www.symbiosisonline.org Symbiosis www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com

Research Article SOJ Veterinary Sciences Open Access

Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Six Districts of North Shewa Zones of and Amhara Regions, Mitike Girma1, Bedaso Kebede1* and Bekele Megarsa2

1Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority, , Ethiopia 2School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Ethiopia

Received: 27 February, 2017; Accepted: 07 April, 2017; Published: 17 April, 2017

*Corresponding author: Bedaso Kebede, Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; E-mail: [email protected]

Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay; IBD: Infectious Bursal Abstract Disease; IBDv: IBD virus; MDA: Maternal Derivative Antibody; A cross-sectional study and questionnaire survey was NAHDIC: National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation

of Oromia and Amhara regions to determine prevalence of Infectious Bursalcarried fromDisease November (IBD) in2009 unvaccinated up to April 2010backyard in North chickens Shewa usingzone Center; OD: Optical Density; OIE: Office of International des commercial ELISA kit. The study revealed that IBD was prevalent Free;Epizootic; VN: OR:Virus Odds Neutralization; Ratio; RNA: RiboVvIBD: Nucleic Very Acid;virulent SAN: IBDv; Specific µl: MicroAntibody liter. Negative; SP: Sample to positive; SPF: Specific Pathogen 84.2% (95% CI= 80.6 - 87.8, n=399) in the study areas. Seroprevalence Introduction thedistribution Amhara regionof IBD were 96.2%nine times (95% susceptible CI= 93.5-99.0) for IBD and than 73.8% Chickens (95% CI= 67.9-79.8) in Amhara and Oromia regions, respectively. Chickens in Poultry production in many countries is becoming groups of study animals. The study revealed that IBD were common in increasingly organized, specialized and integrated in to an of Oromia region. There is no significant difference among sex and age industry of major national and often international importance district of Kewet 98.6% (95% CI= 95.7-101.4), Basena Werena 95.1% [1]. A study by Permin and Bisgard (1999) has indicated that ( 95% CI= 88.4-101.8), Debre Brehan 94.7 %( 95% CI= 89.5-99.8), W\ Poultry production has undergone rapid changes during the past Jarso 78.0% (95% CI= 69.4-86.6), Dagam 71.2% (95% CI= 58.7-83.6) decades due to the introduction of modern intensive production surveyand revealed 70.4% that (95% backyard CI= 59.7-81.1). poultry production It indicates was that suffered IBD virus from is methods, new breeds and improved biosecurity and preventive extensively circulating throughout the study areas. Questionnaire health measures [2]. Moreover, the management methods place chickens at age of a day old to market age. Generally, IBD prevalence high demands on proper health, hygiene, and require only small amongmultifaceted the indigenous diseases which chicken contributed was escalated 61% death with losses a possible of the but very skilled labor force. In developing countries poultry devastated effect on the vulnerable population of backyard poultry. Therefore, it warrants the vaccine development and implementation production is considerably important. Almost all families in for control mechanisms. chickens. The majority of these animals are kept in free range IBD; ELISA; Seroprevalence; Chicken; Oromia; Amhara Keywords: scavengingdeveloping systems,countries where keep smallthe birds chicken scavenge flocks around of 5 to the 20 house adult during day time. Primitive housing of the birds during the night often takes place. Supplementary feed consists mainly of house Abbreviations hold wastes, insects, larvae and seeds. Traditional poultry production system in Ethiopia Chickens Embryo Fibroblast; CPF: Cytopathic Effect; ELISA: out weighted with rapid growing small and large scale chicken Enzyme LinkedAGID: Immuno Agar Gel Sorbent Immuno Assay; Diffusion; IBD: Infectious CEF: Confluent Bursal farms owing to increase urbanization and increase demands for Disease; IBDv: IBD virus; MDA: Maternal Derivative Antibody; animal protein [3]. According to Yami and Dessie, rural poultry NAHDIC: National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation poultry meat production respectively, with an annual output of production contributed to 98.5 and 99.2% of the national egg and Center; OD: Optical Density; OIE: Office of International des Epizootic; OR: Odds Ratio; RNA: Ribo Nucleic Acid; SAN: Specific an important role in supplying villagers with additional income Free; VN: Virus Neutralization; VvIBD: Very virulent IBDv; µl: 72,300 metric tons of meat and 78,000 metric tons of egg. It has Antibody Negative; SP: Sample to positive; SPF: Specific Pathogen Chickens Embryo Fibroblast; CPF: Cytopathic Effect; ELISA: andPoultry quality contributeprotein [4,5]. the major source of livelihood in bringing Micro liter; AGID: Agar Gel Immuno Diffusion; CEF: Confluent some socioeconomic gapes by supplying food and income

Symbiosis Group *Corresponding author email: [email protected]@yahoo.com Copyright: OutbreakSeroprevalence of Kyasanur of Infectious Forest Disease Bursal Diseasein Shivamogga, in Backyard Karnataka Chickens State, of India, Copyright: © 2017 Christina Fenger and duringSix Districts 2015 of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017© 2017 Thippeswamy Kebede B, et and al. Ethiopia Adrian P. HarrisonKiran

birds can carry and shed virus for long periods. Depopulation and rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms have achieved foodgeneration among [6]. most According Ethiopians to Megersa with swift et al. increase (2010) theof largetraditional scale limited success, because of the stability of the virus and its ability poultry dish “Doro Wot” is considered as delicious and legendary to spread readily with infected birds and contaminated fomities, strict quarantine measure and movement should be used live poultry farming forand this importation reason there of temperateis importation breeds, of exotic which birds are vaccines of chick embryo or cell –culture origin and of varying lessincluding adapted day to old heat chickens stress and[7]. diseaseAccompanying challenge intensification in the country of virulence can be administered by eye drop, drinking water, or result in occurrence of newly introduce disease epidemics, or endemic disease such as Gumboro diseases is unavailable fact. A In Ethiopia, commercial poultry farm now become a large scale occurrence of infectious Bursal Diseases in the central sub-cuties (sc) routes at 1 to 21 days of age [20,21]. lucrative business and a number of people are establishing small parts of Ethiopia with intensive and high – density Juvenile farms and large-scale farms particularly around the urban settings. The investment policy of the country is encouraging and contributing to the development of this sector. Moreover, the government runs mortalityhas been reportedrate was documentedfor the first time[8]. in April 2002 at Debre Zeit, in privately owned commercial poultry farm, in which 45-50% poultry breeding and distribution centers targeting the rural

that, out breaks had occurred at government owned poultry birds, have coincidence of introduction and dissemination of new Similarly, W/mariam and Abebe (2007), also reported society. This practices, introduction and distribution of exotic It also reported in Gubrie and Sodo poultry farms of Southern before. For a country with poor quarantine systems, concurrent multiplication and distribution center of Andsa in January 2006, diseases for which know how and control measures did not exist the disease resulted in Massive death losses and depopulation of various natures are the major constraints of poultry production Ethiopia Between February and April 2006 [9,10]. Consequently, .Aswith a introductionresult, such new of exotic diseases breeds is widely as well spreading as new throughout diseases of large scale farms to traditionally manage local Birds which are the country without being noticed and control measures in place nativethe all andflocks. vulnerable Since then, populations. the disease As is arapidly result spreadingseroprevalence from with possible devastating effect on indigenous birds. Therefore reports from indigenous birds were increasing progressively [11- the objective of this serological survey was to estimate the 13]. prevalence of Infections Bursal Disease in selected central parts of Ethiopia and to provide data which might enable an assessment of the possible economic impact of Gumboro diseases [8]. [14]. Economically IBDV had a severe effect on UK Poultry Diseases can cause severe losses to production efficiency For a country with poor quarantine systems, concurrent

flocks in 1989/90 and it has caused problems in the developing various natures are the major constraints of poultry production. forcountries replicating such asin Nigeriadividing to pre-which B itlymphocytes was in advertently in the exported,bursa of Aswith a introductionresult, such ofnew exotic disease breeds as asIBD well is aswidely new diseasesspreading of for many years. Because of the nature of the virus and its affinity throughout the country without being noticed and poor control measures in place causing threat to indigenous birds. fabricius, leading to acquired B- lymphocyte deficiency. If the Therefore, this serological survey was intended to determine the diseases newly introduced to the flock, morbidity approaches seroprevalence status of Infectious Bursal Disease in indigenous Infectious Bursal Disease occurs in clinical and sub 100% and mortality may be up to 90% [15,16]. chickens of different geographical origins. clinical infection before 3 weeks of age or a mild sub-clinical Material and Method clinical forms, with most flocks experiencing either an early sub- and sub-clinical forms of disease result in great economic loss. Study Area Onto severe the other clinical hand, disease the sub-clinical from 3 to forms 6 weeks of the of diseaseage. The in clinical chicks from day old to 21 days of age, impairs the immune response and zones of Amara and Oromia regions representing where poultry renders the chicks susceptible to various infections the effects of developments The study program was conductedis intensively in 6 districtsimplemented of North through Shewa late infection from three to ten or more weeks of age result in the clinical disease and survived bird develop and body against the virus [17,18]. Recorded higher death losses in age group ,distribution and Kuyyuof day districtsold chicks. (Oromia This includes regions). Debre Brehan Zuria, above 32 days compared to less than 23 days. IBDV is an RNA Basenawerena, kewet districts (Amara regins), Wara Jarso, virus belonging to Birnaviridae family, It is mainly characterized Debre Brehan by swollen and hyperemic bursa of fabricious during acute stage (3 and 4 days post infection) and then severe atrophy of the organ, and cause severe immunosuppression by destroying It is situated at 130 km from Addis Ababa to North of B lymphocyte cells, which leads to an increased susceptibility to Ethiopia with altitude of 2750 m a.s.l. the total coverage of the other pathogens and reduce the growth rate of surviving animals area is 20,625 hectare. The area has humid subtropical weather [8,19]. “Weynadega” High land temperature climate “dega” 1% and 99% respectively with an annual rainfall of 971.36 mm. The mean There is no treatment that recovered and vaccinated annual temperature is100c, Soil types of the area that mostly used for cultivation and flora are red, brown black and their % is 19.1, 78.4 and 2.6 respectively. Most livelihoods depend on mixed Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele Megarsa Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Page 2 of 9 SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Thippeswamy NB, Kiran SK (2017) Outbreak (2017)of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of Sci North 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia. Copyright: Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Copyright: OutbreakThe Application of Kyasanur of AcousticForest Disease Myography in Shivamogga, in Canine Karnataka Muscle State, Function India, © 2017 Christina Fenger and Six Districts of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017© 2017 Thippeswamy Kebede B, et and al. duringand Performance 2015 Testing P. Harrison Ethiopia Kiran

farming which is livestock production and cultivation of lands [22]. mean annual temperature and rainfall ranges between 15 – 220c Basona Werena a.s.l.and 900The mmmajor to 1400types mm.of soil The in areathe area is situated supporting at 123km the crops worth and of Addis Ababa. The altitude of the area ranges from 1500 -3541m

It is located at 130km from Addis Ababa to North of withthe flora cattle of rearing the area and are crop 45% production red, 10% under black, taken 35% sideBrown by sideand Ethiopia. The area has an altitude of 1500-3400 m a.s.l. With [27].others 10% soil, the agricultural activities are mainly mixed type climate of “dega” highlands 50% and mid sub tropical 48% and Study Design and Study Animals respectively.extreme highland The major “Wurch” types 2% soil the in mean the area annual supporting temperature the crops and rainfall ranges between 100c to 220c and 814 mm to 1800 mm Cross-sectional study after selection of study units was conducted and questionnaire survey also administered to raringand the and flora crop of theproduction area include under Black taken 10%, side Brownto side 20%[23]. and red 20%, the agricultural activities are mainly mixed type with cattle of age are randomly selected and their blood sample and clocal Kewet andselected tracheal households. swabs and Poultry some of tissuesboth sexes were that collected are above from 2 weeks each randomly selected chicken. The samples were used for serology and viral culture. The district is located at 225 km from Addis Ababa. the area has humid 220km sub-tropical weather “weynadega”, high Sampling Method and Sample Size Determination land “dega” and low land “Kola” accounting to 23%, 21% and 53% respectively. The mean annual temperature and rain fall Oromia regions were selected purposely as they are included ranges between 10 – 350c and 900 mm respectively the altitude in the poultryThe 6 districts development from North program. Shewa From zones eachof Amhara districts, and of the area is 1200 – m a.s.l. The major types of soil in the area households were selected randomly, based on their participation supporting the crops and the flora of the area are 55% Black, 15% on indigenous day old chicken rearing activity. From each underred, 22% taken Brown side byand side others [24]. 8% soil. The agricultural activities are mainly mixed type with cattle range and crop production sampling. An attempt was made to obtain appropriate number Kuyu ofdistricts sampling 17.18% units offor thequestionnaire flocks were and selected optimum randomly sample size for Kuyu is one of districts in North Shewa zone of Oromia for seroprevalence of IBD in the study sites. The sample size was

respectively.region. The areaThe hasmean humid annual sub-tropical temperature weather and rainfall “weynadega” ranges estimated using formula for infinite population and considering highland “dega” and low land “Kola” with 51%, 34% and 15% 50 percent expectedn =prevalence 1.962 xx 0.5[28]. 0.5 2 between 15 0c - 200c and 1600 mm – 1500mm respectively. The (0.05) area is situated at 153km to North of Addis Ababa. The altitude of area ranges from 1140 – 2730m a.s.l. and the total coverage of the area is 97400 hectar. The major types of soil in the area agriculturalsupporting theactivities crops with and therearing flora of of cattle the areaand crop are 55%production Black, However, nthree = 384 samples birds sampled lost during for backthe laboratory yard production analysis. system 20% Red, 20% Brown, and 5% others. With mainly mixed type of a total of 402 birds were sampled from 6 districts of North Shewa. Sample Collection takesWara place Jarso side by side [25]. backyard poultry production system and its constraints, types of housing, purposeQuestionnaire of production, was conducted major ondiseases different of poultryaspects inof the Wara Jarso is also found in Oromia region. The area has area, way of controlling and vaccination history. The households Theamid mean sub-tropical annual weathertemperature “weynadega” and rainfall high ranges land “dega” between and “Kola” lowland 43%, 7.13% and 49.5% of the climate respectively. km worth of Addis Ababa. The altitude of the area ranges from includingalso told housing that the system, cause feeding of mortalities system and were hygienic disease condition 100%, 250c to 300c and 100 mm to 1400mm the area is situated 198 ofpredator their environment. 67.3%, accident Serum 10.2%, collected and by associated plucking few risk feathers factors from the ventral surface of the humeral region of the wing and 2450m a.s.l. The major types of soil in the area supporting the withcrops cattle and the rearing flora andof the crop area production are 60% red,under 20% taken Black, side grey by side 8% of blood samples were collected from brachial veins using 3g and and others 12%. The agricultural activities are mainly mixed type 21wiping inch the needle site withand syringes.cotton damped The blood with was alcohol. allowed About to 1.5clot – over 3ml night (24 hrs) in the syringe and then separating the serum to [26].Degem storage vials. Also cloacal swab, tracheal swabs and tissue were It is one of districts of Oromia region. The area has a mid collected and using vials and universal bottle, respectively and

sub tropical weather “weynadega”, high land temperature and low transported by icebox to NAHDIC Sebeta. land “Kola” 38%, 30% and 32% of the climate respectively. The Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele MegarsaThe ApplicationSeroprevalence of Acoustic of MyographyInfectious Bursal in Canine Disease Muscle in Backyard Function Chickensand Per- of Page 3 of 9 SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Christina Thippeswamy Fenger, NB, Adrian Kiran P. SK Harrison (2017) (2017) Outbreak (2017) of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during formance Testing. SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-6. Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of SciNorth 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia. Copyright: OutbreakSeroprevalenceThe Application of Kyasanur of Infectiousof AcousticForest DiseaseBursal Myography Diseasein Shivamogga, inin Backyard Canine Karnataka MuscleChickens State, Function of India, Copyright: © 2017© 2017Christina Kebede Fenger B, et and al. duringSixand Districts Performance 2015 of North Testing Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017 ThippeswamyP. Harrison and Ethiopia Kiran

Serological test Samples were tested using a commercial ELISA kit the normal (negative) control serum is less than 0.250. (ProFLOK® PLUS, IBD Coated ELISA, Symbiotic Corporation, San Results Diego, USA) at National Animal Health Diagnosis and Investiga- Questionnaire Survey tion Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta Ethiopia. This commercial ELISA Flock size and management

correlation with the virus neutralization (VN) test. All condi- chickens. This variation is reported to be due to loss of birds by The size of flock per households ranges from 3 to 22 tionskit specially were standardized detects IBD according antibody to and the demonstrates kit manufacturer excellent and conditions described for poultry disease monitoring using ELISA. of shortage of medicine, lack of feed, low awareness and insuf- disease, predators, and accidents. The flocks have constraints - cro titer plates. The absorbance value (optical density) of each Briefly samples were exposed to IBD antigen coated well on mi withficient family supply housing of improved system breed. with Aspoor a result, hygienic most condition. of the breeds Such are endogenous /local breeds/. Most of the farmer’s utilize share- waswell transferredwas read by to micro-titer a personal plate computer photometer for further at 405nm calculation within bly contribute to transmission of disease from birds to human or stressful conditions expose birds to different disease, and possi and15 minutes analysis. after addition of stop solution. Row absorbance data - cal damage cannibalism, uncomfortable resting etc. vice versa. This also can expose the birds to predators, mechani ELISA test validation and Interpretation After reading of the ELISA results, the test validity was to scavenge rather than supplemented feeds. This is due to low Majority of the farmers (owners) allow them flocks checked for each plate based on two criteria set by the kit manu- awareness among the society that they consider poultry produc- facturer; the mean optical density (OD) of the positive controls tion as side business and not supplement. However, few of the and normal controls on each plate. The test is considered valid of former follow supplemented feeding system which includes pro- when the mean OD of the positive control value range between tein, carbohydrate, vitamin minerals etc. According to this survey

405 of the normal (nega- from home breeds. They are considered as resistant to the weath- 405 most farmers utilize source for replacement, parent stock flocks ratio0.250 of and each 0.900 test andserum when was the calculated mean OD as: er condition and diseases due to maternal derivative antibodies. tive) control serum is less than 0.250. The sample to positive (SP) Sample OD− Mean OD Normal control Health Care and Constraints SP = 405 405 Majority of the farmers do not give attention to health Mean OD405 Positive control − Mean OD405 Normal control

service, and voluntary to vaccinate against some diseases, but vaccinecare of their of Gumboro birds, only is stillfew ofnot them practiced utilize in veterinary backyards extension of both Hence, SP value ≤ 0.299 is Negative while SP value > North Shewa areas. According to the opinion from different own- 0.299 is consideredAntibody titers Positive of test samples were calculated accord- ers, chicken death occurs in all age groups, but most of the deity ing to Snyder and Marquardt (1989) by applying a linear equa- tion (LOG death losses occur during major wet season (April to Septem- ber).occurs Disease when theyof chicken reach betweenthat have 2 beenweeks frequently to 6 weeks mentioned of age. High in 10 10 TITER = (1.172* LOG SP) +3.614) generated by the all districts were “fungle” in local name and the symptoms men- titers.kit manufacturer Hence, geometric to define mean the titer relationship calculation between was according LOG10 SPto Villegasof a single and serum Purchase dilution (1989) and as the LOG LOG10 of observed antibodySP) greenish diarrhea, vent picking, hyperemic bursae, swelling of bursae,tioned bytremor, the farmer torticols, were swelling wing of and head leg and paralysis, faces, Respiratory yellowish/ or (AntiLOG10 ). 10 log10 titer titer = (1.172* LOG Problems (Figure 2). Farmers practice were giving dead chicks 10 Data+3.614. management So, Titer = 10 and Analysis to carnivores and throwing indiscriminately to the surrounding Data on serum samples results were collected and re- areas which facilitate dissemination of the disease. To the con- - trary there were also farmers who burry and burns dead chicks. ed using Stata version 9 SE (STATA Corp. College station TX) and Majority of the farmers prefer to treat their chicken traditionally thecorded results on Microsoft were tabulated. Excel spread The association sheet. Prevalence of risk factors was calculat such as - - instead of using veterinary extension service. Traditional treat sex and geographical origin of the birds were assessed by logistic Theyments also include practice Herbal conventional treatments treatment “Tenadam”, by buyingHolly water drugs “Teb from el”, local “Areke”, puncturing brachial vein or wing vein bleeding. Theregression ELISA andtest validationP-values < was0.05 checked was considered for each significant.plate based The on pharmacies. twodegree criteria of significant set by the association kit manufacturer was illustrated for the mean using optical odd ratio. den- sity (OD) of the positive controls and normal controls. The test is reach the Itmarket appears age. that 25% of the hatched chickens are died as result of diseases and accidental cases while the result 75% may considered valid of if the average OD405 of the positive control value range between 0.250 and 0.900 and the average OD405 of Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele MegarsaThe ApplicationSeroprevalence of Acoustic of MyographyInfectious Bursal in Canine Disease Muscle in Backyard Function Chickensand Per- of Page 4 of 9 SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Christina Thippeswamy Fenger, NB, Adrian Kiran P. SK Harrison (2017) (2017)Outbreak (2017) of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during formance Testing. SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-6. Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of SciNorth 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia. Copyright: OutbreakSeroprevalenceThe Application of Kyasanur of Infectiousof ForestAcoustic DiseaseBursal Myography Diseasein Shivamogga, in in Backyard Canine Karnataka MuscleChickens State, Function of India, Copyright: © 2017© Christina2017 Kebede Fenger B, et and al. duringSixand Districts Performance 2015 of North Testing Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017 ThippeswamyP. Harrison and Ethiopia Kiran

Table 1 displays the levels of different management factors with respect to mortality rates. There were few apparent differences between different levels of management factors, but

deathsnone of and them attack showed by predators significant also difference. accounted Most for of the the rest diseases death proportionshave been reported (Figure to1). be due to diseases (61%) while accidental

The socio-economic contributions of chickens The survey indicated that poultry production under backyard management system is a common practice in North Shewa of Ethiopia. In this system of production, village chickens Figure 1: Proportion of causes of deaths in chicken during the period are raised for egg production, meat consumption, sale income between day one and market age and gifts for relatives. Furthermore, they are used as a source

such as purchasing, coffee, oil, salt, sugars and other household consumptions.of income especially However, in rural most areas of the of formers to fulfill, considered household poultry needs, production as a secondary to the other production system as a result of which less attention is given to sub sector.

Serological survey - tricts of North Shewa zones of Amara and Oromia regions were displayedSeroprevalence by Table 1. The distributionsseroprevalence of IBDof IBD in persix studied dis-

tricts were 94.6% in Debre Berhan, 95.1% in Basena Werena, 71.1% in Degem, 98.5% in Kawat.70.4% in Kuyyu, and, 78% in Wara Jarso. Out of the total sampled birds, 336 (84.2%, 95% CI = Figure 2: Proportions of clinically manifested symptoms in sick chick- (Table 2). 80.6, 87.8, n = 399) were found to be seropositive for IBD virus ens

Table 1: factors. Average mortality rates of chicken in a period between day old to their market age (6 months) with respect to different management Management factors Levels No of Households

Flock size < 18 Mortality rate (%) 11.295% Confidence Interval

10 31 26.4 41.6 Housing >Cage 10 7 29.825 16.4 33.6 separate 21 12.75.3 54.237.9 family house 21 25.324.3 13.7 34.8 Feeding Scavenge 28 29 19.8 38.1 Scav + supplement 21 7.7 34

Feed formulation Yes 19 20.9 No 26.1 15.812.7 36.4 Additional feed Grain 30 24.5 36.334 protein + vitamin 3613 25.2 16.5 42.8 Treatment Yes 34 26.2 13.39.6 38.4 No 25.9 Medication types antibiotics 1524 25.327.4 15.514.9 35.139.9 antibiotics + vitamins 22 7.9

25 36.2

Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele MegarsaThe ApplicationSeroprevalence of Acoustic of MyographyInfectious Bursal in Canine Disease Muscle in Backyard Function Chickensand Per- of Page of 9 SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Christina Thippeswamy Fenger, NB, Adrian Kiran P. SK Harrison (2017) (2017) Outbreak (2017) of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during 5 formance Testing. SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-6. Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of SciNorth 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia. Copyright: OutbreakTheSeroprevalence Application of Kyasanur of Infectiousof AcousticForest Disease Bursal Myography Diseasein Shivamogga, inin Backyard Canine Karnataka Muscle Chickens State, Function of India, Copyright: © 2017© Christina2017 Kebede Fenger B, et and al. duringandSix Districts Performance 2015 of North Testing Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017 ThippeswamyP. Harrison and Ethiopia Kiran

- appetence and sudden death. From the total tested samples, 107 were from males and include vent picking, whitish/yellowish diarrhea, depression, in Table 4: Displays sero prevalence of IBD according to age of the292 seroprevalence were from female distribution chickens among with seroprevalence male and female of 81.3%birds. (87/107) and 85.27% (249/292) respectively. Table 3 displays investigated chickens. Age No of IBD Prevalence Samples Positive youngThere andwas 132no significancewere from Adult difference chickens in sero-prevalencewith sero prevalence of IBD of among male and female birds (P > .05). Out of tested 267 were (95% CI) P-value CI) 83.1%Table 2:(222/267) and 86.4% (114/132) respectively. OR(95% districts of North Shewa zones of Amara and Oromia regions. Seroprevalence distributions of IBD in chicken in six studied Young 222 Districts No of IBD Prevalence 87.7) 267 83.1 (78.6- 1.0 samples Positive Zones Adult 132 114 North Basona 41 39 92.3) (95% CI) 86.4 (80.5- 1.3(0.7,2.3) 0.408 Shewa of 95.1 (88.4 - Amara Table 5: WerenaDebre 71 101.8) Brehan in investigated chickens. 75 Associations of exposure variables with seropositivity to IBD Variables Prevalence P -value Kewet 94.7 (89.5 - 99.8) 69 68 98.6 ( 95.7 - OR (95% CI) Sub total 178 101.4) (95% CI) North Shewa - North Degem 185 37 96.2 (93.5 - 99.0) Zones Shewa of Oromia 79.8) Kuyu 5271 71.2 (58.7 - 83.6) 73.8 (67.9 - 1.0 0.000 Oromia North Shewa - - 91 71 50 70.4 (59.7 - 81.1) Amara Jarso 96.2 (93.5 - 9.0 (3.99-20.35) Wara Districts 99.0) Sub total 214 78.0 (69.4 - 86.6) Basona - Total 399 158 73.8 (67.9 - 79.8) werena 95.1 (88.4 - 1.0 336 84.2 (80.6 - 87.8) Debre brehan Table 3: 101.8) 99.8) investigated chickens. 94.7 (89.5 - 0.9 (0.16 - 5.19) 0.916 Displays seroprevalence of IBD according to sex of Kewet No of Samples IBD Prevalence 39.71) Positive 98.6 ( 95.7 - 3.5 (0.31 - 0.314 Sex Degem 101.4) (95% CI) 71.2 (58.7 - 0.1 (0.03 - 0.59) 0.009 Male 87 81.3 (73.9 - 88.8) Kuyyu 83.6) 81.1) Female 107292 249 70.4 (59.7 - 0.1 (0.03 - 0.55) 0.006

85.3 (81.2 - 89.4) Were jarso 78.0 (69.4 - 0.2 (0.04 - 0.82) 0.027 Table 4 displays the sero-prevalence distribution 86.6) - Male 81.3 (73.9 - - cance difference in sero-prevalence of IBD among young and Sex 88.8) among Young and Adult ages of chickens. There was no signifi 1.0 The prevalence appears similar among the districts within the Female adult birds (p > 0.05). 89.4) same region. However, regional level statistical analysis of the 85.3 (81.2 - 1.3 (0,74 - 2.39) 0.337 data showed that birds sampled from districts of Amara region Age had higher seroprevalence than those sampled from districts of Young

Adult 83.1 (78.6-87.7) 1.0

Oromia region (OR =0.1, 95% CI = 0.05 - 0.25). 86.4 (80.5-92.3) 1.3(0.7-2.3) 0.408 with potential risk factors. However, statistical analysis of the Discussion Table 5 displays associations of IBD seroprevalence data should that birds form Kuwat had higher seroprevalence The presence of IBD antibodies in the sera of non vac- - the basis of Clinical signs, and serological tests. Clinical signs of infectiousthan those bursal the rest. disease The were occurrence observed of IBDin young was confirmedchicks. These on cinated back yard chicken was an indication of previous expo sure of the chicken to natural infection in the field. The current sero prevalence (84.2%) is comparable with findings of 76.5% Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele MegarsaThe ApplicationSeroprevalence of Acoustic of MyographyInfectious Bursal in Canine Disease Muscle in Backyard Function Chickensand Per- of Page of 9 formance Testing. SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Christina Thippeswamy Fenger, NB, Adrian Kiran P. SK Harrison (2017) (2017)Outbreak (2017) of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during 6 Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of SciNorth 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia. Copyright: OutbreakSeroprevalence of Kyasanur of Infectious Forest Disease Bursal Diseasein Shivamogga, in Backyard Karnataka Chickens State, of India, Copyright: © 2017 Kebede B, et al. duringSix Districts 2015 of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017 Thippeswamy and Ethiopia Kiran

gests that IBD is widely distributed throughout the country with chickens using ELISA test [11,12] . more importantntly, the cur- swift increase of seroprevalence from the time of its introduction by Abrar and 66% by Nigussie from non-vaccinated back yard - by using ELISA test on three chicken markets of Addis Ababa in - unvaccinatedrent study (84.2%) local adultis in agreementchickens [7]. with on the the finding other ofhands, Megersa the ityto therate country was documented or first report [8]. in Similarly April 2002; outbreak at Debre of theZeit disease in pri - hadvately occurred owned commercialat Andasa poultry poultry multiplication farm in which and45-50% distribution mortal centre, resulted in depopulation of the farms and in Gubrie and yardprevious chickens study using findings AGID of 39.2%test is bylower Tesfaye than (2008) our current from Ethiostudy [13,29]pia and .49.3% by Ndanyi from Kenya in the non-vaccinated back Consequently, the disease resulted in massive death losses and Results of serological test can vary depending on the Sodo poultry farms between February and April 2006 [9,10]. spreading from large scale farms to traditionally managed local risk factors such as management practice, environmental hygien- birdsdepopulation which are of thenaïve all andflocks. vulnerable Since then populations. the disease As is a rapidlyresult, icsensitivity conditions, and and specificity breed of thebirds. diagnostic It is important tool applied to notice and other that seroprevalence reports from indigenous birds were increasing progressively [11-13]. The ELISA kit applied in this study was shown to be highly sensi- ELISA is more sensitive AGID, the test with higher specificity [20]. Infectious Bursal Disease virus causes severe acute dis-

tive and specific, and it is considered as an ideal serological test in the diagnosticAccording virology to Farooq all over et theal, seroprevalenceworld [30]. could vary ease of 3-6 weeks old birds accompanying with high mortality,- due to difference in production system, hygienic condition, stock- cantwhere depression as sub- clinical of the humeral disease antiin early body age response of 0 to [17]. 3 weeks This ear old- ing density and concurrent protozoal and bacterial infection [18]. lybirds sub causingclinical infectionlymphoid cause depletion severe of long the bursalasting and immunosupres with signifi- sion predisposing to the secondary infections and has synergistic, effect with the prevailing disease burden scavenging poultry. For instance, E-coli infection, Mareks disease, salmonellosis and coc- Our current study of (84.2%) has also slight difference cidiosis other opportunistic infection may play role in escalating tests,with findingrespectively by W\Mariam from Andasa and chicken Abebe multiplication (2007) who reportedand dis- morbidity and mortality rates. Thus, IBD together with secondary 98.9%( 119/121) and 100%(121/121) by using AGID and ELISA- infections causes considerable economic loss through increased - morbidity and mortality rates. IBD has been described through- tribution center, prevalence of IBD varies significantly with geo graphical origin of chickens, sexes, and age, for instance preva is considerable worldwide the disease has already caused heavy lence was higher in birds from Kewet 98.6%(95.7-101.4), Basona economicout the world, loss andto the the infant socio large economic scale significancepoultry farms of thein Ethiopia disease werena 95.1%(88.4-101.8), Debre Brehan 94.7%(89.5-99.8), [31]. For instance, IBD has devastated a privately owned com- bewhen due compared to stress factorsto Kuyu such 70.4%(59.7-81.1), as weather condition, Degem management, 71.2%(58.7- - because83.5), and stressful W\Jarso condition 78.0%(69.4-86.6) resulting areas. from Thisdifferent difference factors could can mented [8]. Similarly outbreaks of the disease had occurred at Gubremercial and poultry Andas farm poultry in which multiplication 45-50% mortality and distribution rate was center, docu and resulted in depopulation of the farms [9]. Therefore, the re- exposed more and any disease attack may be probable [9,18]. sult of this study warrants an in-depth investigation into epide- miological and economic aspects of the disease so that a feasible Hygienic condition of the environment has a significant- control intervention could be developed and implemented. effect (p < 0.05) on prevalence of IBD. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) losses were observed in flocks maintained under poor hy Conclusion and Recommendations gienic conditions (49.9%) than those maintained under fair and- The present study discussed the most important as- tionsgood hygieniccould probably condition be (12.2%)due to the and favorable (40.8%) andrespectively. healthy envi The- pects of unvaccinated local back yard chicken production in ronmentalsmaller losses condition. in flocks However maintained according under togood our hygienic study there condi is North Shewa of both Amhara and Oromia regions. The farmers in both study zones manage chickens under back yard low input

prevalenceno significance of IBD difference, variety amongcould besexes due and to agerisk (pfactors > 0.05). such Since as various husbandry practices, management and sanitary practice. the overall seroprevalence of IBD in these study was 84.2%. The However,system variable diseases flock of size.various The etiologiesfarmers have are beenseriously also applyingaffecting - the health status and contribution of chicken to the households. alhousing system system, could be which risk factor include for cage variety system of results. (12.2%), For separateinstance The major constraints of poultry production by causing mortality house (44.8%), and in shared with family (42.8%). Waste dispos- and case fatality rates due disease were high. Moreover, various ground.59.1% of Considerably chicken owners high dispose seroprevalence dead chicken of IBD and was waste recorded prod riskin affected factors, flocks. which In can the aggravate study districts the occurrence the incidence, and transmismortality- acrossucts by the burning investigated or buried geographical it. The rest origin 40.8% of the throw birds. it Thisover sug the-

sion of disease, are identified; accordingly, IBD is considered as Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele Megarsa Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Page 7 of 9 SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Thippeswamy NB, Kiran SK (2017) Outbreak(2017) of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of SciNorth 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia. Copyright: OutbreakSeroprevalence of Kyasanur of Infectious Forest DiseaseBursal Diseasein Shivamogga, in Backyard Karnataka Chickens State, of India, Copyright: © 2017 Kebede B, et al. duringSix Districts 2015 of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017 Thippeswamy and Ethiopia Kiran a newly appearing disease in many areas of Ethiopia, at present almost all village chickens in Ethiopia are not vaccinated against 11. Abrar A. Seroprevalence study of IBD in non-vaccinated back yard IBD. Some few village chickens were vaccinated for ND by live attenuated vaccines. However, vaccines are not produced in the chickens in selected areas of East Showa Zone, DVM Thesis, Addis country against IBD. Therefore, this study merit the region to pay 12. NigussieAbaba University, T. Cross-sectional FVM, Debre study Zeit, of Ethiopia. IBD (Gumboro) 2007. disease on back- attention to poultry diseases and to design and implement appro- yard chicken in Addis Ababa and Adami Tulu areas, Ethiopia. MSc The- priate disease prevention and or control strategies in the future, so that the sector may remain viable as local chickens constitute 13. Tesfayesis. Addis R. Ababa Sero-prevalence University, ofFVM, infectious Debre Zeit, bursal Ethiopia. disease 2007. in non-vacci- the largest segment of poultry production in the country. More- nated back yard local chickens in selected areas of East Shoa. DVM over, the poultry development schemes might not be, feasible at preventive measures are not instated urgently. The results of 14. SainbsburyThesis, Addis D. AbabaPoultry University, Health and FVM,Management. Debre Zeit, Blackwell Ethiopia. Scientific 2008. pub- this study are inciting and accordingly the following points are lications. London Edinburgh Boston. 1992;131-132. strongly recommended: -

An in-depth investigation in to epidemiological and eco- 15. Murphy FA, Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MC: Veterinary Virology 3rd ed., Cali nomic aspects of the disease could be conducted to the areas of fornia, Academic press, USA. 1999;405-409. - North Shewa of both Amhara and Oromia regions. lished by Department of veterinary and Clinical Science University of 16. Curtis. A Handbook of Poultry and Game Bird Disease, 3rded, pub

A feasible prevention and control intervention could be Liverpool. 1990;36-37. developed and implemented. 17. Hirsh CD, and Zee CY. Veterinary Microbiology. Blackwell Science. 18. Farooq1999;439-440. M, Durrani FR, Imran N, Durrani Z, Chand N. Prevalence and References economic losses due to infectious bursal disease in broilers in Mirpur and 1. Gordan RF, Jordan FT. Poultry diseases. 2nd ed., Published by Bailliere Kotli districts of Kashmir. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2003;2(4):267-270 Tindall. 1982;139-143. 19. Kibenge FS, Dhillo AS, Russell RG. Biochemistry and Immunology of 2. Dolberg F, Petersen PH. Poultry as a Tool in Poverty Eradication and Pro- infectious bursal disease virus. J.Gen.Virol.1988;69 (8):1757-1775 motion of Gender Equality. Proceedings of a Workshop, March 22 – 26, 1999, Tune Landboskole, Denmark. 20. Office Internationals des Epizootics (OIE). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 5th edition, Infectious Bursal Disease 3. Alemu D, Degefe T, Ferede S, Nzietcheung S, Roy D. Overview and Back- (Gumboro disease). 2004. ground Paper on Ethiopia’s Poultry Sector: Relevance for HPAI Research in Ethiopia. Africa/Indonesia Team Working Paper No. 1. 2008 21. Merck. The Merck Veterinary Manual, Infectious Bursal Disease: Intro- 4. Yami A, Dessie T. The status of poultry research and development. Poultry Commodity program, Debre zeit Agricultural Research Center, Alemaya duction (Gumboro Disease). Merck and CO, Inc. White house station, University of Agriculture. 1997;62 NJ US. Published in educational partnership with Merial Ltd. 2008.

22. Debre Brehan Zuria Agricultural and Rural Development Office. 2010. highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. 5. Teklewold H, Dadi L, Yami A Dana N. Adopting poultry breeds in the 23. Basona Worena Agricultural and Rural Development Office. 2010. 2006;26. - 24. Kewet Agricultural and Rural Development Office. 2010. 6. Reta D, NegussieM D, Alemu Y. Improving health of Ethiopian indig 25. Kuyu Live-stock development, health and marketing agency, 2010. enous chickens under confinement. Ethiopia institute of Agricultural Research report 69. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2006. 7. Megersa B, Hailu HM, Abunna F, Regassa A, Balcha M, Sahle M. Sero- 26. Wara Jarso Agricultural and Rural Development Office.2010. logical survey of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in local adult chick- ens sampled from Addis Ababa chicken markets: Implication for wide 27. Degem Agricultural and Rural Development Office. 2010. - circulation of IBD virus in indigenous backyard chickens. Internation- 28. Thrusfield M. Veterinary Epidemiology, 2nd edition, University of Ed 29. Ndanyiinburgh, MR. Blackwell A study science. to determine 1995;180-188. causes of mortality and the effect of 8. al Journal of Poultry Science volume 9 (in press). 2010. Zeleke A, Gelaye E, Sori T, Ayelet G, Sirak A, Zekarias B. Investigation on infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccination in village chickens in Taita infectious Bursal Disease Outbreak in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. International Taveta district of Kenya. MSc. Thesis, Department of veterinary Micro- Journal of poultry science. 2005;4 (7):504-506. biology and network of small holder poultry Development, the Royal veterinary and Agricultural University, Fredericksburg, Denmark. Case report at Andasa poultry farm, , Ethiopia. Ethiop. 9. Mariam SW, Abebe W. Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease): 2005. rded, Purchase HG, Vet. J. 2007;11:151-153. 30. BearedArp LH, CW.Domermuth Serologic CH, procedures. Pearson JE, In: American A laboratory Association manual of for Avian the heferaw D. Case Report of Poultry Disease Outbreaks in Two Farms of isolation and identification of avian pathogens, 3 Southern Ethiopia. Animal production Research Advances 2006;2(4):235- 10. S 238. Pathologists, Kendall/Hunt publishing Co, Dubuque, Iowa, USA. 1989;192-200. Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele Megarsa Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Page 8 of 9 SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Thippeswamy NB, Kiran SK (2017) Outbreak(2017) of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of SciNorth 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia. Copyright: OutbreakSeroprevalence of Kyasanur of Infectious Forest Disease Bursal Diseasein Shivamogga, in Backyard Karnataka Chickens State, of India, Copyright: © 2017 Kebede B, et al. duringSix Districts 2015 of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, © 2017 Thippeswamy and Ethiopia Kiran

31. Van den Berg TP, Eterradossi N, Toquin D, Meulemans G. Infectious bur- sal disease (Gumboro disease). Rev. Sci. Tech. 2000;19(2):509-543.

Citation:Citation: Bedaso Kebede, Mitike Girma, Bekele Megarsa Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Page 9 of 9 SOJ Vet Sci 3(1): 1-9. Thippeswamy NB, Kiran SK (2017) Outbreak(2017) of Kyasanur Forest Disease in Shivamogga, Karnataka State, India, during Six2015. Districts SOJ Vet of SciNorth 3(1): Shewa 1-9. Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia.