GREAT BRITAIN THE IMPACT OF THE PAST

Mr. Kuzmich IS Comparative Government Great Britain – Impact of the Past

Ancient Peoples

• Celts – Britons, Cymeric, Gaels • Romans - Britannia • Germans – Angles, Saxons & Jutes became the English • Danish Vikings • Normans – last successful invasion of the British Isles by William the Conqueror. Celts

•Pushed to the “Celtic fringe” in Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

Norman Conquest of England

• Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings by William the Conqueror.

Norman Contributions • Noble Class • Fiefdoms – lands granted by a king to nobles in exchange for support, usually, military service. • Administration – Domesday Book – first census • Exchequer – treasury minister • French language enriched the English Feudal Lords and Nobles

Magna Carta • 1215 at Runnymede • Nobles forced King John to sign • Limiting monarch’s powers and staying within the law. Rise of Parliament

• House of Commons – lower house formed by knights and burghers – Speaker – representative to the king

• House of Lords – upper house formed by those of noble rank and top churchmen Henry VIII – 1491 (1509-1547)

• A true Renaissance Man • Fluent in Latin, French and Spanish • Accomplished musician, author and poet • Athletic – jousting, hunting and tennis • Devout Christian King Henry VIII • His older brother died in 1502.

• Became King when his father passed away.

• He married his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon. The Six Wives of Henry VIII

• The fates of Henry's wives is "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived". • Catherine of Aragon – bore Princess Mary of England, later to be named Mary I. Parliament’s Power Progresses

• Henry wanted a divorce • Pope and the Vatican would not grant one • Called Parliament to break away from the Catholic Church • Formed the Anglican Church • Granted a divorce in 1533 Anne Boleyn – Wife #2 • Sister of one of Henry’s mistresses • Bore Henry another daughter, Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth I • Executed on false charges of adultery, incest and treason along with her brother Jane Seymour – Wife #3 • Engaged one day after Boleyn’s execution • Bore Henry a son, Edward, the future Edward VI • Died 12 days later after a difficult pregnancy Anne of Cleves – Wife #4 • Henry VIII was shown this portrait and agreed to marry Anne • When he met her, he said she looked like a “Flanders mare” • Almost immediately divorced, but the arranger was executed Catherine Howard – Wife #5 • Cousin of Anne Boleyn • Almost immediately started having affairs as she was ~30 years his junior • Executed in less than two years for adultery Catherine Parr – The Grand Finale • Survived Henry VIII • Reconciled Henry and his daughters, who became successors, though still illegitimate • Henry VIII’s regime responsible for ~72,000 executions Henry’s Successors • Edward VI – King of England and Ireland from age 9 to 15. • 1st Protestant king • Who is Queen Jane? • Mary I, or commonly known as “Bloody Mary” • Catholic queen for five years Elizabeth I – 1558 -1603 • Return to Protestantism • Supported anticlerical forces • Secularized society • Defeated the Spanish armada • What was her nickname? • No heirs! The last of the Tudors STUART DYNASTY 1603 - 1714

• James I • Charles I • Commonwealth – Brief Republic • Charles II • James II • Mary and William James I 1603 - 1625

• United Scotland and England, but still separate countries • Absolutist • Tried to impose taxes without the consent of Parliament • Puritans emigrated Charles I 1625 - 1649

• Absolutist • Took England into wars with France and Spain – so he needed money • Civil War broke out in England 1642-1648 • Royalists vs. Parliamentarians • Captured, tried by Parliament, and beheaded! Commonwealth 1649-1660

• No king to rule • England became a republic • Oliver Cromwell – Lord Protector –ie. military dictator • Turbulent and unstable Charles II 1660 - 1685 • Parliament “invited” the son of the beheaded king to return from Dutch exile.

• 1673 – Declaration of Indulgence James II 1685 - 1688

• Brother of Charles II

• Openly Catholic

• Declaration of Indulgence

• Parliament fired the King! – (Let him escape) Mary and William 1688 - 1702

• Invited to be King and Queen • 1688 - Glorious Revolution • 1689 – Bill of Rights – Parliament’s relationship to the Crown – No taxes without Parliament’s consent – Right to petition the monarch • Parliament was now supreme Queen Anne 1702 – 1714

• 1707 Act of Union - Scotland and England become a single state.

• 1714 – Anne dies and the Stuart Dynasty ends as there are no patrilineal descendants.

• House of Hanover Dynasty begins and remains to this day. PRIME MINISTER • Sir Robert Walpole 1721-1742 – Cabinet developed nearly into its present form • William Pitt the Younger – 1783 - 1801 and 1804 - 1806 – Restored the cabinet and prime minister so that the position was responsible to the Parliament and not the King – Prime Minister became the focus of political power in Britain. Democratization of Parliament

• Party Politics – Whigs – Liberal Party – Tories – Conservative Party • Reform Acts – 1832 – more middle class – 1867 – 1884 – farm workers – 1918 – Women’s suffrage Welfare State

• Labour Party • 1926 – General Strike • 1945 – Labour Party won majority – Prime Minister – Clement Attlee – Britain becomes a modern welfare state UNION JACK Population Density