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Marketization of the Russian University: Origins, Features and Outcomes

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Marketization of the Russian University: Origins, Features and Outcomes Marketization of the Russian University: Origins, Features and Outcomes by Tatiana Maximova-Mentzoni Doctoral thesis submitted to the Bodø Graduate School of Business For the degree of Ph.D. Tatiana Maximova-Mentzoni Marketization of the Russian University: Origins, Features and Outcomes. 1. utgave 2009 Ph.D. serie 20 – 2009 © Handelshøgskolen i Bodø 978-82-92893-10-4 Trykk: Trykkeriet Høgskolen i Bodø Høgskolen i Bodø 8049 Bodø Tlf: +47 75 51 72 00 Fax: +47 75 51 72 68 www.hhb.no Alle rettigheter forbeholdes. Kopiering fra denne bok skal kun finne sted på institusjoner som har inngått avtale med Kopi-Nor og kun innenfor de rammer som er oppgitt i avtalen. ABSTRACT The present study develops our understanding of the transformations at the Russian University happened since the fall of the Soviet Union. I chose to describe these transformations with the label “marketization”. The main research question is: What does marketization mean in the context of the Russian University? This study aims to contribute to developing further the marketization concept by offering a theoretical framework for analysis of the phenomenon of University marketization. Based on this framework, the study investigates the phenomenon of the Russian University marketization documenting its origins, nature, features and outcomes. The study emphasizes importance of prior understanding of the unit of analysis, the Russian University, in order to achieve understanding of the studied phenomenon. Thus, the study also provides the institutional analysis of the Russian University which contributes to clarifying the idea of the Russian University for both local and international communities. The study reveals that, for the Russian University, marketization appeared to be a critical juncture in its institutional development. This critical juncture was accompanied by abrupt, severe and extraordinary dramatic change that appeared in the form of change in the institutional dimensions of the University and a growing University engagement in marketing activities. Marketization of the Russian University was inseparable from an overall marketization of society. It originated as a desperate move, as a need for survival, as a needed initiative from the University itself. Thus, negative social consequences are more obvious than in the cases with planned marketization. It is unlikely that the Russian University is customer-oriented and focused on satisfying needs of each particular customer. However, this might be because the Russian University still perceives marketing as alien to its institutional nature. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to offer my special acknowledgments, deep respect and thankfulness to the following very special people who supported me enormously during the four years of my PhD studies: Galina and Konstantin Maximovy, Kerstin Sahlin, Anne H. Gausdal, Fred Strønen and Audun Mentzoni. It would have been hard, perhaps even impossible to finish the dissertation in time without their guidance and support. First of all, I would like to thank my mother, Galina Maximova, and my brother, Konstantin Maximov. The last few years have not been easy for us as we lost a dear family member in May, 2004. Since then, we have had to learn how to lead new lives, and also how to move on. I started to work on the PhD dissertation, got married and moved to Norway. This all posed new, hard challenges to my life, but also to yours. I am very sorry that I left you alone. At the same time, I am very thankful to you and very amazed by you as, even if you went through some very hard times yourselves, you always found the strength and right words to cheer me up and encourage me to keep faith in myself. This meant the world to me! A million thanks to you, Mamma and Brother. I would also like to bring my special thanks to the supervisor, or should I say, my mentor, Professor Kerstin Sahlin at Uppsala University. Dear Kerstin, I remember very well sharing with you my first fragile ideas about this research project in August 2005 while visiting The Lofoten Islands. You listened carefully and cheered me up, saying that the research idea was very interesting, worth making the effort and further in depth study. Since then, you have always been there for me in spite of your very busy schedule and the long distances separating us. I very much appreciated the freedom you gave me to develop the project in the way I felt right. I became more mature by learning through my achievements and mistakes. You also guided the work very carefully, accentuating the best directions and lines of thinking. You vii have always been positive about the results of the work I brought forward for your judgment: this cheered me up enormously and stimulated me to continue. Moreover, you also acted as a friend, helping me to solve different personal issues during these years. No words can describe my profound gratitude and respect for you, Kerstin. Thank you so much! Special thanks also go to my former colleague in PhD studies and now very good friend, Anne H. Gausdal, PhD and associate professor at Vestfold University College. We also met in the summer of 2005. Since then, fate brought us together often and we became friends. Dear Anne, for me, you epitomized the perfect example of a committed, goal-oriented and hardworking PhD candidate. Every conversation with you, whether it was a discussion of mutual challenges or of one another’s projects, was weighty and meaningful, lifting my spirits and ambitions. Your example showed me that the challenge was achievable if one invested enough desire and effort. My warmest congratulations on the PhD degree you earned in March 2008, and thank you for the inspiration, Anne! I am especially indebted to Fred Strønen, PhD and associate professor at Oslo University College. Dear Fred, your assistance was invaluable! First, you helped me to earn a living by assisting you in supervising and evaluating student course- and exam-papers. Then, you helped me to get an office at Oslo University College: this stimulated me and gave an opportunity for long working hours and for true concentration on research. It also gave me the feeling of belonging to the school and, thus, added more value to the work I was doing. However, what was the most precious is that you, Fred, acted as a friend and supervisor. Your advice, ideas on my work in process, and your support and encouragement became a needed and much desired part of my everyday life providing my work with constant and accelerating progress. Many thanks for your time, for your efforts, and for your help, Fred! viii My dearest husband, Audun Mentzoni, also deserves very special words of thankfulness. First and foremost he has helped me to acquire a feeling of comfort and stability in a new city and a new country with previously no relatives, friends, colleagues or means of living. Largely, it was you, Audun, who financed this research project and, thus, promoted its fulfillment to meet the deadline. You also invested many emotional efforts supporting me during tough months along the way to this day. Thank you, dear Audun, for your love, patience, care and wisdom! Finally, I would like to thank all members of my supervising committee - Kerstin Sahlin, Frode Mellemvik, Frank Lindberg, Marina Volkova - for your wise guidance, for treating my efforts and ambitions seriously, for fruitful comments on my texts and for the help in solving different practical issues. I learnt a lot from working with you! I am grateful to the administration of Bodø Graduate School of Business for financial support I received while finishing the dissertation and to the administration of Faculty of Social Sciences at Oslo University College for providing me with the office and access to the library resources. I am also thankful to all my interviewees and informants at Baltic State Technical University in Saint-Petersburg: thank you for your time, frankness and for providing my research with rich empirical data. I have also appreciated the careful job Peter Glanfield did improving the language of this manuscript: thank you very much Peter! Finally, I would like to thank Frode Mellemvik, Georgina Nevzorova, Anatoli Bourmistrov and Marina Volkova – all members of the International PhD program’s admission committee - for giving me a chance to meet this challenge, to get involved in the international scientific community and to be where I am now. I would accept your offer and travel the same hard road again, given a second chance. Sincerely yours, Tatiana Maximova-Mentzoni Oslo, April 2009. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ xi FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 3 PART I Background of the Study, Research Problem and Main Concepts ...................... 5 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 6 1.1 EMPIRICAL PUZZLE .............................................................................................................. 7 1.1.1 From totalitarianism to democracy, from plan to market .........................................
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