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ON MICROFILM BRANCH €7^ A•C Iee Ti Il4i LIBRARY CUFY P R HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY

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pfbJb historic resource study a civil history volume 1 june 1980 NATIONAL RECREATION AREA NATIONAL SEASHORE CALIFORNIA IATIONAL PARK SERVICE R rggVER SERVICEW •• V ON MICROFILM BRANCH €7^ a•C iee ti il4i LIBRARY CUFY p r HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY A CIVIL HISTORY of I Golden Gate National Recreation Area I and Point Reyes National Seashore California Volume I by Anna Coxe Toogood Historic Preservation Branch Pacific NorthwestWestern Team Denver Service Center National Park Service United States Department of the Interior I VOLUME I TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations vi I Preface vii Acknowledgements ix I 1 Explorers and Indians of the Golden Gate A English and Spanish Explorers 1 The Coast Miwoks in Marin County 1 2 The Costanoans of San Francisco Peninsula B The Mission Indians C Secularizations Impact on the Indians 1 11 Spain and Mexico on the California Frontier A Foreign Contact and Trade I The Spanish Frontier 17761822 2 The Mexican Frontier 18221846 B Mexican Ranchos 18341846 1 Marin County Ranchos a Rancho Los Baulinos b Rancho Tomales y Baulinas C Rancho Punta de los Reyes and Punta de los Reyes Sobrante d Rancho Sausalito e Angel Island 2 San Francisco County Ranchos a Rancho Punta de Lobos b Rancho Laguna la Merced III American Takeover and The Gold Rush A Land Claims Under Legal Scrutiny B Ranchos in Transition 184666 1 Rancho los Baulinos 2 Rancho Tomales y Baulinas 3 Rancho Penta de los Reyes and Punta de los Reyes Sobrante 4 Rancho Sausalito 5 Angel island 6 San Francisco Ranchos C San Francisco and the Gold Rush IV San Francisco as A Center For Trade and Industry and Commerce 86 A Local Industries Supply A Growing Market 86 1 Marin Countys Contributions 86 a Lumber and Firewood 86 i b Bolinas Shipbuilding 90 c Horticultural and Poultry Products 91 d Dairy Products 94 e Hogs 97 f Water 97 1 2 San Franciscos Black Point Cove Attracts Industry 97 a Pioneer Woolen Mills 97 b Selby Smelting Works 99 c Spring Valley Water Works 100 B Maritime Commerce On San Francisco Bay 101 1 Bay and Inland Vessels 101 a Ferryboats 101 b Scow Schooners 102 c Feluccas 103 2 Pacific Industries Based in San Francisco 104 a Whaling 104 b Pacific Coast Fisheries 105 c The Lumber Industry 112 d Sugar Industry 114 3 The Cape Horn Trade 115 4 Chinese Passenger Industry 116 1 5 Steamship Companies 117 C The Panama Pacific International Exposition 1915 118 1 San Franciscos Leaders Propose an Exposition 118 0 2 Preparations for the Exposition 120 3 The Exposition 124 V Marin County as Leader in California Dairy Industry 130 A Point Reyes Dairy District 135 1 The Steeles 136 2 Point Reyes A ShafterHoward Dynasty 139 3 The Tenant Ranches and Ranchers 145 4 Home Ranch 159 5 Pierce Ranch 168 1 B Olema Valley 180 C Throckmortons Sausalito Ranch 191 D The Decline of Dairying in Marin County 196 VI Marin Countys Mining 199 A Limestone Quarries 199 B Granite Quarry 201 C Copper Mines 202 VII Aids to Navigation and Maritime Commerce 207 A Lighthouse Service 207 1 Point Bonita Lighthouse 18551876 208 a A Delayed Authorization 208 b The First Lighthouse and Fog Signal Site 212 ii c Aids to Navigation Move to Lands End 220 d Notes on the Keepers 235 2 Point Reyes Lighthouse 18701976 239 a A Shotgun Start 240 b Construction and Maintenance Man Against Nature 246 I 1 The Lighthouse and Dwelling 246 2 The Fog Signal 251 3 A Struggle to Operate An Efficient Station 255 1 4 Fog Signal Problems Continue 263 5 Modernizing the Lighthouse and Station 267 c The Army at Point Reyes Light Station 194352 269 d Notes on The Keepers 269 B US Lifesaving Service 18781915 US Coast Guard 1915present 276 1 Golden Gate LifeSaving Station 284 2 Point Reyes LifeSaving Station 290 3 Point Bonita LifeSaving Station 299 C Weather Bureau Service 310 1 Point Reyes Station 311 2 Mount Tamalpais Station 315 D Marine Lookouts Point Lobos 316 VIII Protection Against Contagious Diseases and Illegal 4 Immigration 321 A US Quarantine Station Angel Island 321 1 Quarantine Legislation 321 2 San Francisco Receives a Quarantine Station 322 3 Epilogue 353 B US Immigration Station Angel island 354 1 Social Climate in San Francisco and California Fosters AntiAsian Legislation 357 a Chinese Exclusion Acts 1882 1892 1902 358 b Japanese Exclusion by Treaty Agreement and Act of Congress 19071924 362 2 Local Pressure and Congressional Action to Establish an Immigration Station at Port of San Francisco 19021910 368 3 Planning and Construction of the Station 19051908 371 4 Operations of the Station Official and Unofficial 378 a Procedures for Arriving Aliens 378 b Enforcement of Regulations 379 C Wartime Internments 387 in d Federal Prisoners and Harry Bridges Deportation Hearings 392 e Social Organizations Give Aid at Station 394 f Immigrant Recollections and Accounts 396 g Transportation and Communication 401 h Regular Maintenance and Protection 403 5 Problems Investigations Scandal Surround the Stations Op enin g and op eratio n 40 4 a Investigations Prior to Opening 405 b First Year Problems Indicate Trends 411 C Improvements and Recurring Problems 417 6 Efforts to Enlarge or Abandon Station 191340 426 7 Fire and Removal to Mainland 1940 430 iv Abbreviations NA National Archives FARC Federal Archives and Record Center CHS California Historical Society SCP Society of California Pioneers RG Record Group SFPL San Francisco Public Library SFMM San Francisco Maritime Museum SFMSHP San Francisco Maritime State Historical Park BL Bancroft Library V 1 V PREFACE This historic resource study on the nonmilitary history of Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Point Reyes National Seashore follows the terms of an unapproved task directive and the standards and regulations governing historic preservation in the National Park Service The same task directive covers this study as well as those studies on military historic resources prepared by Historian 1 Erwin N Thompson Originally Mr Thompson was assigned to the entire complete study but the enormous number of military historic resources alone made the project too cumbersome and I was called in to undertake a history of the nonmilitary resources V I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While enjoying my lunch break on the office lawn one sunny day nearly three years ago my associate Historian Erwin Thomson joined me and and enthusiastically described his complex new project at Golden Gate National Recreation Area GGNRA and Point Reyes National Seashore So numerous and varied were the historic resources of the areas that Erwin was compelled to seek some assistance in his research At his request I was assigned to complete a historic resource study on the nonmilitary history within the park Never before had I tackled such an enormous project Despite the numerous long research trips which put a crimp on my home life the project provided me with the best and most enjoyable in National Park Service career learning experience my Working 44 with Erwin was a big part of my education Not only did he make his voluminous research notes and record copies available to me but he also gave unstintingly of his time to discuss and advise me on the numerous problems or questions which arose during the research and writing of this report In addition Erwins deep 1 personal involvement in this project as well as his unwavering of me as his associate on the project carried me through support 1 many times of doubt and uncertainty when the report seemed to be an impossible task to complete Finally I wish to thank Erwin for being such a fine historian associate and friend Other National Park Service historians assisted me in the course of my research Ed Bearss opened my eyes to valuable records on the LifeSaving Service in the National Archives as did Ross Holland for lighthouse records Diana Skiles historian at Point Reyes National Seashore compiled considerable information on the parks history which she generously shared with me She also 4 Vii 1 escorted me to several historic sites within the park and helped me make contact with residents past and present of Point Reyes peninsula Gordon Chappell Western Regional Historian in San Francisco shared with me pertinent research materials he had collected on GGNRA and Point Reyes history John Martini historian for GGNRA cheerfully guided me around many historic 1 sites and provided me with several useful sources from his own research on local history John Luzader my supervisor in the Denver Service Center provided me with dependable advice and support when additional research called for his approval To all these associates and friends I extend my sincere appreciation Harold LaFleur the historical architect on this project visited many of the areas historic sites with me and offered his professional evaluations on the structures His thorough completion 1 of the List of Classified Structures his constant vigilance over the project funding and his unshakeable good spirits have cleared and brightened the path of progress for this report on numerous occasions Tom Mulhern Chief Division of Cultural Resource Management Western Region frequently kept me posted on matters relating to the historic resources and always took a sincere interest in the problems and issues of this research While all the staff that I met at the two areas impressed me with their spirit of cooperation a few individuals stand out as especially helpful Ron Treabess the Denver Service Center Project Manager at GGNRA and our direct contact for this project gave Erwin and myself unqualified support during the preparation of this report His frequent assistance in making arrangements and contacts
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