Western Iberia

Narcissi

A Greentours Tour Report

16 th – 29 th February 2008

Led by Ian Bennallick & Paul Green

The attached tour report is from a very similar tour that we ran in 2008. The 2012 itinerary visits all the main areas described in the 2008 report, though we now do it in an eleven day itinerary rather than a fourteen day one, having felt that less time is needed generally on the Portuguese sites. Also, the order of the itinerary has altered, and the departure airport too. This reduces the overall travelling time allowing more time in the field to enjoy those Narcissi .

Saturday 16 ththth February ––– Lisbon to Aldiea das Dez

Ian and Paul collected the group from Lisbon airport at 10am and after negotiating Lisbon traffic were soon driving north towards Coimbra, and east to Aldeia das Dez. Much of the roadsides were yellow with Acacia and the extensive stands of Eucalyptus , planted and now both now naturalised in much of Portugal. A short stop was made to admire the very fresh Narcissus triandrus on granite terraces and outcrops, amongst Umbilicus rupestris and bracken. A Green Woodpecker called in the tranquil sun-mellowed valley below and with the smell of olive wood smoke in the air the relaxing mood was welcome after the long drive. Arriving at the Quinta de Geia in good time, we were soon tucking into beef bourguignon with a fancy chocolate pudding.

Sunday 17 ththth February ––– Serra da Estrela and Mondego Valley

The morning dawned windy but not too cool, with Redwing seen by Hilary in the bushes around the hotel. After a good breakfast at 8.15am, we were soon driving towards the distant peaks of the Serra da Estrela (highest point 1993m). This was our destination for Narcissus asturiensis (a small Narcissus pseudonarcissus like plant), and it looked easier than the year before when the slopes had a sprinkling of snow. As we drove along the valley the heathy slopes beside the road had some pink Erica australis . Eventually we started to climb a very nice smooth new road to the area around a small reservoir, Lagoa Comprida. Much of the wooded slopes appeared to have been burnt relatively recently, and the whole area was reminiscent of the largely open Exmoor. Climbing higher and the temperature dropped close to freezing and

1 we could see snow patches on higher slopes. We drove to below the dam of the lake to be met by almost all the surrounding villagers in their cars and numerous coaches all sightseeing towards the highest point (and presumably heading for the mountain restaurants) near Torre, the highest point on the Serra da Estrela. Because of the very high winds, we gingerly managed to avoid the ensuing traffic jam and drove along the ridge (with wonderful views no one was parked below the dam so we took the opportunity of exploring the grassy areas that in the previous year was covered in snow. Almost immediately, we found Narcissus asturiensis , small but perfectly formed, in large numbers amongst the grasses on shallow soils, especially where the granite outcrops rise close to the soil surface. A few Narcissus bulbocodium var. nivalis were found then more and more, small neat flowers. The dwarf juniper, Erica and grasses made for interesting vegetation and the granite was covered in bright green splashes of lichens. Feeling completely bone-chillingly cold we drove along the road to Sabugueiro. The odd Narcissus asturiensis started appearing on the rocky road cuttings, so everyone was dropped off to walk along the road to see the best ones (and to stretch legs) but some had already gone over and were not as good as the previous year here or like the ones near the dam higher up. One patch of several flowers was growing around a small flush site, and the presence of available moisture was seemingly what the plants needed. Alongside the road Armeria alliacea was almost in flower.

We drove further – and despite Paul seeing a couple of crocuses from the van, none were evident alongside the road. Driving down we decided to retrace the road to have another look and we stopped with everyone out searching the hillside. Unlike 2007, when we had had some very deep violet forms of the crocus which keyed out to be C. carpetanus , only a few fresh specimens could be found. Some had been blown over in the wind. No Romulea bulbocodium or Narcissus bulbocodium var. nivalis could be found this year suggesting that it was a later season in 2008, and that the snowpatches had not long disappeared.

We drove out of the hills and into the Mondego Valley, where hybrids of Narcissus triandrus and Narcissus scaberulus and good populations of Narcissus triandrus had been recorded. We parked up and headed off in all directions along the river Mondego, as the picnic was prepared. On steps and in abundance on the open rocky outcrops near the river by the bridge were the dainty Narcissus scaberulus , and only a few Narcissus triandrus . Despite looking for hybrids none were found. A worry here (raised last year) is that the river banks have been colonised but the very invasive non-native Eucalyptus and Acacia trees. The growth and dead leaves of these species had and were crowding and shading out a lot of Narcissus – what will the future hold for Narcissus here? One or two flowering Arisarum vulgare were found also. By now it was raining so we all bundled into the vans and drove to a track east that was so good in 2007 and had had more Narcissus scaberulus , some short and some tall, but no Romulea bulbocodium or Viola demetria . This year the Narcissus was only few in number and as the other species were not showing, we thought it a sign of a late season. We headed back to Aldeia das Dez for a relaxing evening, checklists and another hearty meal.

Monday 18 ththth February ––– Pampilhosa da Serra

The aim of today was to see the golden variety of Narcissus triandrus (var. concolor ) near Pampilhosa da Serra. The day dawned wet and cool, and low clouds were ominous, as we

2 wound our way towards Arganil. We stopped beside the road east of Coja where the cutting of firebreaks had meant that Narcissi, both Narcissus bulbocodium and Narcissus triandrus , had popped up on the short areas with leaves of Scilla monophyllus . There was a very large clump of Narcissus triandrus . The surrounding scrubby vegetation included flowering Erica lusitanica .

The roads to the next planned stop were lined by eucalyptus woods with acacia and the odd pine plantation, much of the planting evidently destroying the native heathy vegetation. We walked from the road to the top of the outcrop beside the river where Narcissus triandrus was thick with other interesting species – lots of leaves of Scilla monophyllus , and Daphne gnidium and Ruscus heterophyllum on the sides.

The main site of the day was not far along some fantastic new roads (again with almost no traffic) through heathy hillsides pink with Erica australis . We rounded a bend and near a small terraced farm by a stream, where the hillside trees (Eucalypts and pines) had been burnt in the recent past, the hillside was disappointingly lacking the numbers of the ‘Angel’s Tears’, Narcissus triandrus var. concolor , which we had seen in 2007. However a few were all golden and perfect in the misty light and the cloudy conditions and light rain made them luminous. The leaders prepared the picnic, which included a wonderful Estrela cheese, local ham and the always delicious rustic bread. As it was disappointingly free of the Narcissus here, we drove along the roads as far as Cambas, to the Zezare River, a very picturesque setting. Tree trunks relatively high up the banks were evidence of a recent flood and indeed in January they had had 14 days of rain in the area. A Cormorant was sunning itself as we arrived, and in earnest we searched the suitable habitats for Narcissi . Paul found some Narcissus triandrus var. concolor on a south-facing slope in shade but they were few and many were left to open.

We found some large blooms of Narcissus bulbocodium clinging to a rocky cliff and in short grassy patches above a retaining wall. The Romulea bulbocodium were tightly closed in the chill wind! A Peregrine Falcon mewed and swooped around the rocks by the dam. After stopping for coffees at Martin’s Café south of the dam, we drove down to the village below the dam, and past Vidual onto Fajao. Most of the landscape was obscured by mist, but we were soon in the exquisitely pretty little valleys between Fajao and Texeira on the road to Coja, and up into the hills of Serra de Açor, through some wonderful scenery. The valleys here had not been burnt and the scrub and woodland appeared to have more native species. At the top the view across to the north was super with small chimney stacks with smoke rising though the mists from the many low ridges, to the high Serra do Caramula. We stopped at the junction where Michael last year had found Crocus carpetanus in abundance , and again we found them but the very strong cold winds had pushed them over . We drove to Avo through a picturesque valley down to and via Pomares, after we had all photographed a dense clump of Narcissus bulbocodium growing on the mown verge. Perhaps this area needs more grazing to encourage the short turf for Narcissi? We arrived back at 6pm, and had a lovely meal of simple vegetable soup, chicken stuffed with ham, and a chocolate sweet.

Tuesday 19 ththth February ––– Mondego Valley

The aim of today was to find good Narcissus scaberulus , which is endemic to the small area of the middle Mondego valley, and according to Blanchard an ancestral species, and hybrids that

3 were seen in the previous year. We drove to Oliveiro de Hospital (actually driving into and out of the hospital!) in cloudy but bright and warm conditions, and wound our way north towards the Rio Mondego. A large individual clump on a roadside granite boulder had to be stopped for and as we explored the roadsides, more Narcissus scaberulus were found. Further north, in woodland near Caldas de Fegueira, we found Narcissus triandrus var. cernuus in a wood, though again the majority had yet to flower as had the Scilla monophyllos also there. A couple of antipodean shrubs were seen and puzzled some of the gardeners except Peter who suggested Grevillea and Leptospermum , but was later identified as Hakea rostrata . Further on and north over the Rio Mondego near the top of the hill some Narcissus triandrus drew attention to itself, with the best ones in opened up forest. The Acacia dealbata was especially abundant here and in full, hay-fever inducing, acid yellow bloom. Further on and it became quite summery (18 degrees!) and at the small rocky outcrop beside the road (an archaeological site with a dolmen) which had Narcissus triandrus everywhere and Narcissus scaberulus in quantity. None of the hybrid between the two – Narcissus x carringtonii – was found (it was seen here in 2007). A few Romulea bulbocodium were fully out in the sun. Further along the road we eventually came to our picnic lunch stop, at a bridge crossing the Rio Mondego, but before the bridge the road cutting was sprinkled yellow with more and taller Narcissus scaberulus , and grassy patch on top of the cutting was thick with them. As the leaders packed the picnic away the group walked south across the river and followed the road up to the small junction. Halimium alssyoides was flowering and on the hotter drier slopes, and David and Peter found a slope of Narcissus triandrus amongst Cistus ladanifer and Lavandula stoechas scrub. More Narcissus scaberulus was found on rock outcrops and Hilary and Michael found a good patch of Romulea bulbocodium . We headed up the south slope of the valley only to stop to look at more Narcissus bulbocodium on the verges and in shady woodland, whilst passing some nice patches of Narcissus triandrus . The hybrid between Narcissus triandrus and Narcissus bulbocodium – Narcissus x consolationis – seen here in 2007, was again flowering, with several flowers yet to bloom. In the brief hour or two of direct sunshine on it, three of four flowers opened! With a little time left we drove to the bridge northwest of Povoa de Midoes, and though no more Narcissus could be see, two Large Tortoiseshells were seen around a plane tree and two Cirl Bunting were seen. We drove back to the Quinta de Geia for the last meal of fish pie which everyone thought absolutely delicious!

Wednesday 20 th February ––– Aldeia das Dez to Guincho Beach

After saying our farewell to Aldeia das Dez we drove east along the road to Covilha through miles of open hillsides with a heathy vegetation, in places recently burnt, through low cloud and mist, a long drive to Guincho Beach, northwest of Lisbon ahead of us. Two stops were planned, one at Vilho Velho da Rodao for Narcissus triandrus var. concolor , and one at Grutus Alvados (Alvados Cave) in the Serra de Candeeiros for Narcissus calcicola and possible Narcissus obesus . The drive south along the A23, was uneventful, save for some heavy localised downpours and White Storks seen here and there. A drive alongside the Ribeiro Tejo (River Tagus) saw the group enjoying the now very pleasant sunny weather above the river on south- facing slopes. Narcissus triandrus var. concolor reputedly grew here somewhere but this place didn’t feel right – the flora was of dry areas with Cistus spp., Rosemary, Phillyrea and Pinus typical of the vegetation. The view was wonderful and two Griffon Vultures circled overhead, Cetti’s Warbler called briefly and Holly Blue was flying. It was decided to try the road to the south of the village over the bridge and it wasn’t very far that we saw the first ‘golden’ drops

4 or Angel’s Tears on damp cut-back roadside banks, in number. Some were seen in open scrub above but only dotted here and there. Pleased to find many more than our trip to Pampilhosa da Serra, the picnic was had near the top of the hill where Celia found Processionary Moth caterpillars in line to a hole in the ground and Hillary found a range of different flowered Rosemary plants. After the picnic we travelled south towards the Serra de Candeeiros, through Minde and Mira de Aire, passing exotic Brugmansia spp., Pyrus spp. and Loquat in gardens and some fine Himantoglossum robertianum on roadsides.

This stop at the village area of Alvades, within a natural amphitheatre of craggy limestone hills was welcome after travelling so long. We arrived at Grutus de Alvados (Cave of Alvades) where a quick check revealed Narcissus calcicola growing on the cliff behind the gift shop, and Orchis olbiensis and several fresh Himantoglossum robertianum plants on the roadsides. Up a small track the Narcissus calcicola here were sparse with only good plants seen above the lane.

Some Narcissus proved to be Narcissus obesus – the corona was much expanded. We explored the hills during the picnic where Rosemary and Lavenders in bloom made a fragrant picnic spot. After the picnic we explored an old track opposite the gift shop, towards limestone quarries, and here were found some fine clumps of Narcissus calcicola with more of the orchids mentioned. A Hoopoe flew over and displayed, and Corn Buntings called, a common sound in the southern Med. The group walked down a small zigzagging country road adding more Himantoglossum robertiana and the leaves of Neotinia maculata to the list. Narcissus bulbocodium was seen in number in some places beside the road but the dimensions were not quite right for Narcissus obesus (though Blanchard mentions that this is the one where there is most disagreement over).

The last stretch, after some expert navigating, was to Guincho Beach to the Forteleza de Guincho, a hotel spectacularly perched on low cliffs facing the Atlantic Ocean. The wide sandy beach had sand blowing into extensive dunes along the whole stretch of coast. The high Serra de Sintra hills to the north were shrouded in sea mists, a very impressive setting. The hotel was 5 star and opulent with a fantastically elaborate dinner, including 6 staff to serve us. The day was long but the lovely meal nicely rounded off a long day.

Thursday 21 ststst February ––– Serra da Arrabida

In the morning light the views from the hotel were astounding – the Atlantic Ocean below us with clean rollers and surf, empty golden sandy beaches both sides and the opulence of the hotel around us. Breakfast was a fine spread of the best fruit, bread, hams and cheeses you could ask for. Reluctant to leave this luxury we drove in cloudy but warm weather to Setubal, to drive into the Serra da Arrabida, a rounded ‘whaleback’ chain of limestone hills right on the coast, from the eastern end. Past the cement works and up the hill the road verges and grassy slopes were thick with Narcissus bulbocodium . We had recorded Narcissus obesus in 2007 but looking at them again they may be but may not – there is more disagreement about this species than any other (Blanchard, 1990). The general feeling was that these are Narcissus bulbocodium . Another bonus here, especially under pines was the many perfectly formed Gennaria diphylla , a small green orchid with two leaves. Amongst the orchids were also flowering Arisarum , first thought to be Arisarum simorhinum , but then decided to be Arisarum vulgare . Further up the hill Lonicera implexa , Jasminum fruticans and Anemone palmata , with striking yellow blooms, were

5 flowering, as mists rolled in off the sea on the highest point. Further up the high road past the aerials we stopped at the top near a shrine, and looked around the rocks to the north where Narcissus calcicola were found in 2007. The extra year’s growth of the shrubs had further covered open rocks and only a few, drawn-out, plants could be found, with a few Narcissus bulbocodium along the roadsides. However Paul spotted a tiny Least Adderstongue fern (Ophioglossum lusitanicum ), Gagea sp. and Romulea bulbocodium on the flat pans between the rocks. The roadsides had a lot of flowering Calendula suffriticosa and Astragalus lusitanica . Driving further along to where the road descends, Ian hunted for Ophrys , and eventually Paul found two blooms of Ophrys fusca agg. and David one flowering Scilla monophyllus . Where the vans were parked one flower of Scilla hispanica was found, only leaves had been seen so far. In the craggy open areas amongst the prickly shrubs, Tulipa sylvestris (presumably subsp. australis ) leaves, a few Narcissus bulbocodium and Sideritis hirsuta were found. A couple of white Anemone palmata flowers were also seen. By now the mists had cleared and the temp hit 70 degrees, so with a good view far below of the golden beaches, and the huge estuary and saltmarshes of the River Sado past Setubal, the high point was chosen as our picnic spot. This area was much more Mediterranean in vegetation type with Cistus spp., Rosemary and various prickly shrubs and Erica . After another picnic of local goodies, and being scolded by a Sardinian Warbler, the group drove further towards the small convent, and the vans dropped the group to walk down the road. Antirrhinum majus subsp. linkeanum , a tall straggly subspecies able to draw itself above the dense shrubs, was flowering as was Viburnum tinus . Feeling in need of caffeine, we drove to a small cove at Portinho de Arrabida. A Common Sandpiper bobbed along the harbour wall, Chiffchaff briefy chiffchaffed, and a Grey Wagtail flew along the restaurant as we had a coffee beside the clear waters where Grey Mullet were tantalisingly within net-scooping distance!

As no more Narcissus had really been encountered, it was considered worth a trip to the Cabo Espichel, the westernmost cape along this bit of coast, to see if any could be seen there. It wasn’t long before we spotted some Narcissus bulbocodium on the roadside, twice, the second stop having largish flowers but still not really Narcissus obesus . We could have had a third stop for a particularly photogenic Barlia , but as we had them the day before we drove on. Around Sesimbra, and along a sprawling settlement towards the Cape a Spotless Starling stood out, and Crested Lark were seen on the grassy flat areas. Much of Portugal seems to be one sprawling settlement linked to another, so it was good to get to the cape where it was free of houses save for the lighthouse and a large pilgrimage lodgings house. Having never been here before, the area was interesting for the way it looked like a western British coastal headland, with wind-clipped shrubs and no trees, but here the shrubs were quite different – Mastic tree and Juniper amongst others! In the grass Ophrys tenthredinifera and Ophrys sicula were found with one very early Aceras anthropophorum , with one flower barely open. Inland the clouds had been building from the coast and as we drove from Alfarim to the N10 back to Lisbon, the heavens opened. Driving through extensive woodlands of Umbrella Pine, yellow beneath with Ulex spp., was a change to the sprawl. We passed close to some reedbed and wetland, where several Cattle Egret were seen; this looks like the upper part of the Lagoa de Albufeira and could be worth visiting later in the spring?

It didn’t take too long to get back to Cascais as the sun was setting. The meal again was delicious, and we were extremely well looked after – we had on average one staff member for two people!

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Friday 22 ndndnd February ––– Serra da Sintra

A wonderful breakfast with the most delicious fruit selection, and blue sky, set us right for the day. With a long drive the following day, today was the easy day, with an exploration around the Serra da Sintra, the well wooded hills that form the backdrop to Guincho beach. These hills are home to many large ornate houses within private estates, and was the summer residence of the kings of Portugal in the past. Our first stop was at the high point of Peninho, eventually reached through forests of pine, Eucalyptus and Acacia longifolia . There had been heavy rain in the night and the whole area was humid, reminiscent of Madeira, and even Primrose was spotted from the van! The small open are at Peninho had a terrific view towards Cascais and beyond, and in open areas now made a small biological reserve we saw several Scilla monophyllus flowering, Tuberaria lignicola , one flower of a Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. lusitanica , and small patches of Ionopsidium acaule , with Mibora minima and Romulea bulbocodium . Small oaks in bush form amongst Ulex jussiaei subsp. congestus and Ulex europaeus subsp. latebracteatus keyed out to be Quercus fruticosa . A couple of Rock Bunting on the rocks and Firecrest seen by Paul added to the bird list. In woodland below the viewpoint Davallia canariensis twisting up (or down?) a tree was seen, as well as Polygonatum odoratum and Daphne laureola .

Driving to the north of the hills through more humid woodland past large walled lanes and huge boulders, we eventually reached the Castelo dos Mouros, a ruin with ramparts which can be walked around. The views here are wonderful and the woodlands surrounding the lower parts had trees dripping with Davallia . Many Arum maculatum in the woodlands had not yet reached perfection, but some more Arisarum was found flowering. For fern enthusiasts, the unusually shaped Phyllitis hemionitis was seen on walls. Aaron and Roy saw a few Narcissus bulbocodium over the ledge but too dangerous to examine. We drove down to Sao Pedro, next to Sintra to the large open cobbled square and had a very good lunch in an Italian restaurant, sunning ourselves outside on sundrenched tables. Very relaxing and a change from picnics.

After lunch we drove to the garden of Monserrate, designed by James Knowles Jr., it was built in 1858 on the initiative of Francis Cook, Viscount Monserrate. The garden, beloved by Byron, called it ‘Eden’. Set on the north side of the hills a waterfall gave the fern garden a humid air, with mosses everywhere, and Davallia growing on rocks and trees. Even Gennaria diphylla was growing on walls and trees! The gardens were modest, but a relaxing place to be and well tended. Key features were a huge Norfolk Island Pine, some tree ferns, but not too much in the way of flowers. The fine palace was interesting, but large tadpoles in a trough were also – perhaps the progeny of the squashed Fire Salamander some had seen? After coffees we drove back to Guincho (a wrong turn had us driving along dirt roads but also a huge patch of flowering Scilla monophyllus ) where some walked along the beach and recorded some of the beach flora – including Cottonweed ( Otanthus maritimus ), a species now extinct in Britain. The meal of Venison was top notch – the finest ever tasted by some – and the elaborate dessert too good to eat – almost! The last checklists of the Portugal part of the trip included extras like Cleopatra butterfly, numerous mesembs around the Forteza and Carpenter Bee. Saturday 23 rdrdrd February ––– Guincho Beach to Benaojan

7 A day’s drive to Benaojan, just west of Ronda in Southern Spain was to take all day, but as the breakfasts were so good at the Forteza we left at 8.15am. It was pouring with rain, which didn’t really stop and only got heavier towards Ronda! We chose the quickest and easiest route – along good motorways east then south to Seville, through part of Extramadura. The traffic was extremely light as it was a Saturday, and all the way to Benaojan it was very easy driving. In places the plains were monotonous, a never-ending flat landscape of cultivated fields and groves. However, further south the landscape became hillier, attractive with woodland and pasture. We had good birds along the route however with Cattle Egrets and Storks in the cultivated areas, Black Kites and Kestrels. A roadside restaurant at Las Nieves nearer Seville was found, and once all were refreshed we drove the last stretch through Seville and then into the hills where our destination lay. The hotel, Molino del Santo (a converted mill) lies below the two hill villages of Montejaque and Benaojan, just west of Ronda, in some high limestone rocky hills. We arrived at 5.30pm (passing the flowering Iris planifolia and Ornithogalum reverchonii above the villages) and everyone was immediately made welcome. The hotel complex is made up of the converted mill with individual rooms in small buildings surrounding a garden and pool alongside a roaring river where Grey Wagtails were observed each morning. The well-appointed rooms were extremely welcome and after a chance to rest we had dinner in the swish restaurant/bar complex and not long after all were ready for bed!

Sunday 24 ththth February ––– Benaojan and Montejaque

We awoke to much better weather – no rain! After the long drive the day was to be out of the bus as much as possible, so starting at 10am the group walked south across the river (Rio Guadiaro) below the hotel, and a little way downstream into the deep, steep-sided valley. Along the route over the bridge we soon came to a small rocky outcrop between the path and the river. On the outcrop several blue/violet flowered Iris planifolia which would have been in perfect condition had it not been for the rain which had squashed some flat. Amongst them were some of the dainty small-flowered and rush-leaved Narcissus assoanus (which used to be called Narcissus juncifolius and then Narcissus requienii ), which was similar to Narcissus scaberulus and Narcissus calcicola we had seen in Portugal. These had a delicious scent. David found the first Fritillaria lusitanica ( Fritillaria hispanica is considered to be this species according to Flora Europaea) amongst the Narcissus, and the small leaves of Ranunculus bullatus were noticeable. This Ranunculus is very early flowering so only the leaves were seen. On the trackside a small group of Ophrys fusca agg. plants were seen in perfect condition. In the trees and shrubs along the river the birdsong was explosive with Cetti’s, Sardinian Warbler and Blackcap singing, as well as the more familiar Chaffinch, Robin, Great Tit and Wren. Two Treecreeper and a Nuthatch were seen and two cormorants monitored the river and Mallard made their presence known. A short walk up a small side valley near a ruined house had one slope with trees – Holm Oak and Cork Oak - but with the other side more open with Western Dwarf-palm Chamerops humilis and hundreds of Iris planifolia , in better condition. Here we saw a few butterflies – Small Heath, Cleopatra, a Holly Blue. Further along we found more Narcissus assoanus on rocks.

We returned to the hotel to eat our picnic in the sunshine, where as we were enjoying the Spanish spring warmth, Speckled Wood, Swallowtail and Painted Lady gathered also, and there were good views of a Dipper and Grey Wagtail along the fast-flowing river beside the

8 hotel. Our first stop after lunch was near the small chapel, on the rocky slope opposite the hotel. The many fine clumps of Narcissus assoanus var. praelongus seen in 2007 had mostly fruited, so a quick look along the south-facing cliffs across the road in a damp rocky verge some Ornithogalum reverchonii were found, this being endemic to southern Spain and Portugal. A few Spanish Festoon were seen, as well as a Hummingbird Hawkmoth. Further up the hill we drove through Montejaque with its almond trees in full, pink bloom to a flat area between the rocky limestone hills ‘Penon de Mures’ and ‘Cerro Tavizna’. A rocky knoll beside the road had our first Narcissus papyraceus , with its heady hawthorn-like scent and pure ‘paper-white’ blooms. This appeared to key out as straight Narcissus papyraceus , two other ‘paper-white’ narcissi on our list for the trip, Narcissus panizzianus and Narcissus polyanthos were to be searched for wherever we saw similar plants. More Fritillaria lusitanica were found, one of which was very tessellated, and some with the dreaded red Lily Beetle chomping at them, with Gagea arvensis and several good Orchis olbiensis (pink ones and a white form) between rocks. There were more Narcissus papyraceus than in 2007, and other plants of note included Asphodelus albus , Aristolochia baeticus , Scilla hispanicus and Clematis cirrhosa .

Some of the group walked along a fallow field to a viewpoint towards the town of Ronda, a town perched a few kilometres away on the top of a gorge. Along the track many sheep or goats had been grazing, yet all the Iris planifolia were untouched, some clumps with many flowers. A rock had a fine display of Linaria aeruginea . Some people had good views of Black Wheatear, Thekla Lark, Kestrel, a Blue Rock Thrush, and lots of Griffon Vulture circling, and gliding around, up to 50 seen together. Returning to the vans we passed hawthorns full of the red-berried Mistletoe Viscum cruciatum , as well as the strange stripy flowers of the Friar’s Cowl Arisarum simorhinum and a big yellow buttercup, Ranunculus rupestris (also known as Ranunculus spicatus ).

The next stop was at a small valley just above Montejaque where Narcissus cuatrecasasii were found on the cliffs, with Ornithogalum reverchonii , and thousands of Iris planifolia in the grazed areas, one particularly good clump had a pure white flower. Beside the road a particularly garden-worthy Scrophularia sambucifolia , with red and green flowers double the size of most Figworts. The scenery was rocky and impressive, and more Griffon Vultures were present overhead, again close to 50 flying over, and perching. When scanning the cliffs with a scope, at least 35 were roosting on the rock on the north side of the valley. Choughs called and two Raven flew over. Another delicious meal followed checklists.

Monday 25 ththth February ––– Grazelema

This was an activity packed day looking for various Narcissi around Grazalema, only a few kilometres away. We headed off in sunshine and blue skies and soon we were driving through cork oak woodlands – some had been ‘de-corked’ exposing their red trunks beneath the thick cork bark. Along the road spindly Rhododendron bushes were growing also. At Puerto de Los Alamillo we headed south and soon found a roadside patch of the jonquil Narcissus cordubensis that had mercifully been spared the ditchside maintenance of herbicide and cutter. These fields had been good in the past for Narcissus panizzianus (once a sub-species of Narcissus papyraceus but now a recognised species) but none could be seen today. All the fields had been hard grazed. The Narcissus cordubensis had more flowers to a head that Narcissus calcicola , or

9 Narcissus scaberulus and were fragrant. Celia heard a Tawny Owl in the valley and a Griffon Vulture was seen – the first of many. Only a few kilometres along the road we reached some fields and road verges with emerging springs, and one part of a field was yellow with these jonquils. Choughs were seen and heard on cliffs above. Further along the road, heading towards the village of Villaluenga Del Rosario, just past a picnic area, a north-facing hillside looked promising. Narcissus bulbocodium was dotted here and there, especially beside the road, with many fresh Romulea bulbocodium . The smallholding on the other side of the road had a menagerie including pigs, fowls and goats. Crested Lark was present, and seen close to the vans, and a braying then belching donkey shattered the morning calm.

West of Villaluenga Del Rosario the rocky hillside beside the road was a mass of Narcissus papyraceus , and here it was easy to see how people had recognised the larger and smaller flowered forms as sub-species. Plants higher up the bank had small flowers and short leaves whereas lower down the slope plants had larger flowers, a variable population. The Narcissus enthusiasts discussed the variability and questioned the validity of the sub-species now elevated as species ( Narcissus polyanthos and Narcissus panizzianus ) we were to look out for. It appeared that we had two types – Narcissus papyraceus and Narcissus panizzianus . Ornithogalum reverchonii was also here looking fresh, as was Asphodeline aestivus, flowering unlike in 2007, and many Romulea columnae on a low bank beside the road. Spanish Festoon and Small Copper enjoyed the warm sunshine on the rocks. Some of the slope was a mass of an as yet non- flowering pea, but one flower identified it as Lathyrus tingitanus , very attractive. The Narcissus here really were in peak condition and a delight to see and photograph.

Further down in the flat hard grazed valley bottom a good stand of Iris planifolia coloured the floor purple and made a great photo. Beside the road some fresh Giant Orchids were particularly good and the best many of the experienced travellers had ever seen – large, fresh and with a pleasing purple colour. The picnic spot was further on at a mirador, overlooking the valley to the northwest. As we tucked into our substantial picnic of cheese rolls, salmon and onion baps amongst fine specimens of Giant Orchid, the birdsong in the scrub was incessant – tits, warblers, finches, to name a few, all pairing up and making territories. Hilary and Michael spotted Short-toed Treecreeper in a tree and Raven flew over. The scope picked out a good view of a Kestrel, perched on a pinnacle.

After lunch the group explored the damp high cliffs to our south which keyed out from Blanchard (1990), as Narcissus cautrecasasii (leaves were two-keeled, with 3 exerted anthers and three anthers included). However the leaves and stems were much longer and larger than Narcissus growers had seen on plants they know as Narcissus cautrecasasii and it was tentatively identified as var. segmonensis (in 2007 it was thought to be Narcissus jonquilla ). Also growing with it were a few Ornithogalum reverchonii and at the base of the cliffs more wonderfully robust Giant Orchid. The larger subsp. ficariiformis of Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria ) brightened up the scree.

After the picnic we retraced the road to Grazalema, almost stopping to see what the ‘paper- white’ Narcissus was on the side of the road. However we drove on and up through Grazalema, a typical Andalusian whitewashed village, and took the north road towards Puerto de las Palomas. A few outcrops were explored as these had a few Narcissus assoanus , these outcrops were dry and had a more southerly aspect. A perfect Ophrys fusca was seen as well as Orchis olbiensis . Further up we drove to the mirador at the Puerto de las Palomas (1900m) and

10 took in the view, where at least 30 Griffon Vulture circled, and Narcissus assoanaus grew on the rocks below the mirador. A short drive back down to Grazelema for a relaxing coffee stop in the almost deserted village square, and we were soon back down amongst the Narcissus papyraceus , though these had smaller flowers and were closer to Narcissus panizzianus . Comparing these to the other two populations and over checklists it was decided that these could just be forms or varieties of a broadly similar species adapting to its edaphic conditions. The quiet drive back for 6pm had the group ready for checklists and dinner.

Tuesday 26 ththth February ––– Benaojan to east of Ardales

In perfect sunny weather we headed east towards El Burgo and Ardales from Ronda to two sites of Narcissus cantabricus which had been good in 2007. Just after Ronda we stopped on a high area (cool in the high winds) for possible Crocus, but only leaves could be found presumably of C. nevadensis ? Iris planifolia was abundant in places, and Choughs ‘chowed’ on the rocky cliffs around. A fine display of red-berried Mistletoe was a short photo stop, and a few Narcissus assoanus were seen on roadside rocks, a good clump was seen on a rock in a gorge. The sun’s warmth soon replaced the cool winds! Further on a huge patch of Storksbill (Erodium cicutarium ssp. jacquinianum ) colouring the ground pink in places was a ‘must’ for the photo opportunity. We reached the pleasant white-washed town of El Burgo, and negotiating the small streets, we eventually wound our way through very pleasant and relaxed countryside of olive groves, smallholdings and rough ground, the sides of the roads smattered with purple Moricandia and yellow crucifers. Not far along we came to a shaded roadside outcrop with dense patches of Narcissus assoanus , growing amongst mosses, the best we have seen on the trip. A short stop lasted longer when Paul scrambled up a bank beneath pines where Ophrys were growing. Very fresh Ophrys fusca , Ophrys bilunulata and Ophrys scolopax were admired and Tulipa sylvestris leaves were found under pines. Anticipating a good show of Narcissus cantabricus we drove to the site where they had been good in 2007. We parked near a ruined farm across from the narrow gully with a track, and Ian led Peter and Pauline to the slope – heart in mouth – would they be good – would they be over? Unfortunately it was a late season for these and despite searching only about 5 could be seen flowering, with maybe only 2 having good enough blooms for photos, very disappointing! However there were several seed heads and hopefully they will fall into the turned over ground that the sheep and boars had grazed and disturbed. This steep site should be safe from being cultivated, but similar slopes in the area seem to have been recently (last few years) bulldozed, reseeded and heavily fertilised. The Andalucian landscape has changed rapidly to intensive and sterile agriculture, and the vivid unnaturally green fields are discordant in an area that needn’t be cultivated as intensively. The sandstone rocks at the end of the gully was checked by Paul, and the Narcissi here too had already gone over. Hopefully the next site would have more?

After a picnic lunch we drove through Ardales and on the road to the Embalse Guadalohorca, northwest of Bobastro (an archaeological site). The road wound down and around some very interesting sandstone rock formations (maybe breccia), high cliffs with smooth rounded hills topped with pines. The van stopped half way on a small knoll where we had Narcissus cantabricus under the pines in 2007. None were seen flowering here, but the plants WERE here – seedpods and plants scattered around on lower slopes. A few flowers were found on a neighbouring hill and grassy hillock, but were going over. There were very fine Ophrys

11 tenthredinifera , and David found a super Fritillaria hispanica with flared segments. Amongst the sandy soils and rocks a few other interesting species were seen including the dusky orange flowers of Dipcadi serotinum , (like an orange bluebell), the wide dark green leaves (with a white stripe) of Lapiedra martinezii , feathery foliage and new flowers of Reseda suffruticosa , Silene colorata and Linaria aeruginea.

Sensing that a tea stop was needed we drove further along the road through a small gorge, where a café was found, beside the reservoir near El Chorro, near a damp bank where Maidenhair Fern, Brookweed and Lysimachia junceum grew in a wet ditch. Cetti’s Warbler called, and Elizabeth found herself the target of a nice Spanish black cat which promptly curled up on her lap. Refreshed we drove back but took another road to a viewpoint at Bobastro, reached by a road that went through pine forest and gave wonderful views of the scenery. At the top, past a hilltop reservoir, there was much Asphodeline aestivus on the rocks and Alexanders in the fertile areas. There was a good view across the surrounding hills south, and whilst ambling back to the vans the sandstone cliffs were looked at more closely and Chaenorhinum villosa and Rupicapnos africana, were found on them. Further down the road, Pauline walked on to feed some horses we saw as we came up, and a few Ophrys we had seen as we drove up were examined. There were Ophrys fusca , Ophrys scolopax and Ophrys bilunulata but also a lovely vigorous one found by Hillary, which looked the shape of Ophrys scolopax , but had a brown labellum with a broad stripe along the base of the labellum – maybe a hybrid between Ophrys fusca and Ophrys scolopax ?

Wednesday 27 ththth February ––– Sierra de las Nieves

Hopefully a perfect day for the higher areas of Sierra de las Nieves – but the hotel was enshrouded in mist! However as we drove towards Ronda, passing dew-laden spiderwebs everywhere. We drove out of the valley mist into sunshine and blue sky on what would turn out to be a warm day. Driving south of Ronda we turned left into the park heading for the picnic area at Los Quejigales, high up in the Sierra de las Nieves. Before we could get very far we stopped for Narcissus hispanicus , very much like Narcissus pseudonarcissus with golden trumpets. These were in perfect condition and growing in soil pockets in the north-facing rocks. The surrounding Prickly Oak scrub had recently been cut back, presumably for a firebreak. At a 3-way junction beside the stream where Large Tortoiseshell was spotted, we had a few more Narcissus hispanicus . Paeonia broteri leaves were seen but it would be a long time before they would be flowering! As we returned to the van Pauline spotted a Wild Cat briefly, crossing the stream, its presence was heard by the alarm calls of the jays in the vicinity.

We followed the road up through spiny shrubs and stopped for Narcissus assoanus looking bright in the sunshine, and watched a small lizard displacing a smaller lizard from its basking spot in the sun. The views all around here were spectacular. As we reached Los Quejigales (1300m) the vegetation was spikier, spinier and sparser, but on a north-facing slope we found more Narcissus hispanicus , and Aaron and Roy the spiny Prunus ramburei . Along the track were fine flowering Helleborus foetidus and a single Mouflon – no Spanish Ibex today! Ian, David and Paul saw a Short-toed Eagle being mobbed by a Kestrel, and the others further on saw a Crossbill in a tree. A particularly fine purple Romulea bulbocodium was admired, one of many seen in the damp clayey pans around the picnic site. We arrived at Quejigales for our picnic

12 lunch, and under the wooded grassy slopes around clayey springs more clumps of Narcissus hispanicus were found. Up on the rocky hillside we could see the native and now very rare Spanish Fir Abies pinsapo , but none of the group chose to pick their way up the slope to get a closer look! The older firs are tall and stately, narrowly conical in outline, with young trees very conical. Some of the older ones were dead, their sun-bleached branches making ghostly figures on the skyline. The woodlands here have an under-storey of Daphne laureola subsp. latifolia and Berberis vulgaris . In the open areas were the spiny plants of Bupleurum spinosum, with Lavandula lanata and Teucrium polium and small cushions of Arenaria tetraquetra . Ravens cawed overhead and Ian saw Berger’s Clouded Yellow and Cleopatras were frequent.

From the high ground we drove a little way along another track but there was not much flowering so we recced a little way along the main road towards San Pedro seeing if we could see suitable habitat for Narcissus cantabricus . Peter reported that Stocken – in the 1940s? - reported it between Ronda and San Padro in pinewoods, most likely to be off the limestone, and as we drove along we found the area where the limestone gave way to sandstones or serpentinite, a quick stop gave David an opportunity to explain the rocks hereabout and Ian chance to collect a lovely green piece of rock with lizard like pattern and soapy lustre. A relaxing coffee stop at a café cum leather shop (with awful wooden sculptures for sale) was welcome, many taking the opportunity to bask in the Andalucian sunshine, and soon we were back at the Molino for an earlier finish, which suited everyone. However most of the group opted to walk with the leaders up the track behind the Molino towards Benaojan, which proved rather productive in the late afternoon sunshine. Large Tortoiseshell and Spanish Festoons were seen by Celia, and on rocky outcrops Narcissus papyraceus was almost over, but the Scilla hispanica were at perfection as was the numerous Orchis olbiensis , quite stocky and pale. Paul found Gagea bulbifera and Gagea pratensis , and Ian some Aristolochia baetica. Two Dippers were seen by the river, where the gushing springs emit from the rocks. Checklists and a good dinner rounded off the day.

Thursday 28 ththth February ––– Cerro de la Azotea

Another bright and sunny day, the last for the trip. A mystery tour today, with the aim to visit the Cueva de Pileta and drive to a site for the hybrid between Narcissus assoanus and Narcissus panizzianus (given to us by Caryl from the previous trip via Tom Norman). We did not know what we would find so we set off full of anticipation. We drove south west along the valley in wonderfully atmospheric mists and morning light and stopped at the Cueva de la Pileta. A Large Wall Brown was spotted by Celia and Peter, and lots of Aristolochia baetica on the rocky hillside amongst Dwarf Fan Palm and Asphodelus albus . A short walk to the cave to see the possible Narcissus jonquilla on the left outcrop but none could be seen. No one wanted to go into the cave so we left to join the main road. Just as we were about to drive off we spotted the Narcissus on the outcrop near the road. Examination revealed it to be Narcissus assoanus and Peter and David, experienced in Narcissi habitats thought that Narcissus jonquilla would be not in this type of habitat.

We drove onto Barriada de la Estacion, and just up the hill we spotted paper whites in an olive grove, sparkling in the sunshine, and growing along the small stream. After a few photos and a quick look at roadside weeds, we carried along the road towards Atajate, a twisting but very

13 scenic route. Joining the road at Atajate we travelled towards Ronda along a fairly unlikely looking road for Narcissus, but nearing the junction with the MA-7307, near a small house with towering limestone rocks above, we stopped and through bins could see that the limestone rocks on the Cerro de la Azotea was a mass of paper whites. Whilst the group walked along the quiet roadside towards a road cutting, Ian and Paul investigated the rocks above. Masses of Narcissus panizzianus appeared to grow in the many crevices in the limestone rocks, and where the Narcissus assoanus was associated with it we looked for the hybrid. Soon Paul found one plant just going over, a lemon yellow colour and wider leaves than Narcissus assoanus . Amongst the rocks were Fritillaria hispanica, Scilla hispanicus and lots of Erodium acuale in the flatter areas. Choughs ‘chowed’ overhead and Black Wheatear and Rock Bunting added to the birds. As we met the others coming back they had reported seeing the hybrid too, but high up on the rocks, where some of them could see them through the cameras. Buoyed with this discovery we carried along the road towards Alpendeire, a quieter road free from the holiday traffic and many motorbikes out on the Andalucian Day bank holiday. The view back towards the high Sierra de Grazalema was spectacular and included wonderful views of La Libar, a high limestone mountain with weathered formations. Roy saw a face in it but it was hard to make it out! Near here was the perfect picnic-stop so in the sunshine we tucked into Kiwi fruit, Salami sandwiches and olives. Following down the road we passed through a very scenic valley through Farajan and at Juzcar stopped for a drink at a hotel terrace overlooking the valley below, an area reminiscent of mid-Crete. Lathyrus tingitanus was in full bloom here and swallows swooped and dived amongst the houses.

A quiet end to the day promised but as we drove a ‘host of golden Narcissus assoanus ’ beside the road stopped us. As we scanned the small rocky ridge just above the ploughed olive grove, Narcissi appeared thickly. The rocks were covered with Narcissus assoanus , amongst Orchis olbiensis , Asphodelus albus and lots of other small plants, making great habitat shots. Ian and Pauline disturbed a Montpelier Snake which quickly slithered away, and Paul found a spectacularly fresh hybrid, as we saw at the previous site, with many more blooms, within the population of Narcissus assoanus . No Narcissus panizzianus could be seen in the immediate vicinity but some could be seen very high up on the rocks above and Paul, who had travelled along the road in December 2007, reported that Narcissus panizzianus (presumably) was common along roadsides and in flower. It appeared likely that the pollen of Narcissus pannizzianus had been taken to the Narcissus assoanus presumably by insects. Caryl Baron informs me that it has been named Narcissus x christopheri (after Stocken).

Just across the road on a little rocky hillock, Paul found another perfect hybrid and all had a chance to see it and take photos. Unfortunately Pauline had a bad fall, so an early trip back to the hotel and the local very well staffed health centre was taken.

Whilst Pauline was recuperating the groups did the final checklists and celebrated the end of the trip with some of Paul’s birthday cake, and Peter thanked the leaders for a superb trip.

14 Friday 29 ththth February ––– Malaga and home

The group set off from the Molina del Santos to Malaga as the sun was rising, a lovely sunrise which picked out the Andalusian white villages in the hills as we descended from Ronda to Malaga. The flowers were much more advanced lower down near the coast, with Cistus ladanifer in full bloom. We managed to get to the airport exactly on time but due to engineering works and no where to park it was a quick drop-off and goodbyes. Ian and Paul had a long drive back to Faro, driving through mile after mile of olive groves towards Seville, in a highly intensively farmed agricultural landscape – the only nice areas were along the roads! However passing a rubbish tip near the road we saw hundreds – yes hundreds – of Black Kite, circling the dump, some with bits of plastic bag hanging from their feet. As we reached Portugal, immediately across the border, it became much more scenic with lots of rough ground and Umbrella Pine woodland, much more inviting for the naturalist – a very distinctive divide. We found a cheap hotel on the Praia de Faro, with sea views and views of the salt marshes and lagoons behind. A quick recce of the immediate area provided us with some surprises – lots of Cistanche phelypaea along the uppermost part of saltmarsh in sands, huge yellow broomrape like plants, Gynandriris sisyrinchium flowering along a track, and best of all the small delicate blooms of Leucojum trichophyllum in shaded areas of a sand dune, with Linaria spp, Corrigiola littoralis and Lupinus spp. Fan-tailed Warblers were zit-zitting in the scrub (these otherwise known unfortunately as Zitting Cisticolas), and several waders including Ringed Plover, were in the muddy lagoons, with Spoonbill, Little Egret and White Stork.

Saturday 2 ndndnd March ––– Faro and home (for leaders)

Starting early we drove just across the lagoon to the airport, dropped off the vans and flew home.

References Blanchard, J. 1990. Narcissus - A Guide to Wild Daffodils . Alpine Garden Society

15 Systematic List Number 1 Plants

Selaginellaceae Mediterranean Selaginella Selaginella denticulata Scattered, damp places Selaginella kraussiana Monserrate

Equisetaceae Equisetum ramosissimum near Chorro

Pteridophyta Maidenhair Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris Monserrate and several places in Spain. Jersey Fern Anogramma leptophylla Widespread Black Spleenwort Asplenium adiantum -nigrum Scattered Asplenium billottii Spleenwort Asplenium obovatum Widespread Acute-leaved Spleenwort Asplenium onopte ris Coja Scaly Cheilanthes Asplenium petrarchae Benaojan & Cueva de la Pileta Wall-rue Asplenium ruta-muraria Grutus de Alvados Maidenhair Spleenwort Asplenium trichomanes Widespread Blechnum spicant Pomares and day four Ceterach officinar um Widespread Scented Cheilanthes Cheilanthes pteridioides Scattered, but not common Cosentinia vellea near Chorro Cystopteris fragilis Aldiea Das Dez, Oliveira do Conde Davallia canariensis Serra da Sintra, Castelo dos Mouros & Monserrate Isoetes sp. Monserrate Ophioglossum lusitanicum Serra da Arrabida Royal Fern Osmunda regalis Asplenium hemionitis Castelo dos Mouros & Monserrate Pleurosorus hispanicus Southern Polypody Polypodium cambricum Widespread Common Polypody Polypodium vulgare Polystichum setiferum Scattered, but not common Bracken Pteridium aquilinum Widespread

Pinaceae Spanish Fir Abies pinapso Sierra de las Nieves Aleppo Pine Pinus halepensis Scattered Maritime Pine Pinus pinaster Scattered Stone Pine Pinus pinea Widespread

Cupressaceae Atlantic Cedar Cedrus atlantica Mondego Valley Funeral Cypress Cupressus sempervirens Juniperus communis Subsp. hemisphaerica

16 Prickly Juniper Juniperus oxycedrus Cabo Espichel Phoenician Juniper Juniperus phoenicea

Ephedraceae Ephedra distachya Ephedra major

Salicaceae White Poplar Populus alba Black Italian Poplar Populus x canadensis Salix atrocinerea Salix pedicellata Salix ssp . Mondego Valley Juglandaceae Walnut Juglans regia

Betulaceae Alder Alnus glutinosa Widespread along river banks

Fagaceae Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa Scattered Quercus canariensis Holly Oak Quercus coccifera Widespread Lusitanian Oak Quercus faginea Quercus fruticosa Peninho Quercus rotundifolia (ilex) Scattered Cork Oak Quercus suber Widespread Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur Aldiea Das Dez,

Ulmaceae Smooth-leaved Elm Ulmus minor

Moraceae Fig Ficus carica Benaojan

Urticaceae Parietaria judaica Aldiea Das Dez, Urtica dioica Urtica membranacea Widespread Small Nettle Urtica urens Scattered

Santalaceae Osyris alba Osyris quadrifolia

Loranthaceae Viscum cruciatum Common on Crataegus in Spain

17 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia baetica Aristolochia longa Aristolochia paucinervis Aristolochia sempervirens

Rafflesiaceae Cytinus hypocistis Cytinus ruber

Polygonaceae Knotgrass Persicaria aviculare Sea Knotgrass Persicaria maritinum Sheep’s Sorrel Rumex acetosella Oliveira do Conde Horned Dock Rumex bucephalophorus Rumex induratus Marsh Dock Rumex palustris Rumex pulcher? French Sorrel Rumex scutatus Widespread Rumex tingitanus Persicaria capitata Aldiea Das Dez, Chenopodiaceae Anthrocnemum macrostachya Sea Beet Beta vulgaris Serra da Arrabida & Cabo Espichel Fat Hen Chenopodium album Emex spinosa Sea Purslane Halimione portulacoides Glasswort Salicornia europaea Prickly Saltwort Salsola kali Annual Seablite Suaeda maritima Seablite Suaeda vera

Phytolaccaceae Virginian Poke Phytolacca americana Oliveira do Conde

Aizoaceae Aptenia cordifolia Carpobrotus acinaciformis Juzcar Hottentot Fig Carpobrotus edulis scattered, common on the coast Disphyma crassifolium Lampranthus sp. Iceplant Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes sicula

18 Caryophyllaceae Thyme-leaved Sandwort Arenaria cerastoides Arenaria hispanica Imbricate Sandwort Arenaria tetraquetra Grazelema area Cerastium fontanum Puerto de Vieno Cerastium gibraltaricum Montejaque Sticky Mouse-ear Cerastium glomeratum Scattered Corrigiola telephifolia Dianthus broteroi Herniaria sp. Paronychia aretoides Paronychia argentea Paronychia capitata Peninho Polycarpon tetraphyllum Silene colorata Benaojan & widespread in Spain Small-flowered Catchfly Silene gallica Scatered, but not common Silene littorea Silene nicaeensis Silene pseudovelutina Silene rubella Silene secundiflora Bladder Campion Silene vulgaris Silene latifolia Scattered Spergula arvensis Widespread Lesser Sea Spurrey Spergularia marina Spergularia purpurea Sand Spurrey Spergularia rubra Common Chickweed Stellaria media Widespread Lesser Chickweed Stellaria pallida Montejaque

Ranunculaceae Stinking Hellebore Helleborus foetidus Sierra de las Nieves Nigella hispanica Palmate Anemone Anemone palmata Serra da Arrabida Virgin's Bower Clematis cirrhosa Montejaque, scattered in scrubby areas in Spain Clematis flammula Delphinium halteratum Stavesacre Delphinium staphisagria Pheasant's Eye Adonis annua Brackish Water-crowfoot Ranunculus baudotii Ranunculus bullatus Aldiea Das Dez, Bulbous Buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus Lesser Celandine Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficariiformis Scattered, damp places Grass-leaved Buttercup Ranunculus gramineus Ranunculus gregarius Ranunculus ololeucos Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus repens Rock Buttercup Ranunculus rupestris Benaojan & Montejaque and in several other places in Spain Celery-leaved Buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus

19 Paeoniaceae Paeonia broteri Montejaque & Puerto de Vieno

Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris australis Sierra de las Nieves

Papaveraceae Greater Celandine Chelidonium majus Scattered Fumaria agraria Serra da Arrabida & scattered in Spain Ramping Fumitory Fumaria capreolata Benaojan Fumaria muralis Scattered Fumaria officinalis Scattered Red-horned Poppy Glaucium corniculatum Long-headed Poppy Papaver dubium Juzcar Prickly Round-headed Poppy Papaver hybridum Corn Poppy Papaver rhoeas Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum Spiked Fumitory Platycapnos spicata Rupicapnos africana Bobastro

Cruciferae Alyssum montanum Alyssum simplex Arabis verna Bobastro Biscutella auriculata Biscutella baetica Biscutella frutescens Biscutella lyrata Biscutella valentina Black Mustard Brassica nigra Sea Rocket Cakile maritima Guincho Beach Shepherd’s Purse Capsella bursa-pastoris Widespread Cardamine flexuosa Aldiea Das Dez, Hairy Bittercress Cardamine hirsuta Widespread Clypeola jonthlaspi Strapwort Corrigiola litoralis Juzcar Crambe filiformis White Wall Rocket Diplotaxis erucoides Diplotaxis virgata Erophila verna Scattered, but not common Eruca sativa Cut-leaved Dame's Violet Hesperis laciniata Hornungia petraea Widespread in Spain Ionopsidium acule Peninho Iberis gibraltarica Iberis pruitii Iberis saxatilis Sweet Alison Lobularia maritima Scattered, but not common Malcolmia lacera

20 Sand Stock Malcolmia littorea Malcolmia triloba Hoary Stock Mathiola incana Moricandia arvensis Moricandia moricandioides El Burgo, southwest of & on many road banks Ptilotrichum spinosum Wild Raddish Raphanus raphinastrum Common on roadsides Rorippa nastrutium-aquaticum Charlock Sinapsis arvensis Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale Sisymbrium orientale Juzcar Teesdalia nudicaulis Common in Portugal Thlaspi perfoliatum Widepread in Spain

Resedaceae Reseda alba Benaojan Reseda lutea Dyer's Rocket Reseda luteola Benaojan Reseda media Scattered Reseda phyteuma Reseda suffruticosa Bobastro

Droseraceae Drosophyllum lusitanicum

Crassulaceae Wall Pennywort Umbilicus rupestris Widespread Umbilicus horizontalis Mucizonia hispida White Stonecrop Sedum album Serra da Arrabida Sedum dasyphyllum Sedum sediforme Grutus de Alvados & Serra da Arrabida Sedum anglicum Scattered in Portugal Crassula tillaea Widespread

Saxifragaceae Saxifraga bourgeana Montejaque Saxifraga globulifera Montejaque Meadow Saxifrage Saxifraga granulata Widespread on banks and wall Rue-leaved Saxifrage Saxifraga tridactylites Saxifraga spathularis day three

Rosaceae Agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria Crataegus azorolus Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Scattered, but not common Quince Cydonia oblonga Loquat Eriobotrya japonica

21 Geum sylvaticum Prunus armeniaca Prunus domestica Almond Prunus dulcis Scattered Prunus lauro-cerasus Prunus ramburei Sierra de las Nieves & Barriad de la Estacion Blackthorn Prunus spinosa Grutus de Alvados Wild Pear Pyrus pyraster Rosa pimpinellifolia Rosa pouzinii Rosa sempervirens Rubus ulmifolius Scattered Salad Burnet Sanguisorba minor Scattered Sanguisorba verrucosum Grutus de Alvados Aphanes arvensis Scattered

Fabaceae Adenocarpus telonensis Bean Trefoil Anagyris foetida Anthyllis cytisoides Bladder Vetch Anthyllis tetraphylla Benaojan Kidney Vetch Anthyllis vulneraria Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maura Cartajiima, north of Argyrolobium zanonii Astragalus boeticus Astragalus echinatus Astragalus glaux Astragalus hamosus Astragalus incanus Astragalus lusitanicus Grutus de Alvados & seen on several other days Pitch Trefoil Bituminaria bituminosa Scattered Spiny Broom Calicotome spinosa Calicotome villosa Carob Ceratonia siliqua Serra da Arrabida Judas Tree Cercis siliquastrum Seen in gardens only Rush-like Scorpion Vetch Coronilla juncea Coronilla repanda Coronilla valentina Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca Serra da Arrabida Cytisus arboreus Cytisus grandiflorus Cytisus multiflorus Aldiea Das Dez, Hedgehog Broom Erinacea anthyllis Erophaca boetica Goat's Rue Galega officinalis Genista triacanthos Genista umbellata Italian Sainfoin Hedysarum coronarium Hedysarum humile

22 Hippocrepis unisiliquosa Lathyrus amphicarpos Yellow Vetchling Lathyrus aphaca Montejaque Lathyrus articulatus Lathyrus cicera Lathyrus clymenum Winged Vetchling Lathyrus ochrus Lathyrus setifolius Tangier Pea Lathyrus tingitanus Montejaque Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus Southern Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus creticus Lotus cytisoides Lotus ornithopodioides Large Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus pedunculatus Oliveira do Conde Narrow-leaved Lupin Lupinus angustifolius Yellow Lupin Lupinus luteus Lupinus varius White Broom Lygos monosperma Lygos sphaerocarpa Montejaque Spotted Medick Medicago arabica Oliveira do Conde & Benaojan Medicago intertexta Medicago littoralis Sea Medick Medicago marina Large Disk Medick Medicago orbicularis Barriad de la Estacion Toothed Medick Medicago polymorpha Oliveira do Conde and several times in Spain Medicago scutellata Medicago trunculata Melilot Melilotus altissima Ononis cintrana Ononis diffusa Large Yellow Restharrow Ononis natrix Cartajiima, north of Ononis speciosa Ononis subspicata Ononis variegata Compressed Bird's-foot Ornithopus compressus Ornithopus pinnatus Aldiea Das Dez, Ornithopus sativus Wild Pea Pisum sativum Pterospartium tridentatum day three Scorpiurus muricatus Montejaque Scorpiurus vermiculatus Spanish Broom Spartium junceum Stauracanthus boivinii Teline linifolia Teline monspessulana Asparagus Pea Tetragonolobus purpureus Hop Trefoil Trifolium campestre Hairy Clover Trifolium hirtum Alsike Clover Trifolium hybridum Trifolium isthmocarpum

23 White Clover Trifolium repens Reversed Clover Trifolium resupinatum Sea Clover Trifolium squamosum Woolly Clover Trifolium tomentosum Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum Star-fruited Fenugreek Trigonella monspeliaca Ulex baeticus Ulex borgiae Ulex parviflorus Scattered Slender Tare Vicia laxiflora Yellow Vetch Vicia lutea Vicia monantha Vicia peregrina Common Vetch Vicia sativa Scattered Fodder Vetch Vicia villosa

Oxalidaceae Oxalis articulata Mondego Valley Procumbent Yellow Sorrel Oxalis corniculata Scattered weed Bermuda Buttercup Oxalis pres-caprae Very common weed

Geraniaceae Erodium acaule Very common Erodium botrys Caldas de Fegueira & Grutus de Alvados Common Storksbill Erodium cicutarium Erodium daucoides Soft Storksbill Erodium malacoides widespread in southern Portugal and Spain Musk Storksbill Erodium moschatum Widespread Long-stalked Cranesbill Geranium columbinum Cut-leaved Cranesbill Geranium dissectum Benaojan Shining Cranesbill Geranium lucidum Scattered Mallow-flowered Cranesbill Geranium malviflorum Benaojan Dove's-foot Cranesbill Geranium molle Scattered Little Robin Geranium purpureum Aldiea Das Dez, Little Geranium Geranium pusillum Herb Robert Geranium robertianum Round-leaved Cranesbill Geranium rotundifolium Aldiea Das Dez, Mondego Valley

Linaceae Pale Flax Linum bienne Rare, day five and six Linum maritinum Narrow Flax Linum tenuiflorum Flax Linum usitatissimum Rio Mondego

24 Euphorbiaceae Large Mediterranean Spurge Euphorbia characias scattered on edge of scrubby areas Euphorbia exigua Montejaque Sun Spurge Euphorbia helioscopia Scattered weed Sea Spurge Euphorbia paralias Serra da Arrabida & Guincho Beach Petty Spurge Euphorbia peplus Aldiea Das Dez, Euphorbia segetalis Euphorbia serrata Mercurialis annua Aldiea Das Dez, Hairy Mercury Mercurialis tomentosa Castor Oil Plant Ricinus communis Aldiea Das Dez,

Rutaceae Ruta angustifolia Fringed Rue Ruta chalepensis Barriad de la Estacion Ruta graveolens Ruta montana

Polygalaceae Polygala microphylla Rock Milkwort Polygala rupestris Common Milkwort Polygala vulgaris

Coriariaceae Mediterranean Coriaria Coriaria myrtifloia

Anacardiaceae Smoke Bush Cotinus coggygria Mastic Tree Pistacia lentiscus Turpentine Tree Pistacia terebinthus Serra da Arrabida Pistacio Pistacia vera Sumach Rhus coriaria Californian Pepper Tree Schinus molle

Rhamnaceae Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus Mediterranean Buckthorn Rhamnus alaternus Grutus de Alvados Rhamnus lycioides Serra da Arrabida Rhamnus myrtifolius

Malvaceae Lavatera cretica Lavatera maritima Annual Lavatera Lavatera trimestris Common Mallow Malva sylvestris Benaojan

25 Thymelaeaceae Mediterranean Mezereon Daphne gnidium Widespread Spurge Laurel Daphne laureola subsp. latifolia Serra da Sintra, Bobastro & Sierra de las Nieves Thymelaea hirsuta

Guttiferae Hypericum maculatum day four Common St John's Wort Hypericum perforatum Hypericum tetrapterum day four

Violaceae Viola curtsii Viola demetria Puerto de Vieno & El Burgo, southwest of Viola hymettia Dwarf Pansy Viola kitabeliana Grutus de Alvados Viola odorata Aldiea Das Dez, Viola riviniana Mondego Valley

Cistaceae Grey-leaved Cistus Cistus albidus near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Cistus crispus Gum Cistus Cistus ladanifer Seen flowering on several days Narrow-leaved Cistus Cistus monspeliensis Caldas de Fegueira & Ardales Poplar-leaved Cistus Cistus populifolius Sage-leaved Cistus Cistus salviifolius Serra de Arrabida & near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Fumana ericoides near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Fumana laevipes Fumana thymifolia Halimium alyssoides Caldas de Fegueira & Oliveira do Conde Halimium atriplicifolium Halimium commutatum Halimium halimifolium Halimium lasianthum Hoary Rockrose Helianthemum canum Common Rockrose Helianthemum nummularium Helianthemum origanifolium Cabo Espichel & Sierra de las Nieves Helianthemum salicifolium Spotted Rockrose Tuberaria guttata near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Tuberaria lignosa Tuberaria lignicola Peninho

26 Tamaricaceae Tamarix africana Tamarix canariensis Tamarix gallica

Frankeniaceae Sea Heath Frankenia laevis

Cucurbitaceae White Bryony Bryonia cretica Widespread Squirting Cucumber Ecballium elaterium

Cactaceae Prickly Pear Opuntia ficus-indica Widespread

Lythraceae Lythrum junceum

Myrtaceae Myrtle Myrtus communis

Punicaceae Pomegranate Punica granatum

Araliaceae Ivy Hedera helix Scattered

Apiaceae Anthriscus sylvestris Aldiea Das Dez, Wild Celery Apium graveolens Fool’s Water-cress Apium nodiflorum Scattered in damp places Shrubby Hare's Ear Bupleurum fruticosum Serra da Arrabida Bupleurum gibraltarium Bupleurum spinosum Rock Samphire Crithmum maritimum Wild Carrot Daucus carota Scattered on roadsides Elaoselinum foetidum Field Eryngo Eryngium campestre Sea Holly Eryngium maritinum Giant Fennel Ferula communis Serra da Arrabida Ferula tingitana Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Aldiea Das Dez, Mondego Valley Oenanthe crocata Mondego Valley Oenanthe globulosa Pseudorlaya pumila Shepherd's Needle Scandix pecten-veneris Scattered Alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum Scattered

27 Thapsia garganica Thapsia maxima Thapsia villosa Tordylium apulum Torilis nodosa Benaojan

Ericaceae Strawberry Tree Arbutus unedo Widespread Ling Calluna vulgaris Serra da Estrela & Rio Mondego Tree Heath Erica arborea Spanish Heath Erica australis Widespread, mainly Portugal Dorset Heath Erica ciliaris Erica cinerea Serra do Caramula Mediterranean Heath Erica erigena Portuguese Heath Erica lusitanica Scattered, seen flowering on several days Green Heather Erica scoparia Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum

Empetraceae Corema album

Primulaceae Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Anagallis foemina Ardales Shrubby Pimpernel Anagallis monelli Asterolinon linum-stellatum Serra da Arrabida Samolus valerendi near Chorro Primula vulgaris Serra da Sintra

Plumbaginaceae Armeria alliacea Serra da Estrel Armeria macrophylla Spiny Thrift Armeria pungens Limoniastrum monopetalum Limonium ferulaceum Winged Sea Lavender Limonium sinuatum Limonium agg Guincho Beach

Oleaceae Ash Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus ornus Wild Jasmine Jasmium fruticans Olive Olea europaea Widespread as a planted tree Phillyrea angustifolia Vilha Vilho da Rodao & Serra da Arrabida Phillyrea latifolia

28 Gentianaceae Yellow-Wort Blackstonia perfoliata Grutus de Alvados Common Centaury Centaurium erythraea Centaurium pulchellum

Apocynaceae Oleander Nerium oleander Aldiea Das Dez, Vinca difformis Grutus de Alvados & scattered in Spain Vinca major Scattered in Portugal

Rubiaceae Crucianella maritima Cross-wort Cruciata laevipes Goosegrass Galium aparine Widespread Galium scabrum Galium verrucosum Cartajiima, north of Galium verticillatum Galium verum Benaojan Putoria calabrica near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Wild Madder Rubia peregrina Scattered, but not common Field Madder Sherardia arvensis Scattered, grassy and bare areas Valantia hispida rocky open places Valantia muralis

Theligoniaceae Theligonium cynocrambe Cerro del Ato Char & near Chorro

Convolvulaceae Mallow-leaved Bindweed Convolvulus althaeoides Convolvulus meonanthus Small Blue Convolvulus Convolvulus siculus Dwarf Convolvulus Convolvulus tricolor

Boraginaceae Dyer's Alkanet Alkanna lehmanni Large Blue Alkanet Anchusa azurea Anchusa calcea Borage Borago officinalis Scattered, blue flowers Corn Gromwell Buglossoides arvensis Honeywort Cerinthe major Puerto de Las Palomas Cynoglossum cheirifolium Scattered, but not common Cynoglossum clandestinum Cynoglossum creticum Cynoglossum nebrodense Bobastro Echium albicans Scattered on roadsides Echium boissieri

29 Echium creticum Echium gaditanum Purple Viper’s Bugloss Echium plantagineum Widespread on road sides and waste ground Viper’s Bugloss Echium vulgare Benaojan Lithodora diffusa Scattered, blue flowers Shrubby Gromwell Lithodora fruticosa Yellow Gromwell Neatostema apulum Nonea vesicaria Omphalodes linifolia

Verbenaceae Procumbent Vervain Verbena supina Lantana Lantana camara

Lamiaceae (Labiateae) Ajuga chamaepitys Ballota hirsuta Henbit Lamium amplexicaule Widespread Lamium maculatum Mondego Valley & Coja Lamium purpureum Aldiea Das Dez, Toothed Lavender Lavandula dentata Portinho de Arrabida Lavandula lanata Sierra de las Nieves Cut-leaved Lavender Lavandula multifida near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro French Lavender Lavandula stoechas Scattered White Horehound Marrubium vulgare Mentha pulegium Scattered, damp places on roadsides Apple Mint Mentha suaveolens Scattered along roadsides, not flowering Origanum compactum Origanum virens Phlomis lychnitis Phlomis purpurea Prasium majus Self-heal Prunella vulgaris Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Scattered in scrubby areas Salvia pratensis Wild Clary Salvia verbenacea Scattered, pale blue flowers Whorled Clary Salvia verticillata Sideritis hirsuta Serra da Arrabida Field Woundwort Stachys arvensis Uncommon weed Stachys circinata Stachys ocymastrum Stachys officinalis subsp. algeriensis Castelo dos Mouros Tree Germander Teucrium fruticans Aldiea Das Dez, Felty Germander Teucrium polium Sierra de las Nieves Thymus capitatus Round-leaved Thyme Thymus mastichina

30 Solanaceae Angel's Trumpet Brugmansia suaveolens Hyoscyamus albus Mandrake Mandragora autumnalis Mondego Valley Shrub Tobacco Nicotiana glauca Black Nightshade Solanum nigrum Vilha Vilho da Rodao & Serra da Arrabida Apple of Sodom Solanum sodomeum Solanum villosum Cueva de la Pileta Triguera ambrosiaca Datura stramonium Aldiea Das Dez, Mondego Valley

Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum barrelieri Benaojan Antirrhinum graniticum Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus Scattered Bellardia trixago Chaenorhinum macropodum Chaenorhinum villosum near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Ivy-leaved Toadflax Cymbalaria muralis Widespread on walls Foxglove Digitalis purpurea Scattered Fairy Foxglove Erinus alpinus Linaria aeruginea Montejaque Linaria amethystea Grutus de Alvados Linaria haenseleri Linaria hirta Linaria oblongifolia Linaria micrantha near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Linaria pedunculata Linaria platycalyx Linaria spartea Linaria tristis Linaria viscosa Common Toadflax Linaria vulgaris Weasel's Snout Misopates orontium Scattered on roadsides and waste ground Yellow Bartsia Parentucellia viscosa Scrophularia canina Scrophularia frutescens Nettle-leaved Figwort Scrophularia peregrina Scrophularia sambucifolia Montejaque & Puerto de Las Palomas Scrophularia scordonifolia Scattered Verbascum giganticum Verbascum rotundifolium Verbascum sinuatum Wall Speedwell Veronica arvensis Scattered Pale Speedwell Veronica cymbalaria Scattered

31 Veronica hederifolia Rare weed Veronica peregrina Rio Mondego, on bank of river Buxbaum's Speedwell Veronica persica Scattered Grey Speedwell Veronica polita El Burgo & Ardales, between

Globulariaceae Shrubby Globularia Globularia alypum

Acanthaceae Bear's Breech Acanthus mollis

Myoporaceae Myoporum tenuifolium

Orobanchaceae Orobanche densiflora Slender Broomrape Orobanche gracilis Orobanche latisquama Common Broomrape Orobanche minor Branched Broomrape Orobanche ramosa Greater Broomrape Orobanche rapum-genistae Orobanche variegata

Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula nevadensis

Plantaginaceae Plantago arenaria Serra da Arrabida Plantago afra Silvery Plantain Plantago albicans Buck's-horn Plantain Plantago coronopus Scattered Plantago lagopus Ribwort Plantain Plantago lanceolata Scattered Greater Plantain Plantago major Scattered, but not common Plantago serraria

Caprifoliaceae Lonicera etrusca Lonicera implexa Serra da Arrabida Lonicera periclymenum Fly Honeysuckle Lonicera xylosteum Laurustinus Viburnum tinus Scattered in scrubby areas

Valerianaceae Centranthus calcitrapa Red Valerian Centranthus ruber Fedia Fedia cornucopiae Scattered in Spain Valerianella carinata Benaojan

32 Dipsacaceae Wild Teasel Dipsacus fullonum Sweet Scabious Scabiosa atropurpurea

Campanulaceae Campanula lusitanica Trachelium caeruleum Juzcar Jasione montana Serra da Estrel & Rio Mondego

Asteraceae (Compositae) Anacyclus radiatus Andryala integrifolia Corn Chamomile Anthemis arvensis Anthemis tinctoria Stinking Mayweed Anthemis cotula Anthemis maritimus Arctotheca calendula Yellow Sea Aster Asteriscus maritimus Atractylis cancellata Annual Daisy Bellis annua Annual Daisy Bellis sylvestris Widespread Daisy Bellis perennis Bellis rotundifolia Southern Daisy Bellis sylvestris Marigold Calendula arvensis Widespread Pot Marigold Calendula officinalis Scattered weed Calendula suffruticosa Grutus de Alvados & Serra da Arrabida Carlina acanthifolia Montejaque Carlina corymbosa day four Carthamus arborescens Red Star-Thistle Centaurea calcitrapa Centaurea clementei Centaurea polyacantha Centaurea pullata Serra da Arrabida & Montejaque Centaurea sonchifolius Centaurea sphaerocephala Crown Daisy Chrysanthemum coronarium Corn Marigold Chrysanthemum segetum Chicory Cichorium intybus Cladanthus arabicus near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Canadian Fleabane Conyza canadensis Cardoon Cynara cardunculus Cynara humilis Dittrichia viscosa Leopard's Bane Doronicum plantagineum Erigeron karvinskianus Scattered on walls Evax astericifolia Evax pygmaea Benaojan

33 Red-tipped Cudweed Filago lutescens Filago minima Caldas de Fegueira Galactites tomentosa Widespread Gnaphalium luteoalbum Widespread Hedypnois rhagadioloides Sunflower Helianthus annuus Helichrysum italicum Helichrysum stoechas Hyoseris radiata Cartajiima, north of Hypochoeris achyrophorus Golden Samphire Inula crithmoides Lactuca maculata Lactuca perennis Villaluenga de Rosario Leontodon maroccanus Cottonweed Otanthus maritimus Bobastro Pallenis spinosa Phagnalon rupestre Phagnalon saxatile Picnomun Picnomon acarna Prolongoa pectinata Jersey Cudweed Pseudognaphalium luteo-album Widespread Ptilostemon hispanicus Reichardia gaditana Scolymus maculatus Serra da Arrabida Silver Ragwort Senecio bicolor Senecio gallicus Senecio petraeus Wood Groundsel Senecio sylvestris Scattered in Portugal Groundsel Senecio vulgaris Common weed Serratula barrelieri Milk Thistle Silybum marianum Scattered on roadsides but not common Smooth Sow-Thistle Sonchus oleraceus Scattered Sonchus tennerimus Tolpis barbata Tragopogon hybridum Scentless Mayweed Tripleurospernum maritimum Urospermum picroides Spiny Cocklebur Xanthium spinosum Dead plants only seen

34 MONOCOTYLEDONS

Alismataceae Lesser Water Plantain Baldellia ranunculoides

Liliaceae Allium ampeloprasum Benaojan Naples Garlic Allium neapolitanum Roadside, Aldiea Das Dez Rose Garlic Allium roseum Triquetrous Garlic Allium triquetrum Grazelema area Aloë arborescens Aphyllanthes monspeliensis Cueva de la Pileta Asparagus acutifolius Scattered but not common Asparagus albus Asparagus aphyllus Asphodelus aestivus Scattered, mostly seen on roadsides White Asphodel Asphodelus albus Scattered in Spain Asphodelus fistulosus Serra da Arrabida & near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Asphodelus ramosus Colchicum lusitanicum Benaojan Dipcadi Dipcadi serotinum near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Sea Squill Drimia maritima Very common Dog’s-tooth Violet Erythronium dens-canis Fritillaria hispanica Fritillaria lusitanica Benaojan , Montejaque & near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Gagea agg Serra da Arrabida Gagea arvensis Montejaque & near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Gagea bulbifera Benaojan Gagea foliosa Villaluenga de Rosario Gagea polymorpha Gagea pratensis Benaojan Gagea pusilla ? Bobastro , most likely this one Lapiedra martinezii Ardales & near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Tassel Hyacinth Muscari comosum leaves only Common Grape Hyacinth Muscari neglectum Montejaque & near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Ornithogalum reverchonii Benaojan, Villaluenga & Cueva de la Pileta Star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum umbellatum

35 Butcher's Broom Ruscus aculeatus Spanish Butcher's Broom Ruscus hypophyllum Scattered in Portugal Spanish Bluebell Scilla hispanicus Serra da Arrabida & widespread in Spain Scilla monophyllos Common in some areas of Portugal Scilla odorata Scilla peruviana Scilla ramburei Simethis mattiazzii Smilax aspera Widespread Tulipa australis Serra da Arrabida, El Burgo, southwest of, leaves only Solomon's-seal Polygonatum multiflorum Peninho

Agavaceae Century Plant Agave americana Scattered

Amaryllidaceae Three-leaved Snowflake Leucojum trichophyllum Rush-leaved Jonquil Narcissus assoanus (requienii) Benaojan, Montejaque, Puerto do Vieno, south west of El Burgo, Cueva de la Pileta Narcissus asturiensis Common on Serra da Estrel Hoop Petticoat Daffodil Narcissus bulbocodium Coja, Barragem de St Luzie, Pomares, Rio Mondego, Serra de Arrabida, Serra da Sintra, Castelo dos Mouros, near Casa Carro Casin Narcissus bulbocodium var. nivalis Near the dam on Serra da Estrel Narcissus calcicola Grutus de Alvados & Serra da Arrabida Narcissus cantabricus near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Narcissus cordubensis near Casa Carro Casin Narcissus cuatrecassasii (var. segimonensi) Montejaque & Villaluenga de Rosario Narcissus hispanicus Sierra de las Nieves Narcissus obesus Narcissus panizzianus Villaluenga de Rosario, Benaojan, Barriad de la Estacion Paper-white Narcissus Narcissus papyraceus Montejaque & Villaluenga de Rosario, Grazelema area, Barriad de la Estacion Narcissus polyanthus Narcissus scaberulus Mondego Valley, near Olivero de Hospital, Rio Mondego Narcissus triandrus var. cernuus Aldiea Das Daz, Mondego Valley, Coja, Gois, near Olivero de Hospital, Caldas de Fegueira, Oliveira do Conde & Rio

36 Mondego Narcissus triandrus var. concolor Pampilhosa da Serra & Vilha Vilho da Rodao Sea Daffodil Pancratium maritinum Narcissus assoanus x N. panizzianus Barriad de la Estacion & Cartajiima, north of Narcissus bulbocodium x N. triandrus (N. x consolationis Oliveira do Conde

Dioscoreaceae Black Bryony Tamus communis Sierra de las Nieves

Iridaceae Crocus carpetanus Serra da Estrela, Serra do Caramula Gladiolus illyricus Serra da Arrabida leaves only Field Gladiolus Gladiolus italicus Barbary Nut Gynandris sisyrinchium Iris foetidissima Serra da Arrabida Iris planifolia Common in many areas in Spain Romulea bulbocodium Widespread in open areas Sand Crocus Romulea columnae Montejaque & scattered in a number of places in Spain

Arecaceae (Palmae) Dwarf Fan Palm Chamaerops humilis Common in Spain

Araceae Arisarum simorrhinum Widespread on the edge of scrub Italian Arum Arum italicum Widespread Arum maculatum Castelo dos Mouros

Orchidaceae Man Orchid Aceras anthropophorum Cabo Espichel Two-leaved Gennaria Gennaria diphylla Serra da Arrabida & Cabo Espichel & Monserrate Giant Orchid Himantoglossum robertianum Grutus de Alvadose, Serra da Arrabida, Cabo Espichel, Villaluenga de Rosario Dense-flowered Orchid Neotinea maculata Grutus de Alvados, leaves only Omega Ophrys Ophrys attavirea Ophrys bilunulata Bobastro Dull Bee Orchid Ophrys fusca Serra da Arrabida & Cabo Espichel & seen most days in Spain Ophrys lupercalis Woodcock Orchid Ophrys scolopax El Burgo, southwest of Ophrys sphegifera

37 Sawfly Orchid Ophrys tenthredinifera Cabo Espichel, Grazelema area, near Embalses de Gaudulchorca, on road to Bobastro, Cartajiima Fan-lipped Orchid Orchis collina near Embalses de Gaudulohorca, on road to Bobastro Orchis olbiensis Grutus de Alvados & a number of places in Spain

Graminae Arundo donax Aldiea Das Dez, Dactylis glomerata Aldiea Das Dez, Mibira minima Aldiea Das Dez, Poa annua Widespread Briza media Mondego Valley Brachypodium sylvaticum Widespread Poa infirma Widespread

38 Summary of Locations

Day 1 Saturday 16th February Lisbon to Aldeia das Dez Day 2 Sunday 17th February Serra da Estrela (Lagoa Comprida; between Gouviea and Sabugeiro)) and Mondego Valley (Ribamondego Bridge; east of Ribamondego on 330) Day 3 Monday 18th February Coja, east of; Gois (rock outcrop); Pampilhosa da Serra, south of; Cambas (bridge over River Zezare); Barragem de St.Luzia; Monte Frio, near; road down valley to Pomares Day 4 Tuesday 19th February Mondego Valley - Travancinha, north of; Caldas de Felguiera; Oliveiro do Conde, and bridge south of; Povoa de Midoes, bridge near. Day 5 Wednesday 20th February Aldeia das Dez to Guincho Beach (with stops at Vilha Velha de Rodao and near Alvados (Grutus Alvados), Serra dos Candeeiros) Day 6 Thursday 21st February Serra da Arrabida - near cement works on high road, east part; Portinho da Arrabida; Cabo Espichel Day 7 Friday 22nd February Serra da Sintra - Peninha; Castelo dos Mouros; Monserrate Day 8 Saturday 23rd February Guincho Beach to Benaojan Day 9 Sunday 24th February Benaojan to Tajo de la Dehesa; Montejaque, northeast of (between Penon de Mures and Mures); above Montejaque Day 10 Monday 25th February Grazelema area - Casa Carro Casin, near; La Mata de Ruiz; Ejide del Puerto de Pedro Ruiz, north of; Villaluenga del Rosario, west of; Cerro del Ato Char; CA531 entrance to reservoir, northwest of Grazelema; Puerto de Las Palomas; Grazelema. Day 11 Tuesday 26th February Benaojan to east of Ardales - Puerto del Viento; El Burgo, southwest of; El Burgo and Ardales, between, (on MA446); near Embalses de Gaudalohorca, on road to Bobastro; Bobastro. Day 12 Wednesday 27th February Sierra de las Nieves - Los Quejigales; Benaojan Day 13 Thursday 28th February Cueva de la Pileta; Barriada de la Estacion; Cerro de la Azotea; Juzcar; Cartajima, north of. Day 14 Friday 29th February Malaga and home (leaders to Praia de Faro) Day 15 Saturday 30 th March (leaders home)

39 Systematic List Number 2 Birds

Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Scattered, 3, 5, 9, 11, 14. Cattle Egret Bulbulcus ibis 5, 6, many seen on day 8 Little Egret Egretta garzetta 14 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 3, 14 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea ?8, probably one seen flying White Stork Ciconia ciconia 5, 8, 14 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia 14 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 9, 12, 14 Black Kite Milvus migrans 8. Many over rubbish dump near Seville, 14 Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus 6, 8-13. At least one hundred counted on 10 Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus One near Los Quejigales, 12. Common Buzzard Buteo buteo 10 Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 6, 8-13 Peregrine Falco peregrinus 3, 10 Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa 2, 8, 12 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 14 Lapwing Vanellus vanellus 5 Snipe Gallinago gallinago 2 – near Lagoa Comprida Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleuca 6 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus 6, 7, 14 Rock Dove Columba livia Feral Pigeon seen 4-13 Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 2, 4, 12, 13 Tawny Owl Strix aluco One heard on 10 Hoopoe Upupa epops One at Grutus Alvados, 5 Green Woodpecker Picus viridus 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12 Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major 3, 4, 7, 9-12 Crested Lark Galerida cristata 6, 9-12 Woodlark Lullula arborea 2, 12 Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris 4, 9-13 Swallow Hirundo rustica Common & widespread, 3-13 Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica 11 House Martin Delichon urbica 1, 11-13 Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis 2, 9-12 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea 4, 6, 8-13 White Wagtail Motacilla alba Common & widespread, 1-14 Wren Troglodytes troglodytes 7-13 Dipper Cinclus cinclus 9-12, seen regularly in river beside Molina del Santos Robin Erithacus rubecula 1-4, 7, 9-13 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros 10 Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus 3-10, 13 Stonechat Saxicola torquata 1-4, 6, 9-13 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe 2 Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica 9 Black Wheatear Oenanthe leucura 9, 10, 13 – above Montejaque Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis 10 Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius 9, 13

40 Blackbird Turdus merula Common & widespread, 1-13 Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 10, 12 Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus 3 Redwing Turdus iliacus 2, Aldeia das Dez Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti 5, 9-12 Fan-tailed Warbler Cisticola juncidis 14 Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata ?9, ?10 – possibly this species Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala 6-13 Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis 10, 12 Garden Warbler Sylvia borin 12 Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla 4, 5, 9-12 Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita 6-12 Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus 12 Goldcrest Regulus regulus 10 Firecrest Regulus ignicapillus 7 Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata 7, 10, 12 Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus 4, 9 Crested Tit Parus cristatus 10 Coal Tit Parus ater 1, 4, 7, 9-12 Blue Tit Parus caeruleus 3, 4, 7, 9-13 Great Tit Parus major 1-4, 7, 9-13 Nuthatch Sitta europaea 9 Short-toed Treecreeper Certhia brachydactyla 9-11 Southern Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor meridionalis 11 Jay Garrulus glandarius 1, 2, 9-13 Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica cyana 14 Magpie Pica pica 1, 5, 9-11 Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 10-13 Jackdaw Corvus monedula 1 Rook Corvus frugilegus 1 Carrion Crow Corvus corone 2-4 Raven Corvus corax 4, 10, 12 Starling Sturnus vulgaris 2 Spotless Starling Sturnus unicolor 6, 10, 11 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 1-13 Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Common & widespread, 1-13 Serin Serinus serinus 1, 2, 5-11 Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 7, 10, 12, 13 Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 4, 7, 9-13 Siskin Carduelis spinis 1-4 Linnet Carduelis cannabina 10, 13 Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra 12 Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus 4 Rock Bunting Emberiza cia 7, 10, 13 Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra 5-13

41 Systematic List Number 3 Butterflies and Moths

Swallowtail Papilio machaon 9, 11, 12 Scarce Swallowtail Iphiclides podalirius 11 Spanish Festoon Zerynthia rumina 9-13 Large White Pieris brassicae 4, 9-12 Wood White Leptidea sinapis 11 Small White Artogeia rapae 7 Orange-tip Anthocaris cardamines 6 Clouded Yellow Colias crocea 9-13 Berger's Clouded Yellow Colias alfacariensis 12 Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni 4, 7, 9, 12 Cleopatra Gonepteryx cleopatra 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas 10, 12, 13 Holly Blue Celastrina argiolus 5-13 Large Tortoiseshell Nymphalis polychloros 4, 10, 12, 13 Peacock Inachis io 4, 5 Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta 4, 5, 9, 11 Painted Lady Cynthia cardui 6 Comma Polygonia c-album 7 Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus 9, 12, 13 Speckled Wood Parage aegeria 7, 9, 12 Wall Lasiommata megera 4, 6, 9-13 Large Wall Brown Lasiommata maera 13

Hummingbird Hawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum 9

42 Systematic List Number 4 Mammals

Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus One alive on 2, singles dead on road on 6, 7, 11 Blind Mole Talpa caeca Hills on 9-13 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Seen on 2, 10, 11 Fox Vulpes vulpes Droppings seen on 11 Badger Meles meles Singles dead on road 8, 9 Egyptian Mongoose Herpestes ichneumon One dead on road, 8 Wildcat Felis silvestris One seen on 12 (Sierra de las Nieves) Wild Boar Sus scrofa Diggings seen on 11, 12 Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus One seen on 10 Spanish Ibex Capra pyrenaica Possibly seen on 12 (Sierra de las Nieves) Mouflon Ovis orientalis Seen on 12 (Sierra de las Nieves)

Systematic List Number 5 Reptiles and Amphibians

Fire Salamander Salamandra salamandra One dead in Monserrate Moorish Gecko Tarentola mauritanica One seen on 12 Iberian Wall Lizard Podarcis hispanica One seen on 12 Montpelier Snake Malpolon monspessulanus One near Cartajima, 13

Other fauna

Carpenter Bee Xylocopa sp. 9-12 Nosed Grasshopper Acrida ungarica 7 Preying Mantis Mantis religiosa 10 Egyptian Grasshopper Anacridium aegyptium 10, 11

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