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Tema 2: Introducción a Los Sistemas Linux/Unix

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Tema 2: Introducción a Los Sistemas Linux/Unix ´Indice Introducci´ona . Tema 2: Introducci´ona los sistemas Instalaci´ondel . Linux/Unix Uso de la l´ıneade . Programaci´onde . Manejo de ficheros . Programaci´onen . Administraci´onde Sistemas e Redes Introducci´ona Perl . Tom´asFern´andezPena P´aginawww [email protected] P´aginainicial JJ II J I P´agina1 de 347 Regresar Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar ´Indice ´Indice Introducci´ona . • Introducci´ona Unix y Linux. Instalaci´ondel . • Instalaci´ondel sistema y de software. Uso de la l´ıneade . Programaci´on de . • Uso de la l´ınea de comandos. Manejo de ficheros . • Programaci´onde scripts de administraci´on. Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . • Manejo de ficheros de texto. P´aginawww • Python y otros lenguajes de script. P´aginainicial JJ II J I P´agina2 de 347 Regresar Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar 1. Introducci´ona Unix y Linux ´Indice Introducci´ona . Caracter´ısticasde UNIX: Instalaci´ondel . • Sistema operativo potente, flexible y vers´atil. Uso de la l´ıneade . Programaci´on de . • Caracter´ısticas: portabilidad, adaptabilidad y simplicidad, naturaleza multiusuario y multitarea, adecuaci´ona re- Manejo de ficheros . des. Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . • Disponibilidad de c´odigofuente (algunas versiones) P´aginawww • Implementado casi´ıntegramente en C (lenguaje de alto nivel). P´aginainicial GNU/Linux: JJ II • Sistema operativo libre, de c´odigo abierto, similar a Unix J I • C´odigofuente con licencia GPL P´agina3 de 347 • Disponible para un gran n´umeroy variedad de sistemas: su- Regresar percomputadores, servidores, sobremesas, port´atiles,PDAs, Pantalla completa m´oviles,sistemas empotrados,. Cerrar Abandonar Historia de Unix ´Indice • Multics: proyecto de Bell Labs (AT&T), General Electrics Introducci´ona . y el MIT (1969) para el sistema GE 645 Instalaci´ondel . Uso de la l´ıneade . ? demasiado ambicioso para la ´epoca (pobre rendimiento) Programaci´on de . • Thompson y Ritchie (Bell) migran un juego (Space Travel) Manejo de ficheros . en Multics de GE 645 a PDP-7. Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . • Empiezan del desarrollo de un SO para el PDP-7 −! Surge UNIX P´aginawww • En 1970, UNIX se instala en una PDP-11 P´aginainicial • En 1971 se edita el primer UNIX Programmer's Manual. JJ II J I • En 1973 UNIX se reprograma en C (Ritchie) P´agina4 de 347 • En 1974/75 UNIX v6 se difunde fuera de los laboratorios Regresar Bell y llega a las universidades Pantalla completa ? Los investigadores tienen acceso al c´odigofuente del Cerrar UNIX de AT&T Abandonar • En 1977 la Universidad de Berkeley licencia UNIX BSD ´Indice • AT&T limita la distribuci´ondel c´odigode UNIX a partir de Introducci´ona . la v7 Instalaci´ondel . Uso de la l´ıneade . ? se dificulta el acceso al c´odigofuente Programaci´on de . ? System III: primera versi´oncomercial de UNIX (1982) Manejo de ficheros . • Dos l´ıneasprincipales: System V y BSD Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . P´aginawww P´aginainicial JJ II J I P´agina5 de 347 Regresar Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar AT&T System V ´Indice • A partir de UNIX Versi´on6 y 7, AT&T lanza, en 1982, la Introducci´ona . primer versi´onde la linea comercial de UNIX: System III Instalaci´ondel . Uso de la l´ıneade . • SysIII carec´ıade innovaciones como vi y csh Programaci´on de . • En 1983 surge System V. Inclu´ıaalgunas caracter´ısticasde Manejo de ficheros . los sistemas BSD (p.e. vi, curses,. ) Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . • En 1984 surge la SysV Release 2 y en 1987 la SVR3 P´aginawww • Finalmente, SysV Release 4 aparece en 1988 P´aginainicial • SVR4 combina SVR3, 4.3BSD, XENIX (Microsoft), SunOS (Sun Microsystems) y agrega nuevas utilidades JJ II J I P´agina6 de 347 Regresar Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar Berkeley System Distribution ´Indice • Thompson, Bill Joy (co-fundador de Sun) y Chuck Haley Introducci´ona . (1975). Instalaci´ondel . Uso de la l´ıneade . • Second Berkeley Software Distribution (2BSD), 1978, incor- Programaci´on de . pora el editor vi (versi´onvisual de ex) y el C shell. Manejo de ficheros . • En 1979, 3BSD, combina 2BSD con UNIX v7. Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . • DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) co- labora con las nuevas versiones 4BSD: 4.1BSD, 4.2BSD y en P´aginawww 1986 4.3BSD (implementaci´onde TCP/IP). P´aginainicial • Conflicto con AT&T por el uso de c´odigopropietario. JJ II • Su ´ultima versi´ones 4.4BSD-Lite Rel. 2 (1995), sin c´odigo J I propietario AT&T. En ella se basan muchas variantes: P´agina7 de 347 ? FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, Darwin (base deOSXe Regresar iOS), etc. Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar Otras versiones ´Indice La mayor´ıade los UNIX hist´oricosy actuales derivan de System Introducci´ona . V o BSD, o son una mezcla de los dos Instalaci´ondel . Uso de la l´ıneade . • XENIX: desarrollada por Microsoft en 1980 para uso en mi- Programaci´on de . croprocesadores, derivada del AT&T UNIX v7 Manejo de ficheros . • SCO OpenServer (antes SCO UNIX): derivada de XENIX Programaci´on en . y desarrollada por Santa Cruz Operation, hoy propiedad de Introducci´ona Perl . Xinuos P´aginawww • UnixWare: desarrollado por Novell a partir de System V, P´aginainicial ahora propiedad de Xinuos JJ II • SunOS: desarrollado por Sun Microsystems (ahora Oracle), en 1982, basado en BSD J I P´agina8 de 347 • Mach: microkernel desarrollado en la Carnegie-Mellon Uni- Regresar versity, basado en 4.3BSD Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar • XNU: desarrollado por Apple, kernel basado en Match, que ´Indice forma parte de Darwin Introducci´ona . • OSF/1 (Open Software Foundation): DEC, IBM y HP de- Instalaci´ondel . sarrollan un UNIX para competir con System V y SunOS: Uso de la l´ıneade . Programaci´on de . ? Basado en el kernel Mach Manejo de ficheros . ? Llamado despu´esDigital UNIX y Tru64 Programaci´on en . • GNU Hurd: conjunto de servicios que corren encima de Introducci´ona Perl . GNU Mach formando el kernel del SO de GNU P´aginawww • Minix: escrito por Andrew S. Tanenbaum de la Vrije Uni- P´aginainicial versiteit, para correr en los IBM PCs JJ II • Linux: kernel desarrollado por Linus Torvals, primera versi´on J I en 1991 P´agina9 de 347 • Android: basado en el kernel Linux, desarrollado por Google Regresar para m´ovilesy tablets Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar Versiones comerciales ´Indice • Oracle: Oracle Solaris (evoluci´onde SunOS versi´on5 y Introducci´ona . SVR4), versiones para Sparc y x86, ´ultima versi´onSolaris Instalaci´ondel . 11 (versiones open source OpenSolaris (discontinuada), illu- Uso de la l´ıneade . mos, OpenIndiana) Programaci´on de . Manejo de ficheros . • IBM: AIX( Advanced Interactive eXecutive) para servidores Programaci´on en . IBM, basado en OSF/1 y SVR4, ´ultimaversi´onAIX 7.1 Introducci´ona Perl . • HP: HP-UX, versiones para PA-RISC e Itanium, variante P´aginawww System V con caracter´ısticasde OSF/1, ´ultima versi´on11i P´aginainicial • SGI: IRIX basado en System V con extensiones BSD, para sistemas MIPS; ´ultimaversi´on 6.5 (2006) JJ II • Xinuos: OpenServer X (basado en FreeBSD), SCO OpenServer J I 6y UnixWare 7 P´agina 10 de 347 Regresar • Apple: Mac OS X, con dos partes Darwin+ Aqua (GUI); Darwin basado en Mach y BSD Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar Evoluci´onde UNIX ´Indice Introducci´ona . Instalaci´ondel . Uso de la l´ıneade . Programaci´on de . Manejo de ficheros . Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . M´asdetalles en http://www.levenez.com/unix/ P´aginawww P´aginainicial JJ II J I P´agina 11 de 347 Regresar Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar Sistemas GNU/Linux ´Indice Linux: Introducci´ona . Instalaci´ondel . 1. En agosto de 1991, el estudiante finland´esLinus Torvals, Uso de la l´ıneade . presenta en Internet la versi´on0.01 del kernel de un nuevo Programaci´on de . SO, inspirado en MINIX (aunque sin c´odigode MINIX) Manejo de ficheros . • Esta primera versi´onten´ıapoco m´asde 10.000 l´ıneasde Programaci´on en . c´odigo Introducci´ona Perl . 2. En 1992, Linux se libera bajo licencia GPL P´aginawww 3. A trav´esde Internet, muchos programadores se unieron al P´aginainicial proyecto JJ II 4. En 1994 Linux alcanz´ola versi´on1.0 J I 5. En 2003, llegamos a la versi´on2.6, con casi 6 millones de P´agina 12 de 347 l´ıneasde c´odigo Regresar 6. En 2011, versi´on3.0, en 2015 versi´on4.0 (´ultima4.2) Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar GNU: ´Indice • El proyecto GNU( GNU's Not Unix) fue iniciado en 1983 Introducci´ona . por Richard Stallman bajo los auspicios de la Free Software Instalaci´ondel . Foundation (ver noticia) Uso de la l´ıneade . Programaci´on de . ? Objetivo: crear un sistema operativo completo basado Manejo de ficheros . en software libre, incluyendo herramientas de desarrollo Programaci´on en . de software y aplicaciones Introducci´ona Perl . • En el momento de la liberaci´on,GNU no ten´ıalisto su kernel P´aginawww ? Linux fue adaptado para trabajar con las aplicaciones P´aginainicial de GNU: Sistema GNU/Linux JJ II 1. Kernel Linux + 2. Aplicaciones GNU: compilador (gcc), librer´ıaC (glibc) J I y depurador (gdb), shell bash, GNU Emacs, GNOME, P´agina 13 de 347 Gimp,. Regresar ? GNU tiene ahora su propio kernel: GNU Hurd Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar Mascotas ´Indice Introducci´ona . Instalaci´ondel . Uso de la l´ıneade . Programaci´on de . Manejo de ficheros . Programaci´on en . Introducci´ona Perl . P´aginawww P´aginainicial JJ II J I P´agina 14 de 347 Regresar Pantalla completa Cerrar Abandonar Caracter´ısticasde Linux ´Indice 1. Sistema operativo de c´odigoabierto, multitarea y multiusuario Introducci´ona . Instalaci´ondel . 2. Portable (corre en arquitecturas Intel x86 y IA64, Sparc, Uso de la l´ıneade . MIPS, PowerPC, Alpha, PARisc,.
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