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St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska

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St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Environmental Geochemical Studies of Selected Mineral Deposits in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1619 Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska Cover photographs. Lower right: Altered bedrock in the Orange Hill area, Alaska. Orange, red, and yellow hues are principally the result of oxidation of pyrite, resulting in iron oxide and soluble sulfate minerals. Left: USGS scientist getting pH reading from acidic, metalliferous water derived from seasonal snow melt draining the Nabesna mill tailings. Upper right: Naturally acidic, metalliferous stream water draining altered bedrock in the Orange Hill area, Alaska. Note rock hammer in stream for scale. Environmental Geochemical Studies of Selected Mineral Deposits in Wrangell– St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska By Robert G. Eppinger, Paul H. Briggs, Danny Rosenkrans, and Vanessa Ballestrazze U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1619 Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 This publication is also available online at: http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/ppapers/p1619/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental geochemical studies of selected mineral deposits in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska / by Robert G. Eppinger ... [et al.]. p. cm.—(U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1619) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Environmental geochemistry—Alaska—Wrangell–Saint Elias National Park and Preserve. 2. Ore deposits—Alaska—Wrangell–Saint Elias National Park and Preserve. I. Eppinger, R.G. II. Series. QE516.4 .E57 2000 551.9’09798’3—dc21 99–046702 Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 4 Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Kennecott ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Geology, Deposit Setting, and Mining History............................................................ 7 Results of Study .............................................................................................................. 9 Interpretation .................................................................................................................. 9 Bremner ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Geology, Deposit Setting, and Mining History............................................................ 11 Results of Study .............................................................................................................. 11 Interpretation .................................................................................................................. 12 Gold Hill ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Geology, Deposit Setting, and Mining History............................................................ 15 Results of Study .............................................................................................................. 18 Interpretation .................................................................................................................. 19 Orange Hill and Bond Creek ....................................................................................................... 23 Geology, Deposit Setting, and Mining History............................................................ 23 Results of Study .............................................................................................................. 24 Interpretation .................................................................................................................. 24 Nabesna ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Geology, Deposit Setting, and Mining History............................................................ 25 Results of Study .............................................................................................................. 27 Interpretation .................................................................................................................. 30 Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 32 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 34 References Cited .......................................................................................................................... 35 Appendix. Basic Statistics for Sediments, Rocks, Alluvial Heavy-Mineral Concentrates, and Leachates for Samples from All Areas Studied in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska................................................. 37 Figures 1. Map showing locations of areas studied in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska....................................................................................................... 3 2. Photographs showing present-day setting of areas studied in Wrangell– St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska .............................................................. 4 III 3–7. Maps showing generalized geology and site locations for samples collected in: 3. Kennecott mine area............................................................................................. 8 4. Bremner area ........................................................................................................ 10 5. Gold Hill mine area................................................................................................ 12 6. Orange Hill and Bond Creek areas .................................................................... 14 7. Nabesna mine area .............................................................................................. 16 8–12. Piper diagrams and box and whisker diagrams showing, respectively: 8. Major and trace ion composition, and summary statistics for selected ions and field parameters, in 13 water samples from Kennecott area ...................................................................................................... 18 9. Major and trace ion composition, and summary statistics for selected ions and field parameters, in 10 water samples from Bremner area......................................................................................................... 20 10. Major and trace ion composition, and summary statistics for selected ions and field parameters, in 16 water samples from Gold Hill area.......................................................................................................... 22 11. Major and trace ion composition, and summary statistics for selected ions and field parameters, in 17 water samples from Orange Hill and Bond Creek areas..................................................................... 26 12. Major and trace ion composition, and summary statistics for selected ions and field parameters, in 55 water samples from Nabesna area......................................................................................................... 28 13. Sketch map and distribution of arsenic and manganese in water along Cabin Creek above, on, and below Nabesna mill tailings piles............................... 31 14. Ficklin diagrams of pH versus dissolved metal content in water samples collected from Nabesna, Orange Hill and Bond Creek, Kennecott, Bremner, and Gold Hill ................................................................................................... 33 Tables 1. Sample media collected at study areas in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska ....................................................................................................... 5 2. Elements determined, analytical methods, and collection/preparation procedures used ............................................................................................................... 6 IV Environmental Geochemical Studies of Selected Mineral Deposits in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska By Robert G. Eppinger,1 Paul H. Briggs, Danny Rosenkrans,2 and Vanessa Ballestrazze Abstract type. Conductivities range from 86 to 220 microsiemens per centimeter, and alkalinities
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