Requirement Identification of Marine Weather Services for Coastal Adaptation
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Hasanuddin University Repository Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013 REQUIREMENT IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE WEATHER SERVICES FOR COASTAL ADAPTATION S. Mujiasih 1 ABSTRACT: Economic activity in the coastal area is very diverse. It requires special weather services to suit local conditions. The understanding of local weather condition is very important for coastal adaption. At present, the existing services are limited to shipping both goods and passenger. These services include bulletin for shipping and sea port weather forecasting. Parameter of bulletin for shipping consists of wave height, wind speed, weather. Sea port weather forecasting contains same parameters plus visibility and tide. While, other fields such as housing, fisheries, tourism, mining, industrial and office buildings around the port received less attention. To improve service to the public, it has been conducted a survey in 21 meteorological station locations and an analysis for 13 maritime meteorological stations report. Parameter of survey and analysis includes capability of station, dissemination media, the existing weather service, users, stakeholder location, extreme weather phenomena, boat or ship collision accidents, economic activities and shipping route. The results indicate each region has specific requirement and may have more than one service. Keywords: Coastal adaptation, marine weather services, requirement identification . INTRODUCTION activities at Merak-Bakauheni was delayed on 23 Januari Coastal areas geographically constitute a transition pukul 18 WIB because bad weather (antaranews, 2013). between land and sea. The areas are not defined in terms There are many marine activities which need marine of exact geographical boundaries, as they depend on the weather information. It should be well design for user topography inland and to sea. At many coasts the satisfaction. Marine meteorological services for coastal meteorological conditions are different from those and offshore areas shall include both general and experienced further inland. Coastal waters may extend specialized services to meet the requirements such as up to 100 km offshore, and the presence of the coast, as International shipping in harbor approaches and well as the relative shallowness of the waters, give rise convergence zones, Coastal community activities; to changes of atmospheric and ocean conditions which Coastal protection, including coastal engineering works; can be hazardous to the safety of shipping and small Marine SAR operations; Special transport in coastal craft.The atmospheric dynamics should be delivered in areas; Fishing; Fixed or floating installations at sea; term Forecasting or warning for coastal. Services are Pollution monitoring and clean-up operations; required not only for the coastal waters but also for Recreational boating. Whereas, Marine meteorological people living right on the coast who are subject to a services for main ports and harbour areas should meet greater frequency of strong winds and gales than those the requirements of Ships entering or leaving the port; living even a short distance inland. They need to be Cargo handling, cargo safety and warehousing; Loading warned of storm surges and tsunamis, and are also of barges; Dredging and cleaning operations; interested in finding out about surf conditions on open Shipbuilding and other construction work; Port beaches and conditions at harbour entrances (WMO- engineering projects; Ice-breaking services in ports and No.471, 2001). Some Atmospheric-Marine disaster port entrances; Marine pollution-combating operations in could be happened at coastal such as storm surge and sea the port area; Industries, commerce, judicial process and level rise (Majelis Guru besar ITB, 2010). Reviewing insurance; Waterborne recreational activities. In Indonesia geographics condition having longest coast connection with them, WMO (World Meteorological line in world and the concentrated population at coastal Organization) has given many examples of product and area, consequently the risk of life and property could be the format. The Products include coastal weather and sea higher. It needs coastal adaptation actions for risk bulletin, tropical cyclone warning for coastal areas, wind decreasing. One of action is understanding when and warning for coastal waters, warning of low visibility, where extreme phenomena would be happened earlier warning of a storm surge, warning of high surf, tsunami (Aldrian., Edvin, 2008).. There are coastal inundation warning, forecast for recreational boating, eather forecst event at Muara baru in 2006. This event was caused by – offshore platform (WMO-No.558, 2012). Beside that, superposition of swell and maximum tide. Consequently, the design of warning should consider warning inundation happened for one week and detaining daily presentation, warning dissemination, public response, activities (Pusdatin BMG, 2008). Other event, ferry eduction and cooperation with other institution (WMO- 1 Pusat Meteorologi Penerbangan dan Maritim BMKG, Jl. Angkasa I/2 Kemayoran Jakarta Pusat, 10720, [email protected], INDONESIA 938 S. Mujiasih No.1139,2002). Other important process are assessment dissemination coverage. The existing marine to services performance by product improvement, meteorological can not serve all of area. The used dissemination improvement, system improvement, survey method consisted of interviewing and filling research, education and communication (WMO- questionnair. This survey was addressed to station No.1023,2000). Assesment should be continuous head or head of data and information sub division or including production, delivery and consumption. Their forecaster. components includes user based assessment, User- b. Analyzing marine meteorological station monthly Based, Scientific Program, Assessment of End-user report (Marine Meteorological Monthly Report, Requirements, Assessment for the Development or 2013) Modification of a Program, Assessment of the Value of It purposes to evaluate the existing services and Weather Forecast Services, Assessment of the product. Performance of the Scientific Programs, External c. Analyzing two points above and other source, based Reporting, Assessments Associated with High Impact on : Events,Assessment of Automated Forecast Processes, a. Internal condition of station Approach to Product/Service Development and b. It purposes to evaluate the capability of Assessment by Groupings of Countries (WMO-No.1103, meteorological station nearby coast in 2002). In this case, WMO has surveyed each NHMS disseminating marine weather information. The (National Meteorological Hydrological Services)/ WMO criteria as below : member country. It purposes to evaluate the existing a. Station Class: Class 1, 2, 3 and 4. It means product, services and dissemination (WMO, 2008). And class 1 has better capability than class also, the special survey concerning marine 2,and further. meteorological phenomena such as storm surge was b. Completeness of human resource includes done (Safford et all, 2005). The services would be observer, forecaster and technician. Score 1 increasingly fulfilled if BMKG role is well done. BMKG means Complete. Score 0 means not (Indonesian Meteorological, climatological and complete Geophysical Agency) has responsible for c. Total of human resource includes observer, meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical services forecaster and technician as article 36 item 1 mentioned (UU RI No.31, 2009). It is d. Operational time. Score 1 means 24 hours expected weather information would be delivered on operations. Score 0 means not 24 hours time, accurate and fulfilled user needs. Unfortunately, operations the big role is not parallel with marine weather services e. Location of Station. , Score 1 means nearby network. BMKG has only 10 marine meteorological sea port. Score 0 means far from seaport. stations and 3 meteorological stations in special f. Total of the used communication media. It supporting. At present, the existing services are limited could be maximum 5 types. These are to shipping both goods and passenger. These services telephone, facsimile, SMS (Short Message include bulletin for shipping and sea port weather Services), email and website forecasting. Parameter of bulletin for shipping consists g. Total of the used dissemination media. It of wave height, wind speed, weather. Sea port weather could be maxsimum 5 types. These are forecasting contains same parameters plus visibility and Television, radio, Newspaper, bulletin, tide. While, other fields such as housing, fisheries, magazine tourism, mining, industrial and office buildings around h. Total of the covered user type. It could be the port received less attention. To improve service to maximum 8 types. These are government, the public, it has been conducted a survey in 21 private, fisherman group, Print media, meteorological station locations and an analysis for 13 electronic media, Non Government maritime meteorological stations report. Parameter of Organization (NGO), university and public. survey and analysis includes capability of station, c. External condition of station. dissemination media, the existing weather service, users, It purposes to know more the needed service. stakeholder location, extreme weather phenomena, boat The criteria as below : or ship collision accidents,