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Tense, Mood, and Aspect Expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a Typological Perspective

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Tense, Mood, and Aspect Expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a Typological Perspective Tense, mood, and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective e perfect aspect and the realis/irrealis mood Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Sprach- und literaturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Jointly awarded PhD degree with School of Languages and Linguistics, The University of Melbourne von Ana Krajinović Rodrigues (zitiert als Ana Krajinović) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Prof. Dr. Ulrike Vedder Präsidentin Dekanin der Sprach- und der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin literaturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Gutachter und Gutachterin: 1. Prof. Dr. Manfred Krifka (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) 2. Prof. Dr. Jean-Christophe Verstraete (University of Leuven) 3. Senior Lecturer Dr. Julie Barbour (The University of Waikato) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26. Februar 2020 Tense, mood, and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective e perfect aspect and the realis/irrealis mood Ana Krajinović Rodrigues (cite as Ana Krajinović) ORCID: 0000-0002-0858-7606 Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the jointly awarded degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institut ür deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, HmboldUniei Belin School of Languages and Linguistics, The Uniei of Melbone April 2020 Abstract In this thesis I study the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) expressions in Nafsan (South Efate), an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, from a typological perspective. I focus on the meanings of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, as case studies for investigating the cross-linguistic features of these TMA categories. Given the diversity of TMA systems in languages of the world, the status of many TMA categories as cross-linguistically valid has been disputed in the linguistic literature. Two such debates concern the cross-linguistic validity of the perfect aspect and the realis/irrealis distinction. Oceanic languages feature some of the most controversial aspects of the semantics of these categories. For instance, many Oceanic languages, including Nafsan, have perfects that denote the meaning of change of state, a property which has recently been attributed to a new TMA category called “iamitive”Olsson ( , 2013). Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, Nafsan and other Oceanic languages are said to express this distinction by portmanteau subject markers. Both the validity of the realis/irrealis mood and its expression by subject markers have been criticized in the literature (Bybee, 1998; Cristofaro, 2012). In order to analyze the meanings of the perfect aspect and the realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan, I studied the Nafsan grammar (Thieberger, 2006) and corpus by Thieberger (1995–2018), followed by my own fieldwork (Krajinović, 2017b) which relied on semantic elicitation through storyboards (see Burton & Matthewson, 2015) and questionnaires (e.g. Dahl, 2000c). These types of elicitation methods were used to target fine-grained TMA meanings of Nafsan, which were then analyzed through some formal semantic models, such as branching-times, and compared with descriptions of other Oceanic languages through typological methods, such as semantic maps. Regarding the perfect aspect, I found that the Nafsan marker pe has all the functions considered to be typical of the English-style perfect, except for the additional meaning of change of state. I place the analysis of the Nafsan perfect in the debate about the cross-linguistic validity of iamitives, defined by the meaning of change of state akin to ‘already’ and lacking experiential and universal perfect functions (Olsson, 2013). Based on the data from Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, I show that when language-internal processes, such as aspectual coercion, are considered, the seman- tic definition of perfect aspect proposed by Klein (1994) is sufficient to account for additional perfect functions, without the need to posit the new iamitive category. Moreover, by creating a semantic map of the perfect based the data from five Oceanic languages, I found that the spread of the pro- posed iamitive functions is not attested in the Oceanic sample studied here, which means thatthe change-of-state meaning as the proposed core iamitive meaning does not uniquely define this cate- v vi gory, which can be taken as evidence against adopting iamitives as a new cross-linguistic category. Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, expressed by portmanteau subject markers in Nafsan, I have found that the “realis” category is semantically underspecified in Nafsan, as it can occur in irrealis contexts that should be incompatible with realis meanings. I propose that “realis” subject markers are in fact only subject and person marking that occasionally receives realis meanings through prag- matic competition with the irrealis subject markers. This analysis has the potential to explain similar problems attested in other Oceanic languages of Melanesia. By adopting a branching-times model that unites the expression of modality and temporal reference (von Prince, 2019), I show that Nafsan and several other Oceanic languages provide evidence that irrealis as a mood category referring to non-actual worlds is a semantically meaningful category. The contribution of this work is to the areas of TMA semantics, typology, Oceanic languages, lan- guage description and methodologies used in language documentation. Besides the theoretical con- tribution to the understanding of cross-linguistic properties of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood, this thesis can also be used as a methodological guide to testing and assigning linguistic cat- egories in language description and documentation. Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich aus einer typologischen Perspektive die Bedeutung von Tempus, Modalität und Aspekt (TMA) Ausdrücken in Nafsan (South Efate), einer ozeanischen Sprache Van- uatus. Ich konzentriere mich auf die Bedeutung des perfektiven Aspekts und der Realis/Irrealis- Modalität in Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen, als Fallstudien zur Untersuchung der sprach- übergreifenden Merkmale dieser TMA-Kategorien. Angesichts der Vielfalt der TMA-Systeme in den Sprachen der Welt wurde der Status vieler TMA- Kategorien als sprachübergreifend gültige Kategorien in der linguistischen Literatur diskutiert. Zwei dieser Debatten betreffen die sprachübergreifende Gültigkeit des perfektiven Aspekts und dieUn- terscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis. Ozeanische Sprachen weisen einige der kontroversesten Merkmale der Semantik dieser Kategorien auf. Viele ozeanische Sprachen, u.a. Nafsan, benutzen Per- fekt, um die Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen (change of state) zu bezeichnen, eine Eigenschaft, die kürzlich einer neuen TMA-Kategorie namens iamitive zugeschrieben wurde (Olsson, 2013). Die Unterscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis wird in Nafsan und andere ozeanische Sprachen durch Subjektmarker zum Ausdruck gebracht. Sowohl die Gültigkeit der Realis/Irrealis als auch deren Aus- druck durch Subjektmarker wurden in der Literatur kritisiert (Bybee, 1998; Cristofaro, 2012). Um die Bedeutung des perfektiven Aspekts und der Realis/Irrealis-Modalität in Nafsan zu analy- sieren, untersuche ich die Grammatik von Nafsan (Thieberger, 2006) und den Korpus von Thieberger (1995–2018), gefolgt von meiner eigenen Feldarbeit (Krajinović, 2017b), die sich auf semantische Er- hebungen durch Storyboards (see Burton & Matthewson, 2015) und Fragebögen (e.g. Dahl, 2000c) stützt. Diese Art der Erhebungsmethode wurde verwendet, um einzelne TMA-Bedeutungen von Nafsan zu erfassen, die dann durch einige formale semantische Modelle, wie zum Beispiel branching- times, analysiert und mit Beschreibungen anderer ozeanischer Sprachen durch typologische Metho- den, wie semantic maps, verglichen wurden. Meine Analysen zeigen, dass der Perfekt-Marker pe in Nafsan alle Funktionen hat, die ür das Per- fekt im Englischen typisch sind, mit Ausnahme der zusätzlichen Bedeutung von Zustandsänderun- gen. Die Verwendung des Nafsan-Perfekts liefert einen Beitrag zu der Debatte über die sprachüber- greifende Gültigkeit von iamitive, definiert durch die Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen, die das Partikel ‘schon’ ähneln und denen es an experiential und universal Funktionen mangelt (Olsson, 2013). Basierend auf den Daten aus Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen zeige ich, dass bei Betrachtung sprachinterner Prozesse, wie z.B. aspectual coercion, die von Klein (1994) vorgeschla- gene semantische Definition des Perfekts ausreichend ist, um zusätzliche Funktionen des Perfekts vii viii zu berücksichtigen, ohne eine neue iamitive Kategorie zu etablieren. Darüber hinaus habe ich durch die Erstellung einer semantic map des Perfekts basiert auf Daten aus ünf ozeanischen Sprachen fest- gestellt, dass die Verbreitung der vorgeschlagenen Funktionen von iamitive in der hier untersuchten ozeanischen Stichprobe nicht belegt ist, was bedeutet, dass die Bedeutung des Zustandsänderns als vorgeschlagene iamitative Kernbedeutung diese Kategorie nicht eindeutig definiert wird, was als Beweis daür dienen kann, dass iamitive als neue sprachübergreifende Kategorie angenommen wer- den kann. Was die Unterscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis betrifft, die in Nafsan durch Port- manteau Subjekt-Marker zum Ausdruck kommt, so habe ich festgestellt, dass die Kategorie Realis in Nafsan semantisch unterbewertet ist, wie sie in Irrealis-Kontexten auftreten kann, die mit der Bedeu- tung von Realis
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