Masturbation As a Way of Life

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A debt to “Friendship as a Way of Life” (1997), an interview with Michel Foucault. Michel with (1997),interview an ofLife” Way a as to“Friendship A debt MASTURBATION In partial fulfillment Supervisor: Submitted to

of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies Gender ofArts in ofMaster thedegree for requirements ofthe Department Gender of Studies

Assistant Budapest, Hungary

Central European University Ryan Tracy 201

By AS Professor

WAY

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CEU eTD Collection Reference Reflections, (In)conclusions Chapter 5 Chapter 4Freud Enlightenment of Hegel’s Consciousness Chapter 3A Lord, A Bondsman, and A Priest Walk Into aBar: ButlerJudith and TheUnhappy Chapter 2Rousseau’s Émile: ADebt Subjectivity Chapter 1 The Enlightenment, or, Self Introductions, Questions Table Contents of Debts Abstract 1.3 Human Bondage…And the not kind. fun 1.2 Pleasure, Principle, In 1.1 The Economy of 6.3 Reflections Upon Reflections 6.2 Reflections on Plea 6.1 Reflections on theWritten 5.3 Finishing the Law 5.2 Enter theName 5.1 From Freud to Lack 4.5 Wherefore But Give Up Narcissism? 4.4 The Narcissistic Ego 4.3 On 4.2 Freudand the Specter of Masturbation 4.1 Following Butler 3.5 A Phenomenology Structuralism? of 3.4 Enter the Priest 3.3 Stoicism, Skepticism and Unhappy The Consciousness, or, Three Impossible Enslav 3.2 Turning On the Self 3.1 Finishing Émile 2.4 Rousseau‟s State of Reflection 2.3 Coining theSelf 2.2 L‟Amour Property 2.1 The Dangerous Supplement

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93 91 83 81 78 75 70 70 65 61 59 55 53 53 51 49 47 42 41 35 32 28 22 22 19 13 81 41

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1 i

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“The passivity and irrelevance of European intellectuals and American universities overthe past three That 61 2003, Laqueur, 1800s. (See early to the back least at dates criticism aesthetic an as Masturbation isNor itnew.

2 often the epithet seems to stick to certain theoretical, philosophical and literary projects that I take pleasure in projectspleasure that Itake literary and philosophical theoretical, certain to stick to seems theepithet often

As theepigraphAs above evinces, the accusation masturbationof rears its head now and again toput . tom with much do hasvery Iit know and thecharge, Iunderstand sentimental: me Call affinity. an inme -

The pejorativeThe charge of mental masturbation, or masturbation (on its own, even), has gone not by Kosofsky article forthcoming Eve singledIn was oraround1991,a for Sedgwick out maker of (seedefend of doing Esplin,2004). maker sortsmasturbatory and thinking to ways passivity irrelevance tobed, and which

a book that was bookthat printeda “beforethe was likely so offendingpaper muchaswritten” ming. Theming. e is written traces of over

article

is a —

as an identity as an Introduction literary forgetting.literary — Johann Hari, “Why Won’t I MourningBe Derrida,” October 13, 2004 to theto wrong turn they have taken intomasturbatory post

— both sis its ruminationonmasturbation, intoa punitive remains from firmly contemporary excluded 1 s, —

what i what

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squarely in the economic and political that intheeconomicdebates squarely and waged across were byintellectuals Europe al pleasure became a pleasurea became al locus forof about modernity‟sanxieties thearticulation selfhood, the - masturbation outof tractthatEngland‟s came Grub publishingsituat Street industry, Thomas of origin Laqueurdates the tracing by I begin the will of masturbationgenealogy pejorative asadjectival an tothe

— the call tomasturbationthe call xchange, debt, de and xchange, y, mastery theformy, in of self In thethesis tha as a as a subjectivity. - governance and burge and governance “ modern masturbation ath; ath; 2

social and physical. and social t follows, I hope to begin a kind of answering kindofanswering follows, a I t hope tobegin

(2003) namesit — specific ing onhistorical Iing show research, will - governance, solitude intheform governance,

ally: masturbation as a oning oning economic structures that ”

at the publishingat of ok, oran of entire way

At theAt of the dawn , became a medical and medical and , became a Onania ing ing , ,

CEU eTD Collection regulation. reasonor self and maturity individual of“self concept Enlightenment the between distinction confusesa here “master” the pedagogical and 4 The tyrant centuries respectively:nineteenth Jean philosophical and political thoughtof thinkerseighteenth influential twoofthe most and of the of sight oftohis slave society,bothtyrantand self. ofThe of onthe end economy return. fell Theout debt, sortsocial masturbator, as a defaulter of ma Enslavementcivilization. toone‟sdebts reality wasa across thetimeinwhich Europeduring thathasslavery enabled and majorpolitical fueled and shifts economic inthehistory ofWestern Graeber offersAdditionally, nar a bonds tothreaten thevery and thatvariousins forms of inwhich the varioushas bothto ways debt functioned relationships historically sustain human Years 5,000 Fisher, bourg both economy The with link and bring would exchange masturbation intoahomology in north shape.Laqueur‟sto take central thesis forms is thatnew emerged money paper of and credit putforth being aswere modelsfor capitalist, thesecular, nation liberal

I use “tyrant/slave” here for two reasons. First, those will be the words Rousseau will use to develop his political his political develop to will use thewords Rousseau will be those First, reasons. two for here “tyrant/slave” I use sturbation became a vice sturbation a became of forms them considered“counterfeit” that exchange sexual exacerbate ofwould proper eois anxieties about about eois from, anxieties world unhinged anda therefore (Laqueur, 2003; lost to, “reality” 1999 In (2011),I turn whose also will anthropological toDavidGraeber history, - western Europea - Chapters 2 and 3,Iwillthetyrant/slaveChapters 2and how explore dyad , examines the ofpoliti interrelation debtand slave relationship will be one of thesubjective one relationshipbe slave will figurations Rousseau uses to ).

ories. Second, while “master/slave” might commonly sound as the trope of slavery, the use of theuse ofslavery, theastrope sound commonly might “master/slave” while Second, ories.

- control; i.e. to be a master o master a be to i.e. control;

round the masturbation timethat became exigent as act bothasexual and cameand to

rative of Western selfhood read against the backdrop against read of of rative Westernselfhood human - Jacques RousseauJacques GeorgWilhel and

symbolize Slavery was death. social thelimitofdebt. f oneself f 3

— and “tyranny,” a state of enslavement without without ofenslavement state “tyranny,”a and titutional indebtedness create. cal and social and explores order.Graeber cal - mastery”

will come to mobilize the will tomobilize come - states struggling thatwere m Friedrich Hegel. — an exercise of exercise an Debt: TheFirstDebt: with sodomy,with inveigh 4

. CEU eTD Collection will for Hegel, of consciousnessown concept self as a For additionofthe Butler, priestofthat hand Hegel‟s is sleight a extent,choose? towhat And then, issubjectivity rende thus,and tobeseen extentsubjectivity. Towhat is subjectivity thesubjection theorizing Butler primarilywith is ( concerned through Judith Hegel read Butler‟s onsubjectivityin exegesis ofsel recursive deadlock figure governmental a and break representativemediate of thelaw will and structurallywho of add will formations, dyadicdeclension third subjective finally a Hegel term consciousnesstheorize hewill call what others,with will for Rousseau, turning a counterfeit exchange; onone‟s debttosociety. Thefailure toachieve true exchange To marriage. fallinto and vicious self self pleasure ofreflexive subject the carrying fantasy, and outside thesightÉmile of must thelaw. push theaddictive othwith can that selfishness participate sexual economicfor subjectivity insocial, and adult an exchange for ownership an advocate ofthe self, self a Rousseau will against masturbation. In pedagogical hiswork, iconic At theAt close oftheeighteenth upby enslavement century, taken be would Hegelto ers.

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enslaved consciousnessenslaved Christian r e

(Marshall, 1988). be synobe - subjectivity in subjectivity in enslavement will be a violation of bea contract; thesocial will a enslavement nymous with - bright negating folding back onthe self. The foldingback negating Priest, — - a person‟sa discursive tospeak as a subject ability mastery that will come will that tosurpass primary,infantile mastery a - enslavement; a habit, uncontrollable, based ahabit, on enslavement; future ofdelayedfuture pleasure

he selfhe tothe self. InRousseauwill contrast, 4

by exposing it exposing by The Phenom vanity, the vanity, Émile, or Education On Émile, red as a formred as a of indefiniteindebtedness? assuje The Psychicof Life Power enology of Spirit incessant will skirtwill the transcendental order of t tissement Unhappy Unhappy Consciousness. s — exchange of mirrors,exchange or

, via the implications ofthe implications his property, sociability property, sociability ([1762] 1995) . In order a tobreak . — Foucault) of “The Priest”

(1997). however, however, , I will , — as CEU eTD Collection oftheindividualeconomy thedebt within psyche byturning toFreud‟schapter psychology workto situate ongroup theanti by inplace delicately complex substitutes.a of and sublimations, concludewill this exchanges I first andforever necessary phase ofsexual developmen taboo onmasturbation which libidoproperly apolyvalent todirect complex, aims heterosexuality, toward words,masturbation the of taboo.Inheart at Freud‟stheOedipal other theory,and libido Freud also s (Butler‟s priorand a tabooonhomosexuality, intervention) turn in Butler‟s toJudith work inordert sacrificed constructs self “auto Analysis the ofand Ego the teleology F economy. thus, society, and inneed fromterm of third mediation a project of Enlightenment rendering show Freud theorize how counterpart pathological clinical, anti ofreterritorialization self Absolute This Spirit. grounding - masturbatory narratives - erotism” pre as a and ofIn thetwilight . Drawing from his workin interrelated or Freud, thethirdterm be will - pleasure as an inwardly directed phenomenon inwardly ultimatelypleasure tobe an will as that need — as a kind of psychic and somatic ofand psychic tributedebt kind as a tothecivilization o properly direct the libidinalo properlydirect instincts the external toward Iwill world. Here, and

(1914 [1986]), I(1914 [1986]), w - the d pleasure

unmediated self unmediated - development in psychic structuralist the with consistent terms

social as nineteenth

Gender TroubleGender a psychoanalytic systema place thatwould masturbationits and through exposure —

into the realm ofinto the realm theAbsolute. libidinal cathexis libidinal narcissism masturbatory t, a t, a closed

century, Sigmund Sigmund century, Freud would ill show how Freud‟s use double ofself

- a notion a of — satisfaction. Cathexis of the ego, satisfaction. of theego, Cathexis a dangerous yet

(1990) to argue that, in addition that,inaddition (1990) toargue to the incest taboo, at theat of crux socializatio 5 - On Narcissism circuit of self

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of the ego, or, of theego,

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“primary narcissism”“primary , must be surrenderedbe , must n. In 3,I Chapter ets primary upa recast Enlightenmentrecast - e a stable psychic narcissistic debt a Group PsychologyGroup biological - that is ke pleasure lays

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syche rder. concept of concept Here, I Here, will , like , like Rousseau and philosophies, social Hegel‟s base, at are, In the final chapter, I In back will chapter, toSedgwick, thefinal drawing workcircle onher onshame and build would Lacan Jacques even system, onFreud‟s making moreexp psychoanalytic can will ominousl will can t modes of exchange intocloser exchange t modes of anti emancipation to without theimperative benormal might - masturbatory masturbatory turn

also read inRousseau. also read

again to Butler, deploying her toButler, deploying again y call this the y call reorient anti imperative that can never can beaccomplished, fully that only imperative will ever and - masturbatory speech acts as a demand actsdemand as speech a masturbatory Name

proximity tooffe

In conclusion, and reflective Ihopetodraw

- both Freudian and Lacanian thought Lacanian and both Freudian of - the 6

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- force ofshame censure and interest in the form of self interestof inthe form - It is masturbatio understand walls masturbation figurative (i.e. of outside and the literal privacy “mutual widely

understood that the advent andinvention the advent understood that of masturba n tract that would magically bind a biblical story bind biblical n tractwouldmagically about that a

and utterly exposedand toits gaze - gratification

is inthepejorative retained useand ofthe“masturbation” today, that John Martens, a medical “quack” who in medical “quack”who that Johna Martens, was 1708 ilous semipornography” (ibid.,25 ilous e usages. e usages. if,incertain contemporaryEven Western — or, conservative conservative 8

pleasure — both of which have to both ofhave the ability which — figure of themodern self would who

. 1712 inthehotstew of1712 England‟s

or, had notnecessarilyhad been subject a d theusefulness of pleasure solitude - (2003) — fue tion, imagined as a a as tion, imagined

while inthepursuit of adjectival forceof adjectival coitus interruptus - led coffee house coffee led 32). It was here locates the locates - minded minded argue that that argue Onania with a with , , CEU eTD Collection 2003). (Laqueur, self modern onthe ofreflection locus the to become century, oftheseventeenth close body that the It seems masturbation. by 5 orsilvergold analogous coinwas “commerce” tothe desire for oneselfwith sexual thatcould r a desire threatenedand that long money paper and credit, solitary sex. Masturbation, stoked ethical all concerns pleasure around were of that capitalism, the proliferation about of anxieties theexpansion and ofexchange teleology markets ina emerging wouldconstrain that theirexcesses. There terrible seemedtobe formsnew thatdestabilized money paper of and credit desire the togrou life as a articulated achievement ofEurope elite philosophical become establisheddecades, the thesource as of by authoritativeknowledge medical and out ofbya nowhere of Marten‟spublication andnineteenththe eighteenth masturbation beconnectedtothe centuries literature can of has quite other sexualact traceablea beginning asmasturbation. that borenegative adjective the toFrance, then Channel the eventually World Europe and New culture,

Laqueur, however, admits that even if Onania had not been published, Europeans would still have been troubled troubled been have still would Europeans published, been not had Onania if even that admits however, Laqueur, elation toThe “nature.” elation desirefor thathad in theendless nocorrelate ofcapital expansion Thirdly, and what liesattheThirdly, what and of heart Laqueur‟s thesis, tobe masturbation came several important analysesLaqueur‟s light history aboutthesexual to brings Onania

(Laqueur,

would live to see - threatening economies vice when innorth embracing western Europewere

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. 5 seems, Laqueur‟s by account atleast,

held notionsheld ofitself reality asand determined, thus by regulated, that Second, thatSecond, avice

numerous published editionsnumerous asout across itfanned published The ,

onto the body cameas they theproblems todefine with and its relationship to p to its relationship and

intermittently pricks discourse First, our critical today. no alist in London‟s back alleys and,within back alist just inLondon‟s afew 9

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- CEU eTD Collection 6 “counterfeit”pejorative, had circulating inEngland been sin threatens claimsauthority toundermineteleological and social torule As (Fisher, a 1999). the within The ofexchange. language of masturbation identification as “counterfeit” ([1978] Graeber, 1990).(Laqueur, 2003; Foucault 2011; tothosewas limited who ofawareness the same bookstores houses or that sold publishing “cure” masturbation as“newly exposed corruption” a (Laqueur‟s words print industry. along quitetrueform,introducing tocapitalist And with thepublication, thrived inthebustling houses coffee expanding commercial of published was byan London, and desires phantasmatic goonforeverconceivably without satiety (Laqueur, 20 Graber, 2003;

In Laqueur‟s analysis, the cost was “more than two weeks worth of wages for a footman” (Laqueur, (Laqueur, footman” a for ofwages worth weeks than two was“more cost analysis, the InLaqueur‟s y have y have existed (Gr

— the T Indeed, new stakeAt a morality was (La ofthe marketplace self credit and of both commerce fiction and the imagination need foundational born not sinsome fromor butfrom adamantine, original or ofthem several he language of language he semantic field - pollution, their doppelganger inthe wilderness society. doppelganger culturepollution, their and beyond the newly minted of masturbatiothe newly vice morality and the morality and coterminouswere marketplace

a e ber, counterfeitcurrency 2011).A strikes the of heart and at state power Onania

of currency. Counterfeitingof currency. hastroubled systems of were likely to have had likelywere tohave

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drew deeplydrew from the terminologyofthemarketplace, or,the . DesireJanus ofthis sort was — the engine of pro the engine 10

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— CEU eTD Collection 1984). Rubin, 1985; ([1978] 1985; 1999;Foucault sodomy Gilman, 1990; Laqueur, for centuries (Fisher, Mosse, 2003; the sallow, the effeminate, would thewithered attached frail and be in close (im)pure bothvices The pleasures death. wouldkeep association with figure of the itself economic and social currency. These tookunit a vices spending anything thatdidnotproduce could that orrecirculated exchanged systembe intoa of applyassociation thatwill (Laqueur, 55) to masturbation 2003, later century a excess,was an and luxury, a “counterfeit” Modernpejorative its and Early equation sodomy with thenotionthatsodomy was theforcesshadow of beyond Insocializable. sense, some these critical and relationshipsociable, wasn‟t a tothe state power constructed thatwas onterms absolute of to totheir on,ineffect, actsocialcounted according status.relationship master/servantwasn‟t A anxiety, power. Renaissance of industrial andtowns. cities Fisher‟s hownotions of analysisevinces morefrequentfriendships menofdifferentbecoming withthegrowth classes between that were Early inthe Modernwhich, period used was “counterfeit” players by political todiscreditbyassociating enemies sodomy, themwith itwasbefore where then), frequentlywith associated Fisher, toWill sodomy. According — and incinerated it. dead incinerated Theand economic Regardless of w class themaintaining In with worry about tandem boundaries thatexpressed itself inthe either way, either England England were tothemaintenance central of class boundaries, and thus, political an imbalance ofpoweran produced neither relationship a where p

hether hether — regulation like oneofitslike addictive counterparts, smok the accusation of “counterfeiting”the accusation , connoted “subversive, connoted relations”often social between men; — “counterfeit” models ofin intersubjectivity moved beyond economy beyond - endedness sodomy and ofas masturbation 11

of currency .

was a canard was a or legitimate a — to both masturbation and tobacco, tobacco, sexual sexual ing tobacco (an (an tobacco ing status in or —

a kindof a the body the body arty could be be arty could CEU eTD Collection sodomy,Like not pay itcould commercebecause all notactually did27), was at a it to capacity the nothave offspring.produce (from of the two ordered toattendtheCarnal Commerce sexes for thecontinuance of ourSpecies” access masturbationwith person wasthata gaining was pleasure “whichGodhas toasexual used to of babies. the currency this erotico very ina pleasure was, real debtto sense,theonly upa And torack Creation. topayway down what mitigated sexualwas dangerousitto beuseful.To obliging pleasure experience about by an was tocheat or economy of been sex thathad marriage the the pleasuredebt” ofsex2011,330)), without “paying (or “fleshdebts” (Graeber, regulated least the very by its to member usefulnessthecommunity. new a To enjoy inadding profitresulted ina of seenas thepleasuredangerous pleasure, (long byChristi pleasurebetween Ifexchange, debt. and thesexual male between exchange bodies and female laws, social and divine and ifeconomic thelaws exchang standsodomy masturbation and became the to exist beyond to and deaththat bothhadtosocial andpower, Western vices about ima anxieties thatwere substitute inorderto for “masturbation,” crystallize “sodomy” and here, “death” relation the becomesthemostdeath se Onania This is the same heteronormative, reproductive, currencyThis reproductive, same heteronormative, is the withoutAs “expenditure relationship an return”the (Fisher, vexed 1999)sodomy phrasesAs evocatively Foucault is it, power‟sthat “death escapes limit,themoment it; carve out carve - spiritua , in Laqueur, , inLaqueur, Masturbatio 14). 2003,

modern masturbation. l indebtedness was in the currency of Creation; procreation; of Creation; orlife wasinthecurrency l indebtedness sight

of the law. Insofar of the law. viewedvices as were solitude, they ofand secrecy cret aspect ofexistence,cret aspect the most private”(Foucault,could 138).We — in babies - Onania ins limitof the life, forThey were death. healthiness, — the debt tothe debt Godor sexualpleasure was societythat 12

would state this rathe n, “the filthy commerce with with filthycommerce n, “the oneself” ( ganized and ordained by ordained ganized and that God; economy an

- exchange morality thatexchange was r explicitly: theproblem r explicitly: an morality) was at morality)at was an — ibid. literally literally gined , CEU eTD Collection penis in out” (“pulling “onan 7 synonymous unnaturalself with exchange. sodomy masturbation,seen with normative and intoa economic modelof itwasnotassimilable political objection. historyand along with ofmoral p toGraeber, According beca mainly Ages, throughmoney interest itself ofpleasure intheendless of pursuit thegeneration 332). (ibid., forman‟s love God), “self Adapted 2011,331). (Graeber, of“self fromnegative concept St.Augustine‟s Roman legal termforearly one‟s for interest notpaying payments, orapenalty debton intheseventeenth capitalism offromphilosophy” derived European century and of publication civilization Interest Principle, Pleasure, 1.2 mortification, thepleasure ofmasturbation waspure transgressive ultimate Masturbation life it exchanged partookexchange: for As inthe self death. ofpleasurealchemy wasas notonlyfalse, incounterfeit, that but mortifying. wastefuland divine and social ona his back debt,closedhimself in of his room, theprivacy properrelationtointo a the tohave ow believed

This most likely explains the neologistic coinage John Martens appropriated as a a as appropriated Martens John coinage neologistic the explains This likely most ism” An interestingAn pointmade by —

In theMiddle usuryAges, this againachieve status. would become Interestwould , which is derived from the Biblical character Onan, whose story has more to do withto more do story has Onan, whose character from theBiblical is derived which

is thattheidiomof“self Onania use ofthe that threat the profit - in ed tobothor either. - . It he toandthe the what “new was bothakey notionunderlying calls v agina intercourse) than private self private thanintercourse) agina - bearing loans, had been loans, had opposedbearing theChristianchurch by oftheMiddle rofiting money fromas making practice interest with a was seen money,

- interest” came todefine interest” came debt

- interest just ce when - law of procreationlaw -

interest” became popularized inthe popularized centuryinterest” became priorto the David Graeber David 7

Put another way, masturbation couldPut another way, notbring pleasure 13 - motive posed (ibid., 319). toreligiousdevotion motive

the nature ofmankind, very its investment in pleasure. It wasinthat, unnatural . The masturbator (like the sodomite). The masturbator turned the (like , unadulterated self , unadulterated

rtain educated circles were beginning to rtain were educated circles beginning (2011) in his

history of debt in Western history inWestern ofdebt euphemism for masturbation for euphemism Usury - interest. , the generation of , thegeneration

as we have as have already we - love” (opposite to

conjured an conjured an

coitus interruptus coitus interesse - time , the —

- CEU eTD Collection of ofclutches repression; bothpsychoanalysis theaxiom and hypothesis become this would that and era, onlyVictorian thetwentieth in century begindid sexuality toemerge from the anoriginally sexuaattitude that free Foucault sexuality, outaired the“repressive hecalled what held hypothesis,” commonly a Introduction An Sexuality: less, of laid forsexuality theschema thedeployment outby centuryeighteenth (Cook, 455 theory ofinteres collective prosperity.”and into calls These Alexandera“general Cook developed what ideas thepursuit interests ofmeans bywhich consonantwith individual made mightbe socialorder Instead “no” ofsaying p just tomaterial Laqueur, 2009; (Cook, mankind‟s 2003)), believed insatiable desire useful. forbe pleasure could surrender the driveforwillingly unlimitedpleasurein of contract social naturallythe beginning born whereby theory, repercussionsgrave 2011, ofavarice collective (Graeber, Vaughn Cook,It 331; in 455). was 2009, the heart at human seeking state thatwould of political set a be upinorderto militate labeled eventually “politicalhedonism,”and presupposed selfish, a pain phi political English pleasure of figure outhowthelaw could exchange accommodate theburgeoning world ofmaterial All oftheseAll histories Importantly, others Hobbes, and shared who his in (Bernard views Mandeville, particular philosophy,”accordingThe putforward “new was theone (in toGraeber, part) by

(Graeber, 2011) (Graeber, t management” that would be widely wouldbe t management” that among thinkers held European bythe losopher Thomas Hobbes. Hobbe ([1978] 1990). In([1978] 1990). thefirst volumeofhis work influential onWestern .

— - Laqueur‟s, Graeber‟s, Cook‟s Fisher‟s and Laqueur‟s, 56).

lity had lity had leasure, statesleasure, should “the itandconsider workwith come to come be 14

deference to social order. tosocial deference s

‟s political theory, scandalous theory, ‟s the political time at dominated and suppressed and dominated duringthe Mic - hel hel free man was encouraged to encouraged was free man Foucault inFoucault - avoiding, pleasure avoiding, — elaborate, elaborate, more or The Historyof

against the - CEU eTD Collection or everyone, by inaugurated (Foucault as were servants,who caregivers and nannies the insatiable; and sexual, aportrayed overly as thatwill depraved characterization latercrystallize Not only explicit. masturbation was were women and subjects of women masturbation the “heinou to particularly men and women, as Laqueur‟s abundantly historymakes From clear. theoutset, masturbation as wasnotonlyseen which in theform of psychosexual as a themergerarticulated personality by anddissemination andpleasure of power the hyste as oneofthefourchild” strategy truth in sex apparatus of thestate to oneself of confessionintensification incitement therelationship an between and and subjects sexual of state manage populationstechnique control couldorganize and that byturningthem thatin andnineteenthof emerged power the eighteenth centuries inEurope wisdo much common

“ hysterical woman”hysterical Foucault‟s analysisof mast identify the would Foucault sexualizationof children thetrope and of“themasturbating rical woman, the woman, rical theMalthusian thechild and homosexual, couple, masturbator was [1978] 1990; Laqueur, 1990; [1978] Mosse, 2003; The is 1985). point,here, that the masturbator,

s to sin” wasavailable of masturbation “both SEXES ([1978] 1990) at leastat — bourgeois Onania into subjects everyone of a certain class.everyone certain ofa , an investment in life and a desire a investment and , an inlife toseek the m. Quite to the contrary, however, Foucaultm. Quitetothe contrary,however, contended thatmodernforms , was identity toanyone, kindofsexual a available that was thus, and to

of the nineteenth centuryof thenineteenth . sexuality

with sexuality. - effects produced by the deployment of sexuality.with effects thedeployment Along produced by

urbation does seem miss, itwould ([1978] 1990) a

problem for butalso to threat as children, a adult The involved “deployment of an sexuality” often

15 .

—

thought tochildr initiate but they had had also played . ” Indeed, the focus on

“truth” of life by seeking that seeking life by “truth” of importantly en intothe practice invented a role pedagogical , the in way

sexuality as a a as sexuality —

the into

in CEU eTD Collection afterconflicts inthenineteenth theonly proletariat with the whereby century, bourgeoisie, as a establishment ([1978] (Foucault, ofbourgeois 125). hegemony” 1990, according toFoucault,which, “should tothe undoubtedly process belinked of growth and in the take bourgeoisie would opposite course.They would tothe look future, thefuture and rested va luxury, historical lineage,“blood,” and, themselves nobility‟sbackward from theruling offocused pleasure. theproperuse on futuremiddleand patrilineal prosperityclass to relation ofthe intensifyingby a that thebody bodies the thepublisherlawyer, themerchant, and whoinvestededucator, few) (to a name their in class” 121). (ibid., compromising...the obligation to preserve surroundedchild domestic by of servants, governesses, tutors, indanger and whowas was child The ofthe people,” “onanistic” not“thechild but“ratherthat of the the schoolboy, it, attended of that “intensification thebody” was a preoccup 122). ([1978] 1990, calle established principle as a of been have limitation thepleasures oftraditionally what by others for byand thebourgeoisinvention classes. he of The sexuality, deployment writes, healthy d „the classes.‟ ruling it appearsRather they tome first that tried itonthemselves” (Foucault a Foucault ofThe sexuality deployment w O nd

offspring regime a produced by of nity, nity, excessand ne ofne Foucault‟s mo

the bodies of their andchildren wives

claimed the that of to sexuality deployment classes thecommon wouldhappen

Expanding this men,itwas adult observation to include

In otherwords, its pleasure the preoccupation with and usefulness, the and

(Foucault, ([1978] 1990; Laqueur, ([1978]1990; (Foucault, Mosse, 2003; 1985). The emergent re n from of thepointof view uanced

ould allow thebourgeois classes first todistinguish

arguments is thatsexuality a healthy his offorand social healthy descent line a his family healthy - 16 looking claims toauthority claims thatlooking on centered ;

who of tookuptheproject forginghealth the

sexuality viasexuality an emphasis onthe

the bourgeoisie, resulted in a state resultedthe bourgeoisie, of ina ation ofation thecommercial classes. , tobegin with,

, then,

the doctor, the

“ was an healthy was not

body CEU eTD Collection to purchase things” ( currency, social operates “asa tocreate,or maintain, sever relations between people lamentsGraeber theconversion “human hecalls ofwhat economies” pers impersonal with associated been touse need relationships. social you Something the because Graeberof Money, theirowncommunitiescontends (ibid.,327). throughout on largely informaland economies formsprocess, neighborhood oftenthat relied onlocal supplantedlocal of currency, economics eventually become available According t toall. opening and creditcurrency lines, effectively accessible bythe only “moneyed” classes, would this of made humanity sense hoped view class for who certain of people thatthepaper a English impersonal fueledoriented toward exchange personal by self usedthat economists Smithhave toillustrate nature fundamentally as human since Adam makes repeatedly.Graeber myth “the In debunking of imaginary world barter,”an speculation onstatehood,morality.world built and financial hygienic imagining least,becauseat bourgeoisieseemedtolike the thatothers of a share theirview could century,the eighteenth middle control them (ibid., 126). conditions,working would body sexuality thea a grant proletariat order in tosurveil and and classes thattheworking shouldaccesscompromise forhave tolivableadmitting onal intimacy that would create a sense thatwould a ofperson create intimacy onal While Foucault situatesWhile of sexuality thedeployment century,in thenineteenth in already — we might might we call it ibid., ibid.,

systems bygood of extended credit

158) the deploymentofcash the - — class beginning were values tospread tocommonclasses, inpart, into economies of whereinto economies exchange, everybody usesto money o Graeber, this form early of trickle 17 —

did (2011, actuallyhappen inthe 341), and, - to - personsimply wasn‟tthere. trust - will fromwill shopkeepers tomembers - interest, Graeb

This argument is the — where only money er emphasizes how er emphasizes Debt housing and , had always , had - - down down before

rather than -

money money CEU eTD Collection personhood. and ofeconomy interpretation anthropological rich otherwise his in subjectivity or 8 interest onabond or,debtto debt, social a A was viewed societythat totheas promise analogous ret ofa (and sodomy) political figuredintothis of and hegemony social as logic thefailuredebt. a to pay about toanxieties addition th onone‟s toturns class; be would thecurrency; one‟sor,to back todeface counterfeit. Thus, in toalso tribute thatissued important topay tothepower way, in an it.To have dootherwise commercial memberof other every thatclass. sta in for equality proper way, another statuspredicatedof and equal is for debt.Proper designed orput on exchange sociability, and programeconomic political, ofthe bourgeois thisat because inheritance itmarks sothesuccess well the social, of of thedissemination between even niceties peopleknew Graeber who umbrage each otherintimately. takesparticular “Thank and “Please” you” serv (bothwithorigins todebtand relating tothe2011;Foucault,also development led andproliferationofetiquette(Graeber, [1978]1990). handshake anda credit ( impersonal been transactionsconduct by that previously have done simple would recorda of

A criticism I have of Graeber, however, is that he provide he isthat however, ofGraeber, I have A criticism In the all for The toimagine formsthe bourgeoisie tendency asexchange of interaction social exchange and indebtedness social double tus wasmutualtus servitude —

double deploymentdouble of bourgeois values the promise tomature. subjectivity ibid.,

e imagination and and excess markets,e imagination andcredit masturbation inpaper 328).

was modeled on a program of ona indebtedness that was modeled thatheld

. Everyone ofa class given servant toand wasbothlord

went went inha hand 18 s ie in the West: Every relation Every intheWest: peopleie between

little to no account for individual psychology, identity, identity, psychology, individual for to no account little — nd. To tradein was,the currency cash money and sexuality and money cash itude) became itude) became common

urn of — the price the the CEU eTD Collection with preoccupation unfortunate fate enslav servants into ofcivilization. trajectory Maturity the m explicitly associated with was individual, fromthe maturitymale ofa servant for to master, synecdoche as a the progressive themselves stuck effectively permanent ina (ibid., adolescence” 351). lessbecame lessuntil“millions of and young women tenable, and men across Europefound servitudelimited (ibid.,308 populationof theEuropean towage theonly to insistwere in currency paid (taxes tobe silver were coin) that goldand much reduced 500% of two centuries,a properadult.But a become date.so end of asan long ithad Theprolongation thisseenas be stage would failureto a but temporary thesuitable had until one means tomarry. Life servant wasnecessary, asseen a a obligatory room board, and askillapprentice,other households.as an and learn receive would One labor men351). For young mostthe MiddleAges, and ofwere women expected tobecom kind. fun the not Bondage…And Human 1.3 self ed state It isof this notwithinthelimits to thesis project the “emancipation This which with well of Enlightenment,” didnotsit viewed calls ofthis Graeber All during what “the occurred of Europe”proletarianizaton (2011, - . The failure to move out of economic dependence outof economic onothers. The failuretomove wastoremaininan mastery . Slavery, it haunted thoughtandstood seem, would outEuropean as the stage of personal development. Anindstage ofpersonal development. , and the mastery over others, themasteryone‟s over wife, , and namely, par excellencepar slavery todominate came to that tied thought was directly European

inflation lack of a and bullion combined currency, with efforts political , Graeber points, Graeber out, - , the 14). The situation outof becamesuchthatmoving servitude antithesis man of Enlightened - laborers disrupted and of obligator economy the 19

the “price revolution” revolution” “price whereby, the course over the fully fully

ividual‟s s ividual‟s account formuch how

ubordination toothers wasokay, (Graeber, 2011)(Graeber, one‟s

ove out of servitude and

children of .

the ,

and one‟s own and e servants in y but CEU eTD Collection 11 2011). it (Graeber, from financially profiting 10 2000). (Offen, trade slave Atlantic the into relation discourse proto wasextant in ofmarriage Europeaninstitutions 9 dependent were andtheslave purely on eachandthus,the tyrant other, were effectively exchange. relation, thus, and noregalitarian the citizen properlyparticipate neither could in the slave statutoryeffeminized, prostitutes). boys, minors:and young women, demarcated had Greece freea slaves a distinction and (no citizens between European much of in that threatened values citizenship, thesame way citizenship as inancient was to man man enslaved a “dead was who world.” Lostsociety. to shipped offrounded upand servitude inindentured World tothe New m European opposition theprohibitionof ofin within totheslavery Africans, enslavement resulting often more indistinguishablefrom e thepersistence fromsave culture, vanished andindentured ofwage European labor servitude, tradeonthe slave human western proper coastofhadotherwise ofslavery thecontinent Africa, thetimePortuguese Dutch by merchantsfoundand and theopp slave the upon acrosstothe establishment Atlantic trade; opposed Europeprior ofchurch the it; of enslavement. the knowledge historythe common that was(andis ofWesterncivilization still) hi largely a oppositionreflection onand tothe trans

Karen Offen‟s work sheds light on how the “trope of slavery” as a metaphor for the oppression of w of oppression the metaphor for a as ofslavery” thehow“trope on shedslight work Offen‟s Karen

See Halperin (1990). Halperin See Graeber, importantly, points out that this did not prevent the prevent not thatdid this out points importantly, Graeber, odern self were grounded in material realities. inmaterial Ifodern selfone‟s notpay grounded were onecould be debts, could one Nor, conceptually least,Nor,at conceptually wasen theslave and Combined, his opposite, mirror the

national borders.national 9

However, according to Graeber, s toGraeber, However, according

But we can at leastsee that at theBut can about we anxieties enslavement of the

xplicit forms 250,346).xplicit (Graeber, slavery There also ofwas

- slavement a relationship a slavement Both fostered that autonomy. Atlantic slave trade, much how and was residual slave fromAtlantic - feminist French literature prior to the exigency ofanti priorto theexigency literature French feminist 20

lavery concept as down a widely was looked

trade outside of borders, or from those withinthose from or ofborders, outside trade tyrant , were a subjective a , were proposition ortunity tokick

Enslavement notan was

(Graeber, 2011) (Graeber, t to mentiontheother - start modern a omen in omen . An . An — certain certain - not slavery slavery story CEU eTD Collection himinto the bringing bring thesubject intolifeby Rousseau social and theory political of Jean articulated be impossible,as ofthe an subjectivity Enlightenment ifnot avoidable, entirely self social and contractconsignment toasocial would that intertwined.indelibly the onehundredyearsof virtually theworldwithin of its spark inthe initial vis and exchange statehood society and possibly Theas come” onecan 2011,209). (Graeber, structure ofcivilization itsregulate excesses outside offall entirely the social intoa economy.recirculated however, Above all, thedyad tyrant/slave to thepotential had tyrant the between andthe nothing produced slave outside of itself; submission. ofunlimited practice comprised It relation The was a ofabsoluterelationship power. not guarantee equal - partnership the between histor mastery, — In thefollowing In history the other tracing thepanic and that swept and ofmasturbation Europe parts but mirror opposites to warn against against to warn debts. his who debts He notmanage could the Enlightenmentof at imperative failed falling the hallmark ofself ibility;

. victim

The tyrant and the slave “ andtheslave The tyrant

— The emancipation of the“man”The emancipation was ofthebyhis Enlightenment attended

on theother, wa chapter the perils of reach

to aself thatwas s thus side, citizen into twocamps:onone bifurcated . Enslavement was a relation a was thatformed closed. Enslavement a

, I will show how themodel, I showhow will of the of mediating a law - - Jacques Rousseau Jacques ies mastery

invisibility, solitude, and slavery. invisibility, solitude,and of sexuality and of and sexuality

masturbation in masturbation — b bring himtolight restraint oth tyrant and were were as close isolated, to perfectly alienatedbeings 21

— s ight ofight thelaw . T — a third term third a debt he tyrant and the slave theslave by tyrantand deployed he be will Émile either inthe useeither force orthe ofunlimited - based

, a pedagogical, a work designedto slave.

and and —

exchange economiesexchange

that would and condition — allo tyrant and the slave came to came theslave tyrant and nothin the social contract.

w him w to enterintocapital publication g

that could be couldbe that — - circuit thatcould circuit a combination of combination a ship, social

of Onania, Onania, emerge as emerge

in the

CEU eTD Collection 2004). (Esplin, masturbating himselffrom 13 no ofa record been have 12 Rousseauwrites aboutWhen ofmasturbation the act the like anything obsessive anti ofmasturbation,their shared toholdthatRousseaushar unwarranted disavowal itwouldseem Neck, Van 44; Stengersand 58 2001, of hiscopy work, assum The in1762,2003). twomet of shortly the after publication counterpart to of copy got his ona hand of moral values the and 2003)), of would his tospeakKant outagainst era masturbation (Emmanuel masturbation. of Rousseau,one themost It philosophers to ishow influential tellexactly difficult Rousseau‟s coming Supplement Dangerous The 2.1

Gregory Therel Esplin recounts a “legend” that Kant would wrap himself in a sheet when retiring so as to prevent prevent to so retiring as when sheet himselfin a wrap would Kant that “legend” a Esplinrecounts Therel Gregory to seems There ofOnania. publication original settles on the for cheekily thatLaqueur Thomas theyear This is

13 Jean

came to understand masturbation in terms that would make it tounderstand masturbationcame wouldmake intermsantithetical tothe that - Jacques Rousseau was born in 1712 in the democratic republic of Rousseaurepublic Geneva. wasJacques democratic bornin1712the Onania - of - longer extant edition in 1710 (Laqueur, 2003). (Laqueur, 1710 extant editionin longer , camejust outin1760, twoyears prior toRousseau‟s - age, then, would seem to seem the coincideage, with then,would coming

Rousseau’s Émile: A Subjectivity Debt Enlightenment. There doesn‟t seem to that beevidence Rousseau ever ing they shared a sympathy shared a they ing forthe subject thehorrors of

Onania -

masturbation Tissot upon. that verve career own his wouldbuild . Samuel

59). While about Rousseau corroborated inkling Tissot‟s - Aug Chapter 2 ust Tissot‟s 22

—

in Bec L’ Émile ause can’tI stop messin’ with the danger zone…

Émile Onanism

and, later,and, Hey, hey,Hey, they bettersay I a get , when Tissot sent a Rousseau e , theFrench be thebe (Laqueur, other

- — of The Confessions Émile Émile Cyndi Lauper - age of modern age - (Laqueur,

language language (Laqueur, 43 12 , “She Bop” —

chaperone social social he he ed -

CEU eTD Collection 15 English. willin be ofRousseau citations other all for thisthesis, of limitations time the to 10).Due (I, as will appear 10 paragraph I, Book citation from a i.e. text appears; thecited will include I text, theonline cite To Technologies. Learning Institutefor University‟s Columbia by online published that is text French oftheoriginal footnotes Iwill include Additionally, 14 law,from Book to will first relation any I:abuse thevery That of man,free page everything resonant theterms iswithin been Rousseau had ofthemethat thatitis a issued out hammering passions a and latter part ofa with Bookotherwise deals rather august IV, which onthenature exegesis ofthe twenty years 357).approximately ([1762]1911, upbringing of lifeand Émile‟s single a pedagogy upbarely thattakes ina page lasts n The passage Rousseaudigressesaxiomatic. in which of to supplement” warn the“dangerous centurymasturbation the eighteenth by discourse itintellectual giving in a Rousseau‟sthen, that to allusion masturbation in ofcopies point the roleofattitude toward thestate inorderingsociety. ontheconcept Marshall orderDavid in toexpand of to contract social relation thestructuretheory and Then ontheworkof ofdebt. I draw will Rousseau‟s fishinterests bigger had repression. tofry. thansexual simply put, Rousseau, withindoes so and contexts, broader fleetingly much inthes and

“…ce dangereuxsupplemen “…ce For Noteabout language: Thomas Butof Rousseau‟s masturbation treatment The of importance readIn Iwill thefollowing, Émi Confessions le

Laqueur quasi had beenhad printed therewere inFrench; translations also ( - secula . IRousseau‟s returnto Graeberwill David in inorder to analyze pedagogy t…” (2003) (2003) Émile

(III, 1165) r Émile Émile

, I will quote inE , Iwill quote defense of faith. What defense offaith. What Rousseau‟s onmakes attack masturbation makes. By ofmakes. end the century, theeighteenth almost 200,000

in thehistory is ofmasturbation thebook‟ssuccess.This is the

Émile

as a primary text, primarytext, as then a and supplementing now with nglish from the Everyman translation by Barbara Foxley (1911). Foxley Barbara by translation Everyman the nglishfrom 23 Émile

qua

l’amour proper l’amour

early five hundred, five spansearly and masturbation in

aided intheintensificationaided of anti

the book and paragraph number in which in which number paragraph and thebook ervice ofmoreervice pressing , and Rousseau‟s, and gen Émile ibid., ibid., nd philosophical heft. nd philosophical

is symptomatic, not

14 43). It is likely,

It comes inthe eral eral -

CEU eTD Collection les and ofpower, theory ofhis in terms sense more made ofmasturbation criticism noto somewhat seems masturbation 17 connotations; theoriginal mask 16 master the distinction between t and (or state) tyrant, andthe slaves. Rousseau‟s subjects distinction between (or is andslaves citizens) analogous to his accesshave tothe exercise they ofstatewere subjects, power, not properlyspeaking but,importantly, therestrain human of thestate individual avarice tyranny itself. If mendid menentered each acivilequal contractwith into other, statenotonly thusthatwould a creating powerunmediated antithetic was this around thandiscretelypreoccupations morebroadly timewere political sexual. 2010). (Rousseau, [1762] that evidencetotheThis idea gives Rousseau‟s certainly literary Émile power. inother words,unrestrained power; unrestrainable and there for is potential absolute a wherever subject. social The public dyad tyrant/slave emerge will in avariciousprivate, Émile craving, which without reason. 17) ideasinfant, whose “earliest those are [inthese ofempire Émile histyranny. own histo leftalone, slave him,including self.man, be will tyrant,and around Orputa way, another

I have not come acrossa come not Ihave servitude…” de et d'empire celles sont idées “…ses premières ,

who iswho simultane , opensthe iconic with declaration, “ marches. Itmarches. is tocharacterize, first i deployed

It is that notable isThe thestrict of summoning dyad to vanquishing thetyrant/slave beat which and 16

The i ously “slave and tyrant and ously “slave nauthor nfant is the uncoordinated, unreasonable monarch, enslaved monarch, tohisnfant is unreasonable own theuncoordinated, The Social Contract The SocialContract

“…esclave et tyran…” et “…esclave

rious and, I think, overshadows Ithink, riousand, who has made this has made who

al toRousseau‟sal imagined Republic, naturally where free and

must master outgrow onhis and a way tobecoming Man is born (

Du Contract Social Contract Du ” (I, 70)

(I, 69) (ibid., 18) claim outright. However, Rousseau‟s tie toof the history tie Rousseau‟s However, outright. claim 24

— n The sum,infancy. thestate of modern Note: I have translated this literally in order not toin order literally this translated have Note: I free, and everywhere hefree, and is inchains ,

— is proto a nse or ofdomination] servitude what I will argue here argue Iwill what Émile ) , published in the same year, publishedas inthesame he critical,he defining difference

wherever there of threat is a - human, without law and and withoutlaw human, s as a strict sa as — ly sexual morality. sexual ly that Rousseau‟s that Rousseau‟s 17 —

Absolute, they were ” ”

(ibid., not

CEU eTD Collection in participate to be would otherwise toconfo social construction use to job humans as our itwassocially, constructed were women) and men for thosedifferent regarding (particularly 19 ever. time, if some for won‟t have and have, not do what children isexpressly “reason” Rousseau, 18 protect himfrom ( himself” in inaccordance naturallaw.normalization with construction forcesthe perverting cou of social harnessedmechanisms be could unfettered itselfinto falling chaos. tokeep from For Rousseau, fundamentally civilization Rousseau believed corrupted that the very at its humanity, least, an and ofth ofapparatus distributing thelaw maintaining capable and to freeofhisself mankind preternaturaldisposition toward into immaturity and signature of theEnlightenment move fromtocontractual mutual enslavement complementarity; agreement. It is mirror as moves other theinstatementth of images each thelaw assame, cleave they the restraint with come intoagreement law. ofgoverning a tota insatiable,absolute, thus unlimited, imaginaryand illegitimate power exercised intheform of of contract a mediating, Absent equalizing any ofthelaw, justreach as withhis theinfant insatiable thereach wants, beyond was ofreason. pairbetween is Foreach theruleoflaw. Rousseau, the were andtheslave beyond the tyrant

Rousseau‟s opinion on social construction was fairly straight wasfairly social construction on Rousseau‟sopinion 60 E., (Rousseau, to children with reason advice Locke‟s criticize to way out ofhis goes Rousseau Émile l domination and total and l domination critical submission. ina senseThe theslave, tyrantand the and one This is the theme through which RousseauintroducesThis which is of through his thetheme masturbation condemnation For . Since Émile‟s worst is enemy himself (

Rousseau then, the role ofparticular, aswhole, pedagogyRousseau then,therole civilization in a and be will — the tyrant the tyrant collapse theslave and into state mirror sustainedof a bya only image the adulthood of self

rm civil law to the laws of nature, which were transcendental and perfect. To do perfect. and transcendental whichwere ofnature, thelaws tolaw civil rm c’est vous à delui le garantir de l’amour propre l’amour

third term between them :

T he formulationhe of outof themove

- (Rousseau, in in (Rousseau, restraint 19

ld be re 25 c’est lui

- forward. Even if contemporary ethics and roles ethicsand contemporary Evenif forward. Émile - même ) until he can dothe) untilcan he job onhis a own, - appropriated for thepurposes of and and — - ), herequiresma a enslavement through institutionenslavement the either God, or the law intheform God,either orthe law Letter toD’Alembert Letter em from to reflexivity e rule law. Even if , it would seem, , itwould

unfettered ). ster (

T hey cease hey tobe

maître - 61). For

) “to

the 18

CEU eTD Collection notion of primaryselfishness. a R exchangethat societyand thesame. and one are property Émi that theability toearncurrency, and living, eventually, and a inreturnthings Émile togive selfish for infantile, of pleasure thesacrifice his an be Thatexchange. another. wouldnot,properlyspeaking, lies outside caseofexchanging ofBut one‟s bea self.thisone notsimply set would ofchainsfor “lost”of hisimagination; own tothe world( social to state him remain of toallow infantile be self inan toreason, him togive Émile the tools of self himself.Rousseau recommends toregulate as thesolution inability toÉmile‟s To failtoguide it is yet thisAnd precisely intensity ofgaze blueprint for surveillance about his in precisely warning masturbation. theentiregesture Indeed, of To is habit. is Tobesocial beseen and tobesocial. toberegulated. thisRousseau articulates anxietyability privacy‟s particular tocarry about heshouldget as active. For hewakes be up and Rousseau, Émile alone imagining pricks a room him,if with shouldthe dangersofnotbeleft modernlife.Émile The master alone. should thesame sleep in technology ofexecute a control that surveillance ensure Émile will and that freefrom remain will that Rousseaupedagogy prescribes. The pedagog be will that capacity be synonymous “reason”only and with cultivatedthat can through the Fundamental to this movement from internalization to externalization tothis be Fundamental towill from externalization movement Rousseau‟s internalization social itisAnd the indeed Rousseau world towhich The directsworld Émile. of reason le will will le earn to aproperrelation hissociety.Infact, into discover will way Émile possible. Émile is tobethoroughly Émile possible. before exhausted as going soonto bed,and . Rousseau is itdirects relentless inthegaze which uponhis subject. ousseau, and not without scandal, held that that held ousseau, notwithout scandal, is and “there nooriginal — - and itsand superpositional externality restraint 26

a subjecta ue, ormaster, toset is upand encouraged

[1762] 1911 [1762] - servitude, tosuffer doomed thedelusions — Sofy to make himmasterto make of himself

out of intovice sight and of thelaw, . It throughtheterms be will of Society, for ofits all faults, didhave , 357).

Émile - seeking —

reads as a which which :

S — ocial would would CEU eTD Collection intéresser.” les ne qui peut ce et entendre, sauraient ne qu’ils faut, ce qu’il ce contraire de nous estdue...parla celle de qui devons,mais bien notre à et conservation notre à d’abord rapportent 21 soi est de l’amour l’homme à naturelle passion est entré. seule il y La 20 insist, then, that substitute surehim, tomake this ofself sense untilreason is preserved thisguide Émile,“watching” force within by “listening”and initiates which the slave thechild‟slife. estimation of theself to) thatpreserves themirroringof and thetyrant (or dyad regressesback co for preserving hisself, caring hishe ofdemanding thus, selfwhat and But, byway needs. if this beforeand others, relation a tothe Émile selflearnthat will hehas inwhich interestan in ourselves. It is through forus develop interest ourselvesmight toharnessan inpreserving distinct so a value thatwe sometimes self whybe vice and The can onlysin thehow ofevery heart, human traced. inthe passion natural is “ “Nos premiers devoirs sont envers nous; nos sentiments p sentiments nos nous; envers devoirssont premiers “Nos ...il n’y a point de perversité originelle dans le cœur humain; il ne s’y ilne humain; ledans cœur originelle point perversité de n’ya ...il ndition is not properly socialized, itfalls intondition is notproperly socialized, - love or selfishness in a wider sense” wider orselfishnessa ( love in what cannot beofany cannot interestwhat tothem ( the at beginning end, them wrong telling t and what is duetous...If tochildrenoftheirduties, notof talk are you and theirrights, you the first we to others, springs what notfrom notionowe ofjustice butfrom what instincts first toour at prese are own directed Our first dutyisto ourfirst ourselves; centeredfeelings are onself; our all selfIt of isnaturally as theinfant/child theconcept maitre l’amour de soi de l’amour

(a substit ) is akin to a survival instinct. toa akin ) is allows onethat It is preservative impulse, a l’amour de soi de l’amour ute Rousseau?).

nt d’abord aux enfants de leurs devoirs, jamais de leurs droits, on commence par leur dire le leur par dire commence on leursdroits, de jamais devoirs, leurs de enfants aux ntd’abord - même - être. Ainsi le premier sentiment de la justice ne nous vient pas de celle que nous celle de que pas vient ne nous justice la de sentiment lepremier être. Ainsi And itisAnd precise

ibid. that thechild of learn akind self will rimitifs se concentrent en nous en se concentrent rimitifs , 66). 27 l’amour ibid., ibid., - même, ou l’amour ou même,

trouve pas un seul vice dont on ne puisse dire comment et par où où commentpar dire et ne on puisse dont un pas seul vice trouve 20

Natural selfNatural rvation and our own welfare. Thus ourwelfare. own rvation and 73). - propre ly thejobofmasterly (the tutor) to 21

- hey cannot understand, and cannot hey centered that presses that centered Rousseau to — , selfishness or vanity; a false a , selfishness orvanity; to Émile, by by to Émile, constantly surveil - propre pris dans un sens étendu.” unsens dans pris propre much later (II, 287) - mêmes; tous nos mouvements naturels se naturels se mouvements nos tous mêmes; - love ( love

l’amour del’amour soi — is as installed a - distinction above distinction above - mê me

(II, 267) (II, ; or ing ing

CEU eTD Collection 22 thathehad planted tothe summoned Émile that belonged his toinform onland beans young sprouts tears cries,his Robertof and bean theground.Through out Émile‟s torn matterconvert intoproperty. ( other claims,“ashecouldtokeep his withdraw arm fromwanted who man his a it against will” claim undeniable.Émile theessenceall inextricable and ofhiswithinthesoilcan labor against Émile andhis care, investslabor matter) earth(inraw in partself of his inthe a theplantingpossession” ofthekind“taking asvalue beans a of the toplant Émile interesthimself. inthe property In this of lesson scene outa by laying meaningfulwhich Émile heintendsthesocially toteach use ofhis primary Property L’Amour 2.2 property. this debt rights thetools are byw the ofa which by ability debt man (orchild)tofulfill his to itself debt.Justice, interms“springing” service toa from this of self ofindebtedness.self, condition a for Rousseau,isalready The self owes rightsIn and self, thistogetherThe the come duty(or singleparagraph, critically. debt),justice, [1762] 1911, 1911, [1762]

“…comme il pourrait retirer son bras de la main d’un a d’un main la de bras son retirer ilpourrait “…comme The secondpart of returns thelessonday, one Émile tofind comes when, tothe garden must therefore“We back tothe go originofprope -

based subjectivity that Rousseau will draw Rousseau will that based subjectivity his first lesson 74).

bean seeds i 22

Thispart oneofthelesson: is hich Émile can make Émile hich his claims toself

nto a plot of soil in the corner of a garden. Rousseau teaches Émile to nto aplotofsoilteaches Rousseau ofÉmile thecorner garden. in a

utre homme qui voudrait le retenir malgré lui…” le malgré retenir voudrait qui utrehomme 28 - (scheme,really), Rousseau i plan the transubstantiating to of power labor

- obligation to hisobligation self is measured.And rty,” announces Rousseau before - satisfaction.is Itupon precisely - plan for Émile: The lesson Émile: of for plan land - indebtedness, isthe rule indebtedness,

the self, and is attached is and attached the self, , whereby throughhis , whereby

(II, 291) (II, way thatway is - nstructs young the

- gardener is gardener

CEU eTD Collection 23 Oddly, althoughcultivated. itis example nodoubt supposedan of tobe of seeds corner fora ofbean Robert‟s garden theplanting negotiation intoa Robert with entering Rous was the“first ofgardener thegarden, occupier” and thus, to (according its owner rightful belongs tohim seedinthefirst place. must theinsome presuppose earth(or s that is women) already, soso mighttransform property, he (or thathisindoingtheearth intohis labor women) natural In here: Rousseau‟s claim order for seedinsome his portionto plant manofearth (or women) in thefirstIttodeconstruct thefairly easy transubstantiating is o place. also (phal)logic thus, and, him lackactivation ofthatgiven thenecessary converts labor matterintoproperty raw of his thewith value labor; lab toy theexamplesay, These ofa or blanket. latter, a notthings presumably, are earned had Émile demonstrate the uses toÉmile of thenature metaphor ofproperty, over, agriculture Rousseau ofthe King theflag America).planting inSouth ofSpain sowfighting over ofunderpins na origins theprimitive the results( work” of his teach sownsown already man. thathad been hisseeds own byanother insoil whohad ofmelon.Inother words, had gardener already sown variety soil arare the Émile with

“…comment l’idée de la propriété remonte naturellement au droit du premier occupant par letravail…” par occupant dupremier audroit naturellement remonte propriété la de l’idée “…comment seau‟s formulation), Rousseau demonstrates to Émile thescriptRousseau demonstrates ofseau‟s Émile by formulation), economic to exchange Émile Yet Émile still has onemore Émile Yet Robert discovery that here.Uponthe lesson tolearn remissI be ontheofthis phallocentric would patina enti notto comment

“how thenotion“how tothe right of ofpropertynaturally thefirst goes back to occupier ing theirseedsRousseauing compares soil(atonepoint inmaternal itto Balboa ibid.

, 75). or in them, one might say, isbygiftedness. mightsay, or effaced inthem,one They were

It is primary occupancy plus individual labor,It occupancy isthen,that primary tural property. - the

- gardener. mightkeep asks Rousseau Émile ifheand 29

It is that,inorderto telling in exchange exchange in ense, his property and, thus, and, ense, hisproperty for

The to example is meant

reasonable human reasonable half ofhalf thebeans

(II, 295) (II, re scene: men men re scene:

f - the

- CEU eTD Collection 25 24 him to for self uptothe unique, Rousseautolive seems, it else oftenanyone felt Theatreto on D’Alembert the at stakes arethe ofwhat was of he doanything hisalthough theprimaryoccupier self, didn‟treally he it?with not putinto doesheinsome labor his histoself sense self, forfeit claim figurelabor inthecultivation ofownership the after factofprimary ownership? If be will to required Émile intoput labor form his self of inthe self been occupi have could Isownership self thatÉmile‟s ofhisstems from toimagine self primaryoccupancy? itpossible a onÉmile‟sself bear fromproperty str derivesits thedouble nature sensehis of property, of own orthe property self, primary inits tosocial second,toteach and value of prope inherently of propertydemonstrate Émile law that a senses understand, butdoes notexplicitly stuff melons?beans and best, At of Rousseau‟s lesson “I shallupuntouched: dig yo upanywithout giving ofthefruitsso of theirlabor, kindness, Robert

- In “ risk of being displaced by an byan risk displaced ofbeing Mais souvenez Confessions

begin with, and that and with, itbegin so, washis doing master,by responsibility and to It therealm within is of certainly Rousseau‟s philosophy toconceiveoftheself as always This complicated proposition Émile how a ends scene regarding upoffering comes tobe

([1789?] 2000), generally and specifically pp.114 and 125. Also, see Marshall (1988). Marshall see Also, 125. pp.114 and specifically and 2000),generally ([1789?] - vous que j’irai labourer vos fèves, si vous touchez à mes melons.” mes à si vous fèves, touchez vos labourer j’irai que vous - the - ownership? Rousseauintendfor thatRousseau‟s us Does toimagine - gardener allows Émile allows Rousseau) (and gardener cornerof to their thegarden keep É ed, orotherwise, primarily byanyone mile‟s tomaster ability hi

will follow t follow will ur beans if you touch my melons ur ifyoutouchmy beans

that he was otherthan himselfthat hewas other ( autre his Also, track. inhis ). His criticism inthe of theprofessions acting of - same individuality that nature had that supposedlysame individuality given rty terms in of exchange. oke of first of oke occupancy 30 mself properly?

long as Émile (and aslong Émile Rousseau) leave his crops - plan onproperty seemsplan first, towant to ( Confessions II, 294) other than himself . ” 25

(ibid., 76) It continual seemed a struggle

- mastery, but how can this buthowcan mastery,

l’amour de soi de l’amour plus , Rousseau, more than more, Rousseau, than

ownership because, ownership because, 24 labor, howdoes this

What to ofthis make What ? It that is clear to be - même

Émile does Émile . The self by In short, . If Letter CEU eTD Collection “woman. simply as fantasy, 26 self coherent to strict selfishness willa exchange pedagogy, Émile primary, unmediated learn a for socially a of th the development transformationinto the self.the self of thepropertybecomes oftheself thatit Émile already paradoxically, was tooneof masculine, tyranny mature, enslaved mastered external, self transformative power ( self selfprimary, feminine fake is counterfeit,a that be“the a only of can man transform will mastery, which the selfofthe self. intothe property Incritical a sense, this enslavement. aprimary against and of self through performative practice a mastery must that from need betaught will toc theoutside. Émile alsoonly presupposedseems and once yet theresult tobeat and of secondary self a practice self masculine thusmastery self feminine isprimarily transforming applied, a in thisanalogy, configuration, very is material as rendered thealready feminine self uponwhich [1762] 1911, 1911, [1762]

“… c'est là l'homme de nos fantaisies…” fantaisies…” nos de l'homme là c'est Setting aside for aside Setting moment a workinRousseau‟s theat chronology of irresolvable concept Additional terms analysisherein An of fruitful. performativityprove self will The self,as the -

mastery aligned with themastery laws with aligned so of establishinga society,thereby 18) - sameness. 26 , and must be repeatedly displaced must , and ofself berepeatedly theaction by ly, ly, primaryselfÉmile‟s of isas self insofar itis material feminine theraw

l’amour soi de of which will will which carry Émile fromstate infantile,of a ofself feminine, reflexive, e self ”

qua

(I, 70) property, itisleast at that Rousseau proposes clear that through — - même/l’amour propre même/l’amour naturally ; I don‟t think ; Idon‟t -

mastery in order to achieve, ironically, mastery orderself in toachieve, always was always — supposed to have been. Putsupposed another been. way, tohave 31 it it

yet

would be would , which is infantile in its tyrannical self isinits infantile tyrannical , which never was

a stretch to read this,both sense in tostretch read a , or , “slave and tyrant,” and properly , “slave intoa was ultivate his true, self natural - - but sameness; self a which, - was - mastery, the - not

our fantasy” cial currency cial that - yet - : the sameness over the self sof - same, - - - - - CEU eTD Collection system of through a condition debtthatenforces equality exchange ofnormalizing admitshe hehas produces mutual,communal toRousseau‟s a indebtedness. In fact,according ofsociety the capital buthimself...”no property ( toinvest insociety responsibilities.social Accordingwhoever has toRousseau,or “The man thecitizen, be, hemay mere legible (manners,socially in that thismores, bepaid etc).Ithowever, debtcannot is important, shelter)and social aspsychological and itisthemechanisms tobe tothe thatallow individual society produces. The debt is demand tophysical as muchdue Self the Coining 2.3 self. toreturnobliged to transformation indebted Émile be will to complete, is orrather, having, that ratherthan belonging tohimself même onthisis dependent entirely by process.agreeing togive society, By up entering

, Émile‟sbear the will stamp heenters. name ofthe follows, societyintowhich then,is What cash. Ifcash. thatwere standard of without measurement nocommon standardof measurement, benosociety Therewithout can noexchange common exchange, without a ultimately, itis that, society Ironically, thestatuscontractual under menasequals of For man Rousseau,every must workinorder to offthat his pay thedebt presencein very

over being

society .

simplif currency, belongs now to the society.Infact, once pedagogical

possible, use wealth their could ofwealthy people children to shirk their — ied ied again againagain and for the sake of his young student),foryoung of thesake his — wh ich self ich — 32 [1762] 1911 and and hewill this usethe currency debtis topay his -

mastery is supposed tounderwrite

society forHe hisbe existence. will very , 189). , 189). s theindividual (food require will The self, by thi society seems tobe description (which description (which l’amour de soi de l’amour s formulation, is - value: — Émile, Émile, at baseat

a CEU eTD Collection choses les dans soit hommes, les dans soit conventionnelle, égalité quelque loi première pour société a 27 notes Graeber debt. that indebtedness twoparties is situation cannot walk a “when yet away part the between other. obligation an has one party of return orsimply (either person) money, just to his the physical of equal tempo statusalready tobecome agree adds level Graeber a of arguing nuance yet, And by thatindebtedness twopeople occurs when status social unequal cannot relationship. enterintoadebt here. seemto would agree Rousseau Graeber‟s suggest analysiswould thatitis debtthatpresupposes equal directions of bore which good” toeachFurthermore, indebted orto other infact, thewhole they, of are greater individually, “the oftheirequality?because to equals Or mutualdebt each arethey ofa other? the problemofthat echoes theself as itself ofpossibility upas thecondition have thefirst We conundrum in for a here equality place. terms negatively in indebtednessbinds other of themtoeach collective tothesets societythat equality”the “conventional men society between in does not from free men necessary inorderfor exchange In oth

“ Nulle société ne peut exister sans échange, nul échange sans mesure commune, et nulle mesure commune sans égalité. Ainsi, tou égalité.Ainsi, sans mesurecommune nulle et commune, sans mesure échange nul échange, existersans ne peut société Nulle er words, society isequality synonymousand a er words,as exchange, with iscommon standard Upon the return of what is owed, the debt is thedebt what returnowed, Upon the equality ofcancels and is again established First, threatened promise bythe way, the contractis, ina ofreturn that constitutesa totake helpfulhere It be will intoconsiderationthe structure itself. ofdebt David orthings”in men (182). Hence first the equality. law societyis of some every equality conventional either indebtedness ies. their equality?mightthere slippage Andwhen bya between these two

Two problems arise.

- 27 society tofunction, itseems, precondition and, a ofdebt.Thus,

property. Are men in society indebted to societyindebted other menin property. Are each

rarily rarily thereby debtinwhichunequal, establishing a 33

.” (III, 664) (III, .” ity (2011, 86). Men 86). of ity (2011, bondage. Rather, it bondage.

te te CEU eTD Collection civilization. begininto the contractand servicing of theirown tyranny to onethingcontract bethe people wouldprevent from that remaining in only and debt to continually endlessly accrue a sowill that debt, debt asthus, long topay always betoaffirm and one‟s statussubject, as a debt,” “social service ofa possibility seemdifficult the it would to imagine ofevery payin together todebt society reasoning, thestate would a seemto have leastrela at would constitutive offull thestate,repayment thena ofthat debtwoulddissolve the state itself, or If,into intact. entering by contract, social a debt citizens a totheaccrue state thatis also intensified statea of artificially relationss thatmust be 2011). indefinite servitude.Endless (Graeber, debtis enslavement expectation thehas noreasonable by of repaid being debtor beunderstoodonly in alsop debt reasonfor“the very havingrelationship” ( a equality eventual because notyet from other, are they each equal. the currency of histhe currency person Nevertheless, Rousseau imagines thatsocial Émile‟s Nevertheless, imagines Rousseau debt T . Furthermore he social contract social he resupposes the potential unraveling of society. unraveling resupposes potential Secondly,d the

comes tobe ”

x the bonds toproducethestate necessary of thestate. thatwere (Graeber, 122). 2011, l’amour propre , i the f the assumption personhoodf and the ofcitizenship lead subject tothea

strict return temporality ofpotential ,

then, as the very meansthe very is contract bywhich thesocial appropriated — , then it was imperative forincl men, imperative then itwas all is remunerable. And because Rousseau imagined the social the because And isRousseau imagined remunerable. the centerpiece of Rousseau‟s political philosophy,the centerpieceofRousseau‟s political what appearswhat tobean

Logically, then, repayment out a ofdebtwouldcancel

to society vested ibid.). Thusibid.). 34 But [the debt]is outin carried

interest social inperpetuating Thus, debt. t

ustained inorderfor the , as a force thatintensifies, as a societ

endless debttothe within hiswithin lifetimeis tantamountto within the time of time the within —

payable only by by payable only Émile, and ebt, properly speaking, can ebt, properlyspeaking, avaricious slaves tothe uding toenter Émile, one’s

the shadow of state state to remain

life By this

of . Debt that . Debt produces

al and and g off

bonds, he he held held CEU eTD Collection the to able reproduce not Iam Therefore, translation. 28 Marshall points out,ho themselves. carnival a little morethan for other of narcissistsmistaking each merereflections of continually this escape one (orveryfew) all we what measuring ourownesteemagainst interpretof theesteem others t see them,we seeing only ourselves game we are because upina ofreflection by caught e the theaterespecially at substance. thanof with appearances Thepeople parade insociety civilization‟s etiolative e ofthe implications Rousseau‟sdistinction binary between Reflection of State Rousseau’s 2.4 people; a between counterfeit exchange mere of A Outside unreal. theruleoflaw. image recursion. and true Ungrounded, connection service to selfRousseau, unmediated there is of nothingleft societybutvanity human and ( emptyshow” primitivewrites, away the “Take of law ncourages a kind of akind self ncourages

The online French text I am using for Emile does not include Rousseau‟s footnotes that appear in theEnglish that appear Rousseau‟sfootnotes not include does Emile for using text Iam French online theStateIn and “Rousseau Marshall explores ingreat ofTheater,”David (1998) detail scene footnotethe In ratheremphatic following Robert a with debt. Likemasturbation,isplaydebt. a vanity of butinfinite mirrors nothing producing

— wever, that the that oppositewever, of ffect onmen is, simply put,thatitthem more makes with concerned - consciousness whereby when we interact others,consciousness we with than when rather really whereby discourages real connection between people. Onthe connectiondiscourages real between contrary,society

- interest,

- encompassing theater of mirrors. In its most extreme, society is society ofextreme, encompassing theater mirrors. Inmost its l’amour propre l’amour

contract contract and imposed by theobligation and contract

that threatens theconstitutionsociet of

original 35 , will be will

l’amour propre l’amour

French

the definitionofsubjectivity without

l’amour propre of this passage. ofthis , true sympathy,puts Rousseauat — [1762] 1911,[1762] particularly and incities -

the

and and - gardener, Rousseau o be. Inbe. society,no o sympathy y itself 76). . Part of 28

For CEU eTD Collection his not and with political moralso views, around. and nicely the otherway masturbationthen, that for became available Rousseautoinveigh because up against matched it apparatus of surveillance, control a trusted vicioushabits, in thenindulge onhisnot to societymust own step asan operate inand he passage where condemns is be masturbation.his Émile worst if hecannot If own enemy, for greater ofa thecause good. reflectionthen thestateover must thepower begranted its sothat it citizens mightmanipulate inaccessibleand thereby them orthe law, making them intothesovereign, sphereworse absolute of the because developed sincecitizens they cannot trustedbe themselves. In toregulate Rousseauseems this tohave way, the state is in his intheory.least Yet willingness of thepower imaginary tohandover merelytomakepowerfulmeant a Rousseauopposed state. Asargued, absolute I at have power, only be there would fostered state of a reflection theaud sympathy,and person whois toogoodat ofsympathy isthe act difficult to parse, ifpossiblefor Theactor, all. Rousseau,represents at a the ofbetween evacuation theself thatisof theresult persontruly understand the soAsMarshall them. might thatone clear, makes distin risk ofcontradiction This Rousseau thecase throughout makes is exactly Rousseau‟sproblem wastoturn answertothis overto is thestate. theater move This not

a habit of habit opposia - line with his with thatitis belief line insociety‟s best interest itsthe state for toregulate . If citizens helpless are tostop from themselves self being

, sheer limitless and vanity in th at sympathy requiresoneselfat intothe projecting position of another ng th s necessitated that,for Rousseau,

The then, citizens, noteach reflect other,will butthe state. e

things he nd absolute power. disapproved of disapproved misidentification 36 ience, it. at The toobad theater, society, like

l’amour propre l’amour É mile mustmile reflect the law.

Émile, and inparticular, and inÉmile, the most contractual logic. contractual

(Marshall, 1988) about civilization by projecting byprojecting civilization about

and that and takesplacein which reflection

- refle Without ctive .

qua It ction

would would nar

theater to

cissists, law,

seem

CEU eTD Collection qu’ildire.” ce va ne sachiez vous que ouvrirbouche la pas qu’il ce que n’est peines,tout plaisirs, ses ses jeux, ses voustravaux, Ses plaît? rien, nequi peut rien, nequi sait enfant 30 ishis dead. Sophie 29 advice effectively summary as reads a ofFoucault‟s theoryofmodern power: the is,here infact, the sayinto in any heiseducation effectively which The seems thingthat coerced. tobelacking forms all becoming of power. ( intercede other whocan on behalf. Émile‟s Rousseau‟swhen course without Émile‟s of instruction knowledgeoragreement. is There enacted moments are [1762] 1911 [1762]

“Il n’y a point d’assujettissement si parfait que celui qui garde l’apparence de la liberté; on captive ainsi la volonté même ainsi la captive liberté; on la de l’apparence que garde qui celui parfait si point d’assujettissement n’ya “Il point about a prove towhere, passage ofa here I‟m thinking - tutor, taskof is the Émile who subjecting given toastate of absolute control. The following could notforetellcould step have a take you to do.Heshould notforeseen, never norutte hewants, but to dowhat youwant to him oughttowant donothingbutwhat he pa you ofnot make himwhat Hishis please? his pleasure workand and play, knowledge, without child, yourmercy?...Can strength, at oryou wisdom, entirely forms freedom;is itself it thatthewill is of thus Is captive. taken notthis poor There is nosubjection [ Furthermore,presuppos it is Émile‟s I characterize veut; mais il ne doit vouloir que ce que vous voulez qu’il fasse; il ne doit pas faire un pas que vous ne l’ayez prévu; ilne prévu; ne l’ayez vousque un pas faire il ne pas doit fasse; qu’il voulez vous que ce vouloir que ne doit il veut; mais in, are they not,unknown they only in, are tohim,underyourcontrol? Nodoubt heought , 442). , 442). guiseRousseau, inthe ofthetutor, form theonly by becomes of power a contract a

“lessons” Rousseau‟s pedagogy Rousseau‟sas pedagogy “absolutepower” , the possibility forisentirely foreclosed ofwhich, Émile, by (10

read as cruel, read qui ne connaît rien, n’est rien, ne qui connaît 0

assujettissement 30

29 (II, 387)

and at others, at and light É ed lack of reason him thatpermits deny ed lack Rousseauto ] so as complete pre thatwhich mile - il pas à votremerci?...N’êtes à il pas - 37 faire doit ilne doute Sans sache? qu’ille sans vosmains dans il pas

has Rousseau nofatherbecause love, Rousseau love, - hearted trickery, hearted trickery, therei and

primarily because Émile‟s entire - the - vous pas le maître de l’affecter comme il l’affectercomme de maître vous le pas - tutor falsely informs Êmile that that Êmile informs falsely tutor r awordyou serves the

Rousseau his father . Le pauvre pauvre . Le s no

doit doit - CEU eTD Collection 31 of exchange? somehow preserved intheeconomy hedoes givewhen up, it does itgo?where Does itsimply vanishintothe ether? Or is it delay immediateabsolute ofhimto exchange rule What gratification law? wouldmotivate for the debtandsubjectivity without toboth unlimited,ifimaginary, pleasure, with his tutor tothe and soi What pedagogy: makewould Émile n also seems missingthe third part isofpropertyRobert thelessonwith on ofabsoluteinthisexercise power. seems configuration, what Émile, And ratherwithoutagency. its with debt,itslaw, control, itsa and surveillance; subjection th He seemssubjection alone tothink pedagogical that internalization of ensure will Émile‟s the ofthesovereign domain absolute, intoyoung and throughthetutor/Rousseau, É of is itacopy incorporation ofa primary between thedifference tell is thetwo.Is expected masterÉmile thesubstitute toinstallhis over self tothe rule ofsecond of his his self;of self t tothe rule has matured, isuntil Émile otherthan none which processa subjection ofdouble a

egotiation and and egotiation “…qu’il croie toujours être le maître, et que ce soit ce que et maître, êtrele toujours croie “…qu’il - meme ed pleasure in adulthood? in ed pleasure B ? Why would he he would ?want Why absolute to over hand inthe formpower, of a pedagogical notwithstanding,The ofa contract absence then might we ask ofRousseau‟s explains bywhichRousseau never themechanism the becomes law incarnate in Émile. Rousseau‟s tutor must let l’amour de soi de l’amour the law itself law the c ontract. governing law modeled theform law on governing ofRousseau? the hisOr substitute tutor, - meme ? And how do we account for ? dowe how And account thetransference of

, merely a doubling of, doubling his self a his merely over self?an it,rather, Or is

luntly: Why w Why luntly: É mile “alwaysmile really thinkisare you he master while master” want

toujours vous qui le soyez…” lesoyez…” qui vous toujours

to incorporate his over ruleof the law primary ould giveÉmile upmasturbation? 38

he law. it is law. yet he And to difficult always (ibid.) at will be performed be will at through an

- the the law itself the law

primary tyrant/slave primary tyrant/slave - gardener

And if And mile? — first of his —

l’amour de de l’amour from its and and 31

CEU eTD Collection sentimentintérieur.” règle estle Cette [1339] nous. pour faire autorité que qu’autant n’est ce et préjugé le même: juge elle autres: les toutes rapporter 32 Judith Butler‟s work onHegel‟s inHegel law I callingwhat masturbation am subjectivity, citizen. every tobereflected and from unlimitedvanity vice,have mankind into would and falling ineach therule And contract. social so tomaintaining of central orde social law, Rousseau‟s thegaze and intheinstance,intervention final one inward, are thesame. and outside Theofbend. law beyond rule,paradoxically,The lieshuman within. law human translation of “individual conscience”While inaccurate, is notaltogether is it important tonotethe literal that absolute law beyondreflexive, ofhuman thereach manipulation:

“Il existe pour toute l’espèce humaine une règle antérieure à l’opinion. C’est à l’inflexible direction de cette règle que règle se cette de l’inflexibledirection à C’est l’opinion. à règle une antérieure humaine pourl’espèce existe toute “Il In the following chapter, I will retrace these I power retrace will In chapter, anxieties thefollowing absolute, about dyadic fleeting a Masturbation rolein played onour obedience. claim has itany /This isconscience (413) ourindividual law inso only and opinion, control ofthisshould before inflexible bend the law; itis ofpublic thejudge is laws there other For aanterior tothatAll of mankind, opinion. all law public bookof In theconcluding

configuration ofconfiguration together societyas held financial moral and of bythe the economy ‟s

le sentiment intérieur le sentiment attempt toformulate stable subject a in

far as this of theesteem with menisinaccordance law Unhappy Consciousness is “interior sentiment.” Itis towhich islaws must other “interior sentiment.” all thelaw Émile , Rousseau ruminates, Rousseau onthephenomenology of or subjectivity debt without É mile‟s pedagogy, butitwas symptomatic of 39

(V, 1338) (V, , I will The Phenomenology of Spirit l’estime des hommes s’accorde avec elle, que cette estime doit elle, estime doit cette que avec s’accorde deshommes l’estime

show how, in Hegel, the fear ofshow inHegel, thefear death how,

— r and preventing and and totheir relation

. Turning to

doivent doivent . 32

—

CEU eTD Collection third until,thatis, a negation, term day. arrives tosave the to leads a consciousnessa toitself inevitably theirrepressibleenslaved and pleasure ofbodily

CEU eTD Collection fear very li that “dangers” subject guid from toadulthood infancy something Rousseau paints Rousseauwarns education against. Émile‟s assort a of fluid passage he the pedagogytowhich is seem punished; Norto subjected. doesheever bedirectly in lostness? evidence scant There is is how thisexactly doesthis and introduced will entail, so fear fear thatÉmile social tofear know contract?social If is of“lost” forso, being doing tofear ( Émile lack convertedinto be would an self autonomous, regulated himtodoso? theprocess wouldbe allow by Émile‟s What which primary FinishingÉmile 3.1 A Lord, ABondsman, and A Priest Walk Intoa Bar: Judith Butler and The - Indeed, Rousseau‟sIndeed, account of ( subjectivation would want upmasturbation?So why toÉmile mechanism give what And wouldeven in - inducing qualityinducing toinitiate reflexive from imagined a are retreat selfishness social and - the - making to either accept or reject accept toeither thetermsmaking the subjectivization. of all his And Unhappy Enlightenment e beyond self are socialization

ed by thedisembodied master.ed by offriendly hand a Émile

that the y Chapter 3 - evident mysteries, complete yet intheir which 41

of Hegel’s Consciousness

oung student puts up much of a fight against oung studentoffight against a puts upmuch assuje It tookIt me much too long to understand howitcould be

- sameness in flush agreement with sameness inflush agreement t tissement Until shared you your secret with me… ) excludes any) excludes agency for the perdu Happiness liesin your handown ) to society, what, l’amour soi de —

Madonna - meme

, “Secret” a

CEU eTD Collection must refer doesexist” (ibid., tothatnotyet which of ofthat subjection,”Butler“The paradox notes, referentiality: paradox “impliesa namely, we notion thatthe becoming oftheof through subject action thesubject happens an uponitself. openthefiguration leaves ofthe incommensurability moment of thesubject‟s format figureupononeself ofa turningor even turning, back a turning a the subject as them 2).Butler(1997, of how,invarious marvelsstructuralaccounts subjectivity, at the formation of theway.) along Phenomenology MA limitationsthesis,the research of the1year I tousewas notable En hand Butler introducewhich will Foucauldian analysis a of power. self ofButler accounts subjectivity interrogates Western that seemto on bebased Self On the Turning 3.2 norms play coercive punitivitymight a roleintheformation thatinthere very of thesubject. socialization how Rousseau explore its and regulat lostness personhood social sympathy and to lightenment narratives lightenment of self - punishment , Hegel the, Hegel identify will question ofThe inaugurating Butler‟sis form takes?” thepsychic power “What inquest is This jumping is thecritical

of Spirit.

and ovement toward“is relentlessly power internalization ofexternal by marked

failure I n what follows n what

before law the

stakes of theorythatindirectly subjectivitythrough resonates a with - enslavement, emancipation and theruleoflaw. emancipationand (Note: enslavement, - offJudith in pointfor Butler , I will read Hegel through, I read will . Hegel, Althusser Freud and be will thecase — to social indebtedness to social 42

ory 4).

, reflexive effect is effect attended , reflexive bypunitive For thepurposesof th The Butler, on

Psychic the self” 3).This (ibid., . And inno . And the primary text ofthe primarytext s o wing

Life ofLife Power a double bindof double a

my own analysismy own way does way e chapter at e chapter ion and the ion and , -

studies to Due to where where The

CEU eTD Collection tendency. Thisnormalizing of is tounderstrelation thesubject todeath vital success with to seem For themso elide “risk within (ibid.,28). a often ofdeath” Butler, the underscores it in part, one‟s because and “the conditions of existence” herobservation that foroperates organizing as an principle thestages of consciousness. human Butler force inthe his audience. freedom toothers fromtothe self, bondage starts segmentof bondage he with certain tolose a say otherwisethat would liberationist narrative for various progressive visions political its general r Stoicism, and Skepticism Consciousness”The Butler Unhappy 31). (1997, suggests thatthe tothe subsequent section,on “Lordship “TheFreedom ofSelf Bondage” and impossible for. toaccount Butler least. at of our choosing; notinitially This that of toakind subjectivedebt leads be will an of ofcondition agencyand effect subordi ( sustainsinitiates and ouragency” this in precisely fundamentaldiscourse ona dependency chose paradoxically, butthat, never we subjects have systems within we notconsciously chosen.In sense, a that paradox another thatmarksregarding theterms ofsubjectivization this eason this transition is “one of Hegel‟s least interrogated philosophical mo interrogated ofleast philosophical Hegel‟s thiseason transition “one is Before continui Butler‟s exegesis Butler‟sUnderwriting isexplicit of concernan exploration this however, paradox,

message Phenomenologyof Spirit

— that to man‟s enslavement ng further, itmighthelptounderstand for theactivating ng further, that, Hegel,

on Hegel (ibid., In 31). otherwords, Hegel beginstheprocess when of displacing would seem to seem would cut

, elsewhere, is the fear of death, or, “absolute fear” (ibid.,is ofor, thefear “absolutefear” death, This 39). fear follows ibid. , 2).In the otherwords, once at as subjects, are we the transition in nation to a system a thatwas not to ofsubjectivization nation

will will (1990call morality” this “slave a

through Rousseau‟s conflictless 43 another besustained mancannot anding the effectivity ofsubjectivization‟s theeffectivity anding

Phenomenology of Spirit , ” cre ating a disinterest a ating inanything — subjection “consists that becomewe vements” is because - Consciousness: assujet

from the section thesection from , 72 — turns toHegel, “secured a “secured a t ). issement

of CEU eTD Collection theBondsmanand enslavement. inmutual exist up compulsorily gives who thefruit Rousseau‟s tyrant like of theLord hisMuch slave, and labor. hollow oflimitlessobject figure consumption,the equally is who mirroredof the by belong soobject his thatitcan totheLord bear signature. and The Lord, is spectral then, a labors inmakin Lord. Butmustthisdisavow the Lord substitution. The theobjectshe Bondsman, inturn, allows (ibid.,37) reflection” theobjects. Thelabor Lord expropriates tolaborat theslave Themetaphor. theBondsman Lordtheproductionof forcing dominates by thanintersubjectivity rather just intrasubjectivity.might However, was we well thisread as inthisinstance,heis, atcontrol. Although particular leastin impossible asof an enslavement loss and mirroring, subjectivitybasedon of misidentification Lord (Butler ofwithout thefear death. submitsThus, ofdominating willingly a himself man as theBondsman he whereby livedomination, submits ofthathemay othermen himself so tothe domination themurderer. murdered and individual. theirnegatingoutside deathas embodiments Lifeand byanother areanalogized originates first others, of is, as fear that awareness bebrought a an will thatdeath from the forth the from subjectthreat himself inresponse toexternal spark that catalyzesthe very ethics.In ethics, inthe otherwords, punishment. is where imagined theÉmile, toaccept terms Émile of hisof orfear subjection coercion without In the ofis man‟sFor fear totheformation be death central ofconsciousnesswill Hegel, and

, 1997). section g to be expropriatedg tobe Bondsman Lord. bythe hisinthe The labor must disavow

of theBondsman hisis to by labor, substitute meant of who, body the the

on the Lord and theBondsman, and Hegelon theLord reiterates theEnlightenment theme To control this unstable dyad, man man To control thisinvents dyad, thestrategy of unstable

of the Bondsman, thus becoming a “disembodiedof thus a theBondsman, becoming 44

in death. Thisin death. absolute of fear death theory, taking uptheory, taking caseof a Phenomenology of Spirit

Bondsman , will spring, will — the CEU eTD Collection Butlerwhat refers aptly toas uncelebrated “resolution Hegel‟s self offreedom into transience embodied”Itis and (ibid.,41). determined is hismateriality own is that death person,another being realizes theBondsman fate ofany “the whose consciousness But of now,instead deathenslavement. believing that arrive only will theartificially ha at “ however, revelation, transience Bondsman‟s “transient.” and Whencethe Thisisdeterminacy (ibid.,41). ownexposed sustained now that object isreflects seenas both“determinate” himinits sheer and materiality (Butler, 1997). prevents that Bondsman‟s theruse from inthe ofmutualenslavement object labor hold taking sustained inorderto fulf mustthe object, transcend histothe Lord enslavement be so can thattheobjectshemakes ofthe mark his effort sees ofthe himself, image inthecounterfeit notonly of the labor invested with theBondsman, theBondsman inevitably reflects back tohimself me.”) that youare toHegel, (“Inot thisam disavowal according double mebutdo myself.be You n erasures” ( be cannot re introduces” the fear ofthatintroduces” hadinitiatedfear Bondsman‟s the death the intovoluntary introduction From theBondsman here, T thisonly For situation mimetic Hegel, can existthrough ruses Onits andtrickery. it own, his move on the part of the Bondsmanhis onthepart of move

— grounded. Bothgrounded. theset Lord a theBondsmanmustof“consequential and enact ibid., ibid., that bring about death.

39). First they erase39). First themselves they the excess is thatmarks that them theobject passed between occurring . The Bondsman,toThe then,unable ever completely disavow in . hislabor own ill this “theological promise.” this “theological Ultimately, itisill theirrepressible factofthe precisely threshold of atthe freedom pa

nics, retreating . 45

, however, T

hen they erase the erase the they hen erasure ofthemselves. But, in a in a

Lord, bears which butthe object indelibly reflexive

, triggers a great anxiety., triggersIt great a presentsThe crisisfor a him. — flight away from death, or his determinacy and own . The object, . The object, ot let me know ot letmeknow - enslavement” enslavement” nds of . He

CEU eTD Collection indebtedness. inacollective together leastHegel At than thatis that of greater individual, rule law and establish any anormalizing binds indiv have asseen we reflexivewhich, frequently attended compulsion are bya in Rousseau, to seem consonant government legislating ethicalby norm”an ( beadmitted; cannotfor thatwhich cannot thatwhich be.For theBondsman, this of imminentthe revelation absolute which, freedom, welcome, than rather being comes tostand Laqueur cre a kindof thought to bea notbecontrolled. could Masturbation masturbation,the so muchof the law freedom represented imperatives ofethical negation bodily bondsman this o In marvelous(ibid., 31). foreclosure,state a approaching a of man, freedom, confronted his with

wn determinacy transience, determinacy wn and inthe beholds form absoluteInof fear theface of mortality. relation impossible impossible

Hegel‟s Hegel‟s money paper and credit The tothat seem sameholdfor of would thefear unlimited Is toread itpossible as a reit as a ship alaw that with couldmediate its excess.

submits himself toselfsubmits himself dits for anti fueling , and sexuality., and eration eration vision, he recoils, incorporating the rule of incorporating therule recoils, thebondsmanvision, himself. he over The Phenomenology of Spirit with (and perhaps indebted to?) Enlightenment narratives of emancipation, to?) narratives (andperhaps ofwith indebted Enlightenment emancipation,

( ibid., ibid., of Enlightenment anxietiesof about Enlightenment the ruleof law access toabsolute pleasure

43). Hegel‟s flight from andthesubsequent absolute instatement fear of early early -

Butler, masturbation mania. The invention of Themasturbation invention thelaw seems mania. tofollow - enslavement and enslavement anxiety about masturbationanxiety about that itthe fear stemmed from , written in the firstcentury,, written inthe of thenineteenth does part

in orderto beatthefear back ofthat absolute death and and 1997, 43). So too, it would seem, with spec with Sotoo,itwouldseem, 43). 1997, its criminal re its criminal 46

‟s Christian morality and because ofthis, because and ithad tobebroughtin to a regime ofincre to aregime

lationship with thelationship imagination with ? asingly intensifying , more than Rousseau , more than To go back to To goback

ulative finance, fear “is allayed “isfear allayed

was iduals ‟s to CEU eTD Collection byskeptic is form characterized secondary a of stubbornness: seeks pleasure childishness.in He dialectic relations ina here produces The another,the body skeptic emerges negation. more of bodily intense imperative only more. Therefore,paradoxically, even affirms thebody of each thedefeat attempt tonegate of ethical imperativesresponsiblethe legislation ( for instituting its se, per including own” (ibid. 34).The stoic exhibits stubbornness a ( attempted of“wi infavorofspirit;conscious an thebody renunciation eternal itself, because negate death stubbornness, toself of“Freedom Self impossible subjectivity,what H Enslavements Impossible Three or, Consciousness, Unhappy The and Skepticism Stoicism, 3.3 to form inthe of selfculminate a dyadic consciousness. will foreclosureabsolute withabsolute Nevertheless, freedom law only Hegel‟s of consciousness secular(ish) ethics stabilize dyadicstabilize self - in

the material aspect of being (ibid.) A problemarises, realizA one however, when reproduceThe the flightfromonly problemwith it can ofis another fear death that - a bsolute . This of self firststage

— thought is closest ofspirit; totheis to permanence thatwhich

fear offear death - - , attempts to locate a , attemptsa tolocate freedom, man‟s consciousness recoils in a folding back onitselffreedom, consciousness man‟s foldingback ina thatseeks recoils to Consciousness,” traces stages thethree of Hegel self - righteousness, to freedom (Butler, 1997). righteousness, tofreedom (Butler, - inslavement a inslavement hip with the stoichip with order this in tomake point — egel egel call TheUnhappywill called Consciousness. chapter In the the result is, of ef which . To achievethis - nd tosolve the persistent consciousness is regarded by Hegel consciousness Hegel by as regarded is - enslavement that reason

for into ofthe theincorporation law individual 47

, consciousness tothought, attaches orto es that the act of renouncing the body,es thatofrenouncingthe the act — fectively, a terrorizing a fectively, self once again once trouble

Again, s ibid. , 1997, 33 , 1997, —

of pleasure. - thdrawal from existence must bebrokeninorder eigensinnigkeit ensing immanence — consciousness from and to make fun. tomake The and stoicism for itself for - 34).

, a self , a -

) which is) which , and thus,, and - - of - CEU eTD Collection pollution”: state reads virtuallyenslaved diagnosis as a of masturbation as repetitious “self Butler‟s Indeed, investment pleasure. and description ofThe Consciousness Unhappy self as a feeling Thus, endless repetitionself ofcorporeal potentially through a of theunchangeable thinking proves impossible self spirit thatwill thought,to forge body upwith orunchangeable a match negations on bodily moves toself from stubbornness point of skeptic. Hebeginsanother inits tosee thathis is inability position,untenable tolocate too, a thusdetermination, creating or“contradiction chaos, for its 44). (1997, sake” own tounderminetheposition initsindiscriminate The skeptic aim. relishes able being of any pointing outthecontradictory His positionnegation thatis ofthework isadouble stoic. - righteousness. “Pred , The Unhappy Consciousness, The Unhappy endless becomes inan caught inevitably cy itself (ibid.,47). of self ...Indeed, jingling of bells,“the chaotic or mist musicalthinking” a of a incense, warm turnsDevotion out But skeptic soon the confrontsfaced stubbornness histhe problem when own of determination. Reflecting onthis, Reflecting recognizing futilitydetermination. the and ofremaining skeptic,he a eigensinnigkeit

(ibid., 47).This, Consciousness, The of Unhappy attempt takestheform an - feeling refersfeeling endlessly toitself and only (atranscendentalizedform ), and s ), and

ictably,” Butler pointsictably,” out,“this effort intheservice thebody to deploy

to be pure self to be o is unable tofurnishotherthan of anything unable o is knowledge - righteousness, or - feeling, what Hegel disparagingly what refersfeeling, toas 48 …

devotion ( devotion Andacht - sacrifice, or really, orreally, sacrifice, )

through down doubling a ,

through punishing a - cle ofbodilycle abuse” and “self and abuse” unlimited selfunlimited

with with - - - CEU eTD Collection transformationstwo critical thePriest introduces. state of self The Priest, intercessionmirroring then, structureprovides acrucial ofenslavement. false tothis these regulatorybondage, norms they modeled tofail because were doomed were dyadic, ona Consciousness autogenic. As t been had norm. external Thethe control ethical ofany regulating imperatives of The Unhappy of its bells,” jingling its “mist and of incense,” warm tirelessonquitebeyond gone repetition, had penanceConsciousness, ofTheinflicted Unhappy its with in consciousness filthof thepleasure and ofthe self miredinthe pain Ent 3.4 pleasure ofendless self flight fromthrough initsand culminates ofdeath pain opposite;the death affirmation the that itself the unchangeable. with The Unhappy Consciousness The “incessant accomplishing” ofself only a mediating a intercede thirdtermonly can The Priest, of of orarrives scene absolute consciousness; “mediator,” ona debasement what with ispreoccupation itself about most defiled (48). debased and absorption narcissi of consciousness...appears as negative carriesaccomplishing, assertion itthe with pleasurable of theself. The self never can quiteincessant as an which which, accomplish thatrenunciation, This p ofpleasure intermingling and er the Priest the er - enslaved, self enslaved,

- feeling. - feeling, self feeling,

- - mortifying, self righteous devotion ultimately fails inits fails righteous ultimately devotion attempt toalign he internalizationhe of theterms of intersubjective ain results from a renunciation of resultsain theself renunciation a from .

What began as consciousness‟sWhat began self 49

- pleasuring self falls into an advertently autoeroticadvertently “chaotic sm, and engaged sm, engaged and

(Butler, 1997) - consciousness. There are are consciousness. There inward spiral of sensuality inward

. The self - - preserving - CEU eTD Collection Christians It debt,one eachthe body. share is communal toward other a community offellow a via Christians share of who Christ‟ssuffering denial the debtof through 52 (1997, regulation community of wills” of theproxy thepriest,Spirit via self the self Spirit. This boththe Priest alleviates proposition and counsels of thepenitent thatthewill of Absolute forthe will Spirit Secondly, thePriest thePriestproxy. is which a himself merely of First, wills. displacement the Priest his as claiming, rather,th disavowswill own, his the with third relation terma does this, a instituting of inpart,by Absolute He Spirit. consciousness 53) (1997, toreason” misery and thethus pain about existence, of bodily transition “the effecting from self offaith?) act ofpleasure Absolute (an ensures withintherealm Spirit willall be that penitence of the realm Absolute itwithin reterritorializing Spirit. body‟s affirmation thepriest inpleasure, jettisons conceptually the earthly pleasure from convinced notfully thatYet, ofthe body theever denial the can truly escape possibility ofthe system mortifications ofbodily - For Additionally, thePriestSecond, First, Through displaces the Priest pleasure ofnegation. froma thebodily equation relation ofrelation theirembodimentsand guarantees is impossible toescape. - — 53).

the first time, then, Hegel‟s consciousnessthe firsttime, then,Hegel‟s the recognition “effects of thetransition which self from

— and importantly, and the congregation, and thethe and congregation, first suggestion of ofanapparatus social stabilizes thestabilizes narcissistic of self dyad

and fasting,and opportunityis the reduced. for penance pleasure in .

— - co by displacing the displacing by penitent‟s of Absolute thewill as will through his authorization nsciousness is also brought into a relation with “a “a nsciousness with also broughtinto relation is a 50

the penitent ofthe penitent contradictoriness that qua Th is conceptual reterritorialization is conceptual

self - consciousness is situated socially consciousness socially situated is - consciousness by drawing itinto consciousness by drawing — is of Absolute also thewill - consciousness to Spirit” consciousness toSpirit” , as well Spirit. as toward

- at hisat is realm, realm,

of CEU eTD Collection model As state, a Hegel‟s of free conscious keeps account, when Hegel‟s by third divine terma intervenes, signals, for Butler,the structural move a therewon‟t doesn‟t mean Butbe. the“freedom” factthat ofconscious of selfequation initsimpossibility pleasure purported toremove entirely itself, in ability from particularly the Hegel‟s 53). (1997, ideals” tobe trenchant“a seems hadappeared critiqueof eth what tocontradict the intervention with referentiality of thePriest. Butler, For this inSpirit” “religioussolution indebtedness, spiri priest Thisenslavement. succession the intervention brokenwith ofimpossible finally ofa is dyads dialectic formulations: from ofStructuralism? Phenomenology A 3.5 projected ofabsolute pleasureare the intotherealm denied and toindividual Law subjectivity. It appear telling. would will Absolute Spirit. underwrites this thatis subjectivization mediated collective and byconditioned third the term of itisdelayed And thepromise ofa for itself tual congregation that by congregation tual is characterized -

the subject miredin repetition a figure who aligns self figure whoaligns Butler is not convinced by Hegel‟s move to break this tobreak move Butler Hegel‟s ofmasturbatory isby deadlock notconvinced self In moves Butler, thetwosections by Hegel explored consciousnessthrough series a . That this goes proposition hand and and -

Ultimately, the will Ultimately, thewill negation. the delay , then,

In otherwo priest -

of pleasure which earthly be will consciousness andbrings a Spirit with itintorelation Absolute with murderous anarchy, through human bondage, murderous through bondage, and human anarchy, intoself

that narcissistic (inthesense reflection being ofa - ex - eschatological machina of Absolute Spirit, scenario,is possible theonly inHegel‟s rds, j of self

seems out,but, easy an notonlytobe perhaps, an ness represents “a kindofdialectical “a ness reversal which represents there‟s nopleasure say we because penance ust in - in - denial denial collective subjectivization of thebody

- 51 hand with areterritorialization with hand of pleasure is

pleasure

because the subject the onlybecause thiscan failat task — as “repayment” (ibid.,as “repayment” 52) repaid

in the afterlife ness ical imperatives and

can only be reached, bereached, only can for itse .

mutual — lf ) and - that -

. CEU eTD Collection cohesion. social anti about thinking the impe Freud‟s psychology tooffer workongroup related hypothesis” toF her I apply analysishand, will Foucault‟s “repressive and matrix” ofheterosexual “the framework respectively sexualand together Freud bring will anti structuralan order toby demonstrate thoughtis how underpinned later reiteratedin be structuralistNamely, psychoanalysis. theories of subjectivity. structure masturbation intheEnlightenment which by was figured interruptionand of dyadicself theinterdicting figurative, structure withsystemic isits Hegel, that in displacement of pleasure subject ofliter this forayHegel,While into despite its undertones, sexual somewhat tothe has been tangential byinterest conditioned, that is thereby broken,and ofthirdthe intervention a term of thelaw. insofar assubjectivityis of theservicing thetask of endlessan debt. the within „the body‟ confines of(57).The life” is subject ofAbsolute only aslave law ever toit fullcenters ofa orfinalreflexive ontheimpossibility sup In the following chapter, I will take upthe I take will In chapter, thefollowing developing the been I dyad ofa have theme rative ofrative sublimated n

that — into close proximity al “masturbation,” which in “masturbation,” which al Rousseau more wastosome than degree physical

both necessitates and

reud - narcissistic discoursesupon as constructed ‟s anti - narcissistic theory - arcissism,

enslavement withtheenslavement third outli term of thelaw, , and he will will he both structuralistincorporate them , and intoa psychic prohibits them prohibits

as well as toofferas well theoryofpanic a

masturbation . At the conclusion ofthe chapter, conclusion I the turnto. At will 52

psychoanalytic a ic, narcissistic,ic, orself selfishness primary

. Keeping JudithButler‟s. Keeping work close at social accountsocial ofsubjectivity asitrelates to pression of what we might loosely call pression mightloosely call we ofwhat — autoeroticism and narcissism, anxieties work ofSigmundFreud , and which, I will argue, will which,, and I argue, will

masturbatory imperative about theof collapse

that mightinform a nes similar a

in - . CEU eTD Collection Through homosexuality matrix, identification. heterosexual the is rend whereby is homosexuality always imperative enforced foreclosed a as already possibility for wasdevelopment “heterosexual a underwritten by matrix,” culturally a (ifunconsciously) to the attachment feminine Butler father. se argues thatFreud‟s regarding contradictory logic possessing twoinstancesof desire heterosexual homosexua and heterosexual bisexuality Freud‟s children in is positing original conceived ofan to their opposite insta toobject their deflect learn incestuous“disposed” tothe heterosexual attachments the thatbringcrisis about they whereby Theconflict. pointofwork toshow was inorderfor this girls how, boys and young tobe positing “dispositions” ofprimary sexual girls boysand which with the Production (1990). Matrix” ofthe Heterosexual In thefirst ButlerFreud‟strack, isolates pr had 4.1 Following Butler Following ted eviously laid outin laid ofeviously chapter the second JudithFreud in Butler‟s in interest — there must first be a prior a there mustbe first - sex parent inthe firstsex parent Butler outthat supports pointing place. this by argument

- Freud’s Libido: ADebt Economy cathexis totheir cathexis l attachments by a single gendered subject,l attachments singlegendered asasubject but,rather, bya taboo onhomosexuality Chapter 4 The Psychicof Life Power opposite — 53 Gender Trouble

a a attachment masculine tothe mother, anda

- sex parents

— that “disposes” children toattach , “Prohibition, Psychoanalysis, and and , “Prohibition, Psychoanalysis, I findI myself flirting with the Britney Spears, “The Touch of Hand” My I’m notI’m ashamed theof things that dream I

— I’m I’m going placesto canI be out of control follows two tracks thatButlerfollows twotracks not enter into the Oedipal intoenter theOedipal thus the incest taboo isthus theincest

as twocontradictory

ered as secondary to and secondary ered as Into theInto unknown, willbe I bold verge obscene of xual

CEU eTD Collection surface of(Butler, thebody 1997). 1990; through psychi imperative asan inside theego identification the effaces thehistory ofthis loss incest, is homosexuality and throughprohibition thensetproduced double against which the up heterosexuali Butler, thatadult then,isarguing feltperson thatperson, never I loved all” and indeed never that at kind of love 88). (1990, thesource identification, Thus, and isof unthinkable unspeakable: which lost “I never that prohibition The double issetshapesaim. theego, upwithin becauseentrenched ofthe ofboth disavowal double and object thehomosexual The homosexual homosexuality. prohibition against taboo is understood psychically as more whereby theheterosexuality, subject is toa exposed incest andt prohibition against tomournsubject is(Butler unable 1997). 1990, consciousness of the avowing either thatis incapable loss, its The selfego. own in shapesthe in ego theego form sets ofand superserves theobject upa that ego as an toshowtheory ofmelancholy Freud positsthe how incorporationofalost intothe object that seinvestment inpainful of theselfattachment tothe selfinitiates thatparadoxically self thesubjective through an is figurationofconsciousness thereiterated itmustown theory, forces bythe beshaped of (Butler, civilization 1997). 1990; of is heterosexuality, understoodderivative though, which as even natural, according toFreud‟s ternalized voice ternalized In The is second track toButler‟s more fundamental th Gender TroubleGender c foreclosure; a foreclosurec foreclosure; a regulatesand thefieldof speech that thepsychic of - self beratement effaces the both the love and theloss and effaces theboth love producing ofberatement theobject, a lf , Butler is more intent on applying this, Butlermore onapplying is intent of analysistothe formation - beratement that aimsberatement thesubject‟s toward ambivalence the lostat object - negation. (Recallnegation. Hegel‟s from recoil fear.) Butler turns toFreud‟s

qua ty is the of effect melancholic a state psychic

subjectivity as a turning asa back subjectivity on oneself; an

or the love. Inor otherwords, thelove. the esis in ego, and becomes and ego, an The Psychic of Life Power -

based identity he priorhe , which , which CEU eTD Collection (1985). Mosse 1990),and ([1978] (2003), Foucault also Laqueur See (1991, 825). women “bi 33 masturbation panic. of Masturbation Specter the and Freud 4.2 Grosz Elizabeth historical and reference) (for theory). Freud‟s I reading Here, am texts,Thomas with original supplementing them Laqueur(for inwhich tabooon ways a masturbat ofmasturbation, the act about ideas continue will his with and work onnarcissism the to explore ofreterritorialization pleasure within outinthis thesis:laying masturbation, impossible dyadic impossibility subject ofa prior(Butler, tothe1997). law 1990; analysisFoucauldian thatemphasize ofwill power the gene subject is priorand permanent tothe thatthelaw law, agencytochangethe subject fromany law. having These structuralist two claims dual is the given Symbolic roleof prohibiting this prior interpel effacemen an enacts Lacan‟s toFoucault challenge of insistence the initiation thesubjectorder intothesymbolic that hypothesis” ofthe melancholic formation toFreud‟s also concept uses ofthesubject, Butler Psychic of Life Power

This “second wave,” as I‟m calling it, was characterized largely by what Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick called a called Sedgwick Kosofsky Eve whatby largely wascharacterized it, I‟m calling as wave,” This“second furcation” in masturbation discourse which lead to “disparate regulatory categories and techniques” for men and and techniques” men and for categories regulatory to “disparate lead which discourse inmasturbation furcation” l Sigmund FreudSigmund In Ihopeto thefollowing, theofAt end this Butler chapter, begins work she more explores in thoroughly ates a speakingates a impossible subjectintoan that desirestate. torecover Thus, the . In addition to applying Fou toapplying . In addition 33 t of an original

From a medical point of view, anxiety about sex oneselfFrom with anxietyabout medical pointof a view, had

came of age in a Europethat ofage ina wascame under of thethrall ofthe secondwave

engage jouissance ion can be seen beseen ion can as development. primarytoheterosexual

the third I termbeginwill ofby thelaw. Freud‟sexploring

Judith Butler‟s subjectivi ideas

that is thelack of prior and which to the law, cault‟s andthe“repressive theoryof power 55

—

jouissance will be contested be will by Butler a via subjects rativity the ofthelaw, and

and permanentlyand dis ,

endless debt, ty

with themeswith I‟ve been and the and — the thereis a placing the the placing

The CEU eTD Collection pertinent. where citations Laqueur‟s Iwill1932. as cite late as 34 theform masturbation take of(the clitoris).would penis phallic for boys; for the girls, center heterosexuality. First,things; namely, in theform masturbation of infantile itboth primaryandmaking useful yet inthe natural, sense to it need toother that would lead translated intohis developmental ambivalencehis sustained contemporaries, a toward masturbation. of a his Yet, life. “masturbation,”Like however, thereis no situation ina culture bymasturbation‟sbiographical compulsively enthralled somatic potency. nearly seem impossibleindeed Freud‟s totease apart onmasturbation views his from he and emerge crucialsexuality, as would a figurein thediscourse on solitary workinthediscurs at picture expressed (andsomeEuropeans Americans) theoverall doesnoteclipse ofregulation a the treatment of“hysteria.” of psychology (Sedgwick some other and clitorectomies doctors performing upon acts were of violence women‟s genitalia century masturbation was However, hegemony isto social organization. not institutio outgrown flimsy its the announced moralism thathad birth in

Laqueur‟s account of Freud‟s thoughts on masturbation sp onthoughtsmasturbation ofFreud‟s account Laqueur‟s ed on life ed on

Like Rousseau and Hegel, Rousseauand Like Freud wasnoless of ofthe era child a sexuality. sexuality. nalized in medical disease as in a nalized practice whose were somaticpathologies its as real threat , 1991 ,

were were thepracticeengaged in o - ; Rubin sustaining foodexcretion. eventsand genitalized like Secondly, masturbation ccording

ive production of masturbation as a sexual act act form productionsexual as ofas a a and ive masturbation of prohibited, , 1975

to Thomas La

marsha But toward the masturbation ambivalence cultural that ; Laqueur

led theories which of sexuality human normalized masturbation by

as cure bothacausefor a illness and , 2003 queur (2003),Freud of expressed,maybe moreany than one ), others, practitioners field of particularly thenew f masturbation as therapy

Freud. F 56

necessarily an a range of Freud‟s career, from as early as 1905 until 1905 as from early as career, ofFreud‟s range a an

reud‟s thought developed over the over coursereud‟s thoughtdeveloped

uniform, and in the nineteenth uniform, inthenineteenth and Onania 34

This ambivalence was This ambivalence

masturbation. and wasand firmly now ; mostly for and women modern . At the same. At time “ auto - eroti European European

certain certain It would sm”

CEU eTD Collection 37 36 (L 35 displacementnecessary, natural of primaryself presupposed the other,is Freud object then retroactively critically who explains by cathexis as a regressive of disorder, pleasure, orthelocation This perversion. of from movement the dependencythat,objects, a initiated,neverifit would once would and did,it end; called be a homeostasis self and 390) step in order of or deviations, sexual its pleasures,be couldnot ontogenic by down laid civilized man” (Freud 2003, inLaqueur, the necessary to“ beyond stages, wouldlead Inmasturbation model, Freud‟sassumption developmental heterosexuality. practiced ofadult In2003). order exchang toserve use, and masturbation a discarded must be masturbationcentralizes as something and tobuildupon”(Laqueur, “something togothrough masturbat hadthe development effect ofproducing masturbationorder onlyin toprohibit it.This makes thefraughtstep roadto along Prohibition these mark would organsas erotogenic zones orientedtoward future” in the things to great do “destined were thegenitals That 1905. Essaysin Sexuality,” “‟Three on Freud Freud in “‟Civilized‟ Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness,” 1908 (Laqueur, 493, note 37). note 493, (Laqueur, 1908 Illness,” Nervous Modern and Morality Sexual in “‟Civilized‟ Freud note 493, 40). (Laqueur, 1932 Lectures,” in “NewIntroductory Freud aqueur, 392; and and 392; aqueur, 37

The prohibition of masturbation was part of the instantiating move fromThe move instantiating prohibition waspartinfantile ofmasturbation the

the sublimation of infantile autoeroticism, the prototypical sublimation” autoeroticism, theprototypical infantile the sublimationof (Laqueur,2003, My emphasis istoshowcasemasturbation priority intended the Freud gave inthe system Freud‟s of a Overall, masturbation normalization ofheterosexual into ion both sacrificial and essential. As Laqueur and of sexuality pointsion bothsacrificial narrative out,Freud‟s 493, note493, 39). - satisfa

ction to a relationshipction toa with pleasure critically dependent onexternal

dis eventual

orders. In1908,Freud —

in and of itselfin and heterosexuality. the first great deviation - satisfaction. 57

— 393) (emphasis mine).

called it“thecalled ab for itself.

from thecourse ofdevelopment

solutely essentialfirst futu ed for the 36

Masturbation, and re

use.

One more self to CEU eTD Collection 38 force worldtoward predisposed. they which the external naturally are of as a The thelibido positing psychic sexuality asupon theindividual, emerges the collis of thepsychedevelopment governs that it.Insteadcoercive imposition ofa of being thesocial restructuringshift a came of played therolesociety in boththe formation the and ofsexuality thoughtto originatefinally of thebody child in Grosz,(Laqueur, 2003; 1990). throughexternalinto sexuality theory,” to“libido the trauma, where genesis of was sexuality where oftheory” sexuality, time. over things the changed Masturbationheart at lay of Freud‟s “seduction from move subjectivityinto heterosexual thro be libido formationcan How heterosexual ofthesubject? ifthe pointof theego is libido tolead exists prior to is,default, libido by unqualified heterosexual. it because homosexual thatseems dependentqualification ontheperformativity oftheinquestion libido (it is masturbatoryits (Freud, 1914; potentially significance Butler, 1997). ontothe sameobject interpret has been this as that libido NarcissismOn source be the ofwill thelibido perceivedhaving thus, as same and be sex, will In homosexual. libidinallyinvestas object,one‟sbody a own in then, sense, obj a that Freud‟s of systematization explain masturbation. ofmasturbation Ifas isthetaking observed

The case was case The - within, which, through which, within, forms its objects,initiatesand with workand, onexternal sexuality By Laqueur‟s account, masturbationBy Laqueur‟s account, for ifhis Freud, wascrucial about even ideas most It possible,Butler‟s wouldseem of toemploy here, the“heterosexual concept to matrix” , Freud it makes to“homosexual and reference quixotic libido,” seems possible to “ Dora, external external ”

and and - sexed of body the subject; Butler makes this connection, butdoes into read

cathexis. If libido is as libido does, then what is priordoes, then Ifwhat libido tocathexis. is the libido as libido i s homosexual does ina action), participating seem to suggest that the issue the

sexually indifferent (innocent?)sexually thought children were tobecoaxed

— among others among ugh a courseugh a ofattachments toopposite redirected from an external, fromredirected anexternal, alwaysalready opposite — But this contradict would was masturbation was 58

ion of endogenic libidinal instinctsion ofendogenic and

(Laqu eur, 2003). eur, This of a libido, qualification ect ofect attachment the and Freud‟s thatlibido view - sex objects? sex

With th With

- sex is

CEU eTD Collection Narcissus history. long has (orsodomy) a forhomosexuality Early metaphor sexologists, as a ispleasure, also decidedly The Westerna homosexual. derivativepathologically and developmentallyregressive. is object presupposition sexual thata ( activities” that is tosay, strokesfondles sati ittill obtainscomplete he itand hisin thesame which ofbody in ownthebody way object sexual a is treated describe of narcissism,its itself, crediting by coinagetoPaulin theessay Näcke and who used to 1899 it thatname by quarrelsome development. social rolesand insexual self to in between bridge as a well social individual and psychology, workreturn which later Freud would to his provides essay(1917), theoryas Melancholia” bothanexpositiononlibido and “Mourning 4.3 (Freud, 18). 1914, “a pathology psychic characterized by turning away from world” theexternal it, theorderof the

- On contradictory article on article the contradictory theinterrelationshiptheir ideal oflibido,theego, and ego Group Psychology and t PsychologyGroup and T masturbation is tenuou While only NarcissismOn On Narcissism On both an “attitude” and a selfboth an“attitude” a and he sexual connotation thataccompanies “narcissism,” one connotation tobeing sexual he addition in of self [1914] 1986[1914] — it usually it usually appears “auto infantile as an

psyche, also prepared for the development of Freud‟s seminal work on a of forworkona alsoprepared Freud‟spsyche, thedevelopment seminal , written in1914 of theheels on , 17).underlying the Already notionof problematic narcissism the is he Analysis ofhe Analysis Ego the

- other sexual practice. Näcke‟ssexual narcissist person was “a whotreats , and thatthus,, and object is totreatoneself sexual as a sly alluded tointhissly alluded is never essay, itmentioned and (1921). It is often vibrant, a 59

- Totem an erotism” ppropriation ofthe myth of Greek

d Tabood — sfaction through these Freud introduces the concept the concept Freud introduces (1913) and three(1913) and yearsprior times confusing and — — who looksit,who at narcissism - CEU eTD Collection Desire.” Lesbian (1998) “Refiguring ElizabethGrosz see Also, argument. her ignores ofsame correlation thedisparaging to refutation 41 innote). 653, mountains” the “beyond lay to which Italy reference a proclivities,” “ultramontane possessingas characterized Rousseau whom Corvesi oneM. wasfrom taken is It himself. with in love thus instantly and fell theruse detect not could he woman, a like to look doctored been had that ofhimself image an 40 39 partners.their sexual Thislatter kind. thetrope explanationthemselves literalizes ofhomosexuals only asin seeking of from thecathexis theego which issued. had libidinal said Homosexuals are the to develop of themother(or“model” for girls, thefather); and kinds two distinction between of object sexual termed „narci seekingplainly narcissism, cathexis orthe of libidinal as theego; a attachingego toitself. narcissists Clinical “are returns he and homosexuality, when he tohomosexuality oftencometoface.homosexuality face i Indeed, known toRousseau, had byhe manwhoaccording a demonstrated proclivities homosexual Loverthe of Himself been awarehave of this. Havelock and such (who as alsoof shares Näcke Ellis “narcissism”) inthecoining credit must

See also Aaron Betsky‟s (1997) problematic workon problematic (1997) also AaronBetsky‟s See with confronted when and, hisface, painting of thefashion to took who Valentine young one concerns play The (1986, 17). inFreud footnote Morrison‟s see Ellis, On Havelock or tothe narcissistic assu we type; differentiated groups, according as theirobject have,however,We notconcluded thathumanbeings intotwo sharply divided are Freud‟s essay tothe “disorder” isreference onnarcissism inwith of carried t is of inthemyth Narcissus ofthatand themetaphor masturbation themirror and

ssistic” ( themselves ([1752] 1767)

worth noting that in his Confessions Rousseau admits that the model for this character this for character themodel that admits Rousseau hisConfessions innoting that worth But FreudBut almost [1914] 1986 [1914]

39 as a love as a

Even Rous Even

which lampoonswhich confusedidentity inspired, was masculine and - , 30) object, exhibitingobject, are and of type object a — seau, in the mid inthe seau, aka, where al where aka,

(emphasis intheoriginal)

41 immediately qualifies thisimmediately qualifies it: diagnosis bygeneralizing -

sex attraction to mirror iden to mirror sex attraction me rather that bothme rather kinds of object

queer space. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (1990) provides a a provides (1990) KosofskySedgwick Eve space. queer - choice; 60 l the homosexuals were (Rousseau, [1789?] 2000, 117 and and 117 2000, [1789?] (Rousseau, were homosexuals l the

narcissistic - eighteenth century, had century, eighteenth - anaclitic choice conformschoice tothe anaclitic

zeros inonclinical, or , that w , that , or that which is, orthat which the after taken . Thus, Freud establishes the tifications. Betsky, citing Sedgwick, citing Sedgwick, Betsky, tifications. hich ishich taken onthemodel

- choice must that be - choice are choice written secondary Narcissus, or

. 40

CEU eTD Collection economyconfines oflibidinal a Freud usedb toconceptualize these views therelationship ego conceived the information howFreud and how between about and libido, in of ofego Freud‟s and libido account it (Grosz,ego While is 1990). notwithintheparametersoft this 4. palimpsest a becomes ofdesire its tocathect itself. with endogenic superimposition narcissism, is uponprimary obscuredThe which 19). narcissistic (ibid., but to the(same Thus, thewithdrawn object tothe external isan “withdrawn “directed (ibid.,19). and from world” ego” theexternal healthy human become In short: iswill narcissist.over a toget also everyone berequired Everyone Yet itinorderto

The Narcissistic Ego Narcissistic The Freud‟s of primarynarcissism ofthe concept his “narcissistic is thoughtthrough model” narcissism, when occur thatSecondary will libido successfully hadbeen to then, attached fashion in his object narcissism insome which cases may ineveryone, manifest itself dominating ina nurses who woman him human thata say twosexual beingWe hasoriginally objects individual, thoughpreference showopen toeach may a for he one oftheother. - sex?) ego itself. Freud figures this secondary narcissistic itself.sex?) Freud cathexis figuressecondary as ego this a libido re libido

beings, experience. invested insocial fully - choice (ibid.,30 choice

- cathects, nottonew(presumably oppositecathects, a external

— structured return and investment on and in doing so we are soare indoing we and postulatin On oth primary narcissism secondary and Narcissism - 31). 61

, I will attempt togive, I attempt will some basic hesis in an togive

g a primary g a — .

himself the and

within the within - depth analysis depth - sex) object, sex) object, ego ego CEU eTD Collection toan ego‟s “investment”of the debt.Incathecting object, to presupposes libidinal areturn world, auto impossible. are they for exchanged Once ego “vigorous,” life someone loving by begin ourselveslibido, we tolove else, less. of it itopen libido, bydraining ego Because leaving of tothreat. ofthehydraulic mechanics thus of the thesurrender primarynarcissism.The effecting surrendering,destabilizes however, Freud places certain in there are of mid throughpleasure coexist a finite undifferentiatedlibidinal reservoir energy. of basically state of36), a “symbiotic bliss” (Morrison, 13) 1986, “narcissisticdescribed byFreud a as subj of perfection [the li narcissism, to clinical came Freud self toward inward preservation intheserviceof ego sexual gratificationtoward intheservi Freudoriginallyego. had posited types two of object libido: isThe cathecting then, force whose libido, a action and size and experiencegives shapetothe of findingthe anticipation inwhich appropriateobjects beinves itcould bestoredrepository can from libido its where thein body ordam throughout various sources bido and object bido and is - way point between point way It difficult wouldnotbe to Freud‟s economy read interms libidinal theory of Graeber‟s that “primarynarcissism”It istonote, however, important Freud figured by sort as a is emerges ego In storehouse as thenarcissistic “a kindofpsychic the oflibido,a model,

clear inthis accountclear thatto thebegins ego ofform object the with beginning eroticism - long quest “to recover that quest state”long “torecover ( - libido existlibido other from “indistinguishable” togethervirtually each

and primar and On NarcissismOn “ auto y narcissism - er “infer” ot i sm ce of thesexualce instincts; ego and

where Freudwhere seems these toconflate states. ”

a primary a narcissism,

and thefirstand object , forever disturbed,, forever formation 62

[1914] 1986 in which theinstincts survivalin which and for - and a relationship a with and theexternal instincts. Through analysisof his ect‟s] childhood” (Freud,ect‟s] childhood” - libido, whichlibido, outward is directed - cathexis with the mother. Yet the mother. with Yet cathexis , 42). But, 42). this desire is untenable; This destabilization initiates a initiates a This destabilization prior to egoformation prior to are irretrievable. Lost irretrievable. are states. - ted” (Grosz,ted” 29). 1990, libido, is directed which , where ego, where . Nevertheless, This is state [1914] 1986 [1914] -

cathexis, cathexis,

- , CEU eTD Collection Thus, 42). (ibid., narcissism” theego is that toward libido directed the is remains within ego theentangled displacedwith satisfaction ofthe ofeconomies whiledistinguished” correspond 41).Yet, fulfillmentinlove (ibid., may to objectcorresponds inwhich condition tothe primal transformation love more...[which] happy once a intonarcissismrepresents, as itwere, inordertowithdrawn replenish ego orrequited love. cathexis, theobjectOr, caseofunrequitedlove, inthe sustenance. supplemental provide an yet not will accoun 37 held are by which imperatives ideal‟s ego inplace the that way in suchthe a ego substitute can ego forreferred ideal,”“displacement” allows toasthe a ego “narcissistic oflibido ontotheideal ego aims ofsexual the deflection ( from cathexes libidinal ethical ideals” and “cultural institute result that which inlibidinal prohibitions sublimation, o The 52). egoappears([1921] 1959, of ideal tobetheeffect theinternalization of external the formationwith ofan persist ineveryone satisfied precarious trifecta of ofoperations. trace primarynarcissism bya First,a is said to psyche, adult heterosexual thequest recu Ifequilibrium. theinvestment is sort notreturned,goesintoa attempts theego and of to shock - 38). The ego, prohibited38). The ego, itself from toward libido directing perate itsperate primaryhomeostasis Thirdly, object autoeroticism primary and/or narcissism, itis mere a , providingsome influx - cathexes can replenish the ego with libido with replenish theego theformcathexes can in of returned ego ideal

t — , finds satisfaction in directing libido toward its toward finds libido directing sort in satisfaction as a ideal of what Freud will later call “the heir Freud “the laterwhat will tonarcissism” call theoriginal —

- to stabilize the to stabilize the m primary libidinal libido. Thislibido. “return of object a sort of psychic run onthebanks. of sort a psychic of libido. Second, theinstatement of Second, libido. of coincides theego - libido throulibido 63 ego idealwhatever“residueego and ofinfantile

- libido libido [1914] 1986 [1914] voice and and voice gh the satisfaction of societal satisfactionsocietal gh the of and ego and — “watchman”: a prohibitiona forFreud which , 35). The, 35). egoalso ideal, - libido to the ego and its and ego tothe libido - re libido cannotlibido be presentation, forever presentation, arket, soarket, tospeak, - cathexis be can I n a “normal” “normal” n a the primitive the primitive conscience

(ibid., 35, (ibid., 35, is r, CEU eTD Collection normative heterosexuality and heterosexuality, would thusdifferent insomeof instances be, sense, thesame proh toeach selfdirectly other, itswith underlying homosexuality also beseen taboo against can as simultaneous effects of matrix theheterosexual ishomosexual, alwaysalready orintersubjective. social, thetaboo Yet against narcissism the and thetaboo precede against thesense in homosexuality By thiscommence. same logic,that itwould narcissismappear against the taboo wouldeven to oneselfattachment to so others, thatattachment and natural conceivedas normal, can as necessary, thus, appear would and development psychic primaryprohibition narcissism against against is narcissism instated springboard ofthe fact its the mothertoward andtheself, primary respectively. likeAnd primarybisexuality, narcissism, by narcissism is just themotherand aims stretchedheterosexual between fath Instead being ofa postulation primarybisexuality of“primarybisexuality.” its pa perverted, primary inits proto It istoconsider howFreud‟s narcissistic illuminating further recuperative drive can observethetaboo how We narcissism, against tabooagainst the homosexuality, like In Freud‟s thishis to some primarynarcissismwith way, exhibit homology wouldappear

for normal heterosexuality. But atthis heterosexuality. for point,itis as the normal stilltowhether unclear primariness thological form.

opposite

yet effacedyet prohibition against Thus, homosexuality. of instead relating - subjective form,inits secondary form,tertiaryin and normal, recuperative , or because narcissism, orbecause takes theform of kindofhomosexuality. a , appears to serve yet as toand both anobstacle necessary also a — - :

cathexis and homosexuality would relate individually homosexuality and relate cathexis would to normative two instancesof aim sexual taking theform the torecover statetaking attempt of lifelong of a primary

prior

to the Onemust incest taboo. fi 64

that sexuality that sexuality — one er, Freud seems th tosuggest heterosexual per se as a foundational prem foundational as a , whether heteroor , whether rst learn to give up an toupan give learn rst , one homosexual

coincidence at primary at —

ibition.

of two aka, aka, ise of —

CEU eTD Collection object Second, Freuddevelopment. continues toexpress ambivalence indeed will behomosexual, therefore,cathexis a and perversion from natural heterosexual onthetakes shapeof thesexof elsewhere, thesubject, which Freud argue will ego then an this ontwofronts. questionFirst, into the claim ego‟s viability as an bycalling objec to, proto basically,a attachment dyadic 4.5 personhood.social idealyet mandateunreachable impossible ofthe the social; the by debtaccrued assumption of ofprimaryattempt narcissism every abandonment by It toachieve isit. is undermined an supposedlyIt via is progressive regressivepursued a goal means.Insense, this co in were they childhood for the “tobe individuals satisfaction prior to object project recuperative ideal. objectnarcissisticexternal through drive heterosexuality body; as the feeling; prior to oftheas Priest.rendered radical the arrival formsbeing Bothself cases endupof narcissism, the course echoes self ofrepetitive

But Wherefore Give UpNarcissism? Give Wherefore But Also, inbothHegel Freud,and the - cathexis and the and cathexis abandonment ofprimary narcissism first This inthe comes place. about While F While The of driving force heterosexuality, natural desire according toFreud, a is, paradoxically, Unhappy Consciousness reud suggests objective egoisticand an thatprimarynarcissism is both

— in existence priortoofinFreud,Hegel, thefear death; libidinal —

a a to attachment compulsive externality differenceand thateffacesa ir own ideal once more, more, once in ir ownideal to nolessregard sexual thanothertrends, as this strive people as is toattain theirhappiness” what ( - cathexis.

as a brutalas renunciation a of thatinevitably thebody affirms the

- ego thatis Freud ego bothsubjectobject, undermines and - cathexis andof libidocathexis thedisplacement ontothe ego incitement - negating fail negating

to structural if figure stabilization ings of Hegel‟s about howtheabout onsetof external Unhappy ConsciousnessUnhappy [1914] 1986 [1914] mplete mplete t; if theego d as a d as a - - , 42). , 42).

CEU eTD Collection Thepolicing.least. second,negative and more thatare directlylibido their intersubjective in postulation. Thefirstis tosay the optimistic, up from where issued worlduponwhichmodelsimperatives itself. theego external from the ideal as ego Freud‟s exposition onthe onthe level meet of selfexplanations “effectdifferentiated as an from activity” ofdeterrence sexual (ibid.,34). early crisis, Oedipal primary, serve might where as oneexample harmonio primary whichchild‟s narcissism, Freud the positsaccompanies complex,” thatthe“castration d to seem would belocated torationalize ability itsin theego‟s survival. own of o protect itself thelast butthat,“in from ill,” resort,”help “falling the must need we admitthat say, will that amount.He that the excessivehowever, isthe buildup resultego‟s attempt to of the a amount”ego...exceeds certain ( ofcharacterization thebehavior of isthat libido, abuild this case, thebegs question, asked aswe child ofupmasturbation? Emile: Why young a give would Or, in eferring tofuture “disturbances” interrupt the theworkofexcavating thatwould a generations thers to maintain our health (ibid., 28). The (ibid., 28). desirehealth thers our tomaintain for object initial In AfterFreud‟s ofcausation. focuses model secondsuggestion moreexternal onan In narcissism Group Psychology and the Analysis if the Ego Analysisifthe the Psychology Group and NarcissismOn On Narcissism Narcissism On ,

or unlimited “self , Freud offers TheFreud‟s twoideas. firstbasedon suggestion, le ft off, Freud offers [1914] 1986 [1914] - -

sufficiency.” preservation. And the second example thesecond preservation. And is by followed the attachment to and incorporation of regulatory the attachment to incorporationofregulatory and

It is thatconcerns type thesecond this thesis. , 28). Freud doesof onthequantity notspeculate 66

two accounts of accounts thesublimationof two (

[1921] 1959 [1921] - up of libidinal “cathexisup of libidinal of the ), a work that, theoretically, work that, picks), a us ego and object libido are us andare ego libido object - cathexis bythis model

Both of these narcissistic

CEU eTD Collection beequal again.” can you might ofenforcement anti another‟sgroup members one behavior. regulate form the take of speech a ofsoact limits speech, sacrifice. members ofgiventheenforcem individual a in groupor community play the suppression negative thata anti speech of duty” (67)(emphasis mine). to askforable them todowithoutthem things is have so or,what may thesame thatothers as well, thing, upnarcissisticGiving for groupbelonging individuality sustaining words, is feeling” “group is emblematic groupfeeling” ofi by a events all favourite”oneself, at bethe else nobody shall (i wants thatshe to thatshe will upsomerealization have togive ofhernarcissistic accepts demands, herdemotion the status of “equal” among siblingsthe status among of “equal” . Your lapseofnarcissism. Your must threatens You this sublimate narcissism your so equality. we

go My emphasissober onFreud‟s rather Freud facedeldest of offersgroupofthe when ofa siblings,whom, with the theexample

If groupcohesion something al of anti an there is already a contradiction a thatthere isin already of enforcement suchlaw (naturally?) a will

denies herself. reasons, She according toFreud,bethefavourite “If onecannot . This for is theroot demand equality of conscience social and thesense of - -

narcissism member individual byone na ong thelinesof, “ rcissistic economy. a

tenuous product

, at , at b ase, determined by determined ase, sublimation of narcissistic a that demand me kind. Freudme kind. of doesoffer “suggestion” bywhich theidea so long as I

have given up have Freud calls thisFreud justice.” calls definitionof“social thevery dentity that ison predicated whose fate is predicated ontheinstatementwhose is fate predicated and

- view of social view justice istoshowcase intended both narcissism role as theoperative as enacts well 67

her siblings thesame narcissistic also denied are her

e mightguess

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- CEU eTD Collection law paradoxically relaxation libidinal a thatfounds sustainslaw thegroupand be would logically result itscohesion the of political such that groupdisintegrat anxietyof epistemological relaxed, which thattheties bindthe grouphave panic unleashes a group” ( a theego by present sort a within the that original thegroup echoes confidence of crisis crisisof experience quantities oflibido oftheunauthorized then sublimated libido, withdrawal would to seem endless of by member thegroupis bound anti an exists propertyhislibidinal own Thedebt. withdraws a perverts groupimperative from the constitutes equality.In this a contractual state of equality ofthrough collective sublimation narcissistic a self as

as a political entity, entity, political asand a the law, as opposed toidentify - narcissistic imperative Freud explains If gro a thisand theoryholds, Graeber‟sThe with resonance The group,byFreud‟s theoryofdebtis notable. model, in [1921] 1959 [1921] debt infractor is obligated to infractor is obligated

t the moment of its constitutivedestabilization. presupposed

break the break law, to inthat, speakfor thelaw, edness . , 36). , 36).

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at thisat point

is imminent. — That is, investment in

as the presupposition of “a relaxation in the libidinal structureas inthelibidinal thepresupposition ofthe relaxation of “a with

that creates an “equality” an that creates members between group insofar of asmember groupis a tobea

his obedience in in his obedience group repay t repay a —

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group cohesion hysteria can‟t setmass ishysteria kindofcritical inuntilthere can‟t a - with the law as “having” the lawwith as “having” his debt potentiating of exchange economy 68 . — an

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So long as thegroup So long . Equality Equality and the law —

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CEU eTD Collection lead of ever toanexchangeendlessonly economy thatdemands debttoalaw itsreflection. own underpinning imperative psychoanalytic structuralism be fully never can accomplished, will and structuralism of morality” Lacanian “slave as a in structuralis than othersubject any explicitly oft others ittoward thatb deflecting tothe law and É interest) were debtthey ona not turning theirbacksonsociety crisiswas a of vision, and thatsubjects,ways, toto demand bevisible incertain In this masturbation thelaw. regard, panic theresult offundamentally anxiety about an truly punishing consequences tothe notion offor “panic” thatreigned masturbation twocenturiesacross panic Eur diffuse canslow; can bediffuse panics time;they Freud‟s over theirmanifestation. If in apply we of images reflected, be the basis of groupidentification mile, the mile, I turnto will In chapter, Lacan thefollowing T h

crowds ofthrough which running streets people the But every way. panicscan e concept of grouppanic e concept t concepts of psychic subjectivity. t concepts of psychic psychic

the individual speaks who inevitably for thelaw subject

thus , in order to be a subject, , inordertobea — — ,

a crisisIta of attention. . And since the since the . And itselflaw is narcissistic a panic into panic Freuda which was on theirparents thestate alike and re paying. paying. — his thesis, will articulate the exchange imperative underlying his theexchange underlying thesis, imperative articulate will and thewayand Freud is using it Like the disintegration of society, and the disintegrationofsociety, and the response was I will 69 inds Hegel‟s Unhappy order to demonstrate theanti how

then return to must turn visionfrom away self, his his

them each to one toone them each another ,

who willwho mo onFreud, and, build concerned those who were those who concerned

speaks born

Butler, deploying her Butler, deploying Consciousness and . interestEarning (as self — —

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a cruciala element within this structure:theeclipse ofthesubject‟s experie As previouslyshown, Freud I positedprimarynarcissism have a tha formationsIf theinsistence mirroringdyadic must third that beinterrupteda term by in teleological

Lacan mainly throughLacan Groszthis Elizabeth Alphonso Lingis,combine and I’ll on Lacanian psychoanalytic structure psychoanalytic on Lacanian Lacanian orderhow in todemonstrate

Be Your Be Your Mirror Phase

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, in the work of Jacques Lacan, it will be itwill work ofJacques, inthe Lacan,

the move fromthe move self Gende Chapter

- identification the with fatherand sexual a

r Trouble. 70 and and endless debt , or, The Imaginary Order

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literal t is displaced by by t is displaced . based his Lacan nce ofimmediatence

offer an - cathexis CEU eTD Collection 42 surfacesome sense absolute experience, way, Freud‟s Either logic. for Lacan, upthis writings clean later a cleared is hereperforming Lacan distinction. Orperhaps for primarylibidoaccount a as didFreud‟scathexis does first of not accounts primarynarcissism. see,Lacan shall aswe Yet, Narcissis On Lingis, also pleasure 60; (ibid., 157). 1989, whosearenewborn needs first at excitement satisfied bythe ofsurface contact andfluids linked. The utterancesatisfaction synchronistically of are “need” is the“inarticulate or is thatstate “close which It and 59). (ibid., is basesurvival” need tonatural, state a when inand absolute pleasure, of characterizes will unitythat ontogenic comedisplacedobscured indefinitely and tobe by Lacan language. the theReal, ordersthe three Imaginary,theSymbolic and of(Grosz, existence: 59). 1990, will buthe adjustbuild uponthis framework, Freudian series this his of postulation events to of 2005; 1975; Butler,Schneider, Rubin, That 1990). is, goesaccordingLacan ifall toplan. w another with some at gratification inthe future point female (FreudGrosz, 1959; 1990; [1921] hisexchanges imme now represents to threat the a hismother. with Out cathexis of oftheboy fear castration, crisis, 46). 1959, [1921] theOedipal themalefearsWithin child castrationthe fatherwho from crisis of “consequence as a theirresistible a

For

the Is this firstLacan primal posits a the Real,

use of “pleasure” as an appropriate translation of“ translation appropriate an as of“pleasure” use m ? It so wouldseem inthat jouissance jouissance jouissance diately gratifying cathexis with the mother for a delayed, cathexisdiately gratifying withthemotherforexogamous delayed, a is a “pure plentitude,” also ofis “pureplentitude,” lack” a figured aslack “the An (ibid., 34).

the self

- itself. The order of the Real isattended theexpressionitself. by the Real The order of of“need”, cathexis of the ego in ofin theego cathexis ofhis concept -

satisfied pleasuresatisfied oftheprimarynarcissism Freud in postulates jouissance jouissance

and fluidsand (Lingis, 157). 1989,

dvance toward unification of unification mental toward (Freud life” dvance jouissance , as a “lack of, as a lack” priorto formation, ego is in 71 , in Lacan‟s model, precedes model, , inLacan‟s libidinal object

jouissance

(pleasure) , ” see Johnston(2013). see ” 42

prior to language, a kind a ofprior to language, jouiss

ance . PerhapsFreud in

cry” ofthe - up on ill

CEU eTD Collection be might perhaps, effect as theego an said todevelop of projection bythe visual sense of ofself. ontoexternal accomplished theego surfaces. This Or, is thebegins initiation with insat of state a of imaginary that theobject no longer it.In fill linguisticwill otherwords, toward themove socialization precisely becauseits character or,rather, the iscorollary it need, notbasedonreal ofis theneed (m)other” (ibid., 61 function milk “to like toysSomething come and will as for excuses the object, thesecond the between absent prim of demand lack (ibid., themirror revolves” which around 34). stage The pre of upon throughwillproduced absence impingement “the and the theReal, be moment pivotal images” with identification ( themirror toread might begin ofnarcissism. reworking phaseFreud‟s Lacan‟s as primary object undifferentiated object mother, or, the“pre coinedLacan as , initiates a psychic, initiatesa The child grasp language. develops oftoward theproto thechild - - cat tie from crisis thebetween matrixofthe grants Oedipal and itatransitionalfunction The mirror phase, importantly, is also the event through is also theevent The a mirror first which child importantly, phase, developsa The mirror phase is This hexis, the mirrorhexis, the with phase coincides theseformation For reasons, oftheego. we — jouissance “I want...,” or,“I want...,” me...” “Give the mirrorthe phase jouissance - - 62). Thus, orderis of in theImaginary as understood thedemand insatiable oedipal phallic mothe phallic oedipal

is interrupted by the beginning of the in thebeginning is by introduction what interrupted oflanguage ary object ary

and individuated subjectivity. individuated Freud‟sand like formulation And, of thefirst

a largely visual event. visual largely a ibid. . The mirrortheobject on modeled phase is , 43), which which , 43), expressionis bythe of attended - of - need and the and object need secondary — r” (Grosz, Lacan 63). teases 1990, this maternal in part awarenessan bydeveloping of themetonymy 72

nitiates the Imaginary, or“the nitiates theImaginary, iability.

the internalization of the internalization thevisual image sence of lack, orthesence oflack, loss of

- of - resource (ibid.,61). - cathexis of the demand der of . Demand is - the lack of lack the language language

CEU eTD Collection the otherformisrecognizing the self (ibid.,46 both dyad inwhich reflexive subjects in relations; reflection; “trapped” are imaginary both mistaking of theself other.For for La the Theenslavements onthechild mother alsoparticipates inmirroring, alone. thus, and the world ofmirror images brings self from theinfant the position of (emphasis speaker discursive as66) a The „I‟”(Grosz, mine). mirror 1990, stage terms and categories of discourse, butit doesnotthesubject position social (Lingis,not yet 1989, AsGrosz 160). the mirror the into puts thechild phase it, “initiates to begins the child identifications.to its thoughtheimaginary ownEven mirrorprocess bywhich phasethe initiates demandsof the insatiably other whois myopposite. is Theself self phase of themirror proto “losing of a oneselfsuicide”; element (Lingis, inthestagnant 1989, ofthe image” 160). (Grosz,affirmation It pre of 41). 1990, is self other an and other is established. itself The“recognizes child the momentitloses at itselftheother” in/as coincides disembodiment a visual however, with radical sense themomentthata ofself and of thegaze thefiguratively, mother. Johnston,(ibid., 43; 2013). - subject because it is it a subject merely because Yet Lacan‟s account of Lacan‟s Yet themirror phase doesnotrestresponsibility for mirroring its The “self” is subject. that nota It themirror producedspeaking, in is a phase is, properly The sense of

learn tolearn the signifier identify with of mirror theself his of name, the phase is correlative correlative

in a sorta ofin e Either way, Either - sufficiency of sufficiency embodiment that this crucial visual recognition prov recognition thatthisvisual embodiment crucial

mirror image

nslavement tomimesisnslavement

the can, the relationship between mother therelationship forms between child and can, a mirroring literal botha surface be mirror, will and jouissance - 47). As a mirror opposite of this dyad, each mirror 47). As a dyad, ofthis opposite 73

of A the other.Areflection. that “Me”

into a radical dependence radical unstableinto a onthe dicated onnegation; ordicated “a death a

(ibid., 32).

in a in a stable

enunciative enunciative ides,

- enslaved enslaved

CEU eTD Collection 33). 1986, (1914a] abandoned” since long have they which narcissism, own oftheir reproduction and revival “a as 43 structure the “proto produces that only exchange and out ofimperative, heteronormative a surrender; of ismutualenslavement. theequivalent of mutual Lord ofidentity is appropriation and Bondsman: theequivalent and demand mutual It is a “closed a identity in between circuit,”mother therelation andchild ofthemprovidesof mutual identifications”(Grosz,the Because 67). each 1990, otherwithits betweenFor therelation Lacan, locatesLacan the

Lacan may have taken this taken fro have notion may Lacan folie deux a (emphasis mine) strivesEach tofill in/ofthe impossible other(ibid., the 46 lack two positionsof theidentification and identifications.imaginary There outofthebetween is vacillation noway spiral from the identitytotheother...Therein lies limitof oneterm [of] strives toh narcissistic couple must be submitted tosymbolic be regulationnarcissistic must couple structure tothe way constituting togive plurality the symbolicorder, for whombetween twoindividuals there isterm no third is appropriation: theorderofand imaginary demand relations,althoughexchange provides it pre some oftheir “does notprovide thec . The dyad is. Thenot, dyad system a structure properlyspeaking, ora It is proto onits a own. ; a mutual; a madnessappropriation of the imaginary thatechoes “phallic (m)other” ave the other, [and] ultimately, to theother,[and]ultimately, ave .

the motherandchild isthe narcissistic “boundupwith structure onditions for social, linguistic, or economic onditions linguistic,oreconomic social, for m Freud, who in who Freud, m opposite - social,” thesocial,” proto — it would the child in an unstable,infinite an ofmirroring. in the child game On Narcissism On 74 each with the other(„seach desire).

Both

appear be

. I the other in a vertiginousthe otherina

of these are models of of models these are - economy and theproto and economy

n order for thedyadic formulated a particular brand of parental love love ofparental brand particular a formulated

— (ibid., 67). a normative imperativea of exchange isexchange not possible -

conditions. The

- 47)

the the state of Hegel‟s dis - symbolic. The order

that fall -

CEU eTD Collection (1988). Pateman Carol by isalso interrogated that arrangements ofpatriarchal conceptualization contract,” a 44 castration Th ofreworking psychoanalysis 1975; discrete(Rubin, assystemexchange Johnston, a 2013). of oftransition accounts psycho from biologistic literal, ofpsychoanalyticreference sexual thefuture in exchange (Rubin, forwife a 1975) immed exchanged “is”thephallusfemale crisis. of thatis theOedipal resolution preserved bythe withof his onametonymy takes thefuture. “woman” The“has” male phallus, the the then, and renounces hiscastration, theboy mother as sexu a castration),castrated (phallic thati and stage intoconflict. onits come own)“irresistibly” his with fatheridentification his and object authority ofthe fatherinthe form It of theboy‟s is castration anxiety. which thesite at 5 the self and become order; becomesocan ordercan thatdemand theSymbolic soImaginary desire; and that “vertiginous spiral” ofthe proto order,withitsImaginary deman

.2 Enter the Name the .2 Enter It telling that Rubin characterizes the Freudian/Lacanian accoun theFreudian/Lacanian characterizes that Rubin It telling us, Lacan also initiated also initiated us, from inthe father thethe pushemphasis Lacan away actual ontheroleof Lacan is responsibleLacan shift as forto theprimary “phallus” the from the“penis” when phaseThe comes part final ofOedipal Freud‟s theboy - Oedipal complex.gives Instead, roleasOedipal Lacan afunctional thefather theintroduction the (m)othersomething beable will toexchange moreimages. than iate (incestuous heter and - of

- the

- d and its mirrors, will “require” a third its a termd and the tobreak mirrors, “require” will Father - structural dyad. This will “need” tohappen This sothatstructural dyad. “need” the will development. Indeed, he isdevelopment. moregenerally he credited Indeed, the with t

was thefather her. whocastrated - osexual) gratification for gratification osexual) a cathexis cathexis hiswith mother (showed byL ; a ; a 75 Sofy

al object in exchange for inexchange hispenis object ownwhich al The torecognize his boycomes that mother is - . sexual formationsexual symbolic,structuralist toa 44

t of the Oedipal crisis as “the original social original “the as crisis oftheOedipal t - child recognizeschild the

phallic “token” hecan phallic Fearing his own Thus, has theboy

acan tobe acan a

CEU eTD Collection them displacing order,mirroring but,by point of then,seemsthe topreserve theSymbolic dyad, this the transition with equate from to“master inRousseau andslave” “tyrant The subject.” and isstability that nonetheless state a of dissymmetry, the dyad. lawWhat Imaginary does(or Symbolic to do) stability;a intoa is said bring thatdyad Symbolic. bythe Again,mirror fully is Symbolic the followed which phase, never the eclipses mirror ofof thefear death frommove undifferentiat son the between order‟s Symbolic failuretosecure an of primarynarcissism orderdisplacement will bytheSymbolic stage, asdevelopmental disorder thanFreud, the It or thatformore seems so deviation. Lacan, of47). Freud therecurrence seems to more label narciss apt and (Grosz, life, bothinpathology innormalpsychological existence throughout individual‟s an For theis permanent. orever, notnecessarily, Lacan, continuewill imaginary tore ofthethird the entrance With displaces term, But theSymbolic this theImaginary. displa preserves, expression of“desire” (Grosz, 1990). thisthe motherandson.calls He theName of the law

phase Nonetheless, of Lacan‟s itremains theimperative structure psychoanalytic tointercede The Name reorients of exchange

as the unauthorized arbiter of The pleasure. lossas theunauthorized of - (m)other thatapparently dyad “needs” broken. tobe - of — and stabilizes and - is conceptually important inthe positions it is conceptually way the the , the thirdterm thatbreaks paternal t - ed bliss subjectivity tofalse dyadic Father initiates the order of the Symbolic, which theorderof is theSymbolic, attendedFather initiates bythe 1990, 59). It 59). term1990, is thatliberates thethird — the absolute erasure ofnarcissistic identification. folie deux a - of - the 76

of the mother - not Father (Grosz, Lingis, Butler, 1990; 1989; — at leastintheoryat he reflexivity that that reflexivity he slaveshas of made — ism, or the recurrence of any ofany the recurrence ism, or prefigured onset in bythe Hegel in some way in some way - and jouissance - child ofthe mirrorchild phase.

To backtrack a step, a To t backtrack —

— is followed by by followed is proto slavery. One might One slavery. anticipate the but at the same time but atthesame time - self of the

emerge emerge the cement cement he he CEU eTD Collection Consciousness of so wills, displacement that the attended reflection that ofHegel‟s there, intervention the that Priest. Priest Recall instituted a desire this ofthe Other,” we as thesamemight recognize reterritorialization of pleasure and delayed, by a of primarynarcissismdemand replaced symbolic “de is that subje limits of dyadicthe imaginary reflection(Grosz, 1990, 80). Other thatcommands through theself triangulation beyond tomeasureofreality a its experience reflection the order ofeffect theSymbolic i is theway characterizing pleasure and by this impervious asimaginary action toexchange. normativeidealself thatprohibitsfundamental andimmediate thesingular with embedded a unmediated byabsolute, identified self individual‟s statea of fullness, pure,absolute pleasurein thenthemirror stage must beread determin undifferentiated third itself, term, thus, the Law andplace. and symbolization totake exchange the sameho at time and -

Father, a senseFather, a self ofgoverning is purported tobe ct from immediate, imaginary satisfaction satisfaction ofhisct fromimaginary demands, todelayed immediate, desire a in Furthermore, t The point I isdoesnot I‟mforeclose paternal hope thatLacan‟s only making law ed

on pleasure

recuperation recuperation If pleasure. of originnarrative immediate Lacan‟s es - determined effortpleasuredetermined pleasure;a be tothat only recuperate which can

j under Christendom) could disavow his own will as thewillunder Christendom) hisas will coulddisavow own of Absolute Spirit heteronormative toward imperative externality ouissance . The Symbolic order casts. The Symbolic the self

he he “always the desire oftheOther”(Grosz,“always 80). lding them in place, breaks the closed circuit and lding and inplace,breakstheclosed circuit them allows theentry ofthe . It displaces also and creates regulatory the Unhappy the Unhappy Consciousness Unhappy other (andall self

triangulation oftriangulation theName - consciousness that interrupts the immediate pleasure of consciousnessthat interrupts theimmediate - reflection. Thus,reflection. structural is psychoanalysis both t produces, through of intervention the Name 77

a - dyadic, self other dyad under the under other dyad

- of and difference,and as well as a - the -

reflexive andreflexive self sire” that the is “always Thus, pleasure ifthe - Father that moves the Father that moves - determination of jouissance

flagellum flagellum dei

Thus, thekey as the -

describes -

- of the in of - - CEU eTD Collection see masturbation, 45 butthe retracing Law‟s.own, In and tracing Law‟s under now pleasure the although guisedisavowal “The pleasure ofa ofwill: I trace is notmy reiterates structure theaesthetic ofmasturbation, butis also logically ConsciousnessUnhappy 5 thesubject‟sby to capacity desiring speakassubject. a whichof is thelaw, never his. this partially The failureat task remunerated is,however, unending be form ofthe ofloss relentless, retracing a performative narcissism. of primary is ofFreud‟s retelling Lacan‟s theoryofrecuperative heterosexuality failureth a failure Law; to permanent before the hermeneutics determined of pleasure order,his thesymbolic whichand subjection thenplaces tolanguage pleasure mightWhatever found one innarcissistic have mirroring isper now “demand”subjective imaginary is replaced the with desire desire ofthe Other,oftheLaw. or the the form of repetitious tosatisfy desire attempts the oftheAbsolutereflected. tobe ofcondition debtthatcannotonthis berepaid earth.Theof endlesstake debtwill repayment disavowa and displacement thusand inevitable find from self relief the

.3 For an account of heterosexual intercourse in the “missionary position” as two simultaneous in simultaneous position”two as in the“missionary intercourse ofheterosexual account an For cause the Law the cause pleasure has displaced its as thesubject thenseeks own, tosatisfy pleasure the Finishing One might begin tosense begin pointofOne might a criticism thatJudith toHegel‟s Butler applied had account Lacan‟s ofWith see symbolicdesire, we the that subject‟s similarly proto Ž

the Law the i ž ek (2006). ek . The repetitive tracing over tracing . The repetitive one‟s loss primarynarcissism of

l promises producing theafterlife, eschatological pleasure in a

forever out of reach. The formed fully reach. forever subjectis outof consigned - pleasure of repeated self pleasure ofrepeated 78 at isat of theironiceffect theLaw

pleasure, Ipleasure, reflectthe notmyself.”Law, ; a ; a - debasement. This bound to reinforceself jouissance recuperation manently delayed by delayed manently 45

and a self a and Butsense, inthis qua not only stances of psychic ofpsychic stances

that

desire. This

- takes thetakes - - CEU eTD Collection 47 narcissism. secondary opposite, positive itsbut not mode negative a as melancholia Freud‟s only takes elsewhere and Trouble inGender of“psychicmimesis” treatment Her structuralism. psychoanalytic 46 social and isLaw that disavowed, orderreigns. ALaw “r into narcissisticenter a The which imaginariness totheLaw, is reorientation imaginary. of the toits theLaw the position toreflect back themselves persons. social inorderto subjectsin as become theLaw‟sreflection, only And, are fordiscursive need manifestation of gratification thedemanding thatsubjectsimmediate deny law structural reorientationofnarcissism. a temporalityoftheLaw accounts, The is The immediate. the anti themselves bydisavowing theirownnarcissistic need as theLaw rendering theself‟s and in reflection relation tendentious a (1990). frommight have interest thelaw change insafeguarding Forreach. Butler, ulti thisdisavowal structuralist the roleinproducing byplacingmask the subject‟s law performative law the forever outof of self generativity Lacan,system and thesubject In bothHegel problematic. disavowal engages ina construct permanent as a the „Law‟ impossibility” ( Trouble Lacan. and Hegel Through post a

Butler specifically singles out the religious overtones of Lacan‟s account of Symbolic law. ofSymbolic account ofLacan‟s overtones religious singles outthe specifically Butler in Lacan‟s phase itsor implications mirror stockto ofthe take seem Butler does nowhere that It iscurious demands , “is sympt - Structuralist accounts of subjectivity that Structuralist that heart, ofat accounts subjectivity are, anti narcissism currency social collective indebtedness and by thatcreates is ever, only

to befollowed. Thedemands Law - structuralist seesinboth of through framework, theLaw, ruse Butler, the rightly, omatic of a slave morality that disavows morality that ofslave a omatic generative thevery powers ituses to 46 -

denial. denial. The structuralist is,way, a term ina third “ The construction Butler failure,” thatguarantees of thelaw arguesin that that reflected is which

l for mimesis. Likewise, in her analysis of Freud, she focuses on melancholia, melancholia, on she focuses ofFreud, analysis inher mimesis. Likewise, l for to immediate pleasureto immediate , and subjectsbetween, and thelaw as those exchange whom elf. It follows

synchronistic 79 mately effaces conservative ideologies that

1990, 73) 1990, of self ,

then, that subjectsthen, that of structuralist Law eflects the will of the eflects thewill people” — perform inaccessibility this by - . It thatmakes is thedisavowal the reflection recogn - narcissistic ition. Theis Law the psychic . It would follow then, that followthen, . It would

trick designedto — 47

an intervention intervention an of the very of the very — a Lawa of Gender Gender

CEU eTD Collection thto bypasseffacing while of passes debt whomthelaw unserviceable tooneanother, community under A through. becomes law failure before the theruleoflaw, structuredyadic ofenslavement that these laws ofendless economy is an debt,which Thus, tothatisnarcissistic of wills” sublimated the“community unitedin position inrelation thatunderminesidentification itself enforcement of law byplacing theindividual‟s ina them only can other upon each oc fail tosublimate narcissi seen have Hegelwe in absolute narcissismbeing reflection. individual the

law law “greater good” “greater the economy of exchange thatstructuralist of exchange the economy purports law secure is, from to appears tobe In t theend, — he he

a can only be imagined through a radical surrender and disavowal of surrender anddisavowal can radical beimagined througha only , collective enslavement of wills L the suppressionthe self intheform of of anti sti aw . Second, . Second, c e

ir performative roleinthe fails to eradicate narcissismfails to eradicate tendencies cur throughidentification the with narcissistic an law

because,

no , and the , and t

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at at all

ort to eradicate , circling , circling , but

f a community ofsubjectsa through an oreclosur . F irst, because the law law the because irst, an institutionalizationan of

previous chapter previous chapter on Freud of anti into the very selfinto the very e

of . -

narcissism by individuals narcissism byindividuals Ultimately, t dyadic exchange dyadic - narcissism wil is - feeling they aim aim they feeling

narcissism a certain view, certain a he individual‟she as l only ever ever l only the very the very

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by by . CEU eTD Collection excess an that articulates turning of oftheindividual reflexive pleasure a as away from externality institution prohibitions of third a sanctions term. secured The by anti and good.” “greater of of thelaw still withmasturb left Furthermore,century. has, even European more as orless, panic theoriginary subsided, are we orificial the than an lacuna, node, sexual a largelystatus phallic on itwouldtake inthetwentieth heteronormativity as a masturbation anxiety discursiveWestern phallogocentrism production of the dissy punitive and conservative The deployed economies doubly of exchange betweensomatic intervention theself and from society master the figure of trope themasturbato oftheEnlightenment, 6 .1 Reflections on the Written onthe .1 Reflections Genealogically speaking, theGenealogically masturbation speaking, relationship between amounts panic Theagainst ofAs a European pain. masturbation causedunquantifiable m me — attention trical application of masturbation anxiety toward women, of toward application trical evince masturbation anxiety th was deployed cruelly was deployed cruelly and If pleasure, thereare and bothmust pain socia beshared and . Modern masturbation‟s originas ation‟ , the of which imperative is political political s

pejorative sign; an epithet sign; slung, an appearspejorative when that, enactment as an Reflections agendas.

widely self

, — - (In)c reflection; between the selfreflection; the and between the 81 to incite orderthrough social a and psychic s ex ex cash and

to turn one‟s vision to the external world; to a toa to turnworld; external one‟s vision tothe onanism onclusions

reads — in theend r — —

the person turning away turning away the person visually and aurally Because the world owes me nothing, and homosexuality, and and homosexuality, and , -

served fundamentally narcissism discourse We owe We owe each other theworld I doitforI thejoy itbrings, lized throughthe lized

and and e origins of Cuz I’m a joyfulgirl bodily — Ani DiFranco —

self. more as

CEU eTD Collection now displaced histhem, thus, Once pleasure. can from socializing his thesubject reflection, mediates s The law the subject reflective term sacrificial.but, ultimately, As self “I.” of thespeaking mistaken and imaginary identities order notthought intothe Symbolic tobeassimilable thatwere itswith “demand” r immediate bodies intocollectivity and however civilization, the discontent. Andfor Lacan, mirror phase, narcissism form asitsFreud, aswell masturbation,manual met inits enslavedinsofar oftoaneternity only asthebody thebody of therenunciation self totheworld irresistibility due Hegel‟s ofhis consciousnesshand. own “unhappy” remained associal death. cases, all or narcissism risked “lost figured,Rousseau‟s in being is Émile of Theslavery. price self isn‟t subjectivity as one; a withou narcissistic discourse. discoursessubjectivitythat These asa portray masturbatory all subjectivity Eachpleasure. seemswhat alsobe toarticulate could anti as an described been in with, Freudworking have revolv Rousseau,Hegel, Lacan, and each l of selfish can fully regardless pleasure, ever renunciation or ofachieved. whether notthat be As a usefulness, painful a exchange an thesystemisand me ofuseful exchange aw of the renunciation of of therenunciation aw selfish ofmasturbation of isfailure. thecharge pleasure, law also a — a Law a All oftheseAll posit narratives this reflectivity as state of masturbatory It the does seemimportant that — was the “limit of love,” or libido, the sexual force that was thought forcethatwas orlibido,thesexual ofliving towas the“limit all love,” draw — in orderto produce

- enslavement through enslavement masturbation,renunciation thepleasure ofbodily isked “trapping” the isked “trapping” kindofmadhousesubject ina ofmirrors; - t - enslaved dyads, each dyads, ofthemrequires ofathird enslaved thearrival system everyone where is renunciation bound, indebted, a by indebtedness toothers social social and psychic and social ant, itwould utility,ant, seem,toimpose kindofcollective a o thatitmight openuphisreflections andcondition

order, a triangulated structureorder, atriangulated 82

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. This double . themore,All of been theaccounts subjectivityIhave

the mint of social currency thatsubjectivityforges.the mintof currency social 83

presupposition of equality and political presupposition political and of equality -

speed. There is no delay; no gap in which speed. There isinwhich nodelay; no gap appear - bound societyfails forward, unable seems , like paper , like money credit, fictional and

limitless inits absolute

dead to it ), Rousseau,

Law asLaw ideality; — ness of or - society ever ever - — CEU eTD Collection of mirroring “circuit inthe break expression head gesture down, as averted,” thephysical of“eyes by epistemic thechild isin an induced thetimeframe ofthewithin mirror iscorrect, If and phase36). shame,figured (2003, Sedgwick propitiously, psychologists that locate shame affect theorize the who Tompkins Sedgwick develops affect rethinks whose and theoryof (rewrites?). It turns out,rather necessarily shameful,but performative exchange productive, as a the outsidewith w swung. In sense o brings her writing already relationshipwork intoa with masturbation the (Hu, Indeed, 2013). the subject should of“shame” love” “in occupy attention so ofawriter and deeply reading with references.of The tautological work, he to that immediately come mind writing. The writes prosehersubject Sedgwick is which so in the adjectives richthat descriptive draws performativityinevitably he ruminationwhich a ofshame, a necessarilyexchange mutually be exclusive? exchange withtheexternal risk worldoneself at ofloss of contact masturbation‟s Canmasturbation, potential. figured as thetaking autopoietic of pleasure in masturbation toinstall subjectivity if only necessary, itas a c considered useful? Iheretaken Thehave do,indeed, subjectivities account use into of make fact, unbearable? Andfurthermore, theproposition can reflection of be unmediated not,infact, f “shame” was a hingethehammerf wasa uponwhich “shame” of repeatedly masturbation anxiety Sedgwick situatesSedgwick of shamethefield psych in In But is pleasureourselvesimage? what ofseeing this inan reflected unbearable Is it,in — Touching Feeling Touching Feeling: Performativity Pedagogy, Affect, be thoughtproductivepri be , Sedgwick performsSedgwick recastingofshame reparative , a as notonly — “thoughtful,” “meditative,” “introspective” or would to itswhy And masturbation and sacrifice? re, is the work a mirrorre, is the worka reflects. That does.Thethe work

s” that are exchanged between hims” areexchanged that his and mother, 84

ology, ology, turning tothe work ofSi

(2003), Eve Kosofsky(2003), Eve Sedgwick theorizes — or a falling out of the economy of outofor falling theeconomy a onstitutive foreclosing exclusion, r attentionto and reading development of shame — produce a chain chain a produce orld. lvan lvan

not

CEU eTD Collection masturbation panic. that theothernot beseen “need”Lacan‟s ofthe mirror now, beread, performative brokenmight as demand phase a tobe thatothers paraphrasestransforming Sedgwick as notbeseen well. intodemand it a Tomkins: subjectivi manifests shame,thenstructuralist subjectivityof subjectivityisa unavoidably shame;a thatabidesof death” “social masturbation ifthe Secondly, interruption panic. of reflection offear visibility me!” anti seennot being the shame of theory tothe If masturbationinverted. with now thefigurationof anxiety; although apply we shameaffect in appearthatthen itwould theinmirroring attends shame break that theepistemic finds analogy - masturbatory

betweentheatricality, performativity and the thresho said,be differentexhibitionism are shame dignity, pride,shame and out; shameand and self …shame itself; effaces shame points projects; and shame turns itselfsi skin Two things First, a resonateshame here. that is embodies quiteliterally thatthe anxiety ty that demandsty that shame, butthat, throughdisavowsreflection, anxious an this by need . I‟ll repeat myselfI‟ll repeat shame tosayinstead ofmasturbation,necessary that, arising itwouldbe from being seenbeing — transformational

a fear of fear losta being demand “Stop looking at yourself!”, lookingat “Stop demand effaces thedemand itsat core ld between introversion extroversion,ld between and between absorption and

, masturbation anxiety would would tobefiguredas an , masturbationhave response anxiety affective to which effaces to which the need the heart seenat be of anti — masturbation

shame, shame, interlinings

to the vision of the world. This would explain theprospect theworld.This to the vision explain of would is performance anxiety

of the same glove. Shame, it might finally Shame,of itmightfinally thesame glove. 85 —

performativity ( ...Shame that ismantles theaffect , and the , and cry - display, shame and shame and display,

it pro ibid., ibid., duces inthe form of the 38).

- narcissism and de de — “Look at “Look at

CEU eTD Collection inthe identity‟ „sexual period overloading of of theprogressive the epistemological sexuality,” Sedgwick tentativelyEngland. “suggests” as that “one earliest of the very embodiments characterization, wou “lesbian” served in modelfor assexuality a thenovelistic Austen‟s of publication ofmodel “pederasty,” ( himselfhe was,(c)wha narcissistic ofsecondary thesubject to attachment extroverted. inthevery communicates moment of its shame;an productivityofautobiographyvery ingeneral would, performance inthisthat a analysis,be tactileself, reflection, a and self thisrelation But dual mightjust imagine as we as well masturbatory; feel engaged an version of himself characterizes writing early James takesHenry Sedgwick writes onHenryJames‟sShe as hercaseexample. onhis writing late andrelated tothe later and of affect stigma” ( defines strategy for as “a inrelation theproductionofmeaning being, toshame and theaffect Sedgwick‟s workunderlying Sedgwick performativity,” onperformative which shame,or“queer sense. ina Indeed,shame. Butonly beproductive negative shamenot this need i [1914] 1986 [1914] While SedgwickWhile renders James‟s self paranoid ofPerhaps masturbation resolution theaccusation is of thenegative, only s , 33).

A narcissismA as schematizes free oneofthefigurations tocourse Freud any over James‟s autocriticism in theform of series a of prefacestoareprintofworks. his collected Sedgwick ld nothave identity an been available ofsexual to Austen template as a Touching Feeling Sedgwick

— A reflectionA opentoexchange. as “pederastic” and “pedagogical,” and or“pederastic/ as “pederastic” in t he tobe, himself like would (d) someone who “Jane Austen and

reflects onthemasturbation theAusten‟s was hysteriagripping that ,

Sedgwick theorizesSedgwick how modernity‟s “masturbator” have might - knowing thatturnsout (writing)knowing as itturns(reflection). The in — lusty reflections of an older James on a much younger lusty James reflections ofolder muchyounger an ona the Masturbating Girl” - relation via theintersubjectiveorsocially via sexual relation ibid 86

, “(a) what hehimself what is “(a) (i.e. himself), (b) what 61). In thefirst of chapter introversion is that extraordinarily Sense and Sensibility Sense and

(1991), written prior tothe was once part ofwas once himself pedagogical . Noting thatthe Touching Feeling s theargument ” ( ing ofing the ibid., of 44). , ” CEU eTD Collection 49 love. confession Rousseau‟s self person the absorbing books himto“become led (ibid., I whoselife wasreading” perhaps 9), i Ifshame confessing,(ibid.,37). ofspending money, “IRousseau‟sfor spend love insecret” an “writing reading ( his gaze” the subject ofthe confession, in isof Rousseau thereader, caught the eye “ vanity, about marksanxiety outRousseau‟s as theproductof oeuvre masturbatorypractice. a own pl voluminosity excess) (read: of particularly writingand, in self ofrelated affect stigma as read be word. theflames which,masturbationby fanned panic from been itshad of theprinted conception duringthe treatmentin her ofage Jamesof ofHenryJames. didcome secondcentury Afterall, 862). sexualities (1991, figure of t

Note: This is a restatement of restatement is a Note: This - referentiality and self and referentiality

A love that love A comes from being. seen being

easure attended byeasure attended gracious bowsandapologies from mentionhis theauthor, notto totaxonomizeI here, like Rousseau, would queeras a performer work ascan insofar his Plutarch, “reading re and he masturbator might indeed be masturbatormightindeed he [1789?] 2000 a strategya for andto being, later the and the production relationshame and ofmeaning totheaffect in d re - writing . 49

As writer, theautodida a ” 48 ,

58), as he It is interesting Sedgwick does that (ibid., 111), -

effacing shame(See,effacing again, Marshall).thesheer of The breadth voice, - the becom

previously cited quotation of Sedgwick. of quotation cited previously

- reading him” reading ing repeats himself repeats himself

the making of the making palimpsests

through himself, andover, writing an over of isact equally

the very template forhetero normalizing andhomo ctic Rousseau for is his stroke exemplary dual of

87 (ibid., as herecounts 111); the tookin pleasure he (ibid., 8) .

; as herecounts theprocess of writingas .

Confessions

not follow uponthis prescient idea ; or when he accounts for heaccounts his; orwhen

, theconstant of taking his continually present in

As n -

CEU eTD Collection it possible,exchange and easytoimagine seem would thepossible merits inputof a of the l imaginary Ithat structuralreflection, toargue donot,however, mean excha stigma inhere shame and Eachinsofar isand, as registerexchange. productive, they s a For writingorder Sedgwick, toinexchange. reading participate acts and ofare that orwriting claim does she interrupted the eitherreading make by be third need a term in infinitum (andtowriting reading about writing, and about readingalso towriting about writing, about self as introversion” (ibid.). theselfperformance, (asign of primarynarcissism)imagination is, infact, turns in toFreud‟sslight quip of performative reading losta lost ofbeing to inone‟sreading, theworldinbeing self, she and is theattitudeof the head also bethat Sedgwick shame, itmay 114). (2003, ofargues for reading” suggestsshame. She of theeyelids, thatif“thelowering of th thelowering the close ofthis Sedgwick lets thetrailfamiliar chapter, ofher figure along of ideas wander Tompkins” (Se - pleasuring. In working with Sedgwick to achieve SedgwickIn with working productive reading toachieve a of masturbation and self Sedgwick‟s caut subtitled with intopurview bringsofreading Sedgwick “Reading achapter theact Silvan )

elaborates the recursion unfoldingof inthe foldingand text. imminent n And aw, istherefore

dgwick, 2003), she situates where dgwick, Tompkins‟s thatof workFreud. alongside Near - encurled posture “asextroversion then,reads leastas much at ofreading,

ious, slightly awry ious, slightly awry consciously selfand And it might bring pleasure, after all, towitness itmightbring afterall, And pleasure, another‟s performative , r eading and writing and eading not ever On

Narcissism productive. Theproductive.

that seeing caught children upintheirown

are performativelyare queer. 88

l aw simply seemsaw a kindof tomake certain pleasant

trategy oftrategy meaning to watch (2003,to watch 115). As - indulgent approach to approach indulgent writing nge, nge, itswith intervening

e eyes, the hanging of e eyes, the hanging irrefutable - making making owhere owhere in which in which

if - ad CEU eTD Collection table: bell toomuchpower.”, a if granted therebeen gong e Barad (2003),summarizes thissuccinctly. that rather announcing tendency After “Language has to thelinguisticrelatives critique hard New certain Materialistwhich thinkers accusatory discharge masturbation or signif its the word.Of p specificthought,reflection, project,a orpolitical entireways or aesthetic even of about thinking criticallybecomes itcomes important tointerrogate when to our torecurrently approach inhabit in,Iget still torecognition. feltentitled word I must could facedand audience histhisTheonly band remained way evening. and for goodportionof a the I not amusic concert thelead wasat singer turned oftothe when toohis theband ago long back toof threat a survival. Othertimes might befarmor dependent, ofirreducibly wherebeing lack seen whenmoments, otheronwhomone‟s lifeis, an formoment, significant instance, a onoccasionthink, appropriately, (onother occasions, less approp maybe publisher and the between thewriter. thirdparty.Onethinksconditioning imm

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that issued in -

line ofcertain a line brandofpost

ediately of review” ediately structuralas “peer a intervention 89

this thesis, the charge of“masturbation” charge this the thesis, as otheras

e trivial butethically poignante trivial ver wasver Barad throws one, hercards onthe

by the other might indeed take the take theothermightindeed by form - structuralist thought. Karen riately). There are Thereare riately). — for instance, icant icant

CEU eTD Collection Maybe panic. this beconsoled. that is temper can The a work fascinating structuralists for the doing claim patternof this, a like but the making concomitant is with nothingwrong post critiquing representation Absolute, of orGod,as thedivine soul reflector, that reflects itself, absolute universe.This an differen is hardly itself reflection asth thesepeg, discourses a evince necessarily shouldBut perhaps be. ina justifiable effort anthropocentrism human to downa take always subtle Bennett‟ ofJane (seethelastpage mediatewill self Materialist accountsNew of sort matter,isas third a oftena term good,” evoked of that “greater absolute sum orthe TheUniverse, total ofmateriality. thatmakes material upthe unive als not were stories” “bedtime inBarad, 200). 1997 (Shaviro, thematurity imperativeevoke of theEnlightenmentpanic thatunleashed of masturbation, “smug2008) self Materialists theircritiquesof pepper who post ofBarad‟s narcissistic evocation is other supplemented by New inlanguage entrapment ” (Kirby, 2008) (emphasis” (Kirby,2008) Auniverse intheoriginal). reads writes that and itself is universe a These attitude 802 but nothing more is seen(2003, facing two mirrors,between theepistemolog optics of reflectiongeometrical like much the where, ofimages infiniteplay constructivist...social [to upinthe approaches thesubject ofmatter] caught get o accompanied bya e prerogative ofuniverse, orof a “nature” a that“reads,writes, - - referential, postreferential, enclosure” (Latour,enclosure” Kirby, in notto 1999 and, miss 2008) opportunity an to s would not be as meaningful, nor probably carrymuchforce, as norprobably s notbeasmeaningful, would ifthey

same thing pattern of - de structuralist navel ferential —

reflecting reconstructing structuralist a of reterritorialization

appeal tothesort Universe a as all of - 803). - structuralism phrases with “strange” (Ki like 90 s

Vibrant Matter Vibrant

— - gazing. Thereligious gazing. overtones arenoteven ical gets bounced back and forth, gets and ical back bounced falls into the anxiety campfalls into theanxiety of masturbation t than Hegel‟s (ort than Hegel‟s others‟) many , 2010), noram, 2010), I they saying and

the sole reflector.There by by New Materialist New ” and - encompassing

“ articulates rse in rby, - CEU eTD Collection 51 50 even triangles. And then,maybeisdyads and there nodifference. In pointis mirrorfact,maybe a law. Every a and infinitesuperimpositionsall are there are of ontheirown, to aslaw twopointsalso a between inrelation act theothe might thateach, twopointsbetriangulated byAny can third rulebetween but point,a them; a rulethen that is performative. The worl social more and not, likely need isn‟t, Whateverit absolute singular, orpermanent. is, be itwill updating. incorporation and writers simultan learn bybeing of we ourselves, imagine intervention can we break a structure. indyadic without imagining As readers and witness,someone referee, Dyadsa tie. a beenrichedintervention; a perhaps tobreak can by and interest that mightas bedescribed 6 of moves.the power thatLaw thusreflection, individuals, us, rendering human as we discourse a theori nd queer theories nd queer

.3 Reflections Upon Reflections Upon .3 Reflections Regarding “hacking,” “hacking,” Regarding See Timothy sts I have nothingagainstII theOrmaybe do.Maybe an have Law. I have interest

on the s that

Morton ( 2010), “Queer Ecology.” “Queer ( 2010), Morton appeal nature 50 — a debt is issued is debt a

of would from benefit its acknowledging embeddedness inanti to nature a supernaturalpossessesa thatwhich thirdterm of prerogative as the

d might even beimaginedd mighteven infiniteinterplay as an oftriangulations. The third term But is notbe“The” thirdterm. it useful. need It

—

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that seem

91 eously tohacking, butopen reflective . s

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CEU eTD Collection (2012). Side” Same onthe Other(s) and 53 52 onto thesamedeath side masturbatio draw We ascan love. of movement the retracing law side one onwhich line exists masturbation, If “does notabsolutely(1986). abdicateits power" structural subje reminds us that,“Ev masturbations, there To up talk ofgiving need not need about we masturbation, talk than anymore giving upnarcissism.

A debt (2005) Derrida See translate

A final question final mightbe:everA we Are are to Zach Rivers for this phrasing. See Rivers, “Subjectivity Without Return: Reparatively Weaving Self(s) Weaving Self(s) Reparatively Without Return: “Subjectivity Rivers, phrasing.See this for Rivers toZach

Derrida‟s onnarcissism words : “Deconstruction is the law.” is the : “Deconstruction are big masturbations,thereare and isend, big thelimit. death whichis the in en in theexperience en in

life and love and life —

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if there is one to its embodiment inself to its embodiment 92

not

masturbating? thenwe Ifthe case, thatis — death and narcissism death n onto the same side as life. n ontothe same side of death, narcissism,”of death, or 52 — we can draw narcissism can draw we and - touching , perhaps by

: Although Derrida Although There are little ctivity draws a draws a ctivity 53

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