DOCSLIB.ORG

The Local Construction of Zionist Memory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Local Construction of Zionist Memory LIORA HALPERIN The Local Construction s you walk past the rather unremarkable of Zionist high-rise apartment buildings of Petah. Tikvah, with its suburban population of 230,000, you’ll find a much smaller one- Memory Astory building, preserved from the late 19th century. This was the home of Avraham Shapira, one of the earliest residents and guards of Petah. Tikvah. Fourteen kilometers from Tel Aviv, Petah. Tikvah was founded as a Jewish agricultural colony in 1878 on lands purchased from an Arab landowner in the Palestinian village of Mulabbis. As other such colonies followed in the ensuing decades, Petah. Tikvah was called “Em Ha-Moshavot,” the mother of the Jewish agricultural colonies. Over time, these communities became the core symbols of what would be known as the “First Aliyah,” or first wave, of Zionist land settlement. The Shapira house, preserved today as a municipal event space, displays some of Shapira’s treasured possessions: Arab headdresses, a nargilah (water pipe), and a Bedouin sword. The Shapira house offers an instructive example of the politics of remembering, narrating, displaying, and deploying the Jewish settlement past in Palestine/ Israel. Petah. Tikvah was founded as an effectively all-Jewish community, one that grew rapidly after World War I, and in 1937 was recognized as a city. Following the Israeli destruction of most of the Arab villages in the region during and after the 1948 war, it became a Jewish city in a region populated almost exclusively by Jews. But the Shapira house evokes a 21 Frankel Institue Annual 2017 foundational narrative of Petah. Tikvah that suggests He became the symbol of a kind of moshava heroism a small number of exemplary Jews who knew how to rooted in a myth of positive Jewish-Arab relations, engage with their local, majority-Arab environment in part by cultivating this myth himself. In an image and, through a combination of camaraderie and from the 1930s displayed in the house, Shapira stands displays of Jewish strength, create peaceful relations. with the Bedouin sword he cherished. The same The history of the Yishuv following this late 19th- sword is on display today, a bit more tarnished. century Jewish settlement period was defined by It is presented as the first item in a sequence of Jewish-Arab conflict over Jewish immigration and ever-more-modern weapons, a natively rooted, land purchase, and competing Jewish ideas about “authentic” first step in an implied trajectory toward the appropriate political response to this growing Israeli military strength. Many Zionists, particularly opposition. Within this war of ideas, Labor Zionists, on the emerging right wing, felt that such strength, who believed that “Hebrew Labor” and Jewish-Arab rather than inflaming intercommunal relations, was economic separation offered a path to coexistence, essential for creating mutual respect and peace. won the day, often by accusing places like Petah. Petah Tikvah asserted its own historic place in a Tikvah of being bourgeois and exploitative. In . narrative connecting military strength with mutual presenting itself as predating this conflict and understanding, precisely because such a role was in thereby offering a means of preventing it, Petah. doubt. After World War I, Petah Tikvah and other Tikvah’s memory makers and municipality suggest . colonies founded around the same time were their city’s prominence despite the neglect and retroactively incorporated into Zionist historiography disdain that it has faced since the early 20th century. as the First Aliyah. Nonetheless, the early moshavot Shapira was an Ashkenazi Jew from Ukraine who were tiny, founded before Herzl convened the first came to Palestine in 1880 and settled in Petah. Zionist congress in 1897 and before Tel Aviv’s Tikvah. He was the head of the Petah. Tikvah formation in 1909. They were initially unstable and guardsmen and died at the ripe old age of 95 in 1965. reliant on Jewish philanthropic support, but over Abraham Shapira meeting with ministers of Emir Abdullah Schwadron Portrait Collection, The National Library of Israel, Jerusalem. [email protected] 22 Frankel Institue Annual 2017 Shapira House weapons celebrating one of our men who became famous not only among Jews across the land but also among Arabs.” In making these claims about early settlers’ familiarity with the landscape, leaders in the time some became urban centers and major players colonies claimed to have made a definitive break as capitalist farms, producing, with the labor of local from the Jewish diasporic existence and a return to Arabs, most of the citrus and wine in the country. their Semitic “essence.” This claim pervaded Zionist Those that did urbanize, like Petah. Tikvah, had culture and self-presentation across multiple neither the charm of the kibbutz collective nor the groups. But memory makers in the moshavot added allure of Tel Aviv. a further twist: they implied that their people and Despite their symbolic marginalization, the moshavot economic structures—more capitalist, market- clung fiercely to the “firstness” that they had been driven, and reliant on cheap native Arab labor, granted in the standard chronology. They had were particularly conducive to positive Jewish-Arab regular anniversary celebrations, published local relations. Let me be clear: historians have shown histories and memoirs, and hosted public events. that few of these settlers knew Arabic and employers They promoted the stories of heroes whom they regularly abused and exploited Arab workers. believed to have exemplified the spirit of the founders. However, in presenting themselves as communities Events celebrating the past or its exemplars often that understood Arabs and acted rationally and focused on the connection of the early settlers with pragmatically in employing them in low-wage jobs, the landscape and the local population, through they claimed political relevance and demanded staging Arab-style horse races and arranging respect. The display of a series of Middle Eastern “Oriental Accompaniment,” that is, an Arab-style objects from the past was part of constructing a procession with music. In 1938, an appeal to raise particular image of that past that indirectly served funds for the publication of Shapira’s memoirs a larger political project emerging on the center suggested that he was the “renewed Jewish heroic and right of the Zionist political spectrum, one that type,” who “aroused respect among the Arab connected self-reliance with respect, military force neighbors.” A speech offered at his 70th birthday with intercommunal harmony, and quotidian celebration in 1940 proclaimed that “we are Jewish-Arab relations with the right, not the left. ●.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Briefing: Labor Zionism and the Histadrut
    Briefing: Labor Zionism and the Histadrut International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network-Labor, & Labor for Palestine (US), April 13, 2010 We are thus asking the international trade unions to Jewish working class in any country of the boycott the Histadrut to pressure it to guarantee Diaspora.‖6 rights for our workers and to pressure the The socialist movement in Russia, where most government to end the occupation and to recognize Jews lived, was implacably opposed to Zionism, the full rights of the Palestinian people. ―Palestinian which pandered to the very Tsarist officials who Unions call for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions,‖ sponsored anti-Semitic pogroms. Similarly, in the February 11, 2007.1 United States, ―[p]overty pushed [Jewish] workers We must call for the isolation of Histadrut, Israel’s into unions organized by the revolutionary minority,‖ racist trade union, which supports unconditionally and ―[a]t its prime, the Jewish labor movement the occupation of Palestine and the inhumane loathed Zionism,‖7 which conspicuously abstained treatment of the Arab workers in Israel. COSATU, from fighting for immigrant workers‘ rights. June 24-26, 2009.2 • Anti-Bolshevism. It was partly to reverse this • Overview. In their call for Boycott, Divestment Jewish working class hostility to Zionism that, on 2 and Sanctions (BDS) against Apartheid Israel, all November 1917, Britain issued the Balfour Palestinian trade union bodies have specifically Declaration, which promised a ―Jewish National targeted the Histadrut, the Zionist labor federation. Home‖ in Palestine. As discussed below, this is because the Histadrut The British government was particularly anxious has used its image as a ―progressive‖ institution to to weaken Jewish support for the Bolsheviks, who spearhead—and whitewash—racism, apartheid, vowed to take Russia, a key British ally, out of the dispossession and ethnic cleansing against the war.
    [Show full text]
  • Aliyah and Settlement Process?
    Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel HBI SERIES ON JEWISH WOMEN Shulamit Reinharz, General Editor Joyce Antler, Associate Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor The HBI Series on Jewish Women, created by the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute, pub- lishes a wide range of books by and about Jewish women in diverse contexts and time periods. Of interest to scholars and the educated public, the HBI Series on Jewish Women fills major gaps in Jewish Studies and in Women and Gender Studies as well as their intersection. For the complete list of books that are available in this series, please see www.upne.com and www.upne.com/series/BSJW.html. Ruth Kark, Margalit Shilo, and Galit Hasan-Rokem, editors, Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture Tova Hartman, Feminism Encounters Traditional Judaism: Resistance and Accommodation Anne Lapidus Lerner, Eternally Eve: Images of Eve in the Hebrew Bible, Midrash, and Modern Jewish Poetry Margalit Shilo, Princess or Prisoner? Jewish Women in Jerusalem, 1840–1914 Marcia Falk, translator, The Song of Songs: Love Lyrics from the Bible Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage Avraham Grossman, Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe Iris Parush, Reading Jewish Women: Marginality and Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Eastern European Jewish Society Shulamit Reinharz and Mark A. Raider, editors, American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise Tamar Ross, Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism Farideh Goldin, Wedding Song: Memoirs of an Iranian Jewish Woman Elizabeth Wyner Mark, editor, The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite Rochelle L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Edmond De Rothschild Research Series
    The Edmond de Rothschild Research Series A collection of studies in the area of: Baron de Rothschild's ("Hanadiv's") Legacy 2018 The Edmond de Rothschild Research Series A collection of studies in the area of: Baron de Rothschild's ("Hanadiv's") Legacy 2018 Dear Partners, The Edmond de Rothschild Foundation (Israel) is spearheading philanthropic dedication to building an inclusive society by promoting excellence, diversity and leadership through higher education. Catalyzing true change and developing a cohesive society through dozens of innovative projects across the country, the Foundation provides growth and empowerment opportunities to the many communities in Israel. We develop and support novel solutions and creative partnerships, while evaluating result-driven programs with true social impact. In keeping with its philosophy of strategic philanthropy, the Foundation established the Edmond de Rothschild Research Series, to promote excellence in research and expand the knowledge in the Foundation’s areas of interest. The booklet before you centers on Baron de Rothschild's ("Hanadiv's") Legacy, as part of the first research series which focused on three main areas: 1. Access to and Success in Higher Education: As part of its efforts to reduce social gaps, the Foundation strives to insure access to and success in higher education for periphery populations. It supports programs aimed at improving access to higher education options through preparation and guidance, reducing academic student dropout rates, and translating graduates’ education into commensurate employment. 2. Measurement and Evaluation: The Foundation seeks to constantly enhance its social impact and therefore, emphasizes measurement and evaluation of the projects it supports according to predefined, coherent criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Conversation About Life in Kamenka, 1920S-1940S Written by Elisha Roith, Israel
    Conversation about life in Kamenka, 1920s-1940s Written by Elisha Roith, Israel On August 3, 2002, Ofra Zilbershats invited the surviving children of Tsipa Shlafer and Mordekhai Perlman. Rokhele and Manya were already deceased, at that time. Judith participated in the conversation, at the age of 94, Borya was 92 years old, and Sarah was 85. Additional participants were their daughters Dalia, Ofra, and Amira, their spouses, and Elisha, the 'senior grandchild,' Rokhele's son. Elisha began the meeting, attempting to delineate the parameters of the dialogue, and the sequence of events. He concluded his remarks in stating that "in Kaminka, there were some pogroms, a bit of revolution…" Borya: Some?! I remember a lot!... they called it a street there 'Yendrot' - the other street, that is how they called it. Judith: That was also the main street. Borya: And I should quite like to go there, and wish I could merit reciting qaddish over the grave of Grandmother and Grandfather. My grandmother was killed in front of me, I saw her, and how they murdered her - and the reason that I saw her... it was a pogrom. Elisha: Whose? By Petlura? Borya: No, no. By Denikin. We ran off, we had some Christian neighbors who were not bad; we escaped to their house, and they hid us. Grandmother was with us, and at noon, she suddenly said, "I need to see what is going on there." She wanted to see if the house was still in order, if it yet stood. I said... I was still a child... We said, "No.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Politics of Nomadism in Modern Palestine (1882-1948)
    History and Politics of Nomadism in Modern Palestine (1882-1948) A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Arabic and Islamic Studies By Seraje Assi, M.A. Washington, DC May 30, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Seraje Assi All Rights Reserved ii History and Politics of Nomadism in Modern Palestine (1882-1948) Seraje Assi, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Judith Tucker, Ph.D. ABSTRACT My research examines contending visions on nomadism in modern Palestine. It is a comparative study that covers British, Arab and Zionist attitudes to nomadism. By nomadism I refer to a form of territorialist discourse, one which views tribal formations as the antithesis of national and land rights, thus justifying the exteriority of nomadism to the state apparatus. Drawing on primary sources in Arabic and Hebrew, I show how local conceptions of nomadism have been reconstructed on new legal taxonomies rooted in modern European theories and praxis. By undertaking a comparative approach, I maintain that the introduction of these taxonomies transformed not only local Palestinian perceptions of nomadism, but perceptions that characterized early Zionist literature. The purpose of my research is not to provide a legal framework for nomadism on the basis of these taxonomies. Quite the contrary, it is to show how nomadism, as a set of official narratives on the Bedouin of Palestine, failed to imagine nationhood and statehood beyond the single apparatus of settlement. iii The research and writing of this thesis is dedicated to everyone who helped along the way.
    [Show full text]
  • Ilan Pappé Zionism As Colonialism
    Ilan Pappé Zionism as Colonialism: A Comparative View of Diluted Colonialism in Asia and Africa Introduction: The Reputation of Colonialism Ever since historiography was professionalized as a scientific discipline, historians have consid- ered the motives for mass human geographical relocations. In the twentieth century, this quest focused on the colonialist settler projects that moved hundreds of thousands of people from Europe into America, Asia, and Africa in the pre- ceding centuries. The various explanations for this human transit have changed considerably in recent times, and this transformation is the departure point for this essay. The early explanations for human relocations were empiricist and positivist; they assumed that every human action has a concrete explanation best found in the evidence left by those who per- formed the action. The practitioners of social his- tory were particularly interested in the question, and when their field of inquiry was impacted by trends in philosophy and linguistics, their conclusion differed from that of the previous generation. The research on Zionism should be seen in light of these historiographical developments. Until recently, in the Israeli historiography, the South Atlantic Quarterly 107:4, Fall 2008 doi 10.1215/00382876-2008-009 © 2008 Duke University Press Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/south-atlantic-quarterly/article-pdf/107/4/611/470173/SAQ107-04-01PappeFpp.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 612 Ilan Pappé dominant explanation for the movement of Jews from Europe to Palestine in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was—and, in many ways, still is—positivist and empiricist.1 Researchers analyzed the motives of the first group of settlers who arrived on Palestine’s shores in 1882 according to the testimonies in their diaries and other documents.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tantalizing Aroma of Citrus Blossoms
    ONE The Tantalizing Aroma of Citrus Blossoms FOR MOST PEOPLE in the Yishuv—the pre-state Jewish community in Eretz Israel (Palestine)—in the late Ottoman and the British Mandate peri- ods, citriculture evoked a tapestry of images that would later evolve into sacred symbols of the Israeli experience: the tantalizing aroma of citrus blossoms blanketing the whole country, heralding the end of the cold win- ter and the advent of spring; the picker’s pleasant fatigue at sunset after a grueling day in the orchards in agonizing struggle for the “conquest of labor” (the Zionist term for establishing the primacy of Jewish, as opposed to Arab, labor); and the ardent faith, the parched throat, and the clenched fists in vehement protest against Jewish citrus growers in the moshavot (pri- vately owned agricultural colonies, sing. moshava) who used Arab labor. The imagery included fresh orange juice at streetcorner kiosks and in household kitchens; the reliable low-tech metal orange squeezer with the long handle; the bitter taste of green, unripe oranges, which twists faces into that well-known expression of abhorrence; homemade orange candies and the assorted byproducts of Assis, Ltd. A whole succession of visual sym- bols identified the citrus enterprise with the young, muscular haluts (Zion- ist pioneer): the sturdy hoe, clutched firmly, the first furrows in the orchard, and the outcome—citrus trees sagging with their bounty of gleaming fruit. All of these were ineradicable images of the burgeoning Jewish settlement project in Palestine. Underlying this world of symbols was a socioeconomic reality without which it could not have existed.
    [Show full text]
  • Zion of Their Own Hebrew Women's Nationalist Writing
    Zion of Their Own Hebrew Women’s Nationalist Writing By Orian Zakai A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Comparative Literature) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Carol B. Bardenstein, Chair Associate Professor Shahar M. Pinsker Professor Anton Shammas Associate Professor Ruth Tsoffar © Orian Zakai 2012 Acknowledgements Many people have kindly offered me their invaluable support and guidance throughout the writing of this dissertation. I am particularly grateful to my advisor Carol Bardenstein for her patient and warm mentorship and her unwavering faith in my project. Carol’s uncompromising critical insights have driven me to expand my analytical horizons, and to constantly strive for more rigorous, original and precise thinking. I thank Ruth Tsoffar for inspiring conversations, for her attentive reading and perceptive commentary on my work, and, in particular, for being a guide and a model in the process of opening up texts and investigating the possibilities that every text holds. Shachar Pinsker’s scholarship and teaching have been a source of inspiration throughout the years. Shachar’s advice and support were invaluable in initiating me as a scholar of Hebrew literature. I feel fortunate for having worked with such a kind and generous mentor. I would like to extend my deep gratitude to Anton Shammas, whose wise remarks, as of the early stages of writing, have shaped my overall approach to the politics and poetics of texts. I hope I have managed to follow Anton’s advice and read the texts of the past with acute awareness of the present.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction In March 1924 the Comrades’ Court of the Haifa labor council sum- moned Israel Litvak, a worker at the Rosenfeld printing workshop, to a trial.1 The council—the local representative of the Histadrut,2 of which Litvak was a member—was suing him for violating a strike action un- dertaken by his fellow printing workers: he had returned to work before the end of the strike and the ensuing legal action against the strikers at the Haifa District Court. The council, its secretary David Cohen claimed, “made it clear to him that this act devalues the prestige of the Histadrut and harms the strike. Without it we may have ended the strike more suc- cessfully, for this act satisfi ed the employer.” The secretary continued: “This is a breach of a brotherly alliance. I want to emphasize that we asked member Litvak to wait at least until the trial was over. He claimed that he cannot wait because of family reasons. I think that member Litvak, who places his private aff airs above those of the Histadrut, cannot be found among us.” Constituting insult to and betrayal of Litvak’s fellow strikers and the Histadrut, the act, according to the council, deserved severe punishment. “I waited ten weeks,” Litvak answered: I could not anymore. I was in a diffi cult condition. Anyway I said that if the strike ended I must return [to work]. I did not betray the Histadrut, but went with all the others. … Everybody concurred that I shall return to work aft er the end of the trial.
    [Show full text]
  • Zionist General Council Session XXXVII/5 מושב הוועד הפועל הציוני הל״ז
    מושב הוועד הפועל הציוני הל״ז/Zionist General Council Session XXXVII/5 5 ל' תשרי - ב' חשוון תש"ף october 2019 31 - 29 WZO Representative in the UK – WZO Representative in FRANCE - MOSHE Cohen Izchak Sonnenschein Major and Significant Activities/Events of the Past Year Yom Ha'Atzmaut Major and Significant Activities/Events of the Past Year The event was held on May 8, 2019 at Casino de Paris, a joint endeavor of the WZO, the CRIF, the FOSF, and KKL-JNF. WZO Representation drops anchor in the UK The event attracted 2,000 attendees, young and old; community leaders were The WZO's Representation in the United Kingdom became operational in among the participants. The event opened with welcome speeches by WZO 2018. The first year was devoted to forming connections and establishing Representative Moshe Cohen and the partner organization presidents, and an presence, with the WZO Representative, Izchak Sonnenschein, working to artistic program. Attendees were treated to an enjoyable singalong. introduce the WZO departments' activities and content to the local public and to the UK Jewish and Israeli community. In 2019 the WZO laid down roots by dedicating a new WZO office via an impressive ceremony attended Jerusalem Day The event was held on June 2, 2019 at Salon Hoche, a joint endeavor by representatives of all of the UK's Jewish and Zionist organizations. of the WZO, KKL-JNF, and the FOSF. Welcome speeches were delivered The Chief Rabbi of the UK affixed and made the blessing on the by the WZO Representative in France and by the organization mezuzah, and the Israeli embassy, along with WZO Chair Avraham representatives.
    [Show full text]
  • This Article Explores Attitudes Toward Death and Bereavement in The
    QUEST N. 12 – FOCUS The Attitude toward Bereavement in Everyday Life in the Jewish Agricultural Settlements of Eretz Israel, from the First Aliyah to the 1920s by Devorah Giladi and Yossi Goldstein Abstract This article explores attitudes toward death and bereavement in the Jewish agricultural settlements of Eretz Israel (Land of Israel) from the First Aliyah (1881) to the 1920s, based primarily on newspapers of the period. The sources indicate that whereas members of the First Aliyah viewed death as a failure of the Zionist act and strived to conceal it to the best of their ability, the pioneers of the Second Aliyah effected a revolution in this realm, articulating a perspective that viewed death in the name of the Zionist act with pride and veneration as an attribute of the “new Jew.” This positive attitude focused on the casualties of Jewish guarding who were killed during clashes with Arabs, but also went further. Overall, the Zionist pioneers perceived blood as a means of actualizing the relationship between the Jew and Eretz Israel and expressed a desire to saturate the Land with their blood. The height of this process was the well- known pre-death utterance of Yosef Trumpeldor – a defender of the Jewish settlements in the Upper Galilee in the 1920s – that “it is good to die for our homeland.” This positive attitude toward sacrifice remained a prominent attribute of Zionism for many years to come. Introduction Background: The “New Jew,” Myths, and Nation Building in Nineteenth Century Europe The Attitude to Bereavement in the Moshavot of the First Aliyah: Death as Failure The Attitude toward Bereavement among the Pioneers of the Second and Third Aliyot: The “Beautiful Death” of the Guards Yizkor: The First Zionist Book of Remembrance The Fatalities of Malaria in the Eyes of the Pioneers Conclusion __________________ 135 Devorah Giladi, Yossi Goldstein Introduction The initial decades of Zionist settlement in Eretz Israel (“The Land of Israel”) from 1881 and 1929 were characterized by a high mortality rate stemming primarily from illness.
    [Show full text]
  • Source Abbreviations
    SOURCE ABBREVIaTIONs Archives CZA Central Zionist Archive ISA Israel State Archives LA Lavon Institute for Labour Research Daily Newspapers AH Al HaMishmar CS Chicago Sentinel DA Davar DH Doar Hayom HB Haboker HD Hed Hamizrah HH Hapoel HaTzair HM Ha’mizrachi HS Hamashkif HZ Hazfira PB Palestine Bulletin PP Palestine Post Reports 19ZC 19th Zionist Congress Report, 1937 CE22 Census of Palestine 1922 CE26 2nd Jewish Workers Census 1926 CE37 Census of Jewish Employees (2 March 1937) CEN Census of Palestine 1931 CJE Census of Jewish Employees (Workers and Officials), March 1930 CW40 Report of the Committee on Development and Welfare Services, 1940 HIS3 Minutes of the 3rd Histadrut Convention, 1927 © The Author(s) 2018 287 S.A. Duke, The Stratifying Trade Union, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65100-2 288 SoUrce AbbreViations JAOY Jewish Agency’s Operation for Yemeni Jews in Wartime, 1945 LS43 Labour Supervision in the Colonial Empire, 1937–1943 PC37 Palestine Royal Commission 1937 (Peel Commission) SAP Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1929 SAP2 Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1936 SHJP Statistical Handbook of Jewish Palestine 1947 TEN Ten Years of Jewish Immigration into Palestine, 1929 WW49 Women Workers’ Council’s Report of the 1942–1949 Period Yemeni Publications BH Betoch HaMaaracha HT Hapoel HaTeymani SH Shaaraim ST Shvut Teiman YH Yediot Hugim UT Uri Teiman Other Small Publications AJ Al-Jia (camp workers’ publication) MH Michtav Hozer (an HWC publication) BIBLIOGRaPHY Abdo, Nahla. 1992. Racism, Zionism and the Palestinian Working Class, 1920–1947. Studies in Political Economy 37: 59–92. Abramovitz, Zeev, and Yitzhak Gelfat.
    [Show full text]