Paralipsa Gularis Zell.) in Einem Rohkakaolager in Der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik

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Paralipsa Gularis Zell.) in Einem Rohkakaolager in Der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Summary the grains, the portion of it reaching 25 per cent with Studies on the decimation -of insect pest popu­ Oryzaephilus surinamensis, 91 per cent with Cryptolest.es lations in grain through pneumatic conveyance ferrugineus and 95 per cent with Sitophilus oryzae. With At a capacity of 5 to 37.5 tons per hour and suction pipe, the smallest suction unit available in GDR ports (capa­ pneumatic conveyors in storage rooms and seaports city: 19 tons per hour and pipe) 95 per ,cent of the total crushed more than 99 per cent of the insects occurring population of O� surinamensis, 69 per cent of C. ferru­ outside the grains, or they destroyed the insects comple­ gineus and 48 per cent of S. oryzae were destroyed. tely. They also decimated the population living inside Literaturangaben können beim Autor angefordert werden. Zentrales Staatliches Amt für Pflanzenschutz und Pflanzenquarantäne beim Ministerium für Land-, Forst- und Nahrungsgüterwirtschaft der DDR - Zentrales Quarantänelaboratorium - Helen BRAASCH Zum Auftreten des Samenzünslers (Paralipsa gularis Zell.) in einem Rohkakaolager in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1. Einleitung vor allem in China und Japan beobachtet. In West­ europa tritt der Samenzünsler hauptsächlich an Man­ Paralipsa gularis (Lep., Galleriidae) ist ein in Südost� deln und Nüssen, .in England auch an Kakao und Trok­ asien beheimateter Vorratsschädling. Zu seinem ur­ kenfrüchten, auf (SMITH, 1956). Bei Befall von Man­ sprünglichen Verbreitungsgebiet zählen offenbar die deln und Erdnüssen wird der gröfjte Teil des Kernes Vorkommen in China, Japan, UdSSR (Wladiwostok), einschliefjlich des Embryos von den Larven verzehrt. Vietnam, Burma und Indien (SMITH, 1956). Mit Boh­ Sowohl in Deutschland und England als auch in den nen, Reis, Ölsaaten, Erdnüssen und Sojabohnen wurde USA und Kanada wurde an Getreide nur schwacher Be­ der Samenzünsler in andere Teile der Erde verschleppt. fall beobachtet. Etwa im ersten Drittel dieses Jahrhunderts gelangte er Paralipsa gularis nach England, den USA und Deutschland. Heute ist er Nach bisherigen Beobachtungen kann mit wenigen Ausnahmen aufjerhalb seines Ursprungs­ den mitteleuropäischen Winter in ungeheizten Spei­ gebietes vor allem in Kaliforhien und in der Nachbar­ chern in Diapause überstehen. Die Entwicklung vom Ei schaft grofjer Häfen Westeuroi;as anzutreffen. Er wurde bis zur reifen Larve vollzieht sich bei Temperaturen in Frankreich, Sizilien, Holland, Schweden, Kanada und zwischen 15 und 33 °C (SMITH, 1964). Nach SMITH Hawaii gefunden und soll 'auch in Oberitalien und in der (1956) sollen jedoch die Sommertemperaturen für eine Türkei vorkommen (SMITH, 1956). schnelle Vermehrung zu gering sein, so dafj der Samen­ zünsler nicht in Konkurrenz mit der Speichermotte In Deutschland wird erstmals von KABIS (1908) über (Ephestia elutella Hbn.) treten könne. Die Möglich­ einen Befall sizilianischer Mandeln in einem Vorrats­ keiten der Einbürgerung sind aber - soweit diese nicht haus in Karlsruhe berichtet. In den Jahren 1932/33 trat schon erkannter- oder unerkanntermafjen erfolgt ist - der Samenzünsler in Hamburg in einem Kakaospeicher geJeben. und später an Früchten, Nüssen und Sojabohnenmehl auf (ZACHER, 1933, 1934; SCHULZE, 1939; WEID­ NER, 1936). Aufjerdem wurde er in Bremen (AMSEL, 2. Material und Methodik 1937) und im Jahre 1938 in Berlin an Getreide, vor Im Verlaufe von Untersuchungen über vorratsschäd­ allem Roggen (ZACHER, 1939), später in geringer liche Motten in Rohkakaolagern und Schokoladenfabri­ Zahl in westdeutschen Getreidespeichern (ZACHER, ken im Jahr 1970 und im 1. Halbjahr 1971 wurde in 1941) festgestellt. Nach PETERSEN (briefliche Mitteilung, 1972) fanden �L�(...&,,1 i,. �c,-, Sammler die Art 1934 in Halle, 1957 und 1958 an Hasel­ (D,�, nüssen in Wismar und aufjerdem in Wittenberg. Aus dem Gebiet der DDR sind in den letzten Jahren keine weiteren Funde bekannt geworden. Bei der Besichti­ gung eines Dresdner Vorratslagers fanden wir (zusam­ men mit Kollegen Dr. BAHR) am 2. 7. 1969 in einem Raum mit Mandeln und Aprikosenkernen einen Falter und eine Larve des Samenzünslers. •+ Er kann beträchtliche Schäden an Getreide, Hülsen­ ,l früchten, Trockenfrüchten, Ölsamen und Nüssen ver­ ursachen (LIEBERS, 1937; ANDER, 1951; SMITH, 1964). In Kalifornien ist er der gefährlichste Schädling an Backpflaumen. Das Fruchtfleisch der Pflaumen wird - • � - - - � � M dabei völlig - zerstört. Zusätzlicher Schaden entsteht 1911 durch die starke Spinntätigkeit und die Kotausschei­ Abb. 1: Jahreszeitliches Auftreten der Falter von Paralipsa gularis (Fallen­ dung der Raupen. Ernste Schäden an Getreide werden fänge) in einem u1_1geheizten Lag,er 237 einem ungeheizten Rohkakaolager des Binnenlandes (BRAASCH, 1972), so ergibt sich eine Parallelität in (Saalfeld) auch das Auftreten des Samenzünslers festge­ der Entwicklungsdauer der 3 Arten unter gleichen Be­ stellt. Seine Falter fingen sich in den zur Erfassung der dingungen mitteleuropäischen Klimas. Es scheint also, relativen Populationsdichte der Motten in diesem Raum da-6 der Samenzünsler der Speichermotte - zumin­ aufgestellten 2 Wassergefä_fien. Die Kontrolle der Ge­ dest von der klimatischen Seite her - konkurrenz­ fä6e und die Erneuerung des Wassers erfolgten fähig wäre. Sein relativ. geringes Auftreten kann auch wöchentlich. Die bereits durch ihr auffälliges Aussehen auf erst kürzlich erfolgte schwache Einschleppung zu­ kaum verkennbaren Motten wurden durch mikroskopi­ rückzuführen sein. Inwieweit sich die verschiedenen sche Betrachtung der Genitalorgane endgültig determi­ Vorratsprodukte, im geschilderten Falle insbesondere niert. In dem Rohkakaospeicher lagerten auch Erd­ Rohkakao, als Nahrungsstoffe eignen, inwieweit an be­ nüsse (verschiedene Herkünfte, u. a. Vietnam), Hasel0 stimmte Nahrung angepa.fite Individuen__ auf anderes nüsse (Türkei, Italien) und Mandeln (Iran). Im Frühjahr Futter übergehen können oder vielleicht auch verschie­ 1972 erfolgte eine Stichprobenkontrolle. dene Rassen existieren, bedarf weiterer Untersuchun­ gen. Besonderes Interesse verdienen auch die Entwick­ lungsmöglichkeiten des Schädlings an Getreide. In un­ 3. Flugzeiten des Samenzünslers im Jahres- seren Untersuchungen stammte der Schädling wahr-· rhythmus scheinlich aus den Haselnüssen.- Der Samenzünsler ist In dem untersuchten Rohkakaolager traten au6er dem offenbar noch in weiterer Ausbreitung begriffen. Unter­ Samenzünsler und weit zahlreicher als diese Art die suchungen in England zeigen, da-6 der Schädling irregu­ lär auftritt und aus den Vorratshäusern häufig wieder Tropische Speichermotte oder Dattelmotte ( Cadra cau­ tella Walk.), die Speichermotte und die Dörrobstmotte verschwindet, wenn die befallene Ware entfernt ist. Er ist auch in England trotz häufiger Feststellung an Nu-6- (Plodia interpunctella Hbn.) auf. Der Samenzünsler war jedoch im Frühjahr die erste Art, die beim Flug auf­ importen noch nicht allgemein verbreitet (SMITH, fiel. Wie aus Abb. 1 hervorgeht, liegt sein erster Flug­ 1950a). Wahrscheinlich kann er sich nur dort halten, wo gipfel bereits Anfang Juni. Obwohl die ersten Motten regelmä.fiig Nüsse, Erdnüsse oder Mandeln gelagert werden (SMITH, 1960b). Diese strenge Futterpräferenz der anderen Arten auch bereits ab Mitte Mai schlüp­ überrascht, da er, wie erwähnt, in anderen Ländern an fen, _ erreichen sie ihre erste Populationsspitze etwas später. Ob die relativ geringe Anzahl der gefangenen einer ganzen Reihe von Waren gro6e Schäden verur­ sacht. In dem von uns untersuchten Lager hielt er sich Falter (insgesamt 39 Stück) auf eine tatsächlich geringe Populationsdichte oder evtl. auf ein geringes Bedürfnis mindestens 3 Jahre hintereinander. Als möglicherweise potentieller Gro.fischädling sollte er auf jeden Fall im zum Trinken von Wasser zurückgeht, wurde nicht ein­ Auge behalten werden. deutig geklärt. Die enge zeitliche Begrenzung des Auf­ tretens scheint aber für ersteres·zu sprechen. Es wurden Bei den Importkontrollen und bei Kontrollen in den zur Flugzeit tagsüber nie mehr als 3 bis 4 fliegende Vorratslagern des Inlandes stärker auf den Samenzüns­ Falter gleichzeitig beobachtet. An den im gleichen ler zu achten, dürfte nicht schwierig sein, da Raupen Raum aufgehängten Fliegenfängern mit Klebstoff fin­ und Motten durch ihre Grö6e und letztere durch ihre gen sich nur gelegentlich Samenzünsler. Flügelzeichnung auffallen. Die Falter haben eine Flügel­ Die 2. Flugzeit des Jahres liegt im August/September. länge von 10 bis 14 mm. Die Vorderflügel sind grau­ Demzufolge beansprucht der volle Entwicklungszyklus braun oder graublau gefärbt und tragen nahe der Ba­ im Sommer ca. 2 1/2 Monate. Die im darauffolgenden sis und hinter der Flügelmitte je eine dunklere, zick­ Frühjahr 1971 erfa_fite Flugzeit der 1. jährlichen Falter­ zackförmig verlaufende Querbinde. Beim Weibchen be­ generation deckte sich zeitlich mit der des Vorjahres. findet sich zwischen den Binden ein runder bis ovaler Am 12. Juni 1972 wurde eine Stichprobenuntersuchung schwarzer Fleck, beim Männchen ein schmales elfen­ in demselben Lager vorgenommen. Der Samenzünsler beinfarbenes Dreieck mit in Form und Grö6e schwan­ war wiederum vorhanden. In einer ca. 1 Woche vorher kenden schwarzen Punkten an seinem äu6eren Rand. aufgestellten Wasserschüssel fingen sich 6 Exemplare. Die Raupen des Samenzünslers sind gelblichwei-6 bis Fliegende Tiere waren zunächst nicht zu sehen, wahr­ schmutzig gelbgrün gefärbt und werden 25 bis 30 mm scheinlich infolge der kühlen Witterung an diesem Tage. lang. Behaarung, Kopf und Nackenschild sind gelb­ Gründliche Nachsuche
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