August, 1961 50, for High -Fidelity Audio Output
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SSB Exciter Circuits Using a New Beam-Deflection Tube
8/24/2008 7360 Circuits SSB Exciter Circuits Using a New Beam-Deflection Tube Practical Circuit Data for Modulation, Frequency Conversion and Detection BY H. C. VANCE K2FF Extracted from QST March 1960 The new beam deflection tube described here appears to be a bulb-full of versatility, with more applications than were visualized when the tube was under development as an improved type of balanced modulator. This article tells how the 7360 can be put to work in a number of ways in the amateur field, particularly in SSB transmission and reception. A new beam-deflection tube, the RCA-7360, incorporates novel design features which, with suitable circuits, allow it to be used in many kinds of applications with improved performance at frequencies at least as high as 100 megacycles. The tube was originally developed to provide a high degree of stable carrier suppression when used as a balanced modulator in single-sideband service. More than 60 dB of carrier suppression has been obtained with it as a balanced modulator in SSB exciters of both the filter and phasing types. It is of course equally valuable in double-sideband suppressed carrier service. Frequency conversion, product detection, synchronous detection, single-ended to push-pull phase inversion, switching circuits, fader circuits and compressor- expander-limiter circuits are among the many other interesting applications in which the unique properties of this new tube have been found to be valuable. In this article circuits will be described which make use of the 7360 as a balanced modulator, a frequency mixer and a product detector. -
Brookhaven National Laboratory
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY quarterly Progress Report April 1 - June 30~ 1950 Associated Universities Inc. under contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT April 1 - June 30, 1950 Associated Universities, Inc~ under contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission Printed at Upton, New York, for distribution to individuals and organizations associated with the national atomic energy program. July, 1950 7.00 copies FOREWORD This is the second of a series of Quarterly Progress Re ports. While most of the departments have summarized their work or used a form comparable to abstracts, the Chemistry Department has given both abstracts and complete reports on its work. The major part of the progress in the Reactor Science and Engineer ing Department is being presented simultaneously in a separate classified report. iii CONTENTS Foreword • • • iii· Physics Department • 1 Instrumentation and Health Physics Department 15 Accelerator Projeot • • 22 Chemistry Department • 28 Reactor Science and Engineering Department • 91 Biology Department • • 96 Medioal Department • • 107 PHYSICS DEPARTMENT The research progress of the Physics Department is described under five subdivisions: 1) dynamic properties of atomic nuclei, 2) stationary proper ties of nuclei, 3) high energy particle physics, 4) research in other branches of physics carried out with the use of neutrons or other nuclear techniques, and 5) theoretical topics not included under the above headings. Under sub division (1) are included investigations of radioactivity and nuclear reac tions induced by gamma rays, neutrons, and particles accelerated in the cyqlotron or Van de Graaff accelerator. Under (2) are the measurements of nuclear mass and moment. -
An Experimental Investigation of a Low Distortion Mixer
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A LOW DISTORTION MIXER USING A BEAM-DEFLECTION TUBE A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Division By Guy Herbert Smith, Jr. In Partial. Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology June, I96I "In presenting the dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology, I agree that the Library of the Insti tution shall make it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with its regulations governing materials of this type. I agree that permission to copy from, or to publish from, this dissertation may be granted by the professor under whose di rection it was written, or,, in his .absence, by the dean, of the Graduate Division when such copying or publication is solely for scholarly purposes and does not involve potential financial gain. It is understood that any copying from, or publication of, this dissertation which involves potential financial gain will not be allowed without written permission. " /y~ J* AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A LOW DISTORTION MIXER USING A BEAM-DEFLECTION TUBE Approved: - \ A . \ h T T - / /) l Date Approved by Chairman: 11 PREFACE This study is an experimental investigation of a low distortion mixer using a beam-deflection tube as the active circuit element. The material herein is limited in its scope in that the investigation covers only one of several basic circuit configurations that are suitable for use with beam-deflection tubes. It is also limited because only one type of beam-deflection tube has been considered. -
A New Miniature Beam-Deflection Tube (7360)
BEAM-DEFLECTION TUBE 267 of the returned electrons are undesired coupling from grid No. 3 to grid No. 1 and variations of input loading of grid No. 1. The degree of influence of grid-No.3 voltage upon cathode current is a good indi- cator of the magnitude of these adverse effects. In conventional NEW MINIATURE A BEAM-DEFLECTION TUBE* pentodes, such as the 6ASG, grid No. 3 has about one-third the con- BY trol over cathode current that it has over plate current. The effect is reduced to about one twentieth in pentagrid converters, which are M B KNIGHT - . designed to return electrons along different paths as much as practical. RCA Electron Tube Division, always away Harrison, N. J. In the beam-deflection tube, the electrons move from the cathode; thus, the major cause of interaction with the control grid Summary—A new method for beam-deflection control of plate current is eliminated. Furthermore, balanced operation of the deflecting elec- has been developed and applied to a tube design that uses beam-deflection trodes minimizes the influence of the deflecting electrode signal voltage control in addition to conventional grid control. The new tube, the 7860, is - a nine-pin miniature type especially suitable for use in modulators, demod- on the electric fleld near the cathode, and tends to neutralize capaci- ulators, and converters. It has an uelectron gun” that comprises a cathode, tance coupling between deflecting electrodes and control grid. An- a control grid, and a screen grid ; a deflection structure that includes two other advantage is that both plates may be used for output signals in grid like deflecting electrodes; and two plates. -
Dictionary of Video and Television Technology Newnes Is an Imprint of Elsevier Science
Dictionary of Video and Television Technology Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Science. Copyright © 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. [This page intentionally left blank.] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier Science prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 1-878707-99-X British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Newnes publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.newnespress.com 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America Dictionary of Video and Television Technology Keith Jack Vladimir Tsatsulin An imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo [This is a blank page.] CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................. vii About the Authors ..................................................................................... -
Imans, Dept. Committee an Uate Students V 6•
A BINARY QUANTIZER itITH A RESOLUTION OF ONE PART IN A THOUSAND by JULIAN E. GROSS B.S,. Masusachusetts Institute of Technology 1951 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMEWT OF THE E~QUIREM~VTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (1951) Signature of Author .. u ofv lev-.-.0 0 . 0. 1 18*5a....1...... a.* . of Elect, Eng. May 18, 1951 Certified by 'I, IAL,~l ~CIIIIII~t~~Y / r' ........ ........ imans, Dept. Committee an uate Students v 6• 4 6 p +"p~`·r i ab Y·? B 5.6 INST. AUG 6 1951) ABSTRACT A BINARY QUATTIZER WITH A RESOLUTION OF ONE PART IN A THOUSAND by JULIAN E. GROSS Submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Electrical Engineering May 18, 1951. A logical design for a binary quantizer with a resolution of one part in one thousand and a sempling rate of one thousand times per second has been developed. The proposed system is all electronic and may be classified as a 2n/2+1 -step device as contrasted with the more commno n-step and 2n-step quantizers. The design developed employs a voltage comparator to transform the voltage to be coded into a time interval. A certain number of fixed time intervals are subtracted from the main interval and the remainder is essentially multiplied by 32. The intervals subtracted and the multi- plied remainder are used to activate gate circuits which gate pulses into a binary counter. In evolving the design for a circuit to meet the specifications chosen, emphasis was placed on the development of those parts of the circuit which had not been sufficiently developed for application to this problem. -
Charge to Mass of Electron
Nobel Prize Exp. 1, e/m of Electron 1 THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON THE J. J. THOMSON EXPERIMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Historical Background 2 Pre-Lab Home Work 9 Experiment 1 11 Experiment 2 15 Nobel Prize Exp. 1, e/m of Electron 2 THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON NOTE: The following text was taken from "From Alchemy To Quarks" by Sheldon L. Glashow, pp. 423-429. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Roentgen set out to study cathode rays but was rewarded, on or about Christmas 1895, with the discovery of X-rays. Becquerel searched for a suspected but nonexistent link between Roentgen's rays and phosphorescence. Instead, he found something totally unexpected: radioactivity. In January 1896, Ernest Rutherford, a young scientist who was working at the renowned Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England, wrote to his fiancée: The Professor [his advisor, J.J. Thomson] has been very busy lately over the new method of photography discovered by Professor Roentgen. [Thomson] is trying to find out the real cause and nature of the waves, and the great object is to find the theory of matter before anyone else, for nearly every Professor in Europe is now on the warpath. The professor and his assistant would find the parts of the atom. Thomson was about to discover the electron. Sixteen years later, Rutherford would discover the nucleus of the atom. The first of the Nobel prizes was awarded to Roentgen for his discovery of X-rays. Two years later, the Prize was split between Becquerel and the Curies. Joseph John Thomson, J.J., as he was universally known, was director of the Cavendish Laboratories at Cambridge University from 1884 to 1918. -
MT-020: ADC Architectures I: the Flash Converter
MT-020 TUTORIAL ADC Architectures I: The Flash Converter by Walt Kester INTRODUCTION Commercial flash converters appeared in instruments and modules of the 1960s and 1970s and quickly migrated to integrated circuits during the 1980s. The monolithic 8-bit flash ADC became an industry standard in digital video applications of the 1980s. Today, the flash converter is primarily used as a building block within subranging "pipeline" ADCs. The lower power, lower cost pipeline architecture is capable of 8- to 10-bits of resolution at sampling rates of several hundred MHz. Therefore, higher power stand-alone flash converters are primarily used in 6- or 8-bit ADCs requiring sampling rates greater than 1 GHz. These converters are usually designed on Gallium Arsenide processes. Because of their importance as building blocks in high resolution pipeline ADCs, it is important to understand the fundamentals of the basic flash converter. This tutorial begins with a brief discussion of the comparator which is the basic building block for flash converters. THE COMPARATOR: A 1-BIT ADC As a changeover switch is a 1-bit DAC, so a comparator is a 1-bit ADC (see Figure 1). If the input is above a threshold, the output has one logic value, below it has another. Moreover, there is no ADC architecture which does not use at least one comparator of some sort. LATCH ENABLE + DIFFERENTIAL LOGIC ANALOG INPUT OUTPUT – COMPARATOR OUTPUT "1" VHYSTERESIS "0" 0 DIFFERENTIAL ANALOG INPUT Figure 1: The Comparator: A 1-Bit ADC Rev.A, 10/08, WK Page 1 of 15 MT-020 The most common comparator has some resemblance to an operational amplifier in that it uses a differential pair of transistors or FETs as its input stage, but unlike an op amp, it does not use external negative feedback, and its output is a logic level indicating which of the two inputs is at the higher potential. -
Data Converter Architectures
DATA CONVERTER ARCHITECTURES ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERSION 1. Data Converter History 2. Fundamentals of Sampled Data Systems 3. Data Converter Architectures 3.1 DAC Architectures 3.2 ADC Architectures 3.3 Sigma-Delta Converters 4. Data Converter Process Technology 5. Testing Data Converters 6. Interfacing to Data Converters 7. Data Converter Support Circuits 8. Data Converter Applications 9. Hardware Design Techniques I. Index ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERSION DATA CONVERTER ARCHITECTURES 3.1 DAC ARCHITECTURES CHAPTER 3 DATA CONVERTER ARCHITECTURES SECTION 3.1: DAC ARCHITECTURES James Bryant, Walt Kester Introduction Those unfamiliar with DACs regard them simply as devices with digital input and analog output. But the analog output depends on the presence of that analog input known as the reference, and the accuracy of the reference is almost always the limiting factor on the absolute accuracy of a DAC. We shall consider the various architectures of DACs, and the forms which the reference may take, later in this section. Some DACs use external references (see Figure 3.1) and have a reference input terminal, while others have an output from an internal reference. The simplest DACs, of course, have neither—the reference is on the DAC chip and has no external connections. (ANALOG) REFERENCE V DD INPUT VREF DIGITAL INPUT DAC ANALOG OUTPUT V SS GROUND (MAY BE INTERNALLY CONNECTED TO VSS) Figure 3.1: Basic DAC with External Reference If a DAC has an internal reference, the overall accuracy of the DAC is specified when using that reference. If such a DAC is used with a perfectly accurate external reference, its absolute accuracy may actually be worse than when it is operated with its own internal reference. -
Data Converter Architectures
DATA CONVERTER ARCHITECTURES ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERSION 1. Data Converter History 2. Fundamentals of Sampled Data Systems 3. Data Converter Architectures 3.1 DAC Architectures 3.2 ADC Architectures 3.3 Sigma-Delta Converters 4. Data Converter Process Technology 5. Testing Data Converters 6. Interfacing to Data Converters 7. Data Converter Support Circuits 8. Data Converter Applications 9. Hardware Design Techniques I. Index ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERSION DATA CONVERTER ARCHITECTURES 3.1 DAC ARCHITECTURES CHAPTER 3 DATA CONVERTER ARCHITECTURES SECTION 3.1: DAC ARCHITECTURES James Bryant, Walt Kester Introduction Those unfamiliar with DACs regard them simply as devices with digital input and analog output. But the analog output depends on the presence of that analog input known as the reference, and the accuracy of the reference is almost always the limiting factor on the absolute accuracy of a DAC. We shall consider the various architectures of DACs, and the forms which the reference may take, later in this section. Some DACs use external references (see Figure 3.1) and have a reference input terminal, while others have an output from an internal reference. The simplest DACs, of course, have neither—the reference is on the DAC chip and has no external connections. (ANALOG) REFERENCE V DD INPUT VREF DIGITAL INPUT DAC ANALOG OUTPUT V SS GROUND (MAY BE INTERNALLY CONNECTED TO VSS) Figure 3.1: Basic DAC with External Reference If a DAC has an internal reference, the overall accuracy of the DAC is specified when using that reference. If such a DAC is used with a perfectly accurate external reference, its absolute accuracy may actually be worse than when it is operated with its own internal reference. -
"SNR=6.02N + 1.76Db," and Why You Should Care by Walt Kester REV
MT-001: Taking the Mystery out of the Infamous Formula, "SNR=6.02N + 1.76dB," and Why You Should Care by Walt Kester REV. 0, 10-03-2005 INTRODUCTION You don't have to deal with ADCs or DACs for long before running across this often quoted formula for the theoretical signal-to- noise ratio (SNR) of a converter. Rather than blindly accepting it on face value, a fundamental knowledge of its origin is important, because the formula encompasses some subtleties which if not understood can lead to significant misinterpretation of both data sheet specifications and converter performance. Remember that this formula represents the theoretical performance of a perfect N-bit ADC. You can compare the actual ADC SNR with the theoretical SNR and get an idea of how the ADC stacks up. This tutorial first derives the theoretical quantization noise of an N-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Once the rms quantization noise voltage is known, the theoretical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is computed. The effects of oversampling on the SNR are also analyzed. DERIVATION The maximum error an ideal converter makes when digitizing a signal is ±½ LSB as shown in the transfer function of an ideal N- bit ADC (Figure 1). The quantization error for any ac signal which spans more than a few LSBs can be approximated by an uncorrelated sawtooth waveform having a peak-to-peak amplitude of q, the weight of an LSB. Another way to view this approximation is that the actual quantization error is equally probable to occur at any point within the range ±½ q. -
Bob Weaver's Self-Split Amplifier Design
7/08/2014 Bob Weaver’s self-split amplifier design Page 1 of 3 Bob Weaver ( http://electronbunker.ca/Home.html ) designed the common/differential mode reflexed audio amplifier circuit below for an electronics challenge in 2010 ( http://www.dutchforce.com/~eforum/index.php?showtopic=31877 ). The single tube amplifier uses a push-pull output transformer, and a single-ended driver transformer with step-up CT secondary. The tube is a two-plate sheet-beam, or beam-deflection tube (equivalent types are 6AR8, 6JH8, 6ME8, 7360), which acts like a typical pentode but with two plates and the addition of two deflectors that control the current division between the plates (the screen electrode in the pentode is called the accelerator). The control grid transconductance is about 4,000 μmho, which is just a bit lower than common amplifier pentodes of similar plate power rating. For the allowable plate and screen voltages, and maximum cathode current, the 2-3W plate dissipation levels are a bit low and will obviously limit an amplifier’s output power capability. The amplifier input’s voltage signal is passed to the control grid and amplified to a combined plate current signal passing through the driver transformer T1 primary winding, as per a normal single- ended configuration, to generate a T1 secondary side voltage signal which is used to differentially drive the deflectors to cause the combined plate current to generate a push-pull plate-plate current signal through the primary of output transformer T2, with the T2 secondary winding generating a voltage signal to drive a speaker load.