Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page i HOW THE CATHOLIC CHURCH BUILT WESTERN CIVILIZATION Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page ii Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page iii HOW THE CATHOLIC CHURCH BUILT WESTERN CIVILIZATION Thomas E. Woods, Jr., Ph.D. Since 1947 REGNERY PUBLISHING, INC. An Eagle Publishing Company • Washington, DC Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page iv Copyright © 2005 by Thomas E. Woods, Jr. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including pho- tocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woods, Thomas E. How the Catholic Church built Western civilization / Thomas E. Woods, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89526-038-7 1. Catholic Church—Influence. 2. Civilization, Western. 3. Christianity and culture. 4. Catholic Church—History. I. Title. BX1795.C85W66 2005 282'.09--dc22 2005007380 Published in the United States by Regnery Publishing, Inc. One Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20001 www.regnery.com Distributed to the trade by National Book Network Lanham, MD 20706 Printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Books are available in quantity for promotional or premium use. Write to Director of Special Sales, Regnery Publishing, Inc., One Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001, for information on discounts and terms or call (202) 216-0600. Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page v To our daughters, Regina and Veronica As this book went to press we learned that P OPE J OHN PAUL II, pontiff of twenty-seven years, had passed to his eternal reward. The book is also dedicated to him, for his heroic labors against Nazism and Communism and on behalf of peace and innocent human life. Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page vi Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page vii CONTENTS Chapter One THE INDISPENSABLE CHURCH 1 Chapter Two A LIGHT IN THE DARKNESS 9 Chapter Three HOW THE MONKS SAVED CIVILIZATION 25 Chapter Four THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITY 47 Chapter Five THE CHURCH AND SCIENCE 67 Chapter Six ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND THE CHURCH 115 Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page viii Chapter Seven THE ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 133 Chapter Eight THE CHURCH AND ECONOMICS 153 Chapter Nine HOW CATHOLIC CHARITY CHANGED THE WORLD 169 Chapter Ten THE CHURCH AND WESTERN LAW 187 Chapter Eleven THE CHURCH AND WESTERN MORALITY 203 Conclusion A WORLD WITHOUT GOD 217 Acknowledgments 227 Bibliography 229 Notes 241 Index 267 Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page 1 Chapter One The Indispensable Church hilip Jenkins, distinguished professor of history and reli- Pgious studies at Pennsylvania State University, has called anti-Catholicism the one remaining acceptable prejudice in America. His assessment is difficult to dispute. In our media and popular culture, little is off-limits when it comes to ridiculing or parodying the Church. My own students, to the extent that they know anything at all about the Church, are typically famil- iar only with alleged Church “corruption,” of which they heard ceaseless tales of varying credibility from their high school teach- ers. The story of Catholicism, as far as they know, is one of igno- rance, repression, and stagnation. That Western civilization stands indebted to the Church for the university system, charita- ble work, international law, the sciences, important legal princi- ples, and much else besides has not exactly been impressed upon them with terrific zeal. Western civilization owes far more to the Catholic Church than most people—Catholics included—often realize. The Church, in fact, built Western civilization. Western civilization does not derive entirely from Catholicism, of course; one can scarcely deny the importance of ancient Greece Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page 2 2 How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization and Rome or of the various Germanic tribes that succeeded the Roman Empire in the West as formative influences on our civi- lization. The Church repudiated none of these traditions, and in fact absorbed and learned from the best of them. What is striking, though, is how in popular culture the substantial—and essential— Catholic contribution has gone relatively unnoticed. No serious Catholic would contend that churchmen were right in every decision they made. While Catholics believe that the Church will maintain the faith in its integrity until the end of time, that spiritual guarantee in no way implies that every action of the popes and the episcopate is beyond reproach. To the con- trary, Catholics distinguish between the holiness of the Church as an institution guided by the Holy Spirit and the inevitable sinful nature of men, including the men who serve the Church. Still, recent scholarship has definitively revised in the Church’s favor some historical episodes traditionally cited as evi- dence of the Church’s wickedness. For example, we now know that the Inquisition was not nearly as harsh as previously por- trayed, and that the number of people brought before it was far smaller—by orders of magnitude—than the exaggerated accounts that were once accepted. This is not merely special pleading on the author’s part, but the clearly stated conclusion of the best and most recent scholarship.1 The point is that in our present cultural milieu it is easy to forget—or not to learn in the first place—just how much our civilization owes to the Catholic Church. To be sure, most peo- ple recognize the influence of the Church in music, art, and architecture. The purpose of this book, however, is to demon- strate that the Church’s influence on Western civilization goes well beyond these areas. With the exception of scholars of medieval Europe, most people believe that the thousand years prior to the Renaissance were a time of ignorance and intellectual Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page 3 THE INDISPENSABLE CHURCH 3 repression in which vigorous debate and lively intellectual exchange did not occur, and that strict conformity was ruth- lessly imposed on whatever scholarly community might be said to have existed. My students can hardly be blamed for believing this; after all, it is only what they were taught in school and in American popular culture. Even some professional authors can still be found giving cre- dence to this view. In the course of some research I came across a 2001 book called Second Messiah by Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas. These authors paint a picture of the Catholic Church and its influence on Western civilization that could not be more wrong. They get away with it thanks to the strong prej- udice against the Middle Ages, as well as an overall lack of knowl- edge of the period, that exists among the public. For example, we read: “The establishment of the Romanised Christian era marked the beginning of the Dark Ages: the period of Western history when the lights went out on all learning, and superstition replaced knowledge. It lasted until the power of the Roman Church was undermined by the Reformation.”2 Again: “Every- thing that was good and proper was despised and all branches of human achievement were ignored in the name of Jesus Christ.”3 Now, I realize that this is precisely what many readers were themselves taught in school, but there is scarcely a single histo- rian to be found today who would view these comments with anything but amused contempt. The statements made in Second Messiah fly in the face of a century of scholarship, and Knight and Lomas, who are not trained historians, seem blissfully unaware that they are repeating tired old canards that not a single profes- sional historian any longer believes. It must be frustrating to be a historian of medieval Europe: No matter how hard you work and how much evidence you produce to the contrary, just about everyone still believes that the entire period was intellectually Church1-final:working template.qxd 12/19/08 9:30 AM Page 4 4 How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization and culturally barren, and that the Church bequeathed to the West nothing but repression. Not mentioned by Knight and Lomas is that it was in “Dark Age” Europe that the university system, a gift of Western civi- lization to the world, was developed by the Catholic Church. His- torians have marveled at the extent to which intellectual debate in those universities was free and unfettered. The exaltation of human reason and its capabilities, a commitment to rigorous and rational debate, a promotion of intellectual inquiry and scholarly exchange—all sponsored by the Church—provided the frame- work for the Scientific Revolution, which was unique to Western civilization. For the last fifty years, virtually all historians of science— including A. C. Crombie, David Lindberg, Edward Grant, Stanley Jaki, Thomas Goldstein, and J. L. Heilbron—have concluded that the Scientific Revolution was indebted to the Church. The Catholic contribution to science went well beyond ideas—including theological ideas—to accomplished practicing scientists, many of whom were priests.