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Flora of North America, Volume 27, 2007 418 DICRANACEAE · Dicranum denticulate at apex; laminae 1-stratose or with some 2- acute; margins entire or serrulate at apex; laminae 1- stratose regions in patches between margin and costa; stratose or with 2-stratose regions near apex; costa long- costa excurrent, 1/5–1/4 the width of the leaves at base, excurrent, 1/6–1/4 the width of the leaves at base, abaxial smooth or slightly rough on abaxial surface in distal half, ridges absent; leaf cells smooth, with a row of guide cells, abaxial ridges absent, with a row of guide cells, two no stereid bands, 1 or 2 rows of cells above and below weakly developed stereid bands above and below, not guide cells with slightly thickened walls and large lumens, extending above the leaf middle, adaxial and abaxial the adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers of cells not epidermal layers of cells not differentiated or with a few differentiated; cell walls between lamina cells not bulging; cells enlarged in both layers; cell walls between lamina alar cells 1-stratose, differentiated, not extending to costa; cells not or weakly bulging; leaf cells usually smooth; proximal laminal cells rectangular to linear, with a few alar cells 1-stratose or with a few 2-stratose regions, well- pits, (46–)60–105(–120) × (4–)6–16(–22) µm; distal differentiated, often extending to costa; proximal laminal laminal cells quadrate, rounded or short-rectangular, not cells rectangular to short-rectangular, not pitted or with pitted, (12–)17–25(–32) × (8–)10–11(–12) µm. Sexual few pits, (11–)33–42(–51) × (7–)9–10(–13) µm; median condition dioicous; male plants as large as females; laminal cells regularly quadrate, not pitted, (9–)15–22 interior perichaetial leaves gradually narrowed to a (–26) × (5–)7–8(–11) µm; distal laminal cells small, subulate apex, convolute-sheathing. Seta 1.5–2.5 cm, quadrate, not pitted. Sexual condition dioicous; male solitary, yellow to light brown. Capsule 1.4–2.5 mm, plants as large as females; interior perichaetial leaves straight and erect, smooth, often irregularly wrinkled abruptly long-acuminate, convolute-sheathing. Seta 1– when dry, yellow to light brown; operculum 1–1.8 mm. 1.6 cm, solitary, yellow to reddish brown. Capsule 1.5– Spores 10–18 µm. 2.5 mm, straight, erect, smooth, slightly furrowed when Capsules mature in summer. Frequently on rotten logs, dry, brown to reddish brown; operculum 1–1.5 mm. stumps, or tree bases in woodlands, sometimes on humus Spores 9–22 µm. or humus over rock; 150–2200 m; Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Capsules mature in spring. Commonly growing on Sask.; Alaska, Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nebr., Oreg., the base of trees (usually deciduous but sometimes S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; Europe. coniferous, especially Thuja), rotten logs, stumps, rarely Dicranum tauricum has been reported from Utah by soil and acidic or limestone rock; 40–1400 m; Man., N.B., S. Flowers (1973). It is a western North American species, Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Alaska, occurring on trees and rotten wood. It is recognized as Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., glossy plants with broken off leaf tips and straight, erect N.H., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; capsules. It can be confused with D. fragilifolium, which Europe; Asia. also has broken off leaf tips and whose range overlaps Dicranum viride has been reported from Alaska by with D. tauricum. For distinctions see discussion under I. A. Worley and Z. Iwatsuki (1970) and from Kentucky 21. D. fragilifolium. by J. A. Snider et al. (1988). It is a not uncommon species of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. It 25. Dicranum montanum Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond., rarely produces sporophytes and is distinctive because 143. 1801 of the fragile, deciduous leaf tips, which probably serve Plants in dense tufts, usually with as a means of asexual reproduction. It has on occasion weak, clustered branchlets near been confused with 22. D. fulvum, which has nearly the 5 stem apices with small, linear, 5 same distribution, and rarely with 21. D. fragilifolium 5 erect-spreading, costate leaves, 5 where their ranges overlap in the Great Lakes region. 5 5 5 5 strongly crisped when dry, 5 5 5 5 5 For distinctions see the discussions under those species. 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 yellowish green to dark green, 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 dull. Stems 0.5–3(–5) cm, densely 24. Dicranum tauricum Sapjegin, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: tomentose with white to reddish 10. 1911 brown rhizoids. Leaves erect- Dicranum strictum D. Mohr spreading, cirrate to strongly crisped when dry, smooth, Plants in dense tufts, light green (1–)2–3(–4) × 0.2–0.5 mm, concave below, subtubulose 5 to yellowish green, glossy. Stems to keeled above, lanceolate at base, acuminate above to 5 0.5–3 cm, tomentose below with an acute apex, rough above on abaxial surface; margins 5 5 5 irregularly serrate to serrulate in distal half of leaves; 5 whitish or reddish brown rhizoids. 5 5 5 5 5 laminae 1-stratose; costa percurrent to shortly excurrent, 5 5 Leaves straight, erect-spreading, 5 5 1 1 little changed when dry, smooth, /6– /4 the width of the leaves at base, rough with papillae 4–6 × 0.2–0.4 mm, most of the leaf or teeth on abaxial surface in distal half of leaf, abaxial tips deciduous and absent, ridges absent, with a row of guide cells, two weakly lanceolate, concave proximally, tubulose distally, apex developed stereid bands above and below, not extending to the leaf middle, adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers Dicranum · DICRANACEAE 419 of cells not differentiated or with a few cells enlarged in 26. Dicranum flagellare Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond., 130. both layers; cell walls between lamina cells not bulging; 1801 leaf cells smooth below, mammillose or usually abaxially Dicranum flagellare var. prorate or toothed in distal half of leaves, giving leaves a minutissimum Grout dull appearance; alar cells 1-stratose, differentiated or Plants in dense tufts, usually sometimes indistinctly differentiated, not extending to 5 bearing 2–6 dark green, stout, 5 costa; proximal laminal cells rectangular to oblong- 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 terete branchlets, 1–4 mm, in the 5 5 rectangular, not pitted or with few pits, (10–)20–32 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 555 5 5 5 axils of the distal leaves, each 5 5 5 5 (–50) × (4–)6–8(–13) µm; distal laminal cells usually 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 flagelliform branchlet with short, quadrate to short-rectangular, some cells transversely 5 elongate, not pitted, (5–)8–10(–26) × (2–)3–6(–9) µm. ovate to lingulate, broadly acute Sexual condition dioicous; male plants as large as females; to obtuse, ecostate or shortly and interior perichaetial leaves abruptly acuminate, indistinctly costate leaves closely appressed to the axis, convolute-sheathing. Seta 0.5–1.5 cm, solitary, rarely 2 yellowish green to dark green, glossy. Stems 0.5–6 cm, per perichaetium, yellowish to reddish brown. Capsule densely tomentose with light brown to reddish brown 1.2–2 mm, straight and erect to slightly inclined, rarely rhizoids. Leaves falcate-secund to nearly straight, crisped somewhat arcuate, smooth, striate when dry, light to weakly crisped when dry, smooth, (1–)2–4(–5) × 0.3– yellowish brown; operculum 1–1.5 mm. Spores 12–24 0.6 mm, concave below, tubulose above, from a µm. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate base to an acuminate Capsules mature in spring. Rotting stumps and logs, subula, apex acute; margins smooth to serrulate above; tree bases (usually deciduous trees), occasionally soil or laminae 1-stratose; costa percurrent or sometimes ending 1 1 humus over rock, especially boulders and cliff ledges, in just before apex, /6– /4 the width of the leaves at base, dry to mesic woods, rarely swamps; 0–2800 m; B.C., smooth to ± rough with papillae or small teeth on abaxial Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., surface near apex of leaf, abaxial ridges absent, with a Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Alaska, Ariz., Ark., row of guide cells, two stereid bands above and below Colo., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., not extending above the leaf middle, adaxial epidermal Mich., Minn., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., layer of cells not differentiated, the abaxial layer with Ohio, Okla., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; some cells differentiated; cell walls between lamina cells Asia. not bulging; leaf cells smooth or weakly abaxially prorate Dicranum montanum is one of the smallest species of above; alar cells 1-stratose, distinctly differentiated, not the genus in North America. It can best be recognized extending to costa; proximal laminal cells elongate- by the small plants, often only 1–2 cm, the dull, yellowish rectangular, not pitted or with few pits, (12–)24–38 green to dark green leaves that are strongly crisped when (–70) × (4–)10–15(–18) µm; distal laminal cells short- dry, the lanceolate, acuminate leaves that are subtubulose rectangular to quadrate, not pitted, (5–)12–14(–23) × to keeled above, rough on the abaxial surface near the (5–)7–12(–14) µm. Sexual condition dioicous; male apex, and the straight, erect capsules. Also aiding in its plants as large as females; interior perichaetial leaves recognition is the occasional presence of small, delicate, abruptly long-acuminate, convolute-sheathing.
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