Table of Contents vii

Table of Contents

Part I Role of and in Lives 1 e

1. The Place of Animals and Animals Science in nc the Lives of 5 e ci 1.1. Animals 5 S

1.2. Human uses of Animals 7 l a 1.3. Introduction to Animal Science 12

1.4. The Value of Animals to Humanity 14 nim 1.5. Factors affecting the World Agricultural Structure 16 A 1.6. Worldwide Systems of Agricultural Production 18 References 20 2. Importance of Animals to Humanity 24

2.1. Introduction 24 xploring

2.2. The Food Uses of Agricultural Animals 26 E viii Exploring Animal Science

2.3. Red and Poultry Production 27 2.4. Edible Slaughter By-Products 27 2.5. Milk and Milk Products 28 2.6. Poultry and Eggs 30 2.7. Miscellaneous Food Uses 31 2.8. The Value of Animal Products in The Human Diet 32 2.9. The Non-Food Uses of Agricultural Animals 32 2.10. Body Coverings 33 2.11. Power Sources 33 2.12. Body Wastes 34 2.13. Pest and Weed Control 34 2.14. Storage of Capital And Food 35 2.15. Cultural Uses 35 2.16. Non- Food or Inedible Slaughter By-Products 36 2.17. Conservation 36 References 36 3. Factors affecting the World Agricultural Structure 38 3.1. Introduction 38 3.2. Economic and Social Circumstances 38 3.2.1. Labor 39 3.2.2. Finance (Capital) 39 3.2.3. 39 3.2.4. Markets 39 e 3.2.5. Government 39 nc 3.3. Environmental Factors 40 e 3.3.1. Climate 40 ci 3.3.2. Relief 40 S

l 3.3.3. Soil 40 a 3.3.4. Adaptation 40 3.4. Artificial Environments 41 nim 3.5. Natural Environment 41 A 3.6. Adaptive Changes 42 3.7. Climatic Environments of The World 43 3.7.1. Tropical Climates 44 3.7.2. Deserts 45 3.7.3. Cold Environments 46 xploring

E 3.7.4. Alpine Environments 47 Table of Contents ix

3.7.5. Polar Environments 47 3.7.6. Periglacial Environments 47 3.7.7. Glacial Environments 47 3.7.8. Temperate Climate 48 3.8. Social and Cultural Differences 49 3.8.1. Language Difference 50 3.8.2. Taboos and Traditions 50 3.8.3. Values in 51 3.8.4. 51 3.8.5. Levels of Economic Development 52 3.8.6. Levels of Agricultural Developments 53 3.9. Economic Institutions and Agriculture Development 55 3.9.1. Economics Institutions 55 3.9.2. Agriculture Development 55 References 56 4. Worldwide Systems of Agricultural Production 58 4.1. Introduction 58 4.2. Nomadism and Transhumance 59 4.2.1. Nomadic Pastoralism 59 4.2.2. Transhumance Pastoralism 60 4.3. Shifting Cultivation and Rudimentary Sedentary 61 4.3.1. Shifting Cultivation 61 4.3.2. Rudimentary Sedentary 62 4.4. Tillage 62 e

4.5. Paddy Rice Farming 63 nc e 4.4.1. Rice Farming 63 ci 4.4.2. Paddy Farming 65 S

4.6. Peasant Grain, Tuber, and Farming 66 l

4.7. Ranching 68 a 4.8. Commercial Crop and Livestock Farming 68 nim 4.9. Commercial Livestock Finishing 69 4.10. Commercial Dairy Farming 70 A 4.11. Commercial Grain Farming 71 4.12. Mediterranean Agriculture 72 4.13. Market Gardening 73 4.14. Commercial Plantation 74 xploring

4.15. Urban Agriculture 74 E x Exploring Animal Science

4.16. Aquaculture 75 4.17. Developed Versus Subsistence Agriculture 76 4.18. Differentiation Between The Livestock Industry Amongst The Developed and Developing Countries 76 References 78 Part II The Biological of Animal Science 80 5. Introduction to Animal Nutrition 84 5.1. Uses of Nutrients 85 5.2. Nutritional Needs Based on The Functions of The Body 85 5.3. Importance of Feed Analysis For Animals 87 5.4. Why Should We Determine The Value of The Feedstuffs For Animals? 89 5.5. Feed Composition Based on Dry Matter 90 5.6. Measures of Energy 90 5.6.1. Energy Content of Food 91 5.6.2. Efficiency of Energy usage byAnimals 91 5.6.3. Nutrient Requirements 91 5.7. Formulation of Ration For Feeding Animals 92 References 92 6. The Gastrointestinal Tract and Nutrition 94 6.1. Introduction 94

e 6.2. Classification of Digestive Systems 96 6.3. An Overview of The Steps of Digestion 98 nc e 6.4. Digestion in The Pigs 100 ci 6.5. Digestion in The Ruminant 101

S 6.6. The Fermentation Process 103 l 6.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of The Ruminant System 103 a 6.8. Digestion in The Avian 104 nim 6.9. Digestion in The 105

A References 108 7. Everything about Feedstuffs Classification 109 7.1. Introduction 109 7.2. Feedstuff Categories 110 xploring 7.2.1. Dry Forages and Roughages 111

E 7.2.2. Pasture, Range Plants, and Green Forages 113 Table of Contents xi

7.3. Supplements 114 References 114 8. Brief about 116 8.1. Introduction of Genetics 116 8.2. What Is A ? 117 8.3. Principles of Inheritance 118 8.3.1. The Start of Genetics 118 8.3.2. How did Mendel Successful? 119 8.3.3. The 119 8.3.4. The Genotype 119 8.3.5. A Phenotype 119 8.3.6. A Segregation 119 8.3.7. The Assortment 119 8.3.8. A Chromosomes 119 8.3.9. The Crossing-over 120 8.3.10. The Mutation 120 8.4. Mitosis and Meiosis 121 8.4.1. Introduction Mitosis and Meiosis 121 8.4.2. Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis 121 8.5. Mitosis 122 8.6. Meiosis 123 8.7. Gene Expression 124 8.7.1. Dominant and Recessive Expression 125 8.7.2. Codominance 126 e

8.7.3. Incomplete Dominance 127 nc e 8.7.4. Epitasis 128 ci 8.7.5. Multiple Alleles 129 S

8.8. Test Crossing 129 l

8.8.1. Sex-Related Inheritance 130 a 8.8.2. Sex-Linked Inheritance 130 nim 8.8.3. Sex-Influenced Inheritance 132 8.8.4. Sex-Limited Traits 132 A 8.9. Population Genetics 133 8.10. Gene Frequency 134 8.11. Animal Breeding and Population Genetics 135 8.12. Mutation and Genetic Drift 136 xploring

8.12.1. Mutation 136 E xii Exploring Animal Science

8.12.2. Genetic Drift 137 8.13. Migration and Selection 138 8.14. Quantity Versus Quality Traits 138 8.14.1. Qualitative and Quantitative Traits 139 8.14.2. Qualitative Traits 139 8.14.3. Quantitative Traits 139 8.15. Heritability 139 8.16. Systems of Mating 140 8.17. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 141 8.18. Genetic Engineering 142 8.18.1. Biotechnology 142 References 142 9. Brief about Animal Breeding 145 9.1. Introduction 145 9.2. Beef Genetic Improvement 147 9.3. Heritability 149 9.4. Genetic Correlations 150 9.5. Performance Information 151 9.6. Genetic Evaluation, Breeding Value, and Expected Progeny Difference 152 9.7. Growth Trait Epds 153 9.8. Breed Average Epd and Base Year 154 9.9. Accuracy 155 e 9.10. Possible Change 155 nc 9.11. Sire Summaries 156 e 9.12. Maternal Trait Epds, Milk Epds, Combined Maternal Epd 157 ci 9.13. Carcass Epd 158 S

l 9.14. Mature Size 159 a 9.15. Use of Epds 159 9.16. Use of Epds For Selection in Seedstock Herds 160 nim 9.17. Use of Epds For Selection in Commercial Herds 160 A 9.18. Pedigree Estimated Epds 161 9.19. Across- Breed Epds 161 9.20. Epds and Crossbreeding 162 9.21. Dairy Cattle Genetic Improvement 162 9.22. Heritability Estimates 163 xploring

E 9.23. Dhi Systems 163 Table of Contents xiii

9.24. Animal Model 164 9.25. Sire Selection 165 9.26. Swine Genetic Improvement 165 9.27. Genetic Improvement 166 9.28. Heterosis in Sheep Breeding 167 9.29. National Sheep Improvement Program [Nsip] 167 References 168 10. Brief about Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 170 10.1. Introduction 170 10.2. Nuts and Bolts of Genetic Engineering 171 10.3. Restriction Enzymes 172 10.4. Gene Cloning 172 10.5. Polymerase Chain Reaction 173 10.6. Gene Mapping 174 10.7. Biotechnology and/Or Genetically Engineered Organisms 174 10.8. Applications of Biotechnology 175 10.8.1. Application of Biotechnology in the field of Medicines 175 10.8.2. Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture 175 10.9. Micropropagation 175 10.10. Transgenic Animals 176 10.11. Livestock 176 10.12. Agricultural Applications 177 10.13. Disease Resistance 178 10.14. Biomedical Applications 178 e

10.15. Transgenic 179 nc e 10.16. Medicine 179 ci 10.17. Genetic Testing 180 S

10.18. Gene Therapy 180 l

10.19. Pharmacogenomics 181 a 10.20. Microorganisms and Recombinant Dna 181 nim 10.21. Technology 182 10.22. Drug and Production 182 A 10.23. Biotechnology and Pest Management 183 10.24. Bacteria Engineered For The Foods Industry 183 10.25. Societal Concerns 184 References 185 xploring E xiv Exploring Animal Science

11. Everything about Animal Reproduction 183 11.1. Introduction 183 11.2. Puberty 184 11.3. Endocrinology 185 11.4. Anatomy 186 11.4.1. Female 186 11.4.2. Male 187 11.5. Pregnancy 188 11.5.1. Pregnancy Testing 188 11.6. Parturition 189 11.7. Environmental Influences on Reproduction 190 11.8. Technology and Reproduction 191 11.8.1. Artificial Insemination 192 11.8.2. Embryo Transfer 192 11.8.3. “In Vitro” Fertilization 193 11.9. Reproduction in Poultry and 193 11.9.1. Hen 194 11.9.2. Egg Fertilization 194 11.9.3. Egg Development Inside Your Hen 194 11.9.4. The Incubation Process 194 11.9.5. Cock 195 11.9.6. Deferent Duct 195 11.9.7. Testicles and Sperm 195

e References 196

nc 12. A Brief about Lactation 197 e

ci 12.1. Introduction 197

S 12.2. Mammary Gland Development, Anatomy, and Function 198 l 12.3. Components of Milk 199 a 12.3.1. Carbohydrates 200

nim 12.3.2. Protein 200 12.3.3. Lipids 201 A 12.3.4. Calcium 202 12.4. Factors Affecting Milk Mineral Content 202 12.4.1. Breed/Genetics 203 12.4.2. Condition/Management 203 xploring 12.4.3. Nutrition 203

E References 204 Table of Contents xv

13. Brief about Animal Behavior 205 13.1. Introduction 205 13.2. Areas of Study in Animal Behavior 206 13.2.1. Ethology 206 13.2.2. Comparative Psychology 206 13.3. Communication 206 13.4. Aggression and Social Structure 207 13.5. Biological Rhythms and Sleep 208 13.6. Sexual Behavior 208 13.7. Development of Behavior 208 13.8. 209 13.9. Injective Behavior: Food and Water Intake 209 13.10. Behavioral Disorders 210 13.11. Livestock Behavior 211 13.12. Temperament 211 13.13. Training and Habituating Livestock To Handling and Restraint 211 13.14. Effects of Novelty 212 13.15. Vision 212 13.16. Noise 212 13.17. Fight Zone 213 13.18. Herd Animals 213 13.19. Genetic Differences 213

13.20. Handler Dominance 214 e 13.21. Handling Facility Layout 214 nc

13.22. Improved Handling Practices 214 e

13.23. Summary 215 ci

References 215 S l

14. Brief about Animal Health 217 a

14.1. Introduction 217 nim 14.2. Diseases 218 A 14.2.1. Causes of Disease 219 14.3. Mobile Veterinary Services 220 14.4. Animal Clinics/Hospitals 221 14.5. Programmed Heath Management 222

14.6. Resident Veterinarian 222 xploring E xvi Exploring Animal Science

14.7. Diagnostic Services 223 14.8. The Body’s Defense Against Disease 223 14.9. Herd Health and Management 223 14.10. Nutrition and Genetics 225 14.11. Prevention 226 14.12. Animal Diseases, Human Wellbeing, and Emotional Loss 226 14.13. Effects of Animal Diseases on Humane Health, National Economics, and Farm Income 227 14.14. Bioterrorism 228 14.15. Regulation of Animal Medicines 228 14.16. Federal Regulation 229 14.17. Animal Disease Traceability Framework 229 14.18. State Regulation 229 14.19. Accredited Veterinarians 230 14.20. Usaha(The United States Animal Health Association) 230 14.21. Organizations 231 14.21.1 American Veterinary Medical Association 231 14.21.2 USDA and APHIS 231 References 231 Part III Animal Industries 233 15. Brief about Market Coordination in the Beef, Pork, and Poultry Industries 239

e 15.1. Market Coordination in The Beef Industry 239 15.1.1. Introduction to the Beef Industry 239 nc e 15.1.2. The structure and the Environment of the Beef Industry 240 ci 15.1.3. The Beef Industry Marketing Channel 241

S 15.1.4. Alternative Industry Structures 242 l

a 15.2. Market Coordination in The Pork Industry 244 15.2.1. Introduction 244 nim 15.2.2. Vertical Coordination and Consumer Welfare 245

A 15.2.3. The Breeding Stock Sector 246 15.2.4. The Hog Production Sector 246 15.2.5. Transaction Costs Theories 247 15.3. Market Coordination in The Poultry Industry 247 15.3.1. Introduction 248 xploring 15.3.2.Demand-side Factors Affecting the Global E Poultry Sector 248 Table of Contents xvii

References 253 16. Beef Cattle 255 16.1. Cattle’s Scientific Classification 255 16.2. The Place of The Beef Cattle Industry in U.S. Agriculture 256 16.3. Purpose of The U.S. Beef Cattle Industry 258 16.4. Historical Perspective 259 16.5. Structure of The Beef Industry 261 16.5.1. Seed Stock Production 261 16.5.2. Commercial Cow-Calf Operations 262 16.5.3. Stockers Operation for growing 262 16.5.4. Feedlots Segment 262 16.5.5. Packers 262 16.5.6. Consumers 263 16.6. Geographic Location of Beef Cattle in The United States 263 16.7. Genetics and Breeding Programs 264 16.8. Breeds 265 16.8.1. Black Angus 265 16.8.2. Charolais 265 16.8.3. Hereford 265 16.8.4. Simmental 265 16.8.5. Texas Longhorn 265 16.9. Reproductive Management in Beef Cattle 266 16.10. Nutrition In Beef Cattle 267 16.11. Challenges To Beef Cattle Health 268 e

16.11.1. Calf Diarrhea (scours) 268 nc e 16.11.2. Bovine Respiratory Disease 269 ci 16.11.3. Blackleg 270 S

16.11.4. Bloat 271 l

16.12. Beef’s Nutritional Benefits To Humans 272 a 16.13. Trends and Factors Influencing The Beef Industry 273 nim 16.13.1. Consumption 273 16.13.2. Exports/Globalization 273 A 16.13.3. Technology 274 16.13.4. Animal Traceability 275 16.13.5. Food Safety 275 16.13.6. Environmental Concerns 276 xploring

16.13.7. Organic and Natural Production 277 E xviii Exploring Animal Science

16.13.8. Biofuel Production 277 16.13.9. Industry Structure 277 16.14. Additional Trends and Concerns 278 References 279 17. All About Dairy Cattle 281 17.1. Introduction 281 17.2. Scientific Classification of Cattle 282 17.3. The Place of The Dairy Cattle Industry in Us Agriculture 283 17.4. Historical Perspective 284 17.5 The Structure and Geographical Location of The Dairy Industry 285 17.5.1. Geographical Location 286 17.6. Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) 287 17.6.1. Objectives and Goals 287 17.6.2. Data Collection Procedure 288 17.6.3. Methods for Calculation Lactation Records 288 17.6.4. Cows to be tested and Identification 289 17.6.5. Cows aborting and Calving Prematurely 289 17.6.6. Retesting 289 17.6.7 Data Collecting Rates 289 17.7. Genetics and Breeding 289 17.7.1. Controlled Breeding Experiment 289 17.8. Breeds 291 e 17.9. Reproductive Management in Dairy Cattle 292 nc 17.10. Nutrition in Dairy Cattle 292 e 17.11. Herd Management 294 ci 17.11.1. Shelter and Feeding Management 294 S

l 17.11.2. Feeding 294 a 17.11.3. Diseases of Cattle 295 17.12. Milk Fever 295 nim 17.13. Bovine Somatotropin (Bst) 296 A 17.14. Nutritional Benefits of MilkTo Humans 297 17.14.1. Additional benefits of Milk 298 17.15. Trends and Factors Influencing The Dairy Industry 298 17.16. Consumption 299 17.16.1. Benefits 300 xploring

E 17.16.2. Barriers to Dairy consumption 300 Table of Contents xix

17.17. Food Safety 301 17.17.1. Food Safety by type of Food 301 17.17.2. Food Safety Issues 302 17.17.3. Food Safety Authorities 303 17.18. Trade 303 17.18.1. Types of Trade 303 17.18.2. How trade works? 304 17.18.3. Comparative Advantage 304 17.19. Industrial Organization 305 17.19.1. Industry and Market Structure 305 17.19.2. Market Power 305 17.19.3. Market Power in Different Market Concentrations 306 References 307 18. Everything about Poultry 309 18.1. Introduction 309 18.2. Scientific Classification of Poultry 310 18.3. Poultry Farming in The United States 311 18.3.1. Current Status 312 18.4. The Goal of The Poultry Industry in The Us 312 18.5. Historical Perspective 312 18.6. Poultry Domestication 314 18.7. Early Use in The United States 314 18.8. Eggs 315 18.9. Genetics 318 e

18.10. Chick 319 nc e 18.11. Integration 320 ci 18.12. Structural and Geographical Location of The Poultry Industry. 320 S

18.13. The U.S. Broiler Industry 321 l

18.14. The U.S. Egg Industry 324 a 18.15. The U.S. Turkey Industry 326 nim 18.16. The U.S. Goose, Duck, and Other Poultry Industries 328 18.17. Genetics and Breeding Programs 328 A 18.18. Breeds, Varieties, and Strains of Poultry 329 18.19. Breeds in Modern Production 330 18.20. Turkey Breeds 332 18.21. Duck and Goose Breeds 333 xploring

18.22. Reproductive Management in Poultry 335 E xx Exploring Animal Science

18.23. Breeder Flock Management 335 18.24. Mating Process 336 18.25. Selection and Care of Eggs 336 18.26. Egg Storage 337 18.27. Incubators 337 18.28. Nutrition in Poultry 338 18.29. Rickets, Fowl Cholera, Mycoplasmosis, and Avian Influenza 338 18.30. Poultry Waste Management 339 References 340 19. Everything about Swine 343 19.1. Introduction 343 19.2. Scientific Classification of Swine 344 19.3. Swine Industry in U.S. Agriculture 344 19.4. Structure of The Swine Industry 352 19.5. Structure of The Pig Industry 355 19.6. Genetics and Breeding Programs 356 19.7. Breed 356 19.8. Swine Breeding Programs 362 19.9. Reproductive Management in Swine 363 19.10. Gilts, Sow, Boars 364 19.11. Estrus Detection 365 19.12. Farrowing Management 365 19.13. Artificial Insemination in Swine 365 e 19.14. Nutrition in Swine 366 nc 19.15. Nutrients Requirement of Breeding Stock 371 e 19.16. Virus Affecting Swine 372 ci 19.17. Nutritional Benefits of PorkTo Humans 373 S

l References 374 a 20. Brief about Sheep and Goats 376 nim 20.1. Scientific Classification of Sheep’s and Goats 377

A 20.2. Sheep and Goat Industry in U. S. Agriculture 378 20.3. Purpose of Goat and Sheep Industries in The United States 379 20.4. Historical Perspective 380 20.5. Structure of Sheep and Goat Industries 380 20.6. Importance of Geographic Location in The United States 381 xploring 20.7. Need For Selective Breeding Programs 382 E Table of Contents xxi

20.8. Different Kinds of Breeds Available on Sheep’s and Goats 382 20.9. Management of Reproductive System in Sheep’s and Goats 384 20.10. Nutrition Management 384 20.11. Challenges To The Health of Sheep and Goat 384 20.12. Nutritional Benefits of Lamb and Goat Meat 385 20.13. Nutritional Benefits of Goat Milk 386 20.14. Trends and Factors Which Are Affecting Goat and Sheep Industries 386 References 387 21. Everything about 389 21.1. Scientific classification of horses 389 21.2. The Place of Horses in The Us 391 21.3. Purpose of The Horse Industry in The Us 391 21.4. Historical Perspective 392 21.5. Structure of The Horse Industry 392 21.6. Horse Genetics and Basic Coat Colors 392 21.7. Flaxen Mane And Tail 393 21.8. Additional Common Markings on Horses 394 21.9. Genetic Disease in Horses 394 21.10. Breeds of Horses 395 21.11. 395 21.12. Light Breed Horses 396 21.13. Popular Breeds and Other Breeds in The Us 396 21.14. Reproduction in Horses 397 e

21.15. Nutrition and Feeding of Horses 398 nc e 21.16. Challenges For Horse Health 398 ci 21.16.1. Colic 399 S

21.16.2. Laminitis 399 l

21.16.3. Heaves 399 a 21.16.4. West Nile Virus 400 nim 21.17. Trends in The Horse Industry 400 21.18. Education and Research 401 A 21.19. New Owners and Competition 401 21.20. Social Issues and Safety Concerns 401 21.21. Industry Organizations and Technological Innovations 402 References 402 xploring E xxii Exploring Animal Science

22. Everything about Aquaculture 405 22.1. Aquaculture in U.S. Agriculture 405 22.2. The Difference Between Aquaculture and Agriculture 406 22.3. The Purpose of The Aquaculture Industry 406 22.4. Worldwide Importance of Aquaculture 407 22.5. Historical Perspective 409 22.6. Structural and Geographical Location of The Aquaculture Industry 409 22.7. Catfish 410 22.8. 411 22.9. Tilapia 413 22.10. Reproducing 413 22.11. Crawfish 413 22.12. 414 22.13. Mollusks 414 22.14. Ornamental 415 22.15. Types of Aquaculture Systems 415 22.15.1. Fish Cultivation 415 22.15.2. Mariculture 415 22.15.3. Algaculture 416 22.16. Water Quality 416 22.17. Life Cycles 417 22.18. Genetics 418

e 22.19. Benefits of Consuming Farm-Raised Fish 418 22.20. Trends Affecting Aquaculture 419 nc e 22.20.1. Species 420 ci 22.20.2. Disease Control 421

S 22.20.3. Environmental Concerns 422 l 22.21. Farm-Raised Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) 422 a 22.22. Production Process 423 nim 22.23. Feeding 423

A 22.24. Disease Management 424 22.25. Harvest and Marketing 424 22.26. Quality Assurance 425 22.27. Temperature 426 22.28. Water Quality Management 427 xploring 22.29. Diseases 427 E Table of Contents xxiii

22.30. Polyculture and Intercropping 428 22.31. Processing and Marketing 428 22.32. Reproduction of Angelfish (Pterophyllum Scalare) 429 22.33. Water Quality 430 22.34. Nutrition 431 22.35. Spawning 432 References 432 23. Brief about Pets and Companion Animals 434 23.1. Place of Pets in The Us 434 23.2. Purpose of The Industry 435 23.3. Pets And Companion Animals Defined 435 23.3.1. Value of Pets 436 23.4. Historical Perspective 436 23.5. Geographic Location 437 23.6. Genetics and Breeding Programs 437 23.7. Breeds of 438 23.8. Breeds of 438 23.9. Other Breeds of Pets 439 23.10. Reproductive Management 439 23.11. Nutrition of Pet Species 440 23.12. Challenges To Companion Animal Health 442 23.12.1. 443 23.12.2. Allergic Skin Diseases 443 23.12.3. Pyometra 444 e

23.12.4. Endocrine Diseases 444 nc e 23.13. Trends in The Pet Industry 444 ci 23.13.1. Humanising The Pet 445 S

23.13.2. Pet Population and Registered Animals 445 l

23.13.3. Pet Foods and Nutrition 445 a 23.13.4. Veterinary Expenditures 446 nim 23.13.5. Mini-Trends 447 References 447 A 24. All About Lamoids 450 24.1. Scientific Classification of Camelids 450 24.2. The Place of Lamoids in The United States 452 xploring 24.3. Aim of and Alpaca Industries 453 E xxiv Exploring Animal Science

24.4. History of The Llama in The Us 454 24.4.1. Geographic Distribution 455 24.4.2. Natural Surroundings 456 24.4.3. Physical Description 456 24.5. Camelidae 457 24.6. Lamoids 458 24.7. Genetics and Breeds 459 24.8. Health Care 459 24.9. Reproduction 459 24.9.1. Mating 460 24.9.2. Development 460 24.9.3. Rearing the Cria 460 24.10. Nutrition and Feed Use 461 24.11. Behavior 461 24.12. Trends and Challenges To The Llama Industry 461 24.13. Health Care of Llama 462 References 463 25. Everything about 464 25.1. Classification ofThe 464 25.2. The Place and Purpose of Rabbits in The United States 466 25.3. Historical Perspective 466 25.4. Geographic Location of The Rabbit Industry in The United States 467 e 25.5. Structure of The Rabbit Industry 467 nc 25.6. The Rabbit Fancy 467 e 25.7. Meat Production 468 ci 25.8. Laboratory Specimen Production 469 S

l 25.9. Breeding Stock Production 469 a 25.10. Angora Production 470 25.11. Breeds and Genetics 471 nim 25.12. Reproductive Management 472 A 25.13. Nutrition 472 25.14. Health Program 473 25.15. Challenges To Rabbit Health 473 25.15.1. Pasteurellosis 474 25.15.2. Mastitis 474 xploring

E 25.15.3. Diarrhea 475 Table of Contents xxv

25.15.4. Non-infectious Diseases 475 25.16. Nutritional Value of Rabbit Meat To Humans 477 25.17. And Factors In Rabbit Production 477 25.18. Of Commercial Rabbit Production 478 25.19. Disadvantages of Commercial Rabbit Production 478 25.20. Management 479 25.21. And Sources of Information 479 Referrences 480 Part IV Animals and Society 481 26. Various Careers and their Preparation in the Animal Sciences 483 26.1. Introduction 483 26.2. Animal Science Studies and Careers 484 26.3. Production 485 26.3.1. Dairy Farmer 485 26.4. Science and Medicine 485 26.5. Careers 486 26.6. Agribusiness 486 26.6.1. Farm Appraiser 487 26.6.2. Agricultural Policy Analyst 487 26.6.3. Farm Manager 487 26.6.4. Crop Producer 487

26.6.5. Grain and Livestock Buyer 488 e 26.6.6. Market Analyst 488 nc

26.6.7. Financer 488 e

26.6.8. Quality Controller 488 ci

26.6.9. Marketing Head 488 S l

26.7. Communication and Education 488 a 26.8. Animal Caretakers 489

26.9. International Opportunities 489 nim

26.10. Trends Affecting Employment 490 A References 490 27. Food Safety and Consumer Concerns 492 27.1. Introduction 492

27.2. History of Food Safety as a Public Issue 493 xploring E xxvi Exploring Animal Science

27.3. Importance of Food Safety To Consumers 494 27.4. Foodborne Illnesses 495 27.5. A Few of The Important Microbial Pathogens Associated With Foodborne Illness 497 27.6. Bacteria 498 27.6.1. Types of Bacteria 498 27.7. Protozoa 499 27.8. Viruses 500 27.9. Governmental Agencies and Food Safety 501 27.10. The Role of The Fda 502 27.11. The Role of The Fsis 503 27.12. Responsibilities of The Federal Agencies 503 27.13. In Fsis 503 27.14. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (Haccp) 504 27.14.1. What is the meaning of HACCP? 505 27.14.2. Building the System of HACCP 505 27.14.3. Why use HACCP? 505 27.14.4. The Seven HACCP Principles 505 27.15. Additional Changes At Fsis Along With Other Food Safety Initiatives 507 27.16. Bioterrorism Act To Ensure The Safety of The Milk Supply 508 27.17. Other Issues of Concern To Consumers 509 27.18. Bovine Somatotropin 509 27.19. Hormones 510 e 27.20. Antibiotics 510 nc 27.21. Food Irradiation 511 e 27.22. Mad Cow Disease 512 ci 27.23. Genetically Engineered Products 513 S

l 27.24. Sources of Information 513 a References 513 nim 28. Animal Welfare and 516

A 28.1. Introduction 516 28.2. Animal Rights Versus Animal Welfare 517 28.3. Animal Rights 517 28.4. , History, and Legislation 518 28.5. Animal Welfare/Animal Rights Groups 518 xploring

E 28.6. Animal Rights Issues Present and Future 519 Table of Contents xxvii

28.7. Defining and MeasuringAnimal Welfare 519 References 520 29. Animals in Sustainable Agriculture 522 29.1. Introduction 522 29.2. Sustainable Agriculture 523 29.3. Practices That Are Part of Sustainable Farming 524 29.4. Animals in Sustainable Agricultural Systems 525 29.5. Monoculture 525 References 526 Abbreviations 528 Index 532 e nc e ci S l a nim A xploring E