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Palms in Forest Ecosystems of Amazonia Ecological Studies 95 Francis Kahn Jean-Jacques de Granville Palms ln Forest Ecosystems of Amazonla Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 Errata Springer-Verlag regrets the following error which was introduced through no fault of the author. Page 44: The last 3 lines should read: rainfall of 2500 mm. The average annual temperature is 27.1'C at the foot of the mountain. The soils are deep and heavy-clayey on the slopes, and locally capped by a thick lateritic crust on the top. The forest is fairly high, with Ecological Studies, Vol. 95 Analysis and Synthesis Edited by W.O. Billings, Durham, USA F. Golley, Athens, USA O.L. Lange, Würzburg, FRG J.S. Oison, Oak Ridge, USA H.Remmert,Ma~u~,FRG Guest Editor R.A.A. Oldeman (Eds.) Ecological Studies Volume 75 Volume 87 The Grazing Land Ecosystems Horses and Grasses: The Nutritional Ecology of the Arrican Sahel (1989) of Equids and Their Impact on the Camargue H.N. Le Houérou (1992) Volume 76 P. Duncan Vascular Plants as Epiphytes: Volume 88 Evolution and Ecophysiology (1989) Pinnipeds and El Nino: Responses U. Lüttge (Ed.) to Enviromental Stress (1992) Volume 77 F. Trillmich and K.A. Ono (Eds.) Air Pollution and Forest Decline: A Study Volume 89 of Spruce (Picea abies) on Acid Soils (1989) Plantago: A Multidisciplinary Study (1992) E.-D. Schulze, O.L. Lange, P.J.c. Kuiper and M. Bos (Eds.) and R. Oren (Eds.) Volume 90 Volume 78 Biogeochemistry of a Subalpine Ecosystem: Agroecology: Researching the Ecological Loch Vale Watershed (1992) Basis for Sustainable Agriculture (1990) J. Baron (Ed.) S.R. Gliessman (Ed.) Volume 91 Volume 79 Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning Cycling (1992) (1990) D.W. Johnson and S.E. Lindberg (Eds.) R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney (Eds.) Volume 92 Volume 80 Landscape Boundaries (1992) Plant Biology of the Basin and Range (1990) AJ. Hansen and F. di Castri (Eds.) B. Osmond, G.M. Hidy, and Volume 93 L. Pitelka (Eds.) Fire in South Arrican Mounlain Fynbos (1992) Volume 81 B.W. van Wilgen, D.M. Richardson, Nitrogen in Terrestrial Ecosystem: Questions FJ. Kruger and H. J. van Hensbergen (Eds.) of Productivity, Vegetational Changes, Volume 94 and Ecosystem Stability (1990) The Ecology of Aquatic Hyphomycetes (1992) C.O. Tamm (Eds.) F. Biirlocher (Ed.) Volume 82 Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology: the Analysis and Interpretation of Landscape Heterogeneity (1990) M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner (Eds.) Volume 83 The Rivers of Florida (1990) RJ. Livingston (Ed.) Volume 84 Fire in the Tropical Biota: Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges (1990) J.G. Goldammer (Ed.) Volume 85 The Mosaic· Cycle Concept of Ecosystems (1991) H. Remmert (Ed.) Volume 86 Ecological Heterogeneity (1991) J. Kolasa and S.T.A. Pickett (Eds.) Francis Kahn Jean-Jacques de Granville Palms in Forest Ecosystems of Amazonia With 64 Figures and 67 Tables Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Dr. Francis Kahn Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération (ORSTOM), Apartado postal 18-1209 Lima 18, Peru Dr. Jean-Jacques de Granville Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération (ORSTOM), BP 165 97323 Cayenne cédex, France ISBN 3-540-54399-6 Springer-Yerlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork ISBN 0-387-54399-6 Springer-Yerlag NewYork Berlin Heidelberg Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kahn, Francis. Palms in forest ecosys tems of Amazonia 1 Francis Kahn. Jean Jacques de Granville. p. cm. - (Ecological studies; vol. 95). Includcs bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-540-54399-6. - ISBN 0-387-54399-6 1. Palms - Amazon River Region. 2. Palms - Arnazon River Region - Ecology. 3. Forest ecology­ Amazon River Region. 1. Granville, Jean-Jacques de. II. Title. III. Series: Ecological studies; v. 95. QK495.P17K34 1992 584'.5'09811- dc20 91-44729 C1P This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad­ casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must al ways be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 Printed in the United States of America The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, ete. in the publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifie statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting and printing: Best-set Typesetter Lld., Hong Kong 31/3145-5432 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface Palms are tropical miracles. Heinrich Heine, the German poet, stated "Unter den Pa/men wandert man nicht ungestraft", i.e., one does not wander unpunished under the palms. It was Professor H.C.D. de Wit who taught me this in the late 1950s, and it is a pleasure to forward this message to the next generation in such an appropriate book. Both authors, as 1 know them, will bear the punishment of the palms. They will never be without palm nostalgia if and when living somewhere outside this world's tropical and subtropical palm belt. Palm nostalgia goes further than palms alone. It concerns the landscape, the short but splendid sunsets and last, but not least, the tropical people. Their elegance of living, structured in subtler ways than managers will ever understand, their laughter which may be a more decisive weapon against the troubles besetting the tropics than mere economics, and their unique life force erupting on festive as well as sad occasions under the palms will always remain with those who wandered beneath these trees. 1 know. 1 was there. Palms are mythological beings, and to a great extent the present book proves the myths to be true. This has to do with the fact that it concerns Amazonia and the Guianas, the home of palm civilizations. In a dry, ali-but severely scientific style, the uses of palm trees are described in a later chapter. But for those having witnessed the making of blowpipes from Iriartella stems, or the weaving of hammocks from the leaf initia of 200 palms, the wonder is there, behind the text clad in a modest black suit. This severity, which is in no way a flaw in scientific writings, is com­ pensated by the beautiful drawings and sketches, combining precision with the projection of images one remembers having seen. There is more, and better, quantitative work in such scale drawings than in many a page covered by printouts and formulas. This has a profound reason, which was very recently discovered. i.e., the interplay among many regular, sometimes even linear processes, producing not a new regularity, but an unpredictable chaos. The average values. frequencies, and sizes calculated for plants, plants species, or plant communities with statistical means, only partly explain the architecture and dynamics of biological or ecological systems. We do not have fine-turned methods available to calculate the tendencies and structures beyond statistics, to calculate the unpredictable in a seem­ ingly determinate and severe world of mathematical natural laws. Hence, VI Preface drawings remain the only tools to see the links and/or mlssmg links in biological structure and dynamics. It has to be remembered that we know the flora and fauna from Ancient Egypt only because some artists painted plants and animaIs on walls. Descriptions like those in the Bible show that no c1ear image of plants can be captured in words; drawings are needed. The present book on Amazonian palms will show many human generations pictorially what palms grew in Amazonia in the second half of our century, how they grew and how they looked. It has good chances to become a c1assic. Besides the beautiful pictures and drawings, the book will be useful because of its big key and descriptions of Amazonian palms. This is by no means exaggerated, because like Richard's The Tropical Rain Forest in 1952, the present book resumes knowledge of a group that has not yet been so completely treated since Martius. The descriptions of so many interactions with other animal and plant components of the different rain forests of Amazonia are an example of this. The number of critical remarks, which will certainly follow, is to be seen as proof that an un­ expectedly great number of scientists have not only bought, but read this book. This is an exceptional feat, nowadays. l should wish this book in many, many hands, so that many people start to know, or know better, those magnificent and elegant giants among monocotyledons, but still only Davids next to the dicotyledonous Goliaths. Roelof A.A. üldeman Acknowledgments We are particularly indebted to Jean Louis Guillaumet, who leads the üRSTüM research unit on the diversity and functioning of forest eco­ systems. This book originates from the many discussions we had walking in the forest of central Amazonia in 1980. Francis Hailé and Roelof A.A. üldeman have always been good supporters of these activities and helped us in many ways. Moreover, many of the illustrations were drawn in the field by F. HaIlé in Peruvian Amazonia and many stimulating suggestions and productive criticism have been made by R.A.A. üldeman who reviewed the text and agreed to write a Preface to this book. We also thank Anthony B. Anderson, Michael J.
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