although for security reasons they of a little London book published in Germany Recognised by the Polish authorities, the Waad could not setUe there during the Thirty Years frequently warned the Council of Breslau to War. In 1706, 132 Jews lived on the territory of before the war, would also be a fitting descrif)- boycott the markets if the Jewish traders were not tion of Friedenthal's more ambitious work. the Matthias-Stift and of the Vinzenzstift. The admitted. Furthermore, the Royal Tax authorities first Rabbi of Breslau after 1454, Samuel Gom- He enjoys an anecdote and, for all his sar­ were greatly interested in the high duties and perz-Wesel, held the service there, recognised castic humour, is never condescending. His charges the Jews had to pay. Thirdly, the Royal Sy the prior of St. Vinzenz. Frederick the Great occasional irony is the wisdom of a mind Mint employed many Jews to buy silver, which confirmed him as Rabbi of Breslau in the edict of * Richard Friedenthal; LoBdoa. WUhcbn Andcmun. • Bemhard Brilling: Ccicliiehte der Jadn la May 6, 1744. Munich. 1»«0. 33) pp. DM. 19.M. I454-I7t2. Kohlhamtner Verlag. Stuttgart. 1960. D.M. 9. PAUL WOHLFARTH. AJR INFORMATION April, 1961 Page 11 f-uta Weltmann works by expressionist dramatists such as Sorge, Reinhard Goering, Kornfeld and Unruh. Later, he became the dramatic critic of an evening paper / KURT PINTHUS-€ODFATHER OF EXPRESSIONISM with a wide circulation. There, even from^ the point of view of a pubUsher, he was worth his money. The editor also charged him with the On April 29th, Kurt Pinthus, Professor Emeritus of the Renaissance: " It is a joy to Uve." But we task of writing regular features under the pen- (New York), will be 75, but both his writings known now that the " Twenties" were not so name of " Paulus Potter" in the vein of Victor and his outer appearance belie his age. " golden" after all, and the darker side was not Auburtin and Alfred Polger, and in the style Kurt Pinthus's best-known work, and also one ignored in Pinthus's lectures. The mood and and with the refined humour in which these authors of his earliest pubUcations, is the anthology thought of the expressionist poets were i)essimistic excelled. . Menschheitsdaemmerung ". Burned, " of course ', —& pessimism which Ludwig Marcuse so aptly in 1933, it was reprinted after the war (Rowohlt, calls a sign of maturity. However, what dis­ Pinthus had the good fortune to get most of Hamburg) and has been a resounding success tinguishes the expressionists from the "angry his library out of Germany. It includes a col­ Since. It is not only an anthology of " models " young men" of our days is the overwhelming lection of unique first editions of the modern of expressionist poetry, but also a model anthology. idealism which prevails even in their descriptions poets he sponsored. He is regarded as a specia­ Yet Pinthus's place of honour is not only due to of the so-called seamy side of life. list of expressionism, but he does not rest on his this important " historic " anthology. He is also laurels. One can almost say that he founded the " godfather of expressionism ". When he was Spokesman of the " Avant-Garde" the study of the history and principles of the ^e responsible reader for the publishers Kurt As a spokesman of the avant-garde, Pinthus did theatre at American universities. And whilst his Wolff and Emst Rowohlt, it was due to him not make the mistake which made the very word fame is again deservedly spreading in Germany, that the works of Werfel and Hasenclever, of Else repellent to a man like Theodor Heuss. He did he is now preparing in America his magnum opus Lasker-Schuler and of the first " new voices " {e.g., not, like many other avant-garde critics, walk on the development of the theatre from its trnst Stadler, Georg Trakl and Georg Heym), roughshod over dead bodies in order to prove ancient and most elementary beginnings. became known ovemight. his theories, disregarding the fact that art has to His knowledge is always enriched by new Enterprising Emst Rowohlt remained Pinthus's do with human beings. Pimhus has never given experience. He is the established and prominent only pubUsher. It is in fulfilment of one of up a certain bonhomie which, in his case, is dramatic critic of the " Aufbau " (New York), and Rowohlt's wishes that Pinthus is now working on merely another word for broad humanity. he cannot let slip any opportunity of seeing a new hjs autobiographv. The lectures he recently gave His thinking was and still is quite radical. But play still imknown to him. During his last visit in New York 'under the thie "The Golden as a responsible student of literature he reaUses to London, a short while ago, we exchanged our Twenties" were a foretaste of what we may that ostensibly new things, if they are good, cannot impressions about the life of " intellectuals" in expect from his book. They were delivered before be absolutely new. In an essay, published in Kurt this country and in the States. Above all, we a large audience which wanted first-hand informa­ Wolff's " Almanach vom Jiingsten Tag ", he drew recalled many of the first nights one or other tion about a famous, but much maligned, period •the memorable comparison between the romantic of us attended in BerUn. He seemed to enjoy it ot literature. There has been such a strange Friedrich Schlegel and the expressionist poets. as much as I did. But suddenly our talk about ff'^'val in our days of interest in this period that His human warmth, combined with critical plays and actors inspired him with the desire to 'ne Schiller Museum in Marbach devoted a whole acumen, explains the success of his career and see the performance of a new drama he had not exhibition to it last year. of the issues he stood for. Max Reinhardt yet seen. He was not committed to write about The slogan "The Golden 'Twenties" is a appointed him literary adviser to thc " Deutsches it. But the old war-horse felt the urge not to ""entieth-century variant on Hutten's summing-up Theater"; this resulted in the performance of let sUp a chance of food for thought.

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NEW EDITION OF THE OFFENBACHER FROM THE JEWS IN GERMANY HAGGADAH BULLETIN FROM EAST BERLIN to investigate antisemitism in the Federal Republic All who had the good fortune to personally and Berlin following the swastika-smearing cam­ know Dr. Siegfried Guggenheim, who died recentiy The Passover issue of the Information Bulletin, paign. at an advanced age, must have grown to love this issued by the East BerUn Jewish Community and blunt, kindly man, this upright and reUgious Jew. the Organisation of Jewish Communities in the The report says that it is unreasonable to expect that only fifteen years after the death of He came of a respected Worms family and prac­ German Democratic RepubUc, states that, alto­ tised as a lawyer in Offenbach a.Main up to the gether, eight Jewish communities exist in Eastern Hitler the Germans should have shaken off the effects of twelve years of systematic Nazi time of his emigration to the U.S.A. He became Germany: East Berlin, Dresden, Erfurt, Halle, widely known through his publication in 1927 of Karl-Marx-Stadt (formerly Chemnitz), Leipzig, indoctrination. The roots of antisemitism in West Germany go so deep that it is impossible to pull the " Offenbacher Haggadah ", stimulated by the Magdeburg and Schwerin. In a message, published one Caesar Seligmann wrote in 1913. It was in the Bulletin, the author Arnold Zweig writes : them out in one generation. The concentrated efforts of men of good will are required to intended in the first instance for his family and " Within the whole territory of the German Demo­ friends, and only 300 copies were printed. Richly cratic Republic, from the Baltic Sea to the eradicate all traces of antisemitism from the German spirit. illustrated by artists of the Offenbach Art School, Bavarian frontier, there are no longer differences in particular Rudolf Koch, its main contents are between non-Jewish and Jewish citizens, traditions the traditional text of the Pesach Haggadah and and institutions." Only 1,600 Jews, 1,000 of them a German translation, an explanation of the Seder in East Berlin have escaped the Nazi terror in OFFENBACH MOURNS SIEGFRIED Festival, meditations from the Talmud and the these formerly flourishing communities, but this GUGGENHEIM Midrash, observations on Jewish religion and remnant, Arnold Zweig writes. " will stay in the history collected from recent sources, and the German Democratic Republic." The bulletin also music of the well-known hymns. carries reports on Chanukah celebrations and The high esteem in which the late Siegfried announcements of Passover services in the East Guggenheim was held in his home town, Offen­ This magnificently produced book was so well CJerman communities. The new Board of the bach, is reflected in several articles published in the received that last year Dr. Guggenheim decided Leipzig community, the paper states, consists of " Offenbacher Zeitung ". His former partner. Dr. to issue a second edition of 600 copies (published Messrs. Merkel, Henik and Suessermann. Other Karl Kanka, a member of the Federal Parlia­ by the Editor, Flushing. N.Y., 1960). It was community chairmen, mentioned in the bulletin, ment, recalls Guggenheim's equally strong attach­ dedicated " to his deceased teacher and friend ", are Mr. Helmut Aris (Dresden), Mr. Heinz Klein­ ment to German culture and Jewish tradition and Dr. Max Dienemann. the last Rabbi of the Offen­ berg (Karl-Marx-Stadt), and Mr. Georg Kaethner his creative activities in both spheres. Though he bach Congregation. More simply produced, its (Sachsen-Anhalt). Memorial stones for the had been deeply wounded by the happenings text has been little changed, but a few fragments perished Jews have been erected at the Jewish under the Nazi regime, he re-estabUshed contacts in Hebrew have been inserted at the request of cemeteries of Magdeburg. Ballenstedt. Ermsleben, with his former fellow-citizens after the war and readers. Additional comments have been included Gommern and Guesten. also accepted the Freedom of the City in 1948. in a supplement. The " Zeit des Wurgers" of As it has now become known, he has stipulated our day has also been dealt with, as have the in his Will that his ashes should be interred in new State of Israel; Jewish writers such as Stefan REPORT BY AlVn-DEFAMATION the family tomb of Offenbach. Commenting on Zweig and Karl Wolfskehl. and Jewish thinkers LEAGUE this decision, the paper, in another article, writes : such as Martin Buber and Leo Baeck are quoted. "We do not dare to ask why Dr. Guggenheim A report issued by the B'nai B'rith Anti- did not return during his lifetime. Perhaps We hope the new book, like the old one, will Defamation League states that antisemitism is not he was afraid that he might experience a further inspire a new understanding and love for the most dead in Germany, despite the whole weight of the disappointment. . . . With the unfailing instinct beautiful family festival of our reUgion in all Federal German Government's authority being of a religious man he probably felt that he might those who have become estranged from it, and thrown on tlie side of democracy and against anti­ be able to give us more at a distance than by that the name of the man behind this Haggadah semitism. his physical presence." will live on in the memory of those who use it. Last year the League sent a ten-member team GEORG SALZBERGER.

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tically all Diaspora Jews would qualify for the NEWS ON ISRAEL term Zionists—what a paradoxical situation. Does Dr. Weltsch envisage something of a membership, a monetary contribution, in short, EGYPT BUILDING NUCLEAR FORCE 7 ISRAELIS INVITED TO WEST BERLIN an organisation, however elastic? Above all, The Mayor of West Beriin, Mr. WiUy Brandt, what about mental and spiritual commitments ? An article on " Israel and the A-Bomb " in the has invited several representatives of the Weiz­ " Concern " needs to find expression, especially on magazine Commentary, published by the mann Institute to West Berlin for visits to the the background of the Jewish mentality. If con­ American Jewish Committee, claims that Egypt Free University and the Chamber of Commerce. cern is lo be of any interest it must come to 's secretly building a nuclear power reactor life in conduct and action. Only then will there Capable of producing atomic weapons. MRS. WOLFSON FOREST be something tangible to constitute " the New Zionist ". The answer lo the question how this is The author of the article is Mr. Gidon Gottiieb, A forest of 50,000 trees is to be planted in the being envisaged is of crucial importance. ? French national living in Israel and now teach- name of Mrs. Isaac Wolfson, in her capacity as •ng political science at Dartmouth College. Mr. Chairman of the Functions Committee of the Incidentally: What are affiliated non-Zionist yottlieb states that this could account for the J.N.F., as part of Israel's newly launched Bar­ groups ? decision to build a similar reactor in Israel. The mitzvah Forest. I hope that AJR Information will give ils purpose of Israel's reactor is not necessarily to readers the benefit of Robert Wellsch's stimulating produce nuclear weapons, states the article, but thoughts. to exert pressure on Nasser to submit his own Yours, etc., plants to international control. Only if Nasser LETTERS TO THE EDITOR HILDEGARD FORRES. Were to refuse international control would Israel ZIONISM IN THE PAST AND TODAY 41 Woodhall Road, then be compelled to embark upon a nuclear Penn, Wolverhampton. weapons programme. Dear Sir,—The article by Robert Weltsch on " Zionism in the Past and Today " in your Febru­ DR. R. WELTSCH writes: ary issue is most thought-provoking, most of all It is interesting to learn that many immigrants ARMS DEAL REFUSED perhaps to those of us who came from Germany from Germany had only hazy ideas of Zionism, with only a hazy idea of what Zionism stood for. but the history of Zionism is no secret and there Agents working for the Governments of Leo­ All we knew was ihat it was a movement aiming are quite enough books from which the necessary poldville and Elisabethville have been trying for at a National Home in Palestine for those who informaiion can be gathered. I recommend Adolf some time to buy quantities of machine guns wanted it. We were not aware that there were Bohm's " Die Zionistische Bewegung", which produced in Israel. The Israel Government has, problems involved, even before Hitler. We owe gives a clear picture of the beginnings of the nowever, refused to deUver arms and ammunition sincere thanks to Roberi Weltsch for his interesting movement. 'o these Governments. rendering of and comments on Ihe Zionist Con­ As to the question of future, in the formula gress. However, he opens up new questions, and " movement of Diaspora Jews concerned wilh NATIONAL DAY OF MOURNING I am writing to suggest that a further article hy Israel" the emphasis is on Ihe word " Diaspora "; the author would be very desirable. the suggestion being Ihat the Israeli parlies which j y.^'J Vashem, the national martyrs' memorial What follows from his definition of Zionism for historical reasons dominate the Zionist Con­ wstitute in Israel, sold a specially designed " as a movement of Diaspora Jews concerned with gress, should be persuaded lo leave this forum to njemorial lamp to be lit in Israeli homes on Nisan Israel" ? It is difficult to imagine any Jew out­ the Diaspora Jews, otherwise it will, in tlte long tr,' ^/'"^h was set as the national day of mouming side Israel who is not now " concerned with run, be worthless also to them. Diaspora Zionists 'or the victims of the holocaust, Israel", // only through close relationships with concerned wilh Israel will follow up all events in mn • '"^^''ti^te introduced a national day of individual immigrants, most of us having relatives that country and judge them independently, nouming because it is thought that the younger or friends in Israel. Is it not also a fact that the according lo their own intellectual and moral u,k-^[*'.'°" 's not sufficiently aware of the disaster catastrophic upheaval has brought lo consciousness standard. They will be ready lo help, but not to wnich befell European Jewry. forgotten or repressed racial bonds ? So prac­ he lectured on right or wrong. ^ R.W.

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RICHARD ENGEL 70 BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES On March 22nd Dr. Richard Engel, London, formerly of Breslau, celebrated his 70th birthday. He is one of the founder members of the Anglo- STAATSSEKRETAER a.D. SCHAEFFER 75 ELISABETH KITZINGER 80 Continental Dentists' Association, which made him an Honorary Member. As in Breslau, Dr. Engel On April llth Staatssekretaer a.D. Dr. Hans Am 12. April feiert Frau Elisabeth Kitzinger in takes part in many voluntary activities, and is Schaeffer will be 75. In Germany he had a dis- Washington ihren 80. Geburtstag. Sie hat sich also a member of the Board of AJR, which, with tinglished career as a top-ranking civil servant, and um das judische Hilfswerk, vor aUem um die his many friends, wishes him many happy returns. from 1929 onwards was Staatssekretaer at the heranwachsende Jugend, unvergessliche Verdienste Ministry of Finance. He resigned in 1932 and erworben. Gait auch ihre Tatigkeit hauptsachlich AJR CLUB'S FIFTH ANNIVERSARY became administrative head of the Ullstein pub­ der Kultusgemeinde Munchen, so hat sie doch lishing house. When the Nazis came to power iiber diesen Bezirk hinaus aneifernd und weg- Sunday, February 19th, stood out as a special Dr. Schaeffer actively co-operated with the weisend uberall in dem Deutschland von einst date in the chronicles of the AJR and it was duly " Reichsvertretung", where his advice and assis­ gewirkt. Sie war am Grossten wenn die Not am marked by a special occasion. It was, in fact, tance, based on wide experience and a strong Hochsten schien. Da bewies sich ihre aufop- the fifth anniversary of the AJR Club and, look­ feeling of solidarity with his fellow-Jews, became fernde Hingabe an die notleidende judische ing back in pleasure over these years, it was most valuable. In 1936 he emigrated to Sweden, Jugend, ihr Ideenreichtum und vor allem ihr Mut. indeed a day to be celebrated. I am glad to where he still resides. Jeder, der den Vorzug hatte, mit dieser edlen report that the sponsor of this function, Mrs. M. Five years ago, when he became a septua­ Wohltaterin unserer Jugend arbeiten zu durfen, Jacoby, Chairman of the club, did the members genarian, tribute was paid in this paper to the man wird ihrer in Dankbarkeit und Verehrung mit den proud. She expressed her deepest gratitude to and his work. We are only too happy to extend herzlichsten Gluckwiinschen gedenken. the circle of hostesses for their invaluable help. to him again our sincerest congratulations and A happy gathering of more than 100 people heartfelt good wishes. As we cannot improve on Dr. CO. met in Zion House when Mr. Rudi Offenbach what the late Leo Baeck. beloved and unforgotten and Mrs. H. Lergens entertained their audience leader of German Jewry, said of Hans Schaeffer with songs of " The Olden Days". A most on that occasion, we quote from his words of 88TH BIRTHDAY OF DR. OTTO SIMON enjoyable dinner followed, spiced with the appreciation the following: " He is a man who speeches of Mrs. G. Schachne, Miss A. Levy and, always shunned the limelight of publicity. He Dr. Otto Simon (formerly Magdeburg) cele­ on behalf of the members, Miss S. Markus and rather liked to be hidden behind his work, he brated his 88th birthday recently. A well-known Mrs. M. Elias. wished his deeds to be his words. And they ophthalmologist in his home town, he also held Even on a fifth birthday, it seems fitting to always spoke and do speak a clear and audible leading positions in several Jewish organisations, throw a quick glance into the past. In particular language. He has his firm and steady conviction ; including the Central-Verein and the Jewish when the results are so satisfactory. From its to keep this conviction was his only ambition. Doctors' Club. His deep attachment to the tentative beginning, the club has grown into a His aspiration was, and is, to stand for what is former Magdeburg community found its latest well-established institution. If the original terms right." expression only a few months ago, when he of reference were to provide a distraction and a In spite of his outstanding achievements Hans wrote an interesting article on this subject in few hours of entertainment for elderly people, the Schaeffer is a man of great humiUty, full of human " AJR Information ". For many years he was a club has certainly outgrown them, fulfilling a understanding, and also possessing a deep sense of member of the AJR Cambridge group. He has much higher purpose now. It has created a homely humour. now moved to London (9 Mapesbury Court, atmosphere and given its members a feeling of Ad multos annos, dear Dr. Schaeffer! Shoot-up Hill, N.W.2.). We extend our sincerest belonging. A.D. congratulations to our friend Dr. Otto Simon. Sch.

FAMILY EVENTS Stem.—Mr. Julius Stern, of 16 Knap- ELDERLY MAN, experienced all Mr. L. Unicover, now Cover, Entries in Ihis column are free of ton Lane, Acomb, York, formerly textiles, ready garments and piece formerly Konstadt, Upper Silesia, charge. Texts should be sent in by the Rheydt, my beloved husband, our goods, wants oifice work, wholesale wanted by Heinz Cohn, c/o G- Mth of the month. dearest father, passed away peace­ or factory, preferably credit depart­ Zucker, 7 Park Way, N.W.ll. MEA. fully on March 15th after years of ment ; 5-day week or partnership in 4293. Birthdays suffering. small textile concern. Box 809. Braun.—Mrs. Elise Braun (formerly Enquiries by AJR Liegnitz, Shanghai), of 19 Chandos In Memoriam BOOKKEEPER, experienced and reU­ Jacques Ettinger, originally from able, seeks part-time or home work. Austria, last-known address 133 Road, London, N.2, will celebrate her Leopold Gutherz and Doris Gutherz, 75th birthday on April 20th. Box 810. Bethune Road, London, N.16. n^e Graumann. Mrs. Sidonie Mahmoud Bey (nie Seewald.—Mrs. Anne Seewald (n^e Suse Dohm, n^e Gutherz. GENERAL CLERK, experienced, also accountancy, P.A.Y.E., typing, Griinwald), born 24.1.1909 in Vienna. Cohn), of 44 Anlaby Park Road CLASSIFIED South, Hull, born in Leipzig, formerly middle-aged, seeks post, preferably Herman Koestenbaum, formerly from living at Hachenburg, then Koln, Situations Vacant with business transfer firm or Vienna, last-known address 7 Norfolk celebrated her SOth birthday on property management company. Box Road, Brighton. March 29th, 1961. Women 811. Frederyk Klar and wife, Emilia (n^e Forthcoming Marriages ASSISTANT TO MANAGERESS COMMERCIAL ARTIST, all- Lipper), Kolomea. Last heard of for department of metal fancy goods rounder ; designs, lay-outs, cartoons, from Lodz, teacher at Girls' High Lachmann : Blum.—The engagement manufacturers in E.3 district required. School. Moved in 1942 to Miedzyr- is announced of Ben, son of the late also copy writing, seeks employment. Duties include preparation and sujjer- Box 812. zec, Poland. Mr. and Mrs. J. Lachmann, of 3 Ross vision of orders, outdoor work and Court, Putney Hill, S.W.15, to Steffi, textile stocks. Only person with drive, only daughter of Dr. and Mrs. H. sense of responsibUity and seriously Women Blum, of 37 Eton Avenue, N.W.3. interested in taking up a permanent PATTERN CUTTER/GRADER, for AJR CLUB position with future prospects need ZION HOUSE, 57 ETON AVE.. Deaths apply. Good salary offered. Apply high-class ladies' dresses, seeks posi­ Abrahamsotan.—Mr. Arthur Abraham­ with fullest particulars, stating age tion in West End. Box 813. N.W.3. sohn, of 51 Ambleside Ave., Streat­ and previous experience. Box 817. EDUCATED LADY, knowledge of SUNDAY, APRIL 9 ham, S.W. 16, passed away suddenly German/English, seeks part-time on February 24th, aged 81. Mourned SECRETARY, with commercial at 5 p.m. sharp by his children and grandchildren. experience and good English short­ position as secretary or companion. hand-typing, required by City Fur Box 814. Arons.—Mrs. Elisabeth Arons (n^e Broker. No Saturdays. Permanent, JOHANNA METZGER Manasse), mother of Mrs. Grete individual and well-paid position for LADY, knowledge of English, Ger­ Recital of Lieder and Folk-Songs Marks. 47 Bridge Lane, London, intelligent, adaptable and conscien­ man, Hungarian, some French, varied ACCOMPANIED BY N.W.ll, passed away on March 20th tious person. Turk. 3 Skinners Lane, clerical experience, including typing, PAUL LiCHTENSTERN at the age of 82. E.C.4. CITy 1495 (ask for Mr. Turk seeks employment. Non-clerical interesting post considered. Box 815. Ashley.—Mrs. Alice Ashley {n6e only). S. ALEXANDER Lewysohn) passed away after a short Situations Wanted illness on February 25th, 41 years old. MISSING PERSONS " Struggles with a Foreign Deeply mourned by her husband, Men Language " Personal Enquiries brother and very many friends. MAN (34), U.S. citizen, administra­ Stories and Anecdotes Jacobus.—Mr. Arthur Jacobus, Ph.D., tive experience, import and banking, Lowkowitz.—Anybody who knew F.R.I.C, of 22 Montague Road, good knowledge of U.S. and Ger­ Abraham and FeUa Lowkowitz, of 58 The Club will be doled during the Warwick, the beloved husband of man securities, fluent French, Ger­ Kastanien Allee, Essen, m 1938, and Passover week. Edith and dear father of Ellen, passed man, Italian, driver's licence, own car, what happened to them, should con­ Space donated by away suddenly, in his 64th year, on seeks position with import firm or tact Mr. Max Walker, 31 Horse Close, TRADE CUTTERS LIMITED February 27th, 1961, brokerage house. Box 816. Emmer Green, Reading. 38 Felsham Road. Putney. S.W.IS AJR INFORMATION April, 1961 Page 15

MARTYRS REMEMBERED OBITUARY Paris An "eternal light" was lit at the Jewish DR. WILLIAM COHN RABBI DR. ARTHUR LEVY Martyrs' Memorial in Paris by a representative of the Eternal Flame of International Brotherhood. Dr. WiUiam Cohn, the art historian, has died at Rabbi Dr. Arthur Levy passed away in Israel, The organisation also Ut a simUar light at the Oxford at the age of 80. He was bom in Berlin aged 80. For almost 25 years he was Rabbi of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. where he was Keeper of the State Museum until Muenchener Strasse Synagogue in Berlin. From The ceremony, which took place for the first he was deprived of his post by the Nazis. Dr. 1939 onwards he held otfice in Kiryat Bialik. time, was attended by the Minister for War Cohn left Germany with his wife just before the Veterans and by leading French military per­ war and worked at the British Museum for a time RABBI DR. ABRAHAM MICHALSKI sonalities. M. Auriol and M. Coty, two former before going to Oxford. He was appointed Presidents of France, sent messages. research adviser in Indian and Far Eastern Art to Rabbi Dr. Araham Michalski, formerly Rabbi of the Oxford University, where in 1949 he created the Orthodox Synagogue in Karlsruhe, died in Estonia the Museum of Eastern Arts which he directed Israel, 71 years old. After his aliyah, he was in Members of the Jewish community and Muni­ until his retirement five years ago. charge of the Adass Yishurun Synagogue in Tel cipal and Government authorities took part in the Aviv, a foundation of Jews from Southem commemoration ceremony of a monument erected Last year the university conferred the honorary Germany. outside TaUinn, the capital, to the thousands of degree of Doctor of Letters on Dr. Cohn. Jews, Poles and others murdered by the Nazis in ALICE ASHLEY Estonia. The monument, the funds for which ARTHUR ABRAHAMSOHN Mrs. Alice Ashley (n^e Lewysohn), born in were donated by the people of Tallinn, was built Breslau 41 years ago, passed away on February on the area where mass graves containing Mr. Arthur Abrahamsohn passed away on thousands of bodies were found. February 24th, in his 82nd year. Prior to his 25th after a week's serious illness. She had been intermittently Ul for 14 months. AUce came to this Lublin emigration, he was a well-known lawyer at the country in 1938 and, like so many of our friends, Oberlandesgericht" Stettin. At the same time, had rather a dilficult time during the first years. An appeal issued to all Jews of LubUn in Qe took a leading part in Jewish communal affairs, Subsequently, she made her career with the fashion Poland and abroad and published in the Lublin sspeciaUy as Chairman of the Federation of Syna­ house of Marcus, where her work was much Press calls for participation in building a monu­ gogues in Pomerania and of the Stettin Jewish appreciated. She became a member of The ment to the 46,000 Jews of Lublin massacred by community. In this country he worked for some Hyphen, when the group was formed in 1948 and the Nazis. The monument is to be erected in the "me with Uie United Restitution Office. By his where she also met her husband. She made many main square of the Jewish quarter in the city. S'"^^ and unassuming way he endeared himself friends who miss her like a " Wahlverwandte", The local authorities have welcomed the creation o all who met him. We extend our sincerest especially in The Hyphen, of which she was a of a Jewish committee to build a permanent sympathy to his son and daughter and tiieir very active member. p j monument to the memory of Jewish victims, and has promised full support.

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Page 16 AJR INFORMATION April, 1961 GROUP RELATIONS CONFERENCE ON GERMAN EDUCATION A Conference on Germany was recently held JEWS AND CATHOLICS HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION AGAINST in Washington. Dr. Max Horkheimer, Director of DISCRIMINATORY LAWS the Institute of Social Research at Frankfurt and Vatican authorities in Rome have stated that a member of the advisory committee on political should talks with Jewish leaders be decided on, The United Nations Commission on Human education to the West German Government, called they would only wish to meet those most com­ Rights unanimously recommended a proposal for greater emphasis in German education for petent to speak on the Torah and the Jewish calling for the rescinding of discriminatory laws democracy on what he called a " human religion. This refers to Dr. Nahum Goldmann's which perpetuate " racial prejudice and national approach " to teaching. request about the possibility of Jewish participa­ and religious intolerance ". The resolution recom­ tion in the forthcoming Ecumenical Congress, so mends that the Governments of all States be urged Mr. Irving Engel, former President of the that they could ask for prayers harmful to Jews to to continue their efforts of educating public American Jewish Committee, warned against the be deleted from the Catholic liturgy. Dr. Gold­ opinion. danger of " isolated teaching" of Nazi history mann had also asked whether Catholic schools to German youth, which by itself could only could include some instruction in their curriculum CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA create large-scale situations of guilt. The teaching that would place Jews in a more positive light. of the Nazi period, he said, should be in the Although Dr. Goldmann's requests were not President Kennedy at a Press conference in larger context of education to develop students' refused, he was not given a positive answer. Washington stated that he is considering ways to attitudes. He reported that Germany had in the expand civil rights. One of these ways, he said, past year shown evidence of progress in educating The Vatican authorities have told a leading will be to withhold Federal funds from schools its youth along democratic lines. rabbi that in their opinion the Pope was certainly practising discrimination. In January, the Civil aware that it was not the Jews who had crucified Rights Commission recommended that Govern­ Mr. Engel made a series of proposals to help Christ, and that no negative opinions about the ment funds be withheld from universities and develop education for democracy in Germany. Jews should be put before the public or students. colleges which discriminate because of race, These proposals included a continuing and grow­ The problem was, however, an internal Church religion or nationality. ing flow of visits from top level U.S.A. educa­ matter and if it were found necessary to take The Administration's next step, said the Presi­ tionists ; the establishment of an Institute of advice from Jewish representatives, the Vatican dent, will be an Executive Order to strengthen Advanced Study in Germany for teachers and would take it only from experts in the Jewish law the employment opportunities, both in and out of social scientists to train educationists ; and recruit­ and religion. the Government, for all Americans. ment of U.S.A. teachers to join German faculties.

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