BABY ON HER BACK

A History of

The Huguenot Family DuBourdieu

by

Rev. William J. DuBourdieu, Ph.D.

With a Foreword by Richard J. DuBourdieu

and an

Introduction by Sir Douglas L. Savory

BABY ON HER BACK

A History of

The Huguenot Family DuBourdieu

Rev. William J. DuBourdieu, Ph.D., in 1960

iv

FOREWORD

This book is a tribute not only to those sturdy Huguenot fore­ bears whose lives are made so real in its pages. Its existence also serves as a tribute and memorial to its author, the late William J. DuBourdieu. His efforts in searching out the my1iad details of this book were actively sustained through many years and in many lands. He persevered in seeking the needed information despite the difficul­ ties that might well have discouraged other men. His unflagging energy, outgoing personality, and patient scholarship enabled him to uncover the story little by little. His skill with language enabled him to tum the painstakingly gathered facts into an eminently readable book. The book reflects his unbounded enthusiasm for the subject. It is truly a labor of love. Moreover, all who read this book will easily sense in its pages the steadfast Christian faith and devotion that were so much em­ bodied in its author, himself. Unhappily, he did not live to see his book reach print. His health had been declining since his return to Maywood, Illinois, from Iran in 1963. Nevertheless, he continued work on his manu­ script. After numerous drafts, he put it into final form in the fall of 1965. He was arranging for its publication, when a brief illness hospitalized him. Shortly thereafter he suffered a massive coronary and died on November 26, 1965. He was 75 years old.

V Funeral services, with many clergymen participating, were in the First Presbyterian Church of Maywood. Burial was at Ilion, New York, in the family plot. His death brought a flood of tributes from professional associates, former congregation members and friends. Many of these messages offer revealing glimpses of the man that was William DuBourdieu. A few examples can be chosen. Thus a schoolmate from Hamilton College, Arthur Pohl, writes in reminiscence: "He was more than a friend to me. Actually he was more like a father to me during my first year in college when we roomed together during his junior year. I was a bewildered, scared boy without any purpose in mind except to study. He seemed to understand my weaknesses, and he undertook the job of getting me organized for living in college. He made me do the things that he thought that I ought to do, regardless of any opposite feeling that I had, or of any hesitation or fears that I had. He made sure that I got my proper dosage of hazing because he saw that I was afraid of it, and made me get out with the rest of my class in whatever activities they were carrying on. My own inclination was to stay by myself and to study, and I did not for a long time understand what he was doing for me. But he managed me without my resenting it. I finally realized that he was setting up for me an active way of living with people, and that I needed it." And a former McCormick classmate, Harold Martin, writes: "Duby was the choice friend of everyone who knew him. And what a witness he has made over a lifetime! He did this both in seminary as well as in his entire ministry. He was one of the best of our ministers in the church. His humor and his down-to-earth manner of thinking and doing were always impressive. We all loved Duby and he loved everyone. He was a dedicated, com­ mitted Christian servant." Another associate, Fred Newlin, writes, "I will always think of Duby as a very warm friend who gave evidence of great con­ fidence in me in many ways. I could say much about him, but

vi nothing greater than that he was a man of sincere Christian faith, a warm personality, a tolerant understanding, a profound humility, and a resolve to see things get done."

This tenacity of purpose in getting things done was attested to by others as well. Paul Johnson, in charge of the Church Exten­ sion Board of Chicago Presbytery during William DuBourdieu's tenure there as Director of Churches, says "Duby's service made a great contribution to the work of the Church Extension Board. I never knew a man who was so impervious to discouragement. His task was difficult but he never gave up on it. I count it a privilege to have worked with him."

In a similar vein, Park Johnson, who heads the Presbyterian effort in Iran, writes from Teheran to Gladys DuBourdieu con­ cerning her husband's recent assignment there. "I have often spoken of the amazingly youthful spirit of adaptability and energy which both of you displayed here in our midst. Dr. DuBourdieu's cheer­ fulness and resourcefulness in the face of many discouraging cir­ cumstances never faltered, and the resulting achievements were little short of miraculous. There are continuing evidences that the seeds which were sown have kept germinating and growing since you were here, and an impression and contribution of ongoing value were made to the life of the Church in Iran." Typical of William DuBourdieu was his regard for the interests of others. This quality had been eloquently touched upon during the funeral eulogy by William T. Jones ( who succeeded him at the Church Extension Board). A family friend, Janet Winans, there­ upon wrote, "Dr. Jones told us that one characteristic of Dr. Du­ Bourdieu was that he always made You and your interest seem important. I hadn't thought of it before, but I recognized immedi­ ately how true it was. The Christ he loved so dearly did that first, and maybe this is the richest heritage Dr. DuBourdieu left us." Conway Ramseyer explored the same topic, in a letter on behalf of the Stylites, a ministerial association. "Dr. DuBourdieu was one of the pillars of Stylites and one of its faithful participants over

vii the years. We are deeply grateful for his contributions to the life of our Presbytery and recognize the existence of a good number of strong churches as tributes to his professional abilities and tena­ cious efforts. But the men of Stylites remember him as more than a competent professional. They remember him as a warm and very human person. He had the ability to impart advice or to make sug­ gestions or even to indicate a corrective action, in the most win­ some manner. Many of the Stylites said that they had been given advice and didn't even know it until sometime later as they re­ flected upon what he had said." This invaluable ability to consider things in terms of the other person's point of view, was epitomized in the words of Akira Makino, a Japanese-American pastor in Chicago: "Dr. DuBourdieu never simply worked for us-he worked with us." Said Lilian Robinson, ( wife of Dr. DuBourdieu's former seminary professor, Dr. George Robinson), "He had the ability to under­ stand the common man." A number of the tributes received were from persons who had been children when they first knew him. Thus Alice Olson writes, "I have a special regard for him, as he was my pastor about 45 years ago at his first church, the Jefferson Park Church on the near west side. I was only a child then, but he must have made a deep impression on me, as it was many years later that I saw him again and immediately recognized his face and voice." And Nina Stitson writes, "I shall remember many things about Dr. DuBourdieu, but I am sure that his smile will stand out in my memory forever. Such a kind, understanding smile that glowed with a warmth for all mankind." A fellow pastor and friend, Howard Wells, analyzed this appeal: "We loved his gentle charm, his amazing quickness of mind and imagination, and the many enriching interests of his long and effective life. Truly William DuBourdieu was a great and good man in the fullest meaning of the terms, a credit to those of his family who came before him-a lasting inspiration to those who will come after."

viii Adds another pastor, Paul Stumpf, "Duby was one of my best friends and I will miss him, too. He was a glorious Christian-a man full of faith." Paul Davies, professor at McCormick Theological Seminary, observes, "There was in him a rare consistency that lifted the level of life for us all, and we were glad to be known as his friends. Our world is the poorer for his going." In summation of William DuBourdieu's career, Arthur McKay, President of McCormick, declares, "Dr. DuBourdieu had a most distinguished ministry, and the fruits of his labors are everywhere to be seen." To what has been said so well by others, I could myself of course add more ... for he was my father. I could write at length with deep personal knowledge of the unfailing warmth and love of all his family relationships. Or I could describe the patience and un­ derstanding of his counsel over the years to me as his son. Or I could picture the vigor and enthusiasm with which he turned to every daily task. Or I could speak of his joy at tennis, which he played regularly into his 50's, even when the snow was flying, ( and of my own youthful pride that he was one of the two top-ranking players in the Harvard city league, able to hold his own against players far younger-and tallerl-than himself). Or I could mention his lifelong fascination in tracking down his ancestors, and his growing sense of excitement as he succeeded in uncovering more and more of their story. But now his book can speak for itself. Even on his deathbed he did not forget it. On his last night he gave me final instructions for the manuscript. In seeing the manuscript now through to publication, my mother, my wife and I do so in the confidence that those readers who ad­ mire the Huguenot tradition will find much of lasting interest here; and that those readers who share the DuBourdieu name or heritage will treasure this volume as a family possession, to be passed on with care to generations yet unborn. -Richard J. DuBourdieu

ix X CONTENTS

FOREWORD-by Richard J. DuBourdie...______V

CODE FOR QUOTED REFERENCES ______xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·······························································--­ xvii INTRODUCTION-by Sir Douglas L. SavorY---····································· xix P A R T I - B E A R N .. ______1

CHAPTER I - A DETECTIVE STORY BEGINS ...... __ 3 The First Clues; The Family Name; Many Sources. CHAPTER II - THE FAMILY ORIGIN: Medieval Beam...... 7 The Great Crusade; Beam: Query 1-The Etymology of DuBourdieu; Query 2-Feudal DuBourdieus; Query 3-Feudal Spelling and Lay- abbots; Query 4-Feudal DuBourdieu Chateaus; Query 5-Chateau De Bordeu of Izeste; Query 6-The Le Bourdieu Peasants; Query 7 -The Original Le Bourdieu.

PART I I - F RAN C E ...... ______23 CHAPTER III - THE FAMILY MOVES TO FRANCE: Bergerac and the Garonne Gulf Area. ····--- _____ 25 A Single Clue; Medoc Chateaus Named Le Bourdieu or Le Bourdeu; The Siegneurs of the Medoc Chateaus; The Earliest DuBourdieu Writing Extant and Armand De Bordieu; The Origin of the "Senior Branch" and Isaac duBourdieu; A Talented Father-in-law. CHAPTER IV - THE GATHERING STORM: Montpellier, France, and Rev. Isaac duBourdieu. ____ 39 An Enduring Memory; Early Montpellier; Isaac duBourdieu Moves into the Storm-center; The So-called Little Temple; Artistic Temperament, Cultured and Very Intelligent; Le Grand Temple; A Diabolic Plot; A Historic Letter; Priceless Volumes; The Spelling of Isaac's Name. CHAPTER V - BANNED FROM THE PULPITS OF FRANCE: Rev. Isaac's Last Days in Montpellier. ·······································--- 57 The Religious Wars; Bribed to Recant; A Personal Decision; The Grand Glory of duBourdieu; "Resister" was Their Watchword. CHAPTER VI - LIKE FATHER LIKE SON: Montpellier, France, and Rev. Jean de Bordieu, D.D...... 67 Born Amidst Violence; Too Young to Die; The King Takes Offense; Thrown into the Montpellier Bastille; Sixty Masons Destroy the Church; The Battle of the Poets; Exiled; Escape by the Window; Jean's Daugh- ters Abducted.

:si PART III - HOLL AND AND ENGLAND__ 83 CHAPTER VII - DISPERSION OF THE "SENIOR" BRANCH OF THE FAMILY...... 85 The Fearful Tempest; Tortured in the Most Cruel Manner; A Daugh- ter and Grandson Who Escaped; A Hypothetical Family-tree; Con­ demned to the Galleys.

CHAPTER VIII - DISPERSION OF THE "JUNIOR" BRANCH. 97 Most French of the Rembrandt School; Exiles for Conscience's Sake; Necessary to Hazard All; Into the Hands of the Ecclesiastics; My Con- science Obliges Me to Speak; How to Acquire True Nobility; Through Popish Cruelty Wholly Bereft; A Dubourdieu Coat of Arms; Behind in France.

CHAPTER IX - LONDON AND REV. ISAAC. ·····················-- 113 A Stranger, and You Took Me In; The Savoy; The Portrait on the Mantle; A Man of Dignity and Determination; Open Heart and Open Hand.

CHAPTER X - ARMA VIRUMOUE CANO: Jean de Bordieu as Military Cliaplain and Refugee Pastor...... 129 Huguenot Soldiers out of a Job; Rev. Jean Congratulates William III; Battle of the Boyne; Schomberg Dies in Jean de Bordieu's Arms; Mili- tary Chaplain in Italy and Portugal· Refugee Pastor; Jean Attacks Mariolatry; Jean Debunks the So-called "Theban Martyrs"; Doer of the Word, Not Hearer Only.

CHAPTER XI - INK-DIPPED RAPIERS: Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu. ·······················---·········································· 147 By the Thousands Across the Channel; Spoken of with Melancholy Awe; Old Dubourdieu and Young Dubourdieu; The Register's Fly-leaf; Charges Brought in the Name of the French King; Bulwark of the Re­ formation; Defense of the Galley Slaves; The Last of His Printed Ser- mons Still in Existence.

CHAPTER XII - THE INFANT WHO WAS SMUGGLED OUT OF FRANCE: Rev. Jean Armand Dubourdieu...... 159 "Who's Who" and Who Was Confused; The Count's Daughter Dis- guises Herself; "The Last of the Valades"; Printed Post-script to a Preached Sermon; Specialist in Liturgy; His Portrait Discovered.

PART IV - IRE LAND...... 171 CHAPTER XIII - WILDERNESS BECOMES GARDEN: Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu...... 173 The Irish Branch Begins; Ireland's Linen Industry; Parliament Votes Public Thanks; Trinity of Enterprises; The Local _Guardhouse; Un­ warped by Worldly Allurements; The Wee Parish; A Well-spent Life; The Church of the Dwarf; The Last of the Huguenots; A Beloved Schoolmaster.

xii CHAPTER XIV - FOUNDERS OF GOOD FAMILIES: Rev. John Dubourdieu and Surgeon Shem Dubourdieu...... 191 A Sprinkling of Herbs; Rural Clergyman; Aristocratic Irish-Frenchman; Conquered by a Dubourdieu; The Other Knight of Hanover; Volunteer under Bolivar; A Fortunate Mistake; The DuBourdieu Nose; Ancestral Portraits; A Public Servant; A Saumarez Writes His Name "Summers."

CHAPTER XV - THE GAY YOUNG SURGEON: Surgeon Saumarez Dubourdieu, M.D...... 205 The Date on the Lime Tree; A Slow Process; Expelled from College; Army Surgeon; The Old Franciscan Abbey; A Quiet Grave.

CHAPTER XVI - A SHERLOCK HOLMES CLIMBS HIS FAMILY-TREE: "Bachelor" Saumarez Dubourdieu and "Farmer" Shem Dubourdieu. ··········································································-························································ 217 The Castle Street Clue; The Clue of the Magheragall Registers; The Clue of the Courthouse Index; The Clue of the Rector's Notebook; The Spelling Mystery,

PA R T V - TH E W O R L 0...... 227 CHAPTER XVII - RECENT DUBOURDIEUS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE: Northern Ireland, Scotland and New Zealand...... 229 Variety of Trades and Professions; Like an Arrow Shot into the Air; The Orangemen's Parade; Widower's Elopement; Grief in the Dubour- dieu Home; Some British Male-line Dubourdieus; In Government Serv- ice; Glamour and the Tasks of Today; "Contractor" Frank.

CHAPTER XVIII - RECENT DUBOURDIEUS OF FRANCE: Paris and in the Service of Their Country...... 245 Aviation Pioneer; The Black Marble Tablet; Parisian Dubourdieus; Cut in Two by a Cannon-ball; One of France's Most Honored; The Cruiser DUBOURDIEU.

CHAPTER XIX - DUBOURDIEUS IN AMERICA: South Carolina, New England, New York, and Illinois...... 253 First Non-Viking Settlement of Continental U.S.A.-1564; South Caro- lina; Samuel Dubourdieu and Descendants; Dubordieu Beach; The Dubordieu Beach Ghost, Called "The Sad Gray Lady of Dubordieu"; Colonial Patriot; The Annual Christmas Box; Magna Cum Laude; Shipboard Romance; Maize-hole Mountain; World War I; Policemen Bar Entrance into Church; Doctor of Churches; Midwife of Churches; A Most Creative Person and a Gentleman; So Much Depends on So Few.

CHAPTER XX - POSTLOGUE...... 281

xiii PART VI-APPENDIX AND INDEX__ _ 285 DESCENDANTS OF GOVERNOR PIERRE DUBOURDIEU OF BERGERAC ········---- ______287 ILLUSTRATIONS ·····-···············································--- 295 MRS. NELLIE GLADYS DIMOCK DUBOURDIEU...... 329 The King's Champion; President of the American Inventors' Associa- tion; More Fun to Give Than to Receive. CHICAGO PRESBYTERY CHURCHES ASSIGNED TO THE AUTHOR: and Advancement Made.·········------­ 333 Churches Originally with Part-time Student-Minister; Churches Origin­ ally with Part-time Ordained Minister; Nationality Churches; Exist­ ing Negro Churches or Neighborhood Becoming Negro; Aided Churches or Substandard Salary; Special Guidance Needed; Federated with Another Denomination; Ready for Self-support When the Author Be­ came Director of Churches; New Churches Initiated by the Author While Director of Churches; Independent Churches which Became Presbyterian Under Him; Churches Initiated by the Author But Com­ pleted after His Retirement; Churches Where Author was Field De­ veloper; In Addition.

IRAN SPIRITUAL OUTREACH PROJECT: based on Author's Final Report as Advisor. ·················-----·----····················· 337 Building the Project; Launching and Payload; Other Activities.

INDEX ···························----··························································-·······-····························· 343

xiv CODE FOR QUOTED REFERENCES Source Materials:

Code Name AdeB Armorial de Beam: DeMaluquer AduB Armorial du Beam BduP Bulletin du Protestantisme BNL Belfast Newsletter BT Belfast Telegraph DB Dictionnaire Bearnais: Lespy et Raymond DLF Dictionnaire de la Langue Frangaise du 16e Siecle: Huguet DNB Dictionary of National Biography EA Encyclopedia Americana EB Encyclopedia Brittanica GD Grande Dictionnaire Larousse H Huguenot Society of London: Proceedings - octavo HdePF Histoire de Protestantisme Frangais HH Huguenot Society of London: Publications - quarto LSB LISBURN SCRAPBOOK in Linen Hall Library, Belfast, Northern Ireland MGV Michelin Guides Vertes: Pyrenees NB Nouvelle Biographie NdeB Nobiliaire de Beam: P. LeBaut NE Nelson's Encyclopedia UJ Ulster Journal of Archeology

Books Identified By N rune of the Author: Code Book Agnew French Protestant Exiles from France in the Reign of Louis XIV Baird Huguenot Migration to America Bose Les Grandes Heures de Protestantisme a Montpellier Bost Predicant Protestants des Cevennes et du Bas-Languedoc Carre L'Influence des Huguenots Frangais en Irland aux XVIle et XVIIIe Siecles Corbiere Histoire de l'Eglise Reformee de Montpellier Cupples Glenavy Ducere Dictionnaire Historique de Bayonne Forissier Histoire de la Reforme en Beam Gimlette History of the Huguenot Settlers in Ireland Haag, 1 La France Protestante - edition 1 Haag La France Protestante - edition 2 Knox Ireland's Debt to the Huguenots Lart Huguenot Pedigrees Lee Huguenot Settlements in Ireland Marshall The Parish of Lambeg

xv Code for Quoted References Mours Le Protestantisme en France au Siezieme Siecle O'Laverty Down and Connor, 1878 Pigot & Co. Directory of Lisburn 1819 Pigot & Co. Directory of Lisburn 1824 Purdon Huguenots and Their Settlements in Ireland Smiles The Huguenots Somerville The Savoy Weiss History of the French Protestant Refugees

Libraries and Other Repositories

Code City Name B-LHL BeHast, N. I. Linen Hall Library B-PL BeHast, N. I. Public Library B-PRO BeHast, N. I. Public Records Office, Northern Ireland C-NL Chicago, Ill. Newberry Library C-PL Chicago, Ill. Public Library D-AS Dublin, Ireland Archeological Section of the National Library, The Castle D-NL Dublin, Ireland National Library D-PRO Dublin, Ireland Public Records Office in Four Courts Building G-AD Geneva, Switzerland Archives Department, Hotel de Ville G-L Geneva, Switzerland Library of the University L-BM London, England British Museum L-HS London, England Huguenot ( Society of London) Library L-PRO London, England Public Records Office L-SG London, England Society of Genealogy L-WDL London, England War Department Library Ley-BW Leyden, Holland Bibliotheque Wallone M-FTL Montpellier, France Faculte de Theologie Library M-ER Montpellier, France Eglise Reformee Library P-LHP Paris, France Libraire de Histoire Protestantisme Pau-AD Pau, France Archiviste Departmentale

xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This is the story of a family prominent, generation after genera­ tion, in the Huguenot movement. Its members were active in ad­ vancing the spiritual truths which were the heart of the Reformed Faith and in the defense of it by arms. A narrative of thrilling events in moving times! The record begins in the Pyrenees Mountains during the Crusades in Beam, moves into France about the time Columbus discovered America, crosses the English Channel when Louis XIV banned Protestantism from France, and recounts subsequent services ren­ dered by family members to Britain, Ireland and, in lesser fashion, the world. Many of the events with which this family was connected and in which they often played a central role were known world-wide in their day. One gruelling experience concerns a baby, and from this infant all known Huguenot-related DuBourdieus of today are de­ scended. Therefore this narrative, which extends over eight dra­ matic centuries and incorporates specific family members from twelve consecutive generations, has been named Baby on Her Back, A History of The Huguenot Family DuBourdieu. My sincere thanks go to the many relatives and friends abroad and in the United States of America who have helped in various ways in the preparation of this book. For major assistance I am

xvii grateful to my wife who pioneered the undertaking and has supplied constructive criticism ever since; to our son Richard, who from the start has advised both as to mechanical matters and style and who made the line drawings; to my close friend of Seminary days Rev. C. Arthur Phillips; to Librarian Calvin Schmidt and Professor Thomas Schafer, head of the history department, both of McCor­ mick Theological Seminary, who have read the text and have en­ couraged me to proceed with the publication; to Sir Douglas L. Savory of Belfast, N. I., whose advice has been invaluable; to Librarian Charles Marmoy of the London Huguenot Society library and to the late Mrs. Grace Gwynn, research consultant of the Lon­ don society; to Prof. Philippe de Felice of the Protestant Historical Society of Paris; to Librarian Charles Cabanis of the Walloon Li­ brary, Leyden, Holland; to Miss Mary Jane DuBourdieu, now of Gary, Indiana; to the Robert Dubourdieu Best and William du­ Bourdieu Best families of Aghalee, N. I.; and to countless others. To all who have helped, my eternal thanks.

William J. DuBourdieu

xviii INTRODUCTION by SIR DOUGLAS L. SAVORY

President Emeritus of the Huguenot Society of London Officier de la Legion d'Honneur, Member of Parliament Professor Emeritus of Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland

Origin of the Word Huguenot Rev. William DuBourdieu has done me the honour of asking me to write an introduction to his story of the DuBourdieu family, and I have much pleasure doing this for the reason that my ancestor Joseph Savory, who was born at Montpellier in 1646, left the city with Rev. Jean de Bordieu when he, with a large proportion of the Huguenots of Montpellier, escaped from France just before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. I have often gone into the question of the origin of the word Huguenot, of which the derivation is disputed. If we examine his­ tory we find that the word was first applied in 1550 in the city of Geneva to certain French Protestants who were bound by oath to defend their faith against the Roman Catholic dukes of Savoy, who were besieging the city of Geneva with the object of wiping out Protestantism. The name of the famous leader of the Patriot Party at that time was Hugues, so that the German population of the city would have been called "Hugues eidgenossen" (Hugo's oath-com-

xix rades), which we can well imagine being contracted to Huguenots, and then universally being used to designate French Protestants everywhere, in the same way as, centuries later, one spoke of "Williamites" or "Jacobites" to designate the followers of William of Orange or of King James II.

The Edict of Nantes

It was on the 13th of April, 1598, exactly ten years after the de­ feat of the Spanish Armada, that Henry of Navarre, who had ab­ jured Protestantism to become King Henry IV of France, signed the famous Edict of Nantes, which temporarily put an end to France's Wars of Religion and, for the first time, gave to the Hugue­ nots of France freedom, justice and security. The king exhorted all his subjects, whether Roman Catholic or Protestant, to live to­ gether peaceably as brothers, friends and fellow-citizens. The Edict of Nantes proclaimed religious tolerance for the first time in France, and France had the honour of stating in an official act that "men are free to profess the religion which appears to their own con­ sciences to be best." The murder of Henry IV by Ravaillac in the year 1610 caused immense grief throughout France. His son, Louis XIII, at the time only nine years of age, became King, and Henry's widow, Marie de Medici, the boy's mother, was proclaimed as Regent. In 1624 the Queen succeeded in placing at the head of the King's Council her confidential friend, Cardinal deRichelieu. This famous prelate be­ came the absolute master of France and remained so until his death. He had an exaggerated idea of the royal power and attacked the Huguenots because he considered that they were a political faction, dangerous to the state. The center of the Huguenot resistance was the famous port of La Rochelle, described by Lord Macaulay as "the proud city of the waters." Hither many Huguenots from the whole southwest of France had fled for refuge. The siege lasted for fourteen months, when hunger compelled the defenders to sur­ render - even though the famous mayor, Guiton, swore that he

xx would slay anyone who even spoke of yielding. Fifteen thousand men had perished and only 154 remained effectives.

The Grace of Alais

The war continued for some time in the province of Languedoc, where the Huguenot towns were captured one by one and the in­ habitants treated with the utmost brutality by the royal army. At last they were compelled to submit, and Richelieu published what was known as "the Grace of Alais." All the political privileges and the cities of refuge, which had been conceded to the Huguenots by the Edict of Nantes, had to be given up. On the other hand, freedom of Protestant worship, which was really the most important part of the Edict of Nantes, was still guaranteed to them. The Cardinal scrupulously observed the Grace of Alais, and upon his death, his successor, Cardinal Mazarin, adopted the same policy. In 1643 Louis XIII died and was succeeded by his son, Louis XIV, a child of five years of age. Mazarin remained at the head of his government 'till his death in 1661 put an end to this period of religious peace. The young monarch, Louis XIV, was entirely op­ posed to all ideas of religious toleration and was determined, as soon as he took over the government, to destroy the Protestant religion. This policy led to twenty-five years of persecution and endless infringements of the Edict of Nantes, which the King had sworn to maintain. The national synods of the Huguenots were suppressed, and even the provincial synods were forbidden to have correspond­ ence with Protestants in other provinces. Huguenots had been al­ lowed under the Edict of Nantes to have their own schools, but the King now decreed that there should be a school only in a place where there was a church, and only one school in each town, how­ ever large, and that it could be served only by a single master who was allowed to teach nothing more than the three Rs - reading, writing and arithmetic. By this, he denied both Secondary and Uni­ versity education to Huguenots. Protestants were henceforth de-

xxi barred from becoming lawyers or physicians, and from 1684 on­ wards from becoming printers or booksellers. In July, 1681, dragoons had been sent into the province of Beam with the object of protecting the province against a threatened Spanish invasion but, with troops required no longer for this pur­ pose, it was decided to use them against the Protestants. Through fear of these dragoons Administrator Foucault converted whole towns en bloc. We have a very full picture given to us by a Protes­ tant, Pastor Claude, and everything he wrote has been proved to be absolutely true by the fullest evidence - even though his book was burnt at the Royal Exchange, London, by order of James II follow­ ing receipt of a protest from the French Ambassador. When the Protestants of Nunes saw the dragoons arriving, since they had re­ ceived such terrible reports of their cruelties, they gave up immedi­ ately and said they would become Roman Catholics. By October, 1685, there remained in France only about twenty Protestant churches still open.

The Revocation

It was in this month that Louis XIV signed at Fontainebleau the decree which revoked the Edict of Nantes. It ordered that all Protestant churches still standing be demolished, Protestant worship be prohibited, Protestant ministers leave France within two weeks, and all parents forbidden to bring their children up in the Protes­ tant religion. All Huguenots, with the exception of the pastors, were forbidden to leave the country under penalty of the galleys for men and prison for the women. The horrors of the galleys have been fully described by Dr. DuBourdieu in this book. It is encouraging to call to mind the answer of the old Huguenot admiral, Duquesne, to the King himself when he was asked to be­ come a Roman Catholic in accordance with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: "Sire, for sixty years I have rendered to Caesar what I owed to Caesar; allow me now to render to God what I owe to God."

:mi Flight from France

'When the Huguenots were faced with the alternative of either becoming Roman Catholic or leaving the country, they mostly pre­ ferred to try to escape and run the risk of the terrible penalties to which they would be condemned if captured. Hundreds of thou­ sands left the country for Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Ireland, as well as the American Colonies, and even South Africa. Dr. DuBourdieu has described with great eloquence how his ancestor, the Rev. Isaac duBourdieu, was forced to leave Montpellier as early as 1682 and was followed by his son, Rev. Jean de Bordieu - who had succeeded him as senior pastor at Montpel­ lier - shortly prior to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Dr. DuBourdieu has told us how the Rev. Isaac reached London and became minister of the Savoy Chapel, just off the Strand, where his son, Rev. Jean, joined him as pastor. This book tells how the Rev. Jean de Bordieu became chaplain to the Duke of Schomberg, the famous Protestant who became the commander-in-chief of the army of William of Orange when James II sought to recover his throne by way of Ireland and so landed at Kinsale in March, 1689. The British Parliament had deposed James II and offered the crown to the Prince and Princess of Orange. The Prince became William III of England, and his wife Mary, the daughter of James II, was his crowned queen. Dr. Du­ Bourdieu has told us how Jean, as chaplain to the Duke of Schom­ berg, was at his side when he was killed in 1690 at the Battle of the Boyne. Our author has described fully the ministry of the French Church at Lisburn by his ancestor, Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, whom the monument in Lisburn Cathedral shows was minister of the French Church until services ceased to be held in French and who was simultaneously for many years "officiating clergyman" of the Parish of Lambeg, where he is buried. All descendants of Huguenots will be grateful to Dr. DuBourdieu for his book.

xxiii Misery Becomes Blessing An eminent French historian, who is a devout Roman Catholic, has described the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes as one of the most unfortunate incidents in the history of France. But, the dis­ persion which led French Huguenots to settle in such large num­ bers in Ireland was one of the greatest blessings that ever happened to this country. %at was infinitely more important for Northern Ireland than the mere acquisition of new industries was the precious heritage which the Huguenots brought with them of energy, deter­ mination, mental alertness, initiative, and, above all, a very sincere religious faith.

Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Douglas L. Savory

xxiv PART I

, BEARN 2 BABY ON HER BACK BEARN 3

CHAPTER I

A DETECTIVE STORY BEGINS The First Clues

Without it having been planned so, this book has become a detective story, and I the detective. It differs from professional mystery stories chiefly in that it is true instead of fictitious and that its violence is real instead of imaginary. How extensive my sleuthing has been is shown by the size of this volume. My investigations began years ago, when I as a boy asked my father to tell me about our family. I learned then that, in addi­ tion to the family-type of material, I could get information from public sources, such as the local library. Our Ilion, N. Y., library contained enough about Huguenot history and my family to whet my appetite. Therefore, on and off throughout the years, I have turned Sherlock Holmes, even to making trips to the sunny Midi 4 BABY ON HER BACK of southern France, to the historic pavements of London's Strand, and to the remote graveyards of verdant Ireland. Such was the way that youthful curiosity led to my involve­ ment in this mystery story which started back in the Crusades, figured prominently in the religious wars of France, shared in the flight of a possible half-million French Huguenots to more hospit­ able realms, and aided in the economic enrichment of Ireland. One of my early finds was a reference to the Ulster Journal of Archeology, of which I located the pertinent issues in Chicago's public library. These publications sketchily covered the early days in France and England, and then presented what seemed a fairly accurate record of the subsequent Irish section of the family - my own. Fortunately, or unfortunately as one appraises the out­ come, it sent me on many false but delightful trails, and, not until I had followed leads acquired on three European sleuthing trips, did I discover the truths clouded earlier by Ulster Journal of Arche­ ology inaccuracies.

The Family Name

Huguenot genealogical libraries proved rewarding areas for detective labors. Thus I learned that, because the family is so ancient, its name appears spelled in various manners. Reporting my discoveries, in this book for general purposes, I use the letter­ ing which I learned from my father, "DuBourdieu." In the case of individuals, I use their own spelling of the name. Where any person has used more than one orthography - and there are several cases - I have selected one of his letterings and consistently held to it. In the current fashion of detective jargon I use initials to indi­ cate frequently quoted sources. The code explaining these is found in the bibliography at the front of the book. Now that this book is being written, I have become aware that it is, not only a detective story and family history, but also a Huguenot case-study. BEARN 5 Because this story is intertwined with France's "Religious Wars," let me explain that I have earnestly tried to be strictly factual with my material. I recognize that, fortunately, times have changed since the Renaissance days, and that today, with few exceptions, people of all faiths feel kindly toward each other. Quoting the mayor of Paris, as he addressed us in 1959 as he showed us the city­ hall paintings of France's religious persecutions of earlier days, those things are past and now Protestants and Roman Catholics live amicably together. That is the spirit of this family narrative. I have assumed that, years hence, the every-day lives of the pre­ sent generation will be of interest and that therefore it would be a mistake to confine my investigations to the distant past. Thus, in my travels I have walked into many DuBourdieu-ancestry homes with note-book in hand. Actually, it was easier to get folks to talk about their forebears than themselves.

Many Sowrces

As I turn to my narrative proper, it is with much the feeling which it seems St. Luke would have had when he wrote in the prologue of his gospel:

"Seeing that many have attempted to draw up a narrative of the facts ... it has seemed right to me also after careful ex­ amination . . to write a connected account that you may know ..." 1

This detective story resembles Luke's gospel in that it is drawn from many sources. Its pieces-some published, some in manuscript form and some oral-have been joined together into "a connected ac­ count." Where sources have disagreed, I have assumed that the detective was expected to study all the existing facts and conclude what the truth was in the matter, giving the reason for his con­ clusion.

1 Richard Francis Weymouth: The New Testament in Modern Speech, Luke 1:1-4. 6 BABY ON HER BACK It is my hope that this tale, which originated out of my desire to record the story of the DuBourdieu family, may have an additional value, viz., since it shows the central role of religion in the family's history, that it will give the family's younger members an incentive to follow in the spiritual footsteps of their ancestors and serve the Lord also, either in the Christian ministry, as so many DuBourdieus have, or as Christian laymen, as also so many have. BEARN 7

CHAPTER II

THE FAMILY ORIGIN

I Medieval Beam

The Great Crusade

Different from many families whose ancestors disappear into the indistinct past, the DuBourdieu family begins with a specific man in a particular episode of history. It is rather like the Biblical ac­ count of the start of the human race with Adam. The first DuBourdieu was a French knight of the Great Crusade ( 1187 ff. ) , known previously to then as Godefroy de Brius. 0 So eminent were his Crusader services that King Philip II of France

0 Amos Blanchard in his Book of Martyrs ( published by N. G. Ellis, Buffalo, 1851) says on p. 59, discussing the persecution of the Waldensians in southern France: "Berengarius about the year 1000 boldly preached gospel truths .... succeeded by Peter Brius who preached at Thoulouse . . . published Anti­ Christ." 8 BABY ON HER BACK made him lord of Le Bourdieu-in early days written also "Le Bordeu," "Le Bordiu" and "Le Bordieu." He then adopted as his crest a Turkish scimitar. 1 Subsequently, the family name of de Brius was laid aside for the title, DuBourdieu. However, it was not until centuries later that the Protestant DuBourdieus, following their escape from persecution and tension, received the legend Hie Sistamus Tandem, which translates as "Here let us establish our home at last."2 Smiles names 250 Huguenot families which fled from France. In'. connection with ten of these he uses the expression "noble family." 3 One of these ten is the DuBourdieu family. , Bearn

One record states that the Le Bourdieu conferred by King Philip II upon Godefroy de Brius was in Bearn.4 Thus Beam is of special interest to readers of this book. Until the year 1620 Beam was an independent nation distinct from France, although at various times in its history, as the last one hundred years of its separate existence, its monarch was additionally king of France. One of these joint monarchies occured during the Great Crusade. At that time Europe consisted mostly of small estates and duchies, one of the more prominent being Beam. Thus there was nothing unusual when Richard I of England married Princess Berengaria of Navarre and Philip II of France married Berengaria's neighbor, Queen Joanne of Beam. As a partial consequence, Philip, II, in ad-

1UJ, 1854, p. 167. Robert Dubourdieu Best of Aghalee, N. I., possesses a signet ring with this crest, inherited from Captain Francis Dubourdieu. The crest also may be seen in back section of this book. Campbell and Co. of Charleston, South Carolina, which specializes in coats of arms, prints on the back of its work the following: "The heraldic art dates from the time of the Crusades and was reduced to its present system by the French. The crest is a device worn on top of a shield and borne by knights when clad in armor to distinguish them in battle . . . At first these badges were worn on the helmet to render them more plainly visible . . . These badges of distinction were the reward of personal merit and could be secured by the humblest as well as the highest. They are today the testimonials of bravery, heroism and meritous deeds," 2 H, XVII, ( 1942-46). 3 Smiles, p. 363. 4 ibid. BEARN 9 dition to ruling medieval France, through his wife was sovereign of six Pyrenees provinces, of which today three are in Spain and three-Beam, Soule and Labourd-are in France. Thus, although today Philip II is remembered as king of France, it was possible for him to confer a property in Beam upon his French knight Gode­ froy de Brius. Beam owes its long independent existence to its for-from the Latin word forum, or parliament. This body dates back to 1080, making modem Beam's people one of the earliest democratic groups of Europe. Their every ruler understood that his decrees were con­ ditional upon their adoption by the for, as illustrated by the oath of allegiance which the people took at one coronation:

'We who value each of us more than you and who united are more powerful than you, do establish you as our lord upon con­ dition that you respect our laws and rights. Otherwise, no,''5

Frequent are the instances when the for refused to enact into law edicts which came to it from the king. 6 This is one reason why Beam was able to withstand the pro-Roman Catholic pressure of the later joint monarchs whom it shared with France. Basque people are a race of different anthropological origin from more northerly France and take great pride in their distinctiveness, which their men proclaim by their over-size berets. Thus, in my Paris hotel, a local Dubourdieu who had stated he was Basque, when I asked to take his picture there, suggested that he continue wearing his Basque beret ( see page 323). Beam was federated in medieval times with other small Pyrenees nations under the name of one of them, Navarre. Later, Beam be­ came part of the French province of Gascoygne. The Garonne River was Beam's eastern boundary, separating it from Languedoc. Its western provinces of Soule, Basse Navarre and Labourd, along with four adjoining provinces of Spain, are termed le Pays Basque, i.e. the Basque Country.

5 MGV, p. 60. 6 Forissier, I, pp. 22-24; II, p. 12. W BABY ON HER BACK Because the DuBourdieu Family began in Beam, there are a number of questions to which the answer must come from Beam. These include: 1. What is the origin of the name DuBourdieu? 2. What records are there of feudal DuBourdieu? 3. What is the significance of the various spellings which re­ semble "DuBourdieu" but are not identical with it? 4. Where did the earliest DuBourdieus reside? 5. What about Izeste in Beam where a Family member was born? 6. Are there descendants of the Beam peasants who farmed the Family estate? 7. Where was the actual original Le Bourdieu located? It is the effort of this chapter to provide the answers. Indeed, each chapter-section contains such. Because the primitive capital, Les­ car, was destroyed by the Saracens in 841, it presumably was pre­ sumptuous of me to attempt this, but that is what I did-and with really gratifying results.

Query I-The Etymology of DuBourdieu When I was a student at Hamilton College, the head of the Ger­ man Department-an authority on philology-took me aside one day to discuss the significance of my surname. He said that Bour is a sound found in many tongues, meaning "town" or "hamlet" as in "borough", and of course, Du is the French for "From the" and dieu in French means God. Thus DuBourdieu literally means "From the Town-god". My visits to France have convinced me that such is exactly what the name signified to my Reformation ancestors, viz., that le Bourdieu was the appelation of a chateau called "The Town­ God." DuBourdieu is the contraction of De Le Bourdieu ( From The Bourdieu), Le Bourdieu being the name of the Family chateau and of its estate. Then in 1959 I went to Beam and made my headquarters in Pau, the capital city. Here Henry IV of France was born in 1553 and, as a boy, played ''bareheaded and barefoot" in the streets.7 Facing BEARN 11 Henry's modest palace today is the Archives Department where I learned the start of our name, since it originally was Beamais, a dis­ tinct language not understood by many Frenchmen. When I had presented my calling-card there, I was handed a Beamais-French dictionary opened to the letter B. Therein I read:

"Bordiu, Bourdiu - farmhouse or farm, as in the example: ( English - He has taken his wife to the 'farm') French - Il a pris femme a la 'farme' Bearnais - A pres molheur au 'bordiu', 'bourdiu'."8

This dictionary definition means that, in primitive times, the Beam­ ais monarch who owned this estate may have used it as the source of his farm produce and so had spoken of the land as "the farm," or as le bourdiu. By the time Queen Joanne married King Philip II of France, Le Bourdiu had become its recognized name and this is what it was called when Philip II gave it to Godefroy de Brius because of his crusader services. Because Godefroy was a Frenchman he probably understood little Beamais and thus the estate's name may have had no Beamais meaning to him. When the time came that Beamais nobles began to "Frenchify" their names Godefroy's descendants altered only the final syllable of the word, making it clear that to them Bourdiu meant "Town­ God."9

Query 2-Feudal DuBourdieus In Pau a delightful surprise occured when a distinguished van­ dyke bearded archivist showed me a hand-written index to Gascon legal documents. There I discovered the name DuBourdieu in nine entries-a great find to me who as a child was unacquainted with any DuBourdieus outside our family circle. These nine were:

7 MCV, p. 49. 8 DB. 9 In Forissier, diu always means God. See I, pp. 114, 115, 129. U BABY ON HER BACK

10 DUBOURDIEU , Isaac, Abbot of Audirac 10 DUBOURDIU , Arnaud, Lord of Agoes and Abbot of Saint Boes 10 DUBOURDIU , Arnaud, Lord of Angos 10 DUBOURDIU , Arnaud, notary, of Soubestie 10 DUBOURDIU , Bosom 10 DUBOURDIU , Daniel, Abbot of Monassut 10 DUBOURDIU , Jean, Abbot of Saint Boes 10 DUBOURDIU , Peyrot, merchant 10 DUBOURDIU , Jean, Lord of Riumayou Then I asked permission to examine one of the DuBourdieu en­ tries. An archivist took the Bearnais code number for Daniel DU­ BOURDIU, used this to find a code number in a French book, and then brought me a volume in Gascon, its cover-title written in French, Archives des Basses Pyrenees - Series E. From page 320 he translated as follows:

"Daniel DUBOURDIU, Abbot of Monassut, in the decade 1598 - 1608 sold a parcel of land to one Ramon de Casenave."

I then took the book and began turning the pages, when suddenly I noticed the name Bordiu on page 781. The archivist translated this entry:

"Marriage of Pees de Poeylaut of Luc and Bernarda de Bordiu. Gruthen de Poeylaut, brother of Pees, promises to pay the sum of 95 florins to J ohanolot du Bordiu and Johanne, his wife and proprietress of the maison [house J of Bordiu. 7 August, 1534."

A book completely in French, Armorial du Bearn, p. 354, recorded that Jean de Bordiu, Abbot of Salies, participated in a wedding in 1385 and that Jeanne du Bordiu became the bride of Ramon de Medallion of Arundy on 27 December, 1612. A second book in French, Armorial de Bearn, contained three more items of interest:

1 0 This spelling in the Gascon index is entirely block letters, BEARN 13 Miss Jean de Bordiu, court clerk, named as bridesmaid 17 No­ vember, 1669; 11 Marie du Bordiu, second wife of Noble David de Pederodger of Abbadie and lay-abbot of Denguin, mentioned in wills of her husband dated 9 October, 1602, and 22 December, 1629; 12 Lord de Bourdieu of Orrin, named as a marriage witness 20 April, 1724. 13

Query 3-Feudal Spelling and Lay-abbots

The variations above in our name made me feel uneasy. The query kept arising in my mind: Did all these different spellings refer to the same name? Accordingly, I raised this question with two European authorities on such matters, Beamais historian Marc Forissier and Curator Charles Cabanis of the Walloon Library of Leyden, Holland. Each stressed that spelling was very fluid in feudal times. In part, this was because so few people then were able to read and write. Also in part, in the absence of printing then, all writing had to be by hand, which made it easy for single letters to be mistaken for one another-as today is constantly being demon­ strated by the mail addressed to me. The use of the words abbot and lay-abbot in the books of Pau's archives department, additionally, raised a query about these terms. Therefore, when later I was in the Paris library, it was with great interest that I read a tiny book which discussed this matter, Nobiliare de Bearn. Pertinent material in this volume condenses somewhat as follows:

A lay-abbot posesses the patronage of the village, and the village's church is near his chateau. The original lay-abbots were nobles whose families previous to Christianity owned the village, and it was they who donated the land on which the church was built. Because the church was on his estate, the lay-abbot to a certain extent looked after its upkeep. The name lay-abbot and his rights were legalized in the Twelfth Century

11 AdeB, p. 203. 12 AdeB, pp. 455-56. 13 AdeB, p. 75. U BABY ON HER BACK by Pope Alexander III. In Beam many lay persons were posses­ sors of feudal abbeys, which in medieval times designated no­ bility.

The NdeB states that lay-abbots were a characteristic of Beam. This and the fact that four of the nine DuBourdieus listed in Pau's Gascon index have title of abbot applied to them have led me to the conclusion that the DuBourdieu abbots mentioned were not celibate clergymen but lay-abbots.

Query 4-Feudal DuBourdieu Chateaus The Gascon index did more than provide personal names; it gave addresses as well. To my delight, I learned from one of the Pau archivists that all of the DuBourdieu-related locations were fairly nearby, except only that Soubestie is no longer in existence. So I set out to visit as many as my time permitted. The first place to which I went was Angos, where Lord Arnaud DUBOURDIU had resided. I found a small church there, just off from the end of a one-lane macadam road. A wall concealed the building except for the roof and tower; the inside I found worshipful but a bit in disorder. The family living in the contiguous house said that a Roman Catholic priest visited once a month to minister to the fourteen families of the parish. Wben I returned to my hire-car, I was dismayed to discover that my notebook was missing, so I started backtracking to find it. At my second stop, a man came running from across the road, waving my missing pad of paper in the air. Apparently he had been looking at its contents, for he said: "There is a Maison Bourdieu at the end of the next lane." This was graveled as far as the maison, which looked to me like an unoccupied chateau, the grounds still beautiful. The distance from it cross-country to the Angos church seemed short enough for the two to have belonged to a common feudal estate. Wben the Pau archivist marked on my map the places where the DuBourdieus of their index had resided, he stated, as I recall it, that Angos and Agoes were the same locality. If so, one and prob- BEARN 15 ably two more DuBourdieus are identified with this area: Arnaud, lord of Agoes and abbot of Saint Boes, is one; and, if Saint Boes is the name of the church at Agoes, then Jean DUBOURDIU, abbot of Saint Boes, also dwelt at Agoes and is a second. Following an appointment at Tarbes, I had just time enough to visit two more of the DuBourdieu-related communities, Monassut and Audirac, about three miles apart. Monassut is the address of Abbot Daniel, who sold a parcel of land around the year 1600. It is a tiny village, its one prominent building being its church. My amalgam of American accent and Parisian French seemed incom­ prehensible to the only resident about-a cowherd driving his cattle home for milking-so I learned nothing about the church or com­ munity. I especially wished to see Audirac because it was the address of an Abbot Isaac who spelled his family name with the same letters as my many-times-great grandfather Rev. Isaac duBourdieu. I discovered that there is no village of Audirac, merely an open­ country chapel, this so hidden from the road by vegetation that I drove past it three times without seeing it, and even failed to dis­ tinguish it at first when told that I was standing beside it. Covered by luxuriant vines, the church is a little gem, now used only at the time of funerals. It faces a grassy lane, across which there is a boarded-up chateau. The estate is farmed by a family whose residence is a more modern house, nearby on the narrow strip of blacktop. It seems to me that, in the early days, the abbot of the chapel lived in this chateau and that Abbot Isaac DUBOUR­ DIEU was a lay-abbot. My further conviction is that Audirac's Abbot Isaac DUBOURDIEU was related to my early ancestor Rev. Isaac duBourdieu, because the two had both the same baptismal name and the same letters in their family name, although I do not know what capitalization Abbot Isaac used in his last name. In 1962, my wife, our granddaughter Deborah and I visited the final Gascon index address, Riumayou, where Jean DUBOURDIU had been lord. This was in Ste. Suzanne, a village one-half Protes­ tant and a suburb of Orthez, which is quite a Protestant center, I W BABY ON HER BACK was told. The present chateau is a place of great charm, rebuilt since Reformation days and currently owned by a recently widowed American. Its mill-dam provides free electric power for the village.

Query 5-Chateau De Bordeu of Izeste The Gascon index of Pau did not list all the DuBourdieus of Bearn, I have discovered. There was a Rev. David De Bordiu of Ste. Marie d'Oloron.' 4 A Rev. Paul de Bordeu was minister at Castelnau-Combloy and is recorded as attending synod at Carlin in 1670 and at Orthez in 1671. He married Marie de Sempre, who died in 1670. 15 A Jean du Bourdieu of Castetpugnon in 1634 mar­ ried Marie de Madaune, a descendant of the early Madaune vis­ counts who ruled ancient Bearn. Marie's mother - Madeline Portauer - was born in Audirac, the DuBourdieu-related address of Pau's Gascon index which especially interested me. 16 A Rev. Arnaud De Bordieu was born in Izeste.17 Because he was a blood relative of my ancestor Rev. Isaac, I took a hire-car my first morning in Pau and started out to find the village of his birth. Sixteen miles south of Pau, my highway crossed the Ossau River, and there, on the farther bank, I discovered a road-sign which read "Izeste - to the Spanish Frontier 24 miles." I found Izeste to be a rural village, with cows driven through its streets at milking time. It contains a lumber mill, and an adjacent village advertises itself as "center of the marble industry." The main street parallels the turbulent Ossau River, which, because Izeste is in the Pyrenees Mountains, carries a big flow of water. On the Izeste side of the bridge, a pedestrian was talking to the driver of a stopped car. I approached the two, handed them my calling-card, and asked if anyone with the same family-name lived in Izeste. The reply was a suggestion that I recross the bridge and ask at the village-hall, which Izeste operated jointly with Louire, the village on the opposite bank of the river. As often is the case in small French towns, because officials must earn their livelihood

1 4 Haag, II, p. 892. 16 Nobiliare Universel De France, XV. 15 Haag, II, pp. 883-84. 17 Haag, IV, p. 559. BEARN 17 apart from their public office, the mayor was out when I entered. Fortunately, the postman had entered right behind me, so I di­ rected my inquiry to him. He answered: "There is a Chateau De Bordeu across the river; the present owner is Madame Bemis Re­ geret, whose husband is a physician." And, upon my request, he drew a map showing how to find the edifice. I followed the main street of lzeste north, passing a \Vorld War I monument, and, in the village's center, reached the chateau. The maid who answered my knock said that neither the physician nor his wife was at home. Evidently, the building was part of an es­ tate where a tenant was responsible both for the fields and the lawns. The maid, who was kind enough to show me over the grounds, called my attention to the fact that the spelling of my calling-card was not identical with the name of the chateau. At one time, ac­ cording to her, the chateau had carried on its gateway arch the name of the previous owner, Dr. Charles De Bordeu. Back in Pau, I asked one of the archivists if the similarity of the names De Bordeu and DuBourdieu signified a common ancestry, and he replied in the negative. But, when later I asked Rev. Marc Forissier of nearby Tarbes, a recognized authority on Beam's Protestants, he said that he frequently had to disagree with the government's non-Protestant archivists and that his researches showed many variations in Hugue­ not names. Pastor Forissier then proceeded to call my attention to certain items which the two families had in common. He made five state­ ments: 1. The present occupant of lzeste's Chateau De Bordeu is a physician. 2. The previous occupant and owner, Charles De Bordeu, was a physician. 3. The known ancestors of Dr. Charles De Bordeu had been physicians-Dr. Antoine De Borden, born in lzeste in 1696, and Dr. Theophile De Bordeu, born in lzeste on February 22, 1722.18 IB BABY ON HER BACK 4. Rev. Arnaud De Bordieu also was born in Izeste-about 1600. 5. His relative and mine, Rev. Isaac duBourdieu, had a physi­ cian son. On the basis of these items, Forissier felt that it was entirely pos­ sible that the recent De Bordeus of the chateau in Izeste could be related to Rev. Arnaud De Bordieu and that Arnaud's birth occurred in the lzeste Chateau De Bordeu. Subsequently, a sixth factor occured to me. So, back in America, I examined my photographs of Rev. Arnaud's seminary dissertation. Sure enough: there written in Latin, his name read Amaldus Bor­ deutius - i.e., in his youthful days Rev. Arnaud spelled his name Bordeu, or exactly as Izeste's physicians wrote it. My guess is that, when Rev. Arnaud became a pastoral member of the Bergerac church staff, where Pierre Dubourdieu was gov­ ernor and his son Rev. Isaac duBourdieu had already been a pas­ tor for fifteen years, Rev. Arnaud "Frenchified" the spelling of his family name, which his relatives there already had done. Thus, Rev. Arnaud De Bordeu became Rev. Arnaud De Bordieu, while his relatives who remained in Izeste continued to spell their name in the Bearnais manner. When we visited lzeste's Chateau De Bordeu in 1962 we were intrigued by a giant tree which stood in the center of the broad lawn, surely six feet in diameter ( see illustration page 2). Its great girth makes it seem a safe assumption that it stood there when Rev. Arnaud lived in the chateau. From Izeste we drove to Sainte Marie d'Oloron, where a David De Bordiu had been a pastor in 1588. 19 The sanctuary in which he ministered is today a Roman Catholic cathedral, one of France's few pre-Revocation once-Protestant churches in existence.

18 Dr. Theophile De Bordeu (1722 - 1776), because of his belief that blood contains extracts from all parts of the body, is today credited with forecast­ ing the modern theory of internal secretion. ( See MD Magazine, March, 1965, p. 175, which also reproduces his portrait.) See also NB, p. 191. 1 9 Haag, II, p. 892. BEARN 19

Query 6-The Le Bourdieu Peasants In the Oloron city-hall I was told that there was a Pierre Bour­ dieu who resided in the contiguous suburb of Severe, his name dif­ fering from mine only in that it did not start with Du. I visited his home, met him and his wife, and I learned from them that there were other Bourdieu families in the region, mostly not related to one another. I then visited three more Bourdieu households in as many different villages and thus learned of a total of ten different communities with people of this name.20 In one case, in the center of the village, my eye was caught by the name Bourdieu on a marble tablet mounted on a wall. It had been erected by the government to a cadet of the French air force named Maurice Bourdieu. According to the memorial, he had been wounded in action, had returned to active duty, had been captured, and had succumbed on March 23, 1944, in the Russian military prison at Toulas. Thereupon, impressed by the tablet, I visited his mother, who lived alone at the edge of the village-Orin. Subsequently, I called on two other Bourdieu households. Each was a farm family which pastured its cows outside the village and drove them home for milking. The residence of each was inside an adobe wall and faced onto a barnyard which also contained a stable. The central area was muddy and trampled by the hooves of cattle, so that rubber boots seemed customary footwear. In every case, I introduced myself by extending my calling-card and saying that I wondered if we had a common ancestry. I had already discovered that the Du of my name made a significant dif­ ference, but this seemed a good way to start a conversation about my family. Unanimously, they replied that we could not belong to the same family because of the Du. I wrote to the sister of one of these Bourdieu men, a resident of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In her reply there was this paragraph:

20 Severe, Orin, Escou, Herere, Ogeu, Moneun, Agos, Labatut, Guis, LaPlace. ~ BABY ON HER BACK "When I was going to school in France, we were told that any name which had a Du or De or Des in front of it belonged to the nobility as a count or earl, if it's a man. It goes back to the time of kings. Your name has the Du added to it; then, even if it doesn't bring money or land, it's an honor for sure."

My conclusion from the fact that all the Beamais Bourdieus whom I met were farmers, is that they are the descendants of the peasants who originally tended the fields of the Le Bourdieu cha­ teau, and that they took as family name that of the estate on which they worked-just as the owners did, except that the latter, to dis­ tinguish themselves from their laborers, in the custom then in vogue in Europe, started their name with a prefix meaning "from" or "of," which in our case became Du.

Query 7 -The Original Le Bourdieu

French is called a Romance language because one of its roots is the tongue spoken by the Roman soldiers who once garrisoned Europe all the way to the North Sea. In early days, the natives of northern France used oui as their word for yes, as it is in today's French; and the people of Provence in today's southern France used oc for the same purpose. Thus, much of southern France began to be called "the language of oc" or "langue d' oc," which is per­ petuated in the name of medieval France's province of Languedoc. When UJ says that the property given Godefroy de Brius was in Languedoc,2 1 my assumption is that this referred to the region where people said oc for yes, and that this area embraced Beam, Languedoc's neighbor across the Garonne River. This conjecture makes UJ harmonize with Smiles' statement: "DUBOURDIEU, a noble family of Beam,"22 and with the sizeable list of Beamais Du­ Bourdieus in the archives department at Pau.

21 UJ, 1854, p. 167. nMichelin Guides Vertes Provence, pp. 123-24. BEARN 21 Assuming that the Chateau Le Bourdieu, previous to the time that King Philip II gave it to my ancestor as a reward for crusader services, supplied the royal table with farm produce, it must have been reasonably near to Morlaas, the Bearnais capital of that time. Two chateaus with the name of Bourdieu are not overly far from Morlaas. One is at Audirac-Monassut, the residence of Abbot Isaac DUBOURDIEU and of Abbot Daniel DUBOURDIU, and the child­ hood home of the mother-in-law of Jean du Bourdieu of Castet­ pugnon. The other is Angos-Agoes, the address of Lord Arnaud DUBOURDIU, of Lord Abbot Arnaud of Saint Boes, and of Abbot Jean of Saint Boes. Possibly one of these was the actual original Le Bourdieu. ~ BABY ON HER BACK PART II

FRANCE SOUTHERN

• Rochefort ATLANTIC •St.Jean d•Angely •~eoOC F R A N C E 1 en '' Ci-.J\ac Lesparre OCEAN • Blaye St. Jut • Bergerac • 8 ,e,., 0rde;,ux • Umet • Sauvetat Tonneins • ..._\\lDOc Lafitte • ~ • Mas Soubeyran and Museum of Desert • Montaubon ~ • • -Uzes ~ St. Hippolyte • Nimes ne Lescar Toulouse • "' • i- Pau Atlant;c 1 • f; • JI o Medite ~ R rranean e , 260 nJiJes

s p A MEDITERRANEAN Sl~ I N FRANCE 25

CHAPTER III

THE FAMILY MOVES TO FRANCE

Bergerac and the Garonne Gulf Area

A Single Clue This portion of my story started with a single clue: mention of Bergerac. I since have learned that my earliest ancestor of unin­ terrupted descent, Pierre Dubourdieu, was governor of Bergerac during the reign of Henry IV, and his son Rev. Isaac duBourdieu served a lengthy first pastorate there. A visit to the Paris library amplified my original clue; then further reading and on-the-spot ex­ ploration of places learned about in the library enlarged my infor­ mation, so that I now know my family to have been identified with much of the Dordogne River-Garonne Gulf area. Bergerac is located on the Dordogne River about fifty-five miles from where it empties into the Garonne and this stream changes its name from River to Gulf. Bergerac is a manufacturing city of 15,000 in the midst of a countryside of flourishing vineyards. In 1959 it ~ BABY ON HER BACK was my pleasant fortune to visit this community and be escorted to its actual sites of Huguenot and DuBourdieu significance by Col. Fran9ois Brunet, uncle of Rev. Olivier Fabre, pastor of the Reformed congregation. We went to the hilltop which had been occupied by the original Reformed church of the city-destroyed by the government in 1682- where Rev. Isaac was pastor for twenty-one years. L'Illustre Protes­ tant in its special edition of May, 1959, issued in connection with the observance of the Fourth Centenary of the Reformed Church of France, printed a picture of the church as it looked just prior to its demolition. The editor, Paul Eberhard, had called my attention to the periodical because, in another picture, one covering an entire page, I am one of two clergymen shown serving communion at the 1957 Assembly of the Desert in the Cevennes, France. My wife's comment was: "How pleased your ancestor Rev. Isaac would have been if he could have forseen that a descendant of his would be pictured in so historic a document." Col. Brunet took me to the ancient quartier of the city and stirred me deeply by saying: "Your ancestor Rev. Isaac duBourdieu often walked these very pavements and made pastoral calls in these houses which you see." Then he led me to the home of a most inter­ esting archivist, Andre Jouonel, to whom I owe a rare item, which I shall mention further along in this chapter. Distinguished-looking, with the customary vandyke beard of the French archivist, aged eighty-six, he appeared to be in good health when I visited him; yet he died later that same year. The information I secured in this Dordogne-Garonne area con­ vinces me that, possibly as early as the time Columbus was discover­ ing America, our family was moving from the nation of Beam north some 125 miles to this general locality. Amazingly, despite all the years which have elapsed since, it is possible to locate and describe some of the places where they resided. It happened this way. In Paris in 1957, when I walked into the big city library, I gave a librarian my calling-card and asked if there were in France a locality with my name, i.e., Le Bourdieu. FRANCE 27 The answer given was an outright "no." However, to soften my dis­ appointment, I was taken to a reference section with pertinent books and was allowed to browse for myself. My first efforts were completely fruitless, and the temptation to give up was growing strong, when my eye fell upon a postal guide for the year 1859, Dictionairre des Pastes de l'Empire. To my delight and surprise, this book listed four localities with the name Le Bourdieu and it located each by giving the name of a community nearby. Its entries for the four were as follows:

near Civrac in Medoc, a commune of 100 inhabitants; near Beautiran, a CHAs. of 20 inhabitants; near Lesparre, a commune of 50 inhabitants; near St. Julien-Beycheville, a commune of 60 inhabitants.

When I returned to the United States, I visited the Chicago of­ fice of the French government tourist bureau and inquired about these names. The bureau staff was able to locate three of the com­ munities, all in the Medoc-the peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and the Garonne Gulf, with the seaport of Bordeaux at its base. It was unable to learn about Beautiran-and in its case, it could not explain the abbreviation used, CHAS. I am guessing that it means something like chateau-and-inhabitants, and that Beauti­ ran is a village either no longer in existence or known now by a different name. I assume that these Le Bourdieus were the homes of members of the DuBourdieu clan subsequent to their moving from Beam. Therefore, in 1959, I rented a hirecar in Bordeaux and started up the Medoc Peninsula in search of whatever pertinent I might find. As I sped along the highway, shortly before I reached St. Julien, my attention was arrested by a huge sign reading Chateau Bey­ cheville, a name which the postal guide had linked with one of its Le Bourdieus. Soon I came to the chateau itself, as impressive as the sign had been huge. Across the road was a smaller chateau, Cha­ teau Le Bourdeu, I learned later. ~ BABY ON HER BACK

Medoc Chateaus Named Le Bourdieu or Le Bourdeu Reconnoitering to learn which of Chateau Beycheville's many doors to try, I saw a man step out a gate, so I hailed him and pre­ sented my calling-card, telling him what I was seeking. He ap­ parently was the proprietaire of the estate, which embraced both chateaus. In his thirties and very cordial, he invited me into his office and there spread before me a real estate map of the property, dated 100 years earlier. On it, bounded by a circular road, was a tract which bore the name Le Bourdeu. It was divided into the house-lots of that day's tenant families. The tenant-houses, he ex­ plained, had since been demolished, and the land put under cul­ tivation; thus the only building remaining of the Le Bordeu estate was its chateau. The proprietaire did not offer to show me through the Le Bourdeu chateau which, from its windows, seemed to be used for storage purposes, and he already had been so kind that I hesitated to ask further favors, so I sped north again along the highway. Eight miles further, near Vertheuil, I came to a Chateau Le Bourdieu des­ ignated by a prominent arrow-type metallic road-marker. The owners were absent in Paris, and neither the governess nor the laborers felt free to talk, so I learned nothing about this well-kept property. Its workers' quarters were about right in number for twenty persons to have lived in them. Thus, this chateau might be the postal guide's Le Bourdieu near Beautiran, this name possibly now changed to Vertheuil. Another seven miles north was the city of Lesparre, where one quartier is called Le Bourdieu. This locality, since it was termed a commune in 1859, had probably been separate from the city back then, and subsequent city growth has led to its annexation by Les­ parre. My efforts to learn how it secured the name Le Bourdieu were completely without avail. From Lesparre I went northeast several miles and came to the Le Bourdieu near Civrac, a tiny community comprising a chateau FRAN CE 29 and a dozen houses. What a beautiful place this Chateau Le Bourdieu must have been in its hey-day, with its landscaping and bonny trees! Even today, although the chateau was occupied by a tenant-farmer whose family had only the most casual concern about tidiness, one sensed the former beauty of the place. Several miles further north, near Valeyrac, I found a fourth Chateau Le Bourdieu. This was a stylishly furnished manor-house, its buildings well stocked with cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry, and its fields and vineyards well cultivated-all of which the owner, Mr. Jean Guatennens, showed me with understandable pride. His printed letterhead indicated that this was one of two such prop­ erties which he owned. In 1962 we accidentally discovered a fifth Chateau Le Bourdieu. We had just passed the Garonne Gulf seaport of Blaye on our way to Bordeaux when we saw a conspicuous road-sign shaped like a wine bottle and pointing to a Chateau Le Bourdieu, whose wines it advertised. A visit to the chateau found a man and a woman in a barn washing wine bottles. While I visited with them a well­ groomed young lady joined us, she a member of the owner's family. None of them knew the history of the chateau or the origin of its name. This chateau especially interested me because a Lord James Dubourdieu had been an elder in the Reformed Church of near­ by Blaye back in 1644 and had represented the province's synod at the third national synod of Chareton.1 Possibly this chateau had been his home.

'UJ, 1854, p. 167. This reference says "Blangar," then under "Errata" on page 181 it says: "Owing to the difficulty of reading the manuscript docu­ ments which contained some of the foregoing particulars, several names have been erroneously printed. In p. 167 ... for Blangar read Blangee." I have been unable to locate any French community named Blangee, so have con­ cluded that Blaye, a French port on the Garonne Gulf, is intended. The exist­ ence of a Chateau Le Bourdieu outside of Blaye and the fact that there was a Lord James Dubourdieu of the place discussed lend credence to the view that Blaye is intended. ~ BABY ON HER BACK

The Seigneurs of the Medoc Chateaus By rare good fortune I know the identity of certain DuBourdieus who lived in this Dordogne-Garonne area. Undoubtedly, some re­ sided in these very chateaus. The earliest given date is that of a "Bourdieu" who was one of five Protestant leaders who defended St. Jean d'Angely-some twenty miles east of the Garonne Gulf­ against the efforts of Charles IX to capture it. At one time the de­ fenders made a sortie, so successful that it captured Charles' can­ non. However, their munitions gave out and December 2, 1569, they surrendered upon agreement that they be allowed to go free. 2 Because this DuBourdieu's name is written without the prefix Du, I infer that there was a space in his signature between the Du and the Bourdieu, for French practice appears to omit the prefix when it is followed by a space and no Christian name or initial is given. I infer that the Protestant leaders named were area residents fighting for their homes and their religion; hence that the "Bour­ dieu" mentioned lived in or near St. Jean d'Angely. Under date of 1634 I find another DuBourdieu who lived in this region, Isaac de Bordieu of Rochefort in Geyenne, close to the mouth of the Garonne Gulf. He died in the year given and was buried in the cemetery of the Holy Fathers in Paris, now owned by the Sorbonne.3 In 1962 I visited the city-hall of Rochefort and saw there the recorded births of four DuBourdieus: Louise Bourdieu, 1692; Marie Marg. Bordieu, 1701; Marguerite Bourdieu, 1703; and Jacques Bourdieu, 1708. Earlier records were not available at the time. A further DuBourdieu of the region was a church elder, Elie­ short for Elijah-Dubourdieu of Unet, a community south of Berg­ erac near Tonneins, I have been told. In December, 1660, he was

2 Haag, II, p. 427-"In the siege of St. Jean d'Angely, the Huguenots made a very successful sortie that even took Charles !X's cannon. According to La Popeliniere the leaders were ... Bourdieu. Due to lack of munitions they gave up the city being themselves allowed to go free. Dec. 2, 1569." 3 Haag, II, p. 427. FRAN CE 31 an elder commissioner to synod.4 Another regional DuBourdieu was Pastor Bourdieu of Bordeaux, who abjured May 20, 1682.5 Finally, there are Lord Pierre Dubourdieu, governor of Bergerac, his son Rev. Isaac duBourdieu of Bergerac, Montpellier and Lon­ don, and their relative, Arnaud De Bordieu, of Izeste and Berger­ ac, all to be discussed subsequently. As implied earlier, I am of the opinion that some of these Du­ Bourdieus are either those who gave their name to the local Le Bourdieu chateaus or their descendants, and that the original Du­ Bourdieu settlers left Beam in the 1400's or the early 1500's. I have come to this last conclusion: first, because in the 1500's DuBourdieus were residing in widely scattered local areas, as Rochefort, St. Jean d' Angely and Bergerac; and second, because such scattering must have required more than one generation to bring it about.

The Earliest DuBourdieu Writing Extant­ and Arnaud De Bordieu

The earliest published DuBourdieu writing of which I know, goes back a long way-at least to me, reared in the W estem Hemisphere -back to the year 1626, when the Sedan Theological Academy in­ cluded in Theses Sedanenses a dissertation in Latin by Amaud Bordeutius, entitled De Legibus Divinis et Humanis (About Divine Laws and Human).6 The volume is a beautiful book in tooled calfskin. Its pages are so ornamental that the M-FT librarian, Mrs. Preiss, had me take photographs of the title page and others. 7 There must have been earlier volumes because Arnaud's dissertation is de­ scribed as "part two." Arnaud was born in Izeste, Beam, in the early 1600's.8 He at­ tended a school at Orthez, Beam, in 1617,9 then matriculated in the theological academy at Geneva, Switzerland, May 15, 1624, under the Latin name Amaldus Bordeutius. After two years he

4 HduPF, XXX, p. 374. 5 Lart, I, p. 13. 6 Theses Sedanenses, pp. 249 ff. 7 Among the places where this volume may be seen are G-L, M-FTL, M-ER. 8 Haag, II, p. 892. 9 Haag, II, p. 883. ~ BABY ON HER BACK transferred to Sedan, where he wrote the thesis referred to. Upon graduation he became pastor of the Reformed church at Sarvetal.' 0 The records of the Synod of Alen9on show him on this field in 1637, when they report that he returned to this charge for the second time. His subsequent known pastorates were Lafitte and Bergerac. 11 His services must have been highly satisfactory to his parishioners, both because he served the same parish-Sarvetal-twice and be­ cause Lafitte was so loath to lose him that it sent a delegation to the 1645 national synod at Chareton asking that he be restored to them instead of being permitted to remain at Bergerac, where he had been transferred by the provincial synod. The action taken by the national synod reads:

"In answer to an appeal by the Synod at Bergerac, a resolu­ tion was passed:-'That this assembly determines: first, the Province of Geyenne hath exceeded the stated rules in re­ moving Monsieur De Bordieu from the church of Lafitte without consulting that church; second, that, whereas Berg­ erac is a church of no small importance and its necessities very great and urgent, and M. De Bordieu is exceedingly suc­ cessful in his ministry there, this synod doth approve of his being in that station and confirms him in the pastoral office of that church'." 12

Rev. Arnaud De Bordieu was a relative of Rev. Isaac duBour­ dieu, whom I discuss next. 13 The exact nature of their blood-tie is not recorded. Isaac had already been a pastor of the Bergerac church since 1629, and they served together on the church staff for five years.

10Haag, IV, p. 427 says Saubet; UJ, 1854, p. 181 under "Errata" says Sarvetal. I find neither on the map; there are several communities named Le Sauvetat. "Haag, V, pp. 558-67-"and was called to Bergerac by the Synod of Low Geyenne, assembled at Saint Foy under the presidency of M. de Robat. The church at Lafitte, on whom the provincial synod had imposed after certain fashion the minister Belon, appealed against this injustice to the national synod of Chareton in 1645, which, putting the entire blame on the synod of Low Geyenne, left De Bordieu at Bergerac." 12UJ, 1854, p. 167. 13Haag, V, p. 559. FRANCE 33

The Origin of the "Senior Branch" - and Isaac duBourdieu'"'

A frequent writer on Huguenot affairs, C. E. Lart, says that there were two branches of the DuBourdieu family: a senior section which traces its descent through Rev. Isaac duBourdieu of Berger­ ac, Montpellier and London; and a junior line which before Revoca­ tion days resided largely in Brittany, the most northwesterly prov­ ince of France.15 The source of his information, presumably, is the "Dubourdieu Papers" of Rennes, France, which Lart was permitted to peruse by the late Henri Tortelier, a DuBourdieu descendant and custodian of these interesting first-hand Huguenot materials.16 My wife, our granddaughter Deborah and I had the pleasure in 1962 of visiting Jean Tortelier, the son of Henri. In anticipation of our visit, he had brought from a wine-cellar storeroom a folio-sized book of his father's which tabulated all the branches of the Tortelier ancestry. The DuBourdieu material therein-of which I have a transcript-started with Pierre Dubourdieu, governor of the chateau of Bergerac in the reign of Henry IV (1593-1610). He is recorded there as the father of three sons: Pierre, who became the governor of the chateau of l'Isle Bouchard in Touraine; Jean, the consul at Algiers; and "N", described as "Protestant pastor at Montpellier." The letter N in this document stands for the Latin nomen (name) and means that the actual name is missing. It clearly refers to Rev. Isaac, pastor at Montpellier for thirty years, because it provides the names of two of his sons. The Tortelier data on Rev. Isaac are very scanty, as if the source was not very familiar with the early DuBourdieu section of the fam­ ily. Lart says that Rev. Isaac is progenitor of the Senior Branch of the family, 15 which means that he is the oldest of Pierre Senior's three sons. Presumably the Tortelier data mentioned "N" or Isaac last of the three because they are so vague about him.

14This spelling-Isaac duBourdieu-is found in HH, XXII, p. 13 and on the title page of his Two Treatises. 15H, I, p. 56. 16H, XVI, pp. 56-76. U BABY ON HER BACK Much is known about Rev. Isaac, although the year of his birth and that of his death are disputed. Two dates are given for his birth: "about 1597"' 7 and "1604 or 1605."18 I incline to the former because a contemporary, John Quick, wrote about Isaac in 1692 that "he preacheth even at the age of ninety-five."' 9 Because his father was governor of Bergerac in the reign of Henry IV ( 1593- 1610), I infer that Bergerac was the birthplace of Rev. Isaac. He was married three times, the first being about 1620, when he was in his early twenties. My reasons for this opinion are presented in chapter VII. Two children survived from this marriage: James ( Lord DuBourdieu) and Andree, born about 1622 and termed Andree Le Valet by Lart on page 12 of the first volume of his Huguenot Pedigrees. She became the mother of the famous Armand Dubourdieu Boybellaud de la Chapelle, whom the Bibliotheque Raisonnee terms the grandson of Rev. Isaac. Presumably, Isaac's first wife died fairly soon after the birth of their daughter Andree, and possibly Andree was then brought up by relatives named Le Valet. Possibly too, it was the death of his first wife which determined Isaac to study for the ministry. Cer­ tainly the date of his graduation from theological school would im­ ply that he began his studies near the time of Andree's birth. He attended the "academy" at Montauban in southern France.20 Protestants used the name academy to designate their institutions of higher learning because the state denied them permission to use the customary term, "university."21 Agnew, I, p. 24 says:

"The theological colleges of the French Protestants were of unsurpassed efficiency. Their university seats were Saumur, Sedan, Montauban, Nunes, Montpellier, and Die. Oxford and Cambridge recognized their degrees and were always willing to admit their graduates . . . Persecution gradually supressed all the French Protestant colleges and academies."

17Agnew, II, pp. 222-26; HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 11; Cf. portrait in English Savoy. 18H, VIII, pp. 340-42. 19HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 11. 00Lart, I, p. 15. 21 co. FRANCE 35 Isaac graduated in 1629 and became thereupon a pastor of his home-town church of Bergerac. Twelve years later, i.e., in 1641, when he was forty-four, he mar­ ried Marie de Costebadie, daughter of Rev. Jean de Costebadie.22 In Bergerac, three sons were born to the couple: Isaac, named after the father and believed by me to be the oldest because the date of his marriage is nineteen years after that of his parents;23 Rev. Jean, namesake of both the mother's father and the father's brother,24 25 and Dr. Armand, born about the time his father was transferred to Montpellier.26 A fourth son was born to them in Montpellier, Rev. Jean Armand.27 Marie's father and grandfather had the same baptismal name, Jean. The grandfather was consul of Tonneins, a town some twenty miles south of Bergerac, and was the father of six children, two of whom, according to Lart, bore the name of Jean and were clergy­ men.28 It is the elder of the two Jeans who appears to have been the father of Marie. Archivist Andre Jouonel of Bergerac stated to me that he was convinced that Marie's father was a pastor of the Bergerac church because his name is entered twice in the church's records as the officiating clergyman at a baptismal service. Also, it is assumed that Marie's wedding to Isaac took place in Berger­ ac.29 The subsequent year Marie's father was residing in Tonneins; hence by then he had resigned his pastorate and returned to his ancestral home.

A Talented Father-in-Law In 1642, the year after Marie's wedding, her father, Rev. Jean de Costebadie, published a thirty-one page book of original Latin

22 Cf. the biographical statement by F. P. De Costobadie on the back of the portrait of Rev. Isaac duBourdieu which hangs in the vestibule of the present English Savoy Chapel. Its wording will be found on page 118 in this volume. 23See Chapter VII of this book. 24See Chapter VI of this book. 25See Chapter VII of this book. 26ibid. 27GD. 28Lart, I, p. 29-Lart devotes six pages to the Costebadie family, mostly generations subsequent to that of Marie who married Rev. Isaac duBourdieu. 29See the back of Rev. Isaac's portrait in the English Church of the Savoy. ~ BABY ON HER BACK verse, Thonensiensis Epigrammatum, printed at Sedan. It is still extant, and it is this book which gives the author's address for 1642 as Tonneins. The volume was called to my attention by the Bergerac archivist already referred to, Andre Jouonel, who at the time commented on the excellence and originality of its poems. One which especially charmed him had been of sufficient merit to have a French trans­ lation published in Bulletin Societe Archeologique Perigord two and a half centuries after its first appearance.30 Mr. Jouonel made me a copy of the French translation along with the original Latin, 31 which latter with the help of my sister-in-law, the late Mrs. Richard C. Dimock, I have translated into English. The title of the poem is "Bergerac," the city of the author's residence at the time he pen­ ned this Latin verse. The name, Bergerac, is derived from the French word for shepherd, and, as stated earlier, the city is located on the Dordogne River.

Bergeracum Epigramma XXX Dordona quaerit ubi Oceanum properantibus undis Sudat et in refluos pronus abire vinus Condidit, ut memorat, primus tua moenia pastor, Pastor et unde tibi nomina prima dedit. Non alibi cupido respondet plura colono Campus, non gravius flectit arista caput; Vinea non alibi spumat generosius ulla, Non alibi fibris largius ubra bibit; At minimum est quad laudo, fides tua cognita terris, Dat tibi quas laudes tollere nemo potest. Religio ingenuo potuit lanare ruinas Atque tuis pietas creverat aucta malis, V irtutem potuit series si nulla malorum Fletere virtutem frangere nulla potest.

30Volume XXXII, p. 491. 31 Johannis Costabadie: Thonensiensis Epigramma­ tum, Liber primus, p. 24. FRANCE 37 The last third of the poem refers to the sufferings and hard­ ships endured by the city's Protestants during France's religious wars. Thus the poem is a pastor's homage to the faithfulness of the spiritual heroes of his congregation.

Bergerac

Where the Dordogne with its hastening current seeks the ocean, Where it labors hard in its efforts to enter the eddying gulf, Tradition says that the first shepherd built your walls, And from them the shepherd gave you your first names.

Nowhere else does the field return greater yield to the eager farmer; Nowhere else does the grain bend its head more heavily; Nowhere else does the grape swell more generously; Nowhere else do its roots drink more deeply.

But my praise is too little: Your faith known across the lands Gives you praise such as no one else can equal. Early faith, in you, was able to weep over ruination; The growth of wrongs but increased your piety; It created courage, as if there were no succession of evils To weep over. Nothing can break courage. ~ BABY ON HER BACK FRANCE 39

CHAPTER IV

THE GATHERING STORM

Montpellier, France, and Rev. Isaac duBourdieu

An Enduring Memory

The name Isaac duBourdieu is to the Protestant history of Mont­ pellier somewhat the same as, for an American, the name of Ben­ jamin Franklin is to the Colonial history of Philadelphia. As Dr. Franklin acquired there a niche peculiarly his own through his wise leadership, so did Rev. Dr. Isaac duBourdieu in Montpellier through his central role in the "golden age" of Montpellier's Reformed Church and its final bitter tragedy. So high is Montpellier's appreciation of Rev. Isaac that in 1957, over 300 years after his pastorate there began, when it was learned that I, a descendant, was to visit the city, a committee was appoin­ ted by the church's consistory to plan our entertainment. Im­ mediately upon our arrival, my wife and I were taken to the home of Pastor Henri Bose, the committee's chairman. There he seated me where the light was good and said: "Let us see if you resemble ~ BABY ON HER BACK your ancestor." Then he produced a picture of Rev. Isaac for com­ parison. Subsequently no activity was permitted to interfere with this good host's cordial hospitality, he even excusing himself from a dinner appointment to give extra time to us the day of our de­ parture. The committee's treatment of us was heart-warming. Members entertained us in their homes; our hotel bill was paid by the com­ mittee out of a special fund-as I learned when I tried to pay the bill myself; the officers of the church had Pastor Bose present us with a medallion of the city; and Bose, himself, became our guide to the sites connected with the story of Rev. Isaac. Our kindly host was an attentive, ever-flowing fountain of information, having just completed a book, Les Grandes Heures du Protestantisme a Mont­ pellier, in which an entire chapter is devoted to events connected with Rev. Isaac. Rare volumes of Isaac's day were brought from the church's archives, and we saw therein both Isaac's bold signature­ always the surname only-and those of thousands of persons who during his pastorate renounced Roman Catholicism for member­ ship in his church. By an act of clever judgement, just before the demolition of the church's mammoth sanctuary, the church records had been de­ posited by the consistory clerk, pharmacist Pierre Regis, in the city­ hall for safe-keeping.' Thus they were preserved the years that Protestantism was banned in France and now they are again in the possession of the church. Also, exhibited to us were a Bible such as Rev. Isaac used at Montpellier, a silver communion pitcher and flower vases, possibly all from his day.

Early Montpellier Montpellier's existence dates back close to the year 1000, when it was a village on the Roman road Via Domitiana, which connected Italy and Spain.2 It belonged in early times to the Bishop of Mag­ uelone, who in 1293 sold his lordship of the area to Philip IV of

1HdePF, IV, p. 392. 2 H, XVII, pp. 122 ff. FRANCE 41 France. Four years earlier, a university had been founded at Montpellier, probably by Arabs from Cordova, Spain, who are lmown to have established the Montpellier medical school.3 This university continues to the present. Its faculty has played a promi­ nent part in the history of the city. Southern France, where Montpellier is located, is where the early Albigensians and the original Waldensians lived and were, in the ll00's, massacred for their stubbornly held Bible-centered convic­ tions and pure living. Protestant thinking subsequently may have continued there secretly.4 Public expression of Protestant ideas be­ gan anew in Montpellier when Swiss and German students came to attend the University and openly discussed their religious be­ liefs.5 Then, despite the fact that in 1536 Montpellier was made the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric, by 1561 Reformed opinions had so gripped the city that, when the King sought to expel its proponents, his soldiers were defeated and Montpellier became a Protestant-controlled city. Services in the cathedral were changed by the city fathers from Roman Catholic to Reformed, and for sixty years, while there was no persecution of law-abiding people who preferred Roman Catholic worship, there was no further public celebration of the mass. Henry IV, who through his Edict of Nantes had given his nation's Protestants liberty of worship and who, while opportunistic, was rather neutral in Protestant-Roman Catholic matters, was murdered in 1610. The nation's new government was definitely pro-Roman Catholic and set out to make the country a strongly centralized empire by compelling the dismantling of the strongholds which had been granted to the Protestants by the Edict of Nantes. Thus in 1622 Louis XIII sent an army into Languedoc, the medieval prov­ ince in which Montpellier is located. This army had succeeded many places but failed against Montau­ ban; then it turned to besiege Montpellier. Again the royal army could not secure success, and, both sides being tired of war, the

'ibid. 4Bosc, pp. 50-57. 5H, XVII, pp. 122 ff. ~ BABY ON HER BACK Duke of Rohan, who was considered the protector of the Huguen­ ots-and whose magnificent tomb we saw in St. Pierre's of Geneva~ offered to negotiate a truce. This stipulated that the Huguenots should lay down their arms and raze their fortifications but they be allowed to worship in agreement with the terms of the Edict of Nantes, signed back in 1598 by Henry IV. Nunes, Uzes and other Protestant cities agreed to the same terms. 6 The king made a triumphal entry October 22, 1622. Later the Protestants, to avoid having soldiers quartered in their homes, agreed that the citadel might be rebuilt and the soldiers live there. From then on, concessions made to the Protestants in the peace be­ gan to be whittled away. A crafty, determined Roman Catholic bishop, Pierre Fenouillet, was assigned to Montpellier, and the King designated him head of the university. One by one he re­ placed Protestant faculty-members with Roman Catholics until no prominent Protestant remained. By such methods he secured Roman Catholic control of the city.7 The final outcome is pictured on one of the medallions of the city's triumphal-type arch, where Protestantism is portrayed as being trampled underfoot by the Roman Catholic Church.

Isaac duBourdieu Moves into the Storm-center It was in 1651, after twenty-one years at Bergerac, that Isaac was transferred to the church at Montpellier, in the provincial synod of Low Languedoc. Ordinarily, ministers did not move from one provincial synod to another. But, when the Montpellier church lost through death its distinguished pastor of sixty-five years, Jean Grigord, it wished to call as his replacement Rev. Isaac duBourdieu of Bergerac in the synod of Low Geyenne. Since the Languedoc synod's annual meeting was not scheduled to be held until the fol­ lowing year, May 10, 1651, Isaac at the request of the local con­ sistory moved onto the field immediately. The synod, in endors­ ing the fait accompli, added this rebuke:

6H, XVII, pp. 122 ff. 7Bosc, pp. 50-57. FRANCE 43

"This church having fallen often into this same fault, its pas­ tors are grievously censored, and the repetition will close to them the door of all grace."8

While iri Montpellier, Isaac's wife, Marie de Costebadie, died; then in 1660 he married Jeanne de Poyteuin.9 He resided in a rented domicile spoken of as "the house of the minister," i.e., manse, from which fact it is assumed that the rent was paid by the con­ sistory as a church expense. Later it was purchased by the Capu­ cians to enlarge their establishment. 1 0 In 1659 Isaac represented the province of Low Languedoc at the national synod at Londure. We gather a picture of his having talent in social relationships from the fact that there he was made a member of a delegation of two to visit the Samur church and pacify the difference between certain of their members and Messrs. Amyrant and d'Huission, presumably pastors of that church. 11

The So-Called Little Temple

When Rev. Isaac went to Montpellier the church was worshiping in two locations, Le Grand Temple and, some distance away, the so­ called Little Temple, to which latter Rev. Isaac was initially as­ signed as preacher. As Henri Bose told us, this Little Temple could not have been small because it occupied the entire Place Saint Come. 12 Even in its cradle in 1606 it had encountered stormy weather and thereby received a premonition of the fatal storm which was to fell it in Isaac's day. The original builders had placed over its door a Latin inscrip­ tion, Veroe Religione Sacrum ( Sacred to the True Religion). The Roman Catholic Church considered this offensive, feeling that it im­ plied that the Roman Catholic Church was not a true religion; so their local bishop protested to the King. Pastor Grigord-minister at

8Corbiere, pp. 200-01. 9H, XVI, p. 62. 10Corbiere, pp. 200-01. 11 H, XVI, p. 62. 12Bosc, pp. 60-61. « BABY ON HER BACK Montpellier from 1585 to 1650 and the pastor whose place on the church staff, following his death, was taken by Rev. Isaac13-got word of what was happening and so overnight had the inscription changed to one in Greek honoring the Holy Trinity. Thus the early crisis passed; but sixty-four years later-in 1670-enemies again schemed against this House of God,14 and this time successfully. The alleged basis for action of 1670 was that the land on which the church was built had not been sold specifically for Protestant purposes. As usually the case in such processes, false statements were included in the case made by the prosecution. In this instance the abbess of the convent of Vignogouls came forward and claimed that the land had belonged to her order. As Pastor Bose stood with us on the site-which remains vacant to this day-he stated that the church had carefully preserved all its documents and was able to show that it had all the required clearances: that the land had been acquired through purchase; that the church had been authorized to raise money for that purpose; and that all had been approved by His Majesty. 15 Referring to this incident, HdePF writes:

"Many times we read: 'The items relating to [some] affair were secreted in a leathern sack but, alas, all searches to dis­ cover the sack have been useless.' But we do have the delib­ erations of the church at Montpellier. They were bound in parchment and deposited with the municipality . . . by the clerk of the consistory, Pierre Regis, an apothecary.''16

Regardless, His Majesty ordered the church people to have the Little Temple demolished in less than twb months, the materials to be used to pay the worlanen and the surplus to go to the Re­ formed Church; otherwise the Roman clergy were to have this done. The outcome was that the Little Temple was destroyed stone by stone. My impression is that by the time of this injustice Rev. Isaac had already been transferred from the Little Temple and had become the preacher at Le Grand Temple.

13Bosc, p. 58. 14Bosc, p. 61. 15ibid. 16HdePF, IV, p. 392; Corbiere, pp. 218-19. FRANCE 45

Artistic Temperament, Cultured and Very Intelligent

I have encountered some statistics about the city of Montpellier commencing with the year before this incident. At that time the city's totalpopulation was approximately 30,000. The membership of its Reformed church has been reported as follows:

1669 - 6,972 ( the year before the Little Temple was demolished) 1672 - 9,087 ( two years after the demolition) 1680 - 9,644 ( the year the Grand Temple was condemned) 1682 - 6,855 ( the year the Grand Temple was destroyed, by the end of which year Rev. Isaac and thousands of his parishioners had fled).11

Two years after the destruction of the Little Temple, Isaac's son Jean went to Uzes as pastor, about fifty miles to the northeast of Montpellier. When Jean left there in 1676, the populace was re­ ported to be three-quarters Protestant. Shortly thereafter, this san­ ctuary was demolished on the curious ground that its congregation sang their hymns so lustily that they interfered with the worship of the city's Roman Catholic congregation. I have also run across a copy of a Roman Catholic memorandum18 of the year 1670 which contains Rev. Isaac's name. It is a list of Protestants considered worth cultivating in hope of persuading them to change from the Reformed Church to that of Rome. The notation about Isaac reads as follows:

"At Montpellier, M. Bordieu-active and very interested, full of a high opinion of himself, of artistic temperament, cultured and very intelligent."19

17Sir Douglas L. Savory in the Introduction to this book. iecorbiere, p. 178. 19My wife suggests that the phrase "high opinion of himself" really means that the Roman Catholics found him a tough-minded opponent in religious argument, and, she contends, Isaac, although, determined, was really a humble person, as evidenced by the story of his life. ~ BABY ON HER BACK Le Grand Temple

vVhen Rev. Isaac became the preacher at le Grand Temple the Montpellier church had a staff of six pastors: Isaac duBourdieu, who came to the church in 1650; Rene Bertheau, the father, who came in 1654;2° Gautier; Sarte; Hurtand; and Charles Bertheau, the son. 21 Bose provides us with the following description of the Grand Temples:

"Le Grand Temple was in the Court of the Baile, i.e., upon the actual foundation of the present capitol of the Prefecture. It was very vast and very beautiful . . . The roof was supported by an open arch of remarkable length. The capstone of the vaulted roof bore the arms of Admiral Coligny,22 and on it was the year 1583, which was the date of the structure's erec­ tion. At the side of the main door there was a magnificent gallery, constructed at the expense of a Palatine prince, whose arms it bore. The windows at the right, of great purity and brilliance, bore the arms of Conde.23 Strangers came from a great distance to see this church . . . which was considered an architectural curiosity. The Huguenots of Montpellier were very proud of their sanctuary. Further, in its epoch, it passed as the most beautiful Protestant church of Europe."24

Pastor Bose said to us personally that Isaac's period as senior pastor was "the golden age" of the church, and that Rev. Isaac had stated that Le Grand Temple was Protestantism's largest sanctuary at the time. If so, it must have been truly huge, for Smiles states

20H, VIII, p. 342. 21 Corbiere, p. 225, footnote. 22Admiral Coligny was a Huguenot member of young Charles IX's cabinet and had such influence with him some Roman Catholics feared that the king therefore might tum Protestant. This fear became one of the motivations for the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572, in which 30,000 Protestants were massacred, the first of these being Coligny, who was murdered and thrown out his bedroom window. See Mours, pp. 195-97. 23Conde was the Huguenot leader who pre­ ceeded Coligny. 24Bosc, pp. 60-61. FRANCE 47 that the Huguenot temple at Chareton, a suburb of Paris, seated 14,000 and that the temple of Quevilly near Rouen was of nearly equal size.25

A Diabolic Plot

A historic letter was written by Rev. Isaac while serving as the church's senior pastor. It illustrates both the menacing times and the good sense with which he faced them. Roman Catholic intrigues were under way to secure a government order for the demolition of the Reformed church at St. Hippolyte. The tool was a Roman Catholic missionary named Saincte Marie who at the time was in disgrace with his superiors and banned from the city for trying to seduce a Protestant woman. He sought to reinstate himself in favor by claiming that the worshippers of the Reformed Church, leaving service one Sunday at 12: 15 noon, had failed to show re­ spect for the Holy Sacrament, which he was having carried to the home of an invalid. Just then a troop of soldiers was being marched past the church-and, if there were any jostling of the Host, the presence of the soldiers in the narrow street could have been the cause. In their distress, the St. Hippolyte Protestants turned to their Reformed Church brethren of Montpellier for advice. After discussion, the Montpellier consistory authorized Rev. Isaac to re­ ply for them, which he did under date of June 10, 1678. Before I quote Isaac's letter, it seems wise to call attention to the theology of those pre-Darwinian times. The year of the letter, 1678, was long before the birth of modem natural science and thus was in an age when the explanation of events, apart from or in addition to the human element, was that God had ordered it. This view is illustrated by the Old Testament story of Joseph,26 in which Joseph tells his brethren, who had sold him into slavery, not to be afraid of him because what they had done to him was part of a plan of God to save their father's household from starvation during the famine which then was upon them. Similarly in Isaac's day, tragedy

25Smiles, pp. 143-44. 26Genesis 45. ~ BABY ON HER BACK was assumed to be designed by God. His purposes therein were: either to punish; or to build up spiritual graces; or to achieve some portion of a divine plan not disclosed to man at the time; or to a combination of these factors. Thus, the immediate personal origin of actions was apt to be jumped and all attributed to the foresight of God. Rev. Isaac's letter contains this theology of the time. Also, it dis­ closes Isaac's personal trust in God, his peaceable spirit and his clear-headed sound wisdom. Thus, it tells much about the kind of person which Isaac was. I translate his letter to read as follows:

A Historic Letter

"Gentlemen and Very Honored Brothers:

"The good God who has left your flock in quiet for a long time, wishes now to put it to the test. We believe that this should not be the commencement of greater evils. But, sirs, here one requires the patience of the saints. It is by sorrow, mildness, humility, and patience that the Christian religion is established in the world. It is by these same virtues that it is preserved. We conjure you to exhort all your church people constantly, powerfully to these necessities. It seems to us that the Devil, who wishes your destruction, searches in unre­ strained wrath an occasion for success. Let your patience be found invincible. "If you are embarrassed because of our religion and if your people are tormented, as this family which has yielded to the order from the pretended Assistant of the King's Representative, do as we, sirs: for ten years we have received no members publicly and have avoided matters which would relate to our proselytes and ourselves. 'When one does not fear the conse­ quences, it is good to receive proselytes publicly for the edifi­ cation of the church. But, if you have fears, we beg you, re­ ceive this family about which you write privately. FRANCE 49 "Since the Demazel affair, which has afflicted us so heavily, we have heard certain things which make it possible for us to penetrate the designs of our enemies. And, since, you have been attacked with so much violence, as we see. For this oc­ casion, the love of the great God testifies to the need of this softness and this patience which we have advised. Especially, let us be humble and deeply penitent, since we see that God is angry with his poor churches.

"We have decided, sirs, that you with all diligence should re­ quest the Consistory of Nismes to employ people whom it shall find to make M. De Rochemore and the bishops favorable; to learn from them the person named to be in charge of this matter against you; and immediately to calm this affair, we recom­ mend all civilities imaginable to President Grille, either through public deputations, if he will receive them, or through private visits. For we believe, sirs, that the good will which it will create relative to your sweet temper and your prudence will be advantageous in what follows.

"Especially, sirs, we beg that you send promptly to the Chamber an inquiry as to how you should proceed to make your information about Saincte Marie known in more exact form than we have seen. It is necessary to put at the top of the memorandum that the afore-said Saincte Marie had or­ dered those carrying the Host to stop, certain care being taken by you to state that the Lieutenant took it upon himself to command his troops to march just as the people were leaving the church service. But, let nothing be in your memorandum not definitely proven. Send a copy to the church at Nismes, please. "If you are unable to secure a list of witnesses, you should send a letter to the Chamber and the Judge, which, if you ask, should not fail to put the matter under deliberation and to send you what is needed. Take care, sirs, lest these disgraces, which it has pleased God to send you, become a chastisement and a division. For, we do not hesitate to say without reser- 00 BABY ON HER BACK vation: should there be divisions among you-as Paul said to the Corinthians-unite into a true Christian union. Since you are one body in Christ, you have only one heart. We beg that God will protect you by a particular providence. Your ills always will be ours, and your consolations will be ours, since we are your very humble and obedient servants. "The minister and elders of the Reformed Church of Mont­ pellier, duBourdieu, avec charge:"27

This letter is found in a report to the 56th. General Assembly, held at Montpellier November 8-10, 1913; my notes do not contain the name of the report's author. He proceeds to discuss Hugue­ nots who thought it necessary to make preparations to resist Ro­ man Catholic intrigue. In that section of his paper he says:

"Of this number there seems to have been at the bottom Isaac duBourdieu himself, since Daniel Bousson, Jr. wrote: - 'Sub­ mission at any price was not the opinion of M. duBourdieu, minister of our city, venerable in age, knowledge and probity; for one day, consulted by my father, he said, "Give me com­ mand over 50,000 men and I will prove demonstratively that we have the right to resist ... the injustices done us".' "28

While minister in Montpellier Isaac wrote two books still in ex­ istence. These are A Catechism For Youth and Two Treatises ... About Witholding the Cup at Communion.29 Additionally, Isaac in his London years printed two similar sermons in successive years on the King's birthday about obedience to kings. 30

Priceless Volumes His Catechism has 134 pages, is in French, and was printed in Geneva, Switzerland. No date appears on the edition owned by M-FTL. The edition owned by P-LHP is dated 1698, possibly close

27HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, pp. 6 ff. 28HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 6 ff. 29Haag, V, pp. 60-61. 30ibid. FRANCE 51 to a half-century after the original printing. The Paris copy names the author as "Mr. DUBOURDIEU, the father, minister of the church of Montpellier." I have been interested in how a catechism of 300 years ago com­ pares with s_imilar works of today, so I quote a bit from Isaac's book: The full title is Catechism which Contains the Explanation of the True Principles of the Knowledge Necessary for Salvation.

First Question: "In what does the sovereign good of man con­ sist?" Answer: "In the knowledge of God." Third Question from the end: "What is faith?" Answer: "It is an assurance that each Christian should know that God the Father loves him and will pardon his sins for the love of Jesus Christ his Son." Next to Last Question: "What is love?" Answer: "It is the love of God and of the next life." Last Question: "What is hope?" Answer: '1t is a certain as­ surance that every Christian needs, that God the Father loves him and will give him Paradise because of the love of Jesus Christ His Son."

How much more charming this closing of Rev. Isaac's Catechism than the abrupt ending of our United Presbyterian Shorter Cate­ chism! No wonder that both Pastor Bose and Mrs. Preiss, the M-FTL librarian, should have told us with great animation how Isaac's work had been in active use for many, many years! No wonder that it was coming off the press in an additional edition even after Protestant­ ism had been banned from France and author Isaac was in exile and about the age of 100! Witholding the Cup in Communion has as its complete title Two Treatises by a Roman Doctor For Witholding the Cup in the Com­ munion Service with Two Replies, Plain and Solidly Based on the Scripture, on the Fathers and on Church History Which Show How Witholding is Contrary to the Law of God and to the Perpetual ~ BABY ON HER BACK Usage of the Church. It is a fat volume of 500 pages, written in French.31 Corbiere quotes Rev. Isaac as saying in his first edition: "I was resolved to pass my life in the shadow, but the state of the flock of which the providence of God has commissioned me the care, does not permit me to enjoy such rest."32 The book is dedicated to a famous clergyman, briefly associated with Isaac in the French Church of the Savoy, London, Rev. Jean Claude, who, Rev. Isaac says in his introduction, has already hon­ ored him with friendship for thirty-six years and has named a son "Isaac" after him. In the second edition, of which I have seen three copies,3 3 I am intrigued by the fact that the author's Christian name appears on the frontis piece as an insertion set over a carat, made presumably at the time the second edition was run. My assumption is that, in the interval between the two editions, Isaac had been joined on the Montpellier pastoral staff by his son Jean; thus he now had to designate which of the two DuBourdieus there was the author. It was in reference to this volume that the statement was made that Rev. Isaac was always courteous in his treatment of opponents. 34 It seems only proper to comment that seeing and photographing these volumes written by this famous clerical ancestor were among the high-points of our European trip of 1957: for, there I stood, a minister too of the Lord Jesus Christ and Isaac's descendant, in actual contact with volumes printed from a manuscript that his hands had written, touching calfskin bindings which his very hand may have touched. It is difficult to put into words the emotions which surge through one at such a time. Haag mentions an additional work by Rev. Isaac, A Discourse of Obedience to Kings and Magistrates, printed in English. He terms the author "Isaac Du Bourdieu, D. D. ( doctor of divinity)" and says that the book is a sermon preached in London May 29, 1684 on the anniversary of their Majesties' birth and restoration.35 I found no copy of this sermon in any of the libraries which I

31 Haag, V, pp. 559-60. 32Corbiere, pp. 258-59. 33M-ER; M-FTL. 34HdePF, XL, p. 577; BduP, XXX, pp. 374-76. 35Haag V, p. 560. FRANCE 53 have visited, so I was delighted when I received a letter in the sum­ mer of 1961 from Charles Marmoy, librarian of the Huguenot So­ ciety of London, saying that he had just purchased from a dealer in second-hand books a sermon in French by Isaac duBourdieu ... prononce le 29 May, four de la Naissance & Retablissement du Roy. His copy differs from that mentioned by Haag in that the Haag-mentioned sermon is dedicated to Henry Seville, while that purchased by Mr. Marmoy is dedicated to the King. Marmoy de­ scribes his purchase as follows:

"Its text is: 'Let every person be subject to the governing pow­ ers. For there is no authority except that from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God'-Romans 13:1. He closes with a prayer for the King, the Queen and the Duke of York. In his dedication he begins by noting that a large number of the Reformed Religion have found sanctuary in England, and says that he is one of their number. It is the kind of dedi­ cation one would expect from someone not long arrived. The sermon is fifteen pages long, with two preliminary leaves-title­ page and dedication."

The king, Charles II, died of apoplexy in February, 1685, and his brother James II succeeded him on the throne. James promised that he would make it his endeavor both in Church and State to preserve the government as then established by law, so many ser­ mons were preached from the pulpit "about the word of a king which was never broken."36 Accordingly, I wrote Mr. Marmoy asking if the date should not have read 1685, and not 1684, thinking these two sermons were the same. His reply was:

"I do not think it can be 1685 as the preacher included the Duke of York in his prayers. Now, while James II was the Duke of York before his accession, when he became king there

36Charles Dickens: Child's History of England, p. 411. M BABY ON HER BACK was no Duke of York. It was not until 1688 that he had a son who being the first was regarded as the Prince of Wales-and both titles, Prince of Wales and Duke of York, are awarded by the sovereign. It is probable that one sermon was delivered in 1684 as cited by Haag. I agree that the sermon titles sound the same. But, Haag's description does not fit the sermon in my possession, as he says that it was dedicated to Henry Seville­ Savile?-and Seville or Savile had nothing to do with ours, which has a signed dedication to the King. It is possible that the Haag English version is a separate publication, but why Isaac du­ Bourdieu should choose to dedicate the French one to the King and the English one to Savile is not clear. [Savile is presumably the English diplomat who was a friend of the refugees]. No, I think there must have been two versions."

Mr. Marmoy's opinion is that the French sermon he has purchased was preached in 1683 and the English sermon of similar nature in 1684, each on the King's birthday, May 29.

The Spelling of Isaac's Name The spelling of Rev. Isaac's name on the fly-leaf of his Two Treatises and his signature in the record-books of the Montpellier church indicate that he wrote his name in several different ways. So much so that when two hundred years later Pastor Phillipe Corbiere, a Nineteenth Century successor of Rev. Isaac at Mont­ pellier, compiled a history of the church and came to the era of Isaac, he gave two optional spellings of Isaac's surname. I quote:

"It is in 1651 that we see appear in the church of Montpellier a name which ought long to be mentioned here in this respect and fell with the same blow as the temple, the echoes of which repeated for more than thirty years the accents of his elo­ quent words. The name is that of Isaac Dubourdieu or de Bordieu."37

37Corbiere, p. 200. FRANCE 55 In one church record-book, as shown by the photograph which I made of one of its pages, his name as written in his own hand appears as two words, "DU" (space) "BOURDIEU." In his printed Two Treatises it is spelled as a single word, starting with a lower­ case "d" and _using a capital "B" for the second syllable, i.e., "du­ Bourdieu." In another church record-book, as another of my photo­ graphs shows, the spelling is "Dubourdieu." For this document I have decided to use the orthography he selected for his Two Treatises, i.e., "duBourdieu." ~ BABY ON HER BACK FRANCE 57

CHAPTER V

BANNED FROM THE PULPITS OF FRANCE

Rev. Isaac duBourdieu's Last Days in Montpellier

The Religious Wars

The year 1680, when Rev. Isaac was in the neighborhood of eighty years of age, began the great tragedy of his life. To com­ prehend, one needs to understand France's "religious wars." Upon the Revival of Learning, Protestantism emerged in Europe much as spring flowers follow winter's snow-i.e., without organized central direction, belief in the Reformed Faith appeared across much of Western Europe. In France this happened at the time the nation was emerging from feudalism and nobles often lived in fort­ ified cities and maintained their own private armies. Thus, Protes­ tant nobles strong enough in their faith to remain true to it despite bribes and threats, often felt inclined to resist the Crown whenever it sought to compel them to renounce their Reformed Religion. ~ BABY ON HER BACK Much of this time the staunchly Roman Catholic family of Guise was the supplier of prime ministers to the French monarch. Their program not only was to unify the kingdom in a political sense as it emerged from feudalism, but often to exterminate Protestantism as well. The Protestant nobles, of whom there were many, while loyal Frenchmen, often were ardent in their Reformed faith. Thus, while they supported the king in his foreign wars, they used their armed might to resist military efforts to subvert their personal relig­ ious convictions. These religious wars came to a temporary stop when Henry of Navarre, originally the leader of the Protestants as king of Beam, became Henry IV of France and, for expediency's sake, a Roman Catholic. In due season, 1598, he issued the famed Edict of Nantes, which granted limited religious freedom to France's Protestants. In the lessening of religious pressure which followed, Protestants ceased to feel the need to cling together and voluntarily-or singly through defeat in battle-yielded to the request of the State that they dis­ band their soldiery and dismantle their fortifications. Hence, in the middle 1600's when Roman Catholic pressures were renewed against Protestants, there was no longer a Protestant armed might to be called upon for defense. An illustration of the early military measures used is found in the story of Montpellier from 1622 to 1628, as described in the pre­ ceeding chapter: the King could not capture the city, so a truce was negotiated in which the people, in exchange for pulling down their citadel and ramparts, were assured religious freedom as stated in the Edict of Nantes; the Protestants, in keeping with their part of the agreement, dismantled their fortifications and disbanded their army; then a bishop, by royal order, was given ever-freer rein in the city so that Montpellier Protestants gradually became second-class citizens. 1

1Bosc, pp. 53-58 and 66-67. FRANCE 59

Bribed to Recant A specific illustration of the later trumped-up, fraudulent legal processes is the famed sequence of events which led to Isaac's great tragedy. It started when a Reformed Church pastor, William Paulet, turned renegade to accept 600 pounds and an appointment as counsellor of the Presidia! Court of Montpellier in exchange for renouncing his Protestant faith. Four sons and one daughter re­ canted with him. His wife and younger daughter, Isabeau, refused to apostatize. Little Isabeau, then ten years old, was placed in the convent of Tierargues, with the intention of her being converted to Roman Catholicism. Despite pressure, she persisted in her Protestant faith and so, after twelve months, she was released. For the next five years she and her mother attended Isaac duBourdieu's church at Montpellier. Then she was again seized and this time put in the convent of St. Charles at Montpellier. Here, despite the entreaties and the threats of the abbess, she continued steadfast and im­ movable, so at the end of the month was set at liberty the second time. Now a one-time apostate priest, Charles Marsan, re-entered the case. He, some years earlier, had renounced his adopted Protestant religion to return to his original Roman Catholicism and had be­ come director and confessor of the nuns at Tierargues, where Isa­ beau first was taken in hope of changing her faith. While she was there, Marsan had prepared two documents for her to sign. One stated that she abjured Protestantism, and the other that she em­ braced Roman Catholicism. Isabeau had refused to affix her sig­ nature, but now, five years after she had left the institution, he produced these papers with her signature forged on them-as Isa­ beau later certified.2 Marsan's motivation for forging Isabeau's signature was that in June, 1680, the King had issued a decree known as the Edict of

2Smiles, pp, 32-34; HdePF, XXXV, p. 63; Bose, pp. 80-90. 00 BABY ON HER BACK Fontainebleau. This forbad Roman Catholics to quit their church for a previously held Reformed Religion and ordered that any Protestant church which permitted such ex-Roman Catholics to attend its worship should be demolished. The Roman Catholic clergy resolved to utilize this edict against Isaac duBourdieu's church, and the Marsan forgery was the instrument which they de­ cided to use. Accordingly, on September 22, 1680, notice was serv­ ed on Isaac duBourdieu as "the senior and most determined" of the Montpellier church's pastors no longer to permit Isabeau to enter the church. Isabeau's forged signature was "waved before the eyes of Isaac duBourdieu as one would a pistol," and he was told that he would incur the wrath of the King if he permitted Isabeau to attend his church, and that the most severe sanctions would be used against the church consistory-i.e., against the church's governing body, which consisted of its ministers and elders. Isaac convened the consistory and reported the threat to it. Understanding the extreme gravity of the situation, the elders and pastors debated the matter for days, while the entire Protestant community "awaited its de­ cision with the deepest anguish."3

A Personal Decision

As explained to us verbally by Pastor Henri Bose, the consistory was unable to arrive at a conclusion by deliberation and finally said in effect to Rev. Isaac: "Pastor duBourdieu, we cannot reach a de­ cision, so we have agreed that you personally shall decide for us." Thereupon Rev. Isaac in substance answered: "I cannot and will not bar Isabeau from attending worship in her own church." And, at the next administration of the Lord's Supper, communion was served her-as it later was learned, by Isaac himself. However, when questioned about this, Isaac stated that, because the number of communicants was so great and because the women wore veils,

3 Bosc, pp. 80-94; HdePF, XXX, p. 63. FRANCE 61 he was not aware during the communion service which of the women passing before him was Isabeau.4 Serving communion to Isabeau was followed by a government order that the church be demolished and Isaac forever-after be banned from serving as minister of the gospel in France. The de­ cree filled the church's members with dismay, and the fulfillment of it shocked Protestants throughout Europe. For two years the sentence of demolition was delayed, but finally, November 15, 1682, the last appeal was lost and the order of the destruction became absolute. By that time, Isaac had succeeded in reaching the fron­ tier and had made his way to London, 5 and, without awaiting the outcome of the appeal, the government had begun the job of wrecking the Grand Temple.6 On November 28, 1682, Isabeau Paulet was seized again and imprisoned in Montpellier. In prison, requested to admit the authenticity of the two forged signatures, she asked for a pen and wrote under each: "I affirm that the above signature was not writ­ ten by my hand. Isabeau Paulet."7 On May 5, 1683, Isabeau was sentenced to prison for life. While there she was visited by a youth, a Toulouse lawyer, and they fell in love. Thereupon, she recanted to marry him, was paid 3000 pounds in silver and a pension of 1000 pounds for doing so, and was released. 8

The Grand Glory of duBourdieu Haag writes: "On the occasion of the process regarding Isabeau Paulet, he [Isaac duBourdieu] and his colleagues showed the grand­ est courage and the most laudable firmness." 9 A contributor to HdePF writes: "One is agreed that this sad procedure [the demoli­ tion of Montpellier's Grand Temple] was the chief work of its kind."10 Henri Bose said to us that Isaac's decision was "the grand glory of duBourdieu."

4 HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 23. 5 HdePF, XXXV, p. 63. 6 HdePF, XXXV, p. 63. 7H, XVIII, p. 98. 8 Corbiere, p. 252. 9 Haag, V, p. 559. 10HdePF, XXXV, p. 63. M BABY ON HER BACK Isaac's course anticipated what followed three years later when, in 1685, the government revoked the Edict of Nantes, by which Protestants had been granted the right of public worship. The Re­ vocation proscribed Protestant church services throughout France, gave gospel ministers two weeks in which to leave the country, and, for any who remained and conducted religious functions, made the penalty imprisonment for life. Protestant church property was taken by the state; Protestant adults who refused to attend mass were often subjected to threats, annoyance and persecution; dra­ goons (cavalrymen) were quartered in their homes to annoy them and through duress, pressure them to recant; Protestant children were taken from their parents and put into convents to be trained as Roman Catholics-as was the case with the two infant daughters of Isaac's son, Rev. Jean. To flee the Kingdom meant prison, tor­ ture and, often, death, if captured; yet so many Huguenots attemp­ ted it that some half-million succeeded in escaping and France's prisons were filled to overflowing with those who tried to flee and failed.

"Resister" Was Their Watchword The October 19, 1957, issue of Presbyterian Life, which reported my participation in the program of the Assembly of the Desert that September 8, gave these data about the Post-Revocation period:

"1300 Protestant ministers were condemned to death and ex­ ecuted. A half-million Frenchmen were forced to flee their native land and find havens of refuge in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, England, Denmark, Sweden, and America. "2500 Huguenots were chained to the galleys of French war­ ships and forced to row by Turkish guards with knotted lashes soaked in sea water. This was the so-called 'Floating Captive Church.' "Thousands rotted and perished in the fifty prisons main­ tained by the kingdom of Fr~nce. "Resister (resist) was their watchword.''11 FRANCE 63 In 1957, we saw this word Resister scratched into the stone cop­ ing in the center of the women's jail-room floor of the Tower of Constance by Huguenot Marie Durand. This prison, located at Aigues Mortes on the Mediterranean, originally was built by Louis IX as the debarkation point for the Fifth Crusade; long later, it became a penitentiary for Huguenot women. Marie Durand was imprisoned there because her brother, a Huguenot clergyman of the underground, performed her wedding service; for thirty-five years she remained incarceration because she refused to forsake her Prot­ estant faith. As I stood by this word Resister scratched into the stone ventila­ tion-coping, a group of Protestant German youths gathered about it. There their French-speaking guide told them the tragic narrative of the imprisoned Huguenot inmates; then, taking French hymn-book­ lets from their pockets and purses, they went to a barred window and sang there, in the nerve-tingling minor key of the French Psalms, one of the identical Psalms of Marot, which Marie Dur­ and and her fellow-inmates must often had sung there in the bitter days of their confinement. We visited many similar harrowing Protestant shrines: the Isle of St. Margaret off Cannes, where captured pastors of the Hugue­ not underground were imprisoned, usually until released only by death-still vivid in my mind are the suppressed tears in the voice of Mme. Renee Garnaud as she translated for us the tablet de­ scribing their sufferings; the execution place in Montpellier, where over forty martyrs died for their Faith on gibbet and guillotine­ one of whom I shall discuss when I mention Uzes; the secret burial place of Pastor Paul Rabot, in the dingy light of which our guide, Pastor Saussine of Nlliles, explained how the prominent dead of the past-Revocation years were buried in haste and secrecy because it was the practice of the dragoons to throw their bodies to the wild street-dogs to prevent veneration being built up around the place of their burial. He illustrated this by stating that his Huguenot

11 Presbyterian Life is the official magazine of the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. This quotation is found on p. 22 of the October 19, 1957, issue. N BABY ON HER BACK ancestors had been buried in this fashion under a stable floor. In the case of Paul Rabot, his escape device against the day when dragoons would pound on his bolted church-service door, was to sit on a well-bucket and be lowered into the church-yard well. Part way down, a tunnel came into the well shaft, and by crawling through it he could make his escape to the adjoining house, where his wife's folks lived. The day came when Paul Rabot failed to escape and was ex­ ecuted by the authorities. With haste his family took the body and secretly buried it. When, generations later, religious tolerance came and Protestants began asking where this former great clergy­ man was interred, an old man came forward saying that he was a cousin of Rabot and, as a small boy, attended his burial. "The body is under the cellar-floor of his home," he said. They dug there and found a skeleton; but, how to be sure it was the remains of Paul Rabot and not of some other member of the family? Then it was remembered that Paul walked with a limp. They measured and found that one leg was shorter than the other. The skeleton was reburied, but in an above-ground sepulchre on the top of the cel­ lar floor which originally had concealed it-and there we visited it in 1957. We also inspected the Cevennes Mountains home of Roland, the Huguenot peasant who became a leader of the resistance-or, as it was then called, "The Church of the Desert," because its Protestant worship services were mostly held in deserted places. Roland had a cramped hiding-place under his kitchen floor. Entrance to it was a floor-to-ceiling cupboard, the bottom of which was remov­ able. Once Roland had entered, the family restored the bottom­ board, put dishes and food upon it, and gave blank answers to the dragoons who searched the house. Today, this home is a part of the Museum of French Protestant­ ism, and on its grounds the first Sunday of each September the An­ nual Assembly-of-the-Desert of France's Protestants is held, such as I had the pleasure of addressing in 1957. The attendance that FRANCE 65 year was reported as 15,000, the people having arrived by bus, automobile, bicycle and foot. Scattered over the mountainside, some perched on rocks and some seated on camp-chairs, they fol­ lowed the proceedings with the help of a public-address system, the loud-speakers located in the chestnut trees, to which I was asked to make a special reference in my remarks. Also, the services were broadcast by the government radio-very different from the olden days when the Huguenots of these mountains lived in anony­ mity and hiding! ~ BABY ON HER BACK FRANCE 67

CHAPTER VI

LIKE FATHER LIKE SON

Montpellier, France, and Rev. Jean de Bordieu, D.D.

Born Amidst Violence

Rev. Jean de Bordieu, the second son of Rev. Isaac and Marie de Costebadie, lived a life of continuous stresses. From birth until death violence was all about him. He was born in Bergerac about 1643-in the later portion of the Thirty Years War, which in part had sought to restore Roman Catholicism to western Europe. It was at the conclusion of this protracted struggle that the Protestant na- ~ BABY ON HER BACK tions of Holland and Sweden were recognized as independent by their Roman Catholic neighbors. It was during these years that France's fortified Protestant cities were beseiged by the King's army until, as the price of peace, it was agreed that their fortifica­ tions would be dismantled. The theological seminary in which Rev. Jean originally enrolled was Puylaurens in southern France, east of Toulouse. It, along with most other Protestant academies, was closed by Louis XIV, 1 which, I presume, is the reason why in 1665 Jean transferred to the theological seminary started 100 years earlier in Geneva, Switzer­ land, by John Calvin, the father of French Protestantism. When Jean enrolled at Geneva, May 30, 1665, his name, as was the custom, was entered in Latin, being written Johannes Dubour­ dieu, which spelling of the surname was one of the several used by his father. This was not the orthography then used by Jean, but "Jean de Bordieu," this spelling also being that adopted by his Beam relative Rev. Arnaud. Proof of this is a printed sermon of the year 1666 based on I Timothy 1:15, where Jean's name as author is recorded "Jean de Bordieu."2 We find this same spelling used by him in 1677 when he signed the Montpellier church register at the conclusion of the Romilly wedding;3 also in 1693, when he signed the Manifesto of Duke Charles Schomberg.4 Accordingly, this is the form I use for his name in this book. Seminary life was not all study for Jean because, while there, he courted and married Margaret Voysine, daughter of Noble Jean Voysine, an early chief Syndic (magistrate) of the Republic of Geneva. One of our interesting experiences of 1963 was to visit the Geneva archives department and see in the centuries-old record books there the official license for their wedding and the five-page closely-written dowry document.5 Its date was January 23, 1667. Elsewhere I have seen February given as the month of the marri­ age,6 which took place in Chene, a suburb, presumably the bride's

1H, XIX-XX, p. 435; GD. 2 Haag, V, pp. 560-61. 3 H, VIII, p. 340. 4Agnew, I, p. 140. 5The court clerk in one entry has written the name of the groom's father where he should have written the name of the groom. 6H, XVI, p. 414. FRANCE 69 home. How little they anticipated the tempestous events which lay ahead of them! Jean was ordained in Lausanne, Switzerland, June 21, 1667. Thus, like the writer, his marriage occurred during his last year of seminary under-graduate work. Either he took an extra year for graduate study or served a Swiss church for a year, or both, be­ cause it was not until April, 1668, that he was appointed to a pastoral charge in France. At that time his father, then senior pastor at Montpellier, had asked the synod to assign Jean to him as assistant. This request was endorsed by the Montpellier consistory, which through its elder-representative, Mr. de la Vernue, proposed these stipulations: 1) the son would have no authority as a minister of the church; 2) the church reserved full liberty as to the future of the arrangement; and 3) the father was the only pastor of the church's six to be involved-i. e., Jean would be strictly an assistant to his father and nothing more. The synod noted that this request was contrary to precedents set by other synods, and so decided against it. Instead, it assigned Jean to St. Pargoire and agreed to consider him for a Montpellier assignment whenever a vacancy should arise.7

Too Young to Die Jean served at St. Pargoire until 1671. Then he went to Uzes for the years 1672-1676.8 It is at Uzes that the ancient Roman aquaduct started which crossed the Gard River by means of the famed still-standing Pont de Gard, carrying the pure water of Uzes to the Roman baths in Nimes. 9 While in Uzes Rev. Jean served the Protestant soldiers in the local militia as a chaplain, and a prayer of his at a local military function was published. Thus in 1957 in Geneva we saw it in the University library. As happened to most Protestant churches in France, that in U zes had been demolished by the government by the time the Revoca-

7 H, XVI, p. 414; Corbiere, pp. 211-12. 8 Haag, V, p. 561. 9 Michelin Guide Vertes Provence, p. 113. M BABY ON HER BACK tion was signed. The present church, which we visited, contains four wall-tablets to martyred members. One especially stirred us. It concerned a youth of sixteen years sentenced to death for his Faith and executed at Montpellier. The tablet related how the executioners, moved by his tender years, pleaded with him to recant and thereby save his life, saying that he was too young to die, and how the young hero replied: "Do your job." Then the mother's words are recorded, which were paraphrased to us as: "I would have hung my head in shame if he had said anything else." Judging from the youth's age, his parent's marriage could have been one of those performed in Uzes by Rev. Jean.

The King Takes Offense Pastor Hurtand of the Montpellier church staff died in 1676, and Jean became his replacement. Thus, on the Montpellier church staff of six, there now were two Pastors DuBourdieu, father and son, with the latter in a far more important position than Rev. Isaac had originally sought for him. 10 Rev. Jean soon became highly esteemed in Montpellier and, when in 1680 his father was barred from the pulpits of France, Jean appears to have succeeded to the post of preacher in the Grand Temple. We have a story of a sermon he preached in 1681: the king took exception to it because Jean said therein that the theology of Protestantism was a part of that of the Roman Catholic Church. The King reported his displeasure to his official in charge of accusations, Bassnet. The latter made a mollifying answer to the King, saying:

"Dubourdieu is a man of good spirit, and the principles of virhie I see in him make me ardently desire that he apply himself to a better religion." 11

With the banning and departure of Rev. Isaac, his mantle as spokesman of the Consistory likewise fell on the shoulders of Rev.

10H, VIII, pp. 340-42. 11 HdePF, XIX-XX, p. 435. FRANCE 71 Jean, and also the authority which Rev. Isaac, as senior pastor of the church, had exercised. The decree that the Grand Temple should be demolished for violating the Edict of Fontainebleau in the Paulet case filled the congregation with gloom, especially with their Senior Pastor barred from his pulpit. The Consistory adopted many projects to combat the crisis. These would have been the product of much prayer and the study of God's Word, and arrived at by turmoil of mind and soul. Their first official step was to appoint a committee to intercede with the Province's governor, the Duke of Noailles. Re­ peatedly this committee, which comprised the five remaining pastors and certain of the elders, climbed the stairway to the Governor's second-story audience-chamber to plead the cause of the Church. Thus, it was with real emotion that Pastor Bose in 1957 took us to the foot of these stairs and said:

"Remember these steps well; many is the time de Bordieu climbed them to intercede with Duke de Noailles in behalf of the Church."

Simultaneously with the appointment of the committee, elder Sieur Planchet was dispatched to Paris to intercede personally with the King. This emissary experienced what Henri Bose termed "the expeditious justice of the King;" for, upon his arrival in Paris, he was clapped into the Bastille; he never saw the King and never, even, was allowed to state his case. Instead, the King sent word to Noailles to destroy the church in twenty-four hours, adding: "You will make me happy if it is done in twelve."

Thrown into the Montpellier Bastille

While Sieur Planchet sat in prison in Paris, vainly hoping for his audience with his monarch, a tricky second attack was launched against the Church. This was a device which already had been used to bring about the destruction of many Protestant edifices. Its basis was a law passed in 1577, over 100 years earlier, namely that D BABY ON HER BACK thereafter no Protestant church could be erected in a city where a Roman Catholic bishop had his seat. The few weeks allowed churches prosecuted under this law often were too few for them to locate the documents proving their existence previous to 1577. On September 18, 1682, the Romanist schemers brought charges against the Montpellier Reformed Church on the basis of this law. Thereby they secured a royal order giving the church exactly three months to prove the legality of its existence. Fortunately for the church, its consistory clerk, Pierre Regis, had long before had the foresight to assemble the church's documents from their various places of safe-keeping, had arranged them in order and had bound them into books. Thus, this threat to the life of the church was disposed of handily. 12 Next, while the original committee still pleaded its case before the Governor, the Consistory presented the affair to the Parlement ( or Assembly of States) of the province of Toulouse, scheduled to be held in the fall of 1682. This aspect of the affair appears to have been largely ignored by the Governor, presumably because he took his orders from the King and thus the rulings from any other source were of lesser importance-and, in this particular case the King in September had ordered that the church be de­ molished. When Noailles received these orders from the King, he instructed the Consistory to have the members of the church tear the building down. This beautiful place of worship-the outstanding one of Protestantism-which their ancestors' hands had erected so lovingly, their hands were now asked to destroy. The answer of the Con­ sistory was that they would die rather than obey. Now, indeed, every heart was filled with misery and misgiving. Their every device had been of no avail: the committee appointed to visit the Governor had been rebuffed; the emissary to the King had been thrown into jail and ignored; and now the church was ordered demolished before the States General, their last resource, had begun to meet! What to do? Send the committee once again

12Bosc, pp. 75, 80-91. FRANCE 73 to the Governor and ask him to postpone all further action until the decision of the Assembly of States was rendered. But the Gov­ ernor had left the city! When the Governor returned to Montpellier, he did not come alone but .accompanied by a regiment of soldiers, that of Sault. These he had paraded conspicuously on the Esplanade, for all to know of their presence in Montpellier and thereby be warned. Then it was that the committee waited upon the Governor. For the last and final time, as it developed. They climbed the stairs to his second-story audience-chamber like men with a sentence of death over their heads. Damocles with a sword suspended over his head by a single hair felt no closer to doom than they. What they now asked from the governor was not that the case be dropped as earlier in the affair, but merely that no action be taken until the Assembly of States could pro­ nounce its judgment. The reply of De Noailles was that he was powerless to do as the committee asked, that the King had issued his orders and hence he, Noailles, was not permitted to make any change in them. "But, suppose the Assembly of States ruled in favor of the church, what good would that be if the structure already were demolished?" Noailles answered that he was not allowed to effect a postpone­ ment and refused to try. Understandably, tension mounted in the audience-chamber, and both the committee and the Governor felt the strain. Then, one of the church's elders said:

"Is Your Excellency aware that there are 1,800,000 Protestant families in France?"

The reply of the Governor was to tum to his guard and, with chill in his voice, say:

"While we wait to see what will become of the 1,800,000 Pro­ testant families, will you please conduct these gentlemen to the citadel."13 U BABY ON HER BACK Subsequently, because many of the elders of the committee were nobles, they were released under house-arrest; but the pastors, whether from noble families or not, were "chambered in the Bastille" for eighteen days. 14 We were shown this historic prison in 1957-in fact, it was to make sure that we did so, that Pastor Bose excused himself from his dinner engagement our last day in Montpellier and personally escorted us to the spot. This citadel is a large, low stone structure surrounded by a forbidding wall and moat. Far down one window­ less side there is a door. 15 Bose led us there and, in his nerve­ tingling fashion, said:

"It was right inside that de Bordieu was sequestered in Mont­ pellier's Bastille. For eighteen days he was shut up there, not because of any criminal act of his but because he had the courage to protest an injustice of the King and his agent, the Governor."

13Smiles, pp. 32-34. 14Bosc, pp. 86-88. 15From that door, Bose led us around the citadel to the opposite corner. "Here in the olden days," he said, "is where the prison's main gate stood. When prisoners were taken out to be executed, it was through this gate that they were marched. Huguenots behaved very differently from others. Unlike felons who came out cursing or weeping, they came out praying or with Psalms on their lips. If commoners they were stripped to their waists; if nobility they were in their shirtsleeves. And"-here he stopped and pointed to the gravel path-"in chains they were marched down this lane to the execution spot." Then he grasped me by the arm, started marching me down the gravel path with him, and in minor key began singing the 118th Psalm, the Psalm of France's Protestant martyrs: "Out of my distress I called upon the Lord ..." Needless to say, as singing he marched me, the chills ran up and down my spine. Then we came to an open spot between three trees. "There," he said, "was the execution spot, a gibbet for the commoners and a guillotine for the nobles. Forty Huguenots are recorded as having been killed here. Pastors, lay-preachers, elders, deacons. There they gave up their lives as the price of remaining true to their Faith! Commoners, hanged until dead! Nobles, their heads chopped off by the guillotine's knife as it came down swi-i-ish! Their only crime that they refused to deny their Lord!" FRANCE 75

Sixty Masons Destroy the Church

With the committee of the Church partially under house-arrest and partially in jail, the Governor felt free to proceed. The Church's consistory would not order the destruction of their house of worship, he now lmew well, so he took matters into his own hands. He divided his regiment of soldiers into patrols and placed them them at strategic spots in the city so that, should any uprising occur, he had militia near at hand to quell it. Sixty masons were mobilized and assigned the task of wrecking "Europe's most beau­ tiful Protestant structure of its epoch." The huge main door was attacked first-with axes and a plank for a battering-ram. Next the pulpit suffered from their wrath­ it was smashed into splinters. The wreckers then proceeded to the huge roof, while the Governor, protected by a strong guard of soldiers, watched. Sensing that the wreckers were aware of the hostility of the resentful on-looking crowd, he cried to his masons: "Courage, my friends, courage. Long live the King!" Then to some whose blows seemed ineffectual against the solidly built structure, he called: "Harder, harder! Fear nothing!" Not until November, when the destruction of the immense sanct­ uary was well under way, did the Assembly of States render its decision against the Church and thereby make the order of demo­ lition absolute. Upon Sunday, December 4, 1682, after weeks of labor, the masons finally completed their task and left Europe's "most beautiful" Protestant sanctuary a pile of rubble. 16 The Roman Catholic Church then erected a cross on the site, "as if to cleanse the soil of Protestant heresy;"17 but, curiously, this did not last long because the Cardinal had a mistress upon whom he wished to confer a boon. Thus, in 1683 the cross was removed, and Cardinal Bonzi had a house built on the spot for his mistress, Joanna de Gevaudan, Countess of Ganges. 18 Subsequently

16Bosc, pp. 82-88. I believe that the 1684 is a typesetter's error and should read 4 December 1682. Also, see Bose, pp. 60-61. 17Bosc, pp. 86-88. 18ibid. W BABY ON HER BACK the capitol of the prefecture also was erected on the site. Today, the house of the cardinal's mistress still may be seen there; it is on the Place Chabaneau and constitutes a part of the capitol buildings. 19

The Battle of the Poets Upon the destruction of this famous Grand Temple of Mont­ pellier, a Jesuit priest looked upon the rubble and, very possibly with unholy glee, wrote in French a poem, or epigram as it was called in those days. This was translated into English by Sir Isaac Watts, the famous Protestant hymn writer:

"A Hug'note Tempie, at Montpellier built, Si:ood and proclaimed their madness and guilt; Too long it stood beneath heav'ns angry frown, Worthy, when rising, to be thundered down. Thus, a cursed house falls on the builder's head; Louis, at last, the avenger of the skies, Commands, and level with the ground it lies. The stones dispersed, a wretched offspring come, Gather and heap them on their fathers' tomb. Although beneath the ground their bones are laid, Yet, the just vengeance still pursues the guilty dead." Watts, upset, then wrote his own reply: 20

A Christian church once in Montpellier stood And nobly spoke the builders' zeal for God. It stood, the envy of the fierce dragoon, And deserved not to be removed so soon. Yet Louis, the vile tyrant of the age, Tears down the walls, doomed by malignant rage. Young faithful hands pile up the sacred stones ( Dear Monument!) over their father's bones. The stones shall move when the dead fathers rise, Start up before the pale destroyer's eyes, And testify his madness to th' avenging skies.21

Exiled On Dec. 7, 1682, three days after the wrecking of the Grand Temple was finished, the Government delivered to Jean in prison

19ibid. 20Sir Douglas L. Savory in a statement to me. 21 Agnew, pp. 222-226. FRANCE 77 the order by which the church's pastors were set free and all the pastors except Bertheau, Sr., were exiled from the city. Pastor Bertheau, Sr., was exempted that in him the Protestants might have a clergyman of their own to baptize their children. The order stated that this was to be done in the presence of a repre­ sentative of the government within 24 hours of the child's birth, and without a sermon.22 The Protestants of Montpellier, now that their last sanctuary was gone, for worship resorted to the homes of their noblemen. So popular did these church services become, that several were held in certain homes on a Sunday. The Government then ruled that only the members of the noble's household might attend and that no noble might have more than one service in his home of a Sab­ bath. Thereupon, the Montpellier Protestants seemed to develop a great concern for exercise and, with that as a pretext, started walking to church in nearby villages, as Pignaux, Courmon and St. Jean de Vidas.23 Consistory meetings were now held in secrecy, and it was de­ cided to appoint laymen to visit the members of the parish in their homes, there to read a sermon and to pray. One of the prayers prepared for this purpose had been written by Rev. Isaac and carried the title, "Prayer about the State of a Desolated Flock."24 Being a parish visitor was a dangerous task, as we know from the experiences of ll:tienne Cambolive, a lawyer who was an elder of the church and served in this fashion. Apprehended by the govern­ ment, he was sentenced to the galleys; then he had the good fortune to have his sentence changed to five years' banishment from the kingdom. It is from his memoirs that Henri Bose got the descrip­ tion of the Grand Temple quoted earlier.25 Many members of the congregation had left France during the years of the Paulet Affair, as did Rev. Isaac. Now Rev. Jean or­ ganized the departure of many others of the flock. 26 It seems probable that Protestants of other sections of southern France

22Bosc, p. 88; H, XXXX, p. 577. 23Bosc, p. 88; Bost I, p. 80. 24Bost ibid. 25Bosc, p. 60. 26Agnew II, pp. 222-226. ~ BABY ON HER BACK were included. Jean, himself, apparently made his escape late in 1683, as a letter written by Cardinal Bonzi in January, 1683, speaks of Jean as in Montpellier at that time, and denization records show him in London in the middle of 1684. Those who fled with Jean included the widow of his brother, Lord James; the infant son of Lord James, from whom I am descended; and church-member Joseph Savory, whose descendant Sir Douglas L. Savory has written the introduction of this book.27 Our discovery of Sir Douglas in 1957 was an incident which almost robbed us of breath. In Belfast, we had started up the stairs to the Linen Hall Library when a lady, standing by the door, cau­ tioned us that it was a private library not open to the public. Thereupon we explained to her our interest in the Huguenots who had founded Ireland's linen industry and thus, indirectly, this Linen Hall Library. "In that case," she said, "there is a Belfast man whom you should visit-possibly he is the world's greatest authority on Huguenot matters." Then she could not pull the name out of her memory, just as we from the center of distant America, did not know to whom she referred. However, when back in our hotel we mentioned the incident, we were instantly informed: "That is Sir Douglas L. Savory." The next morning, without appointment-for his telephone was unlisted-I called at his home and presented my visiting card to the maid who answered the door. Directly she was back and ush­ ered me into Sir Douglas' second-story study, where he sat, sur­ rounded by books and papers-and right there started a friendship which I value mostly highly. I opened the visit with the statement that I was Dr. DuBourdieu from near Chicago. His reply astounded me, for he said: ''Yes, I know about the DuBourdieus. You have an early Huguenot an­ cestor who was the pastor of the Reformed Church in Montpellier, France-Isaac duBourdieu; similarly, I have a Huguenot forebear who was a member of that church-Joseph Savory. When the church was demolished, my grandfather of back-then fled from

27DNB XVI, p. 80. FRAN CE 79 Montpellier to England in a party organized by your ancestor's son, Rev. Jean de Bordieu, who also was a pastor of the church." His words astounded me because I had never imagined that I ever would meet anyone who could specify a first-hand contact with any Huguenot relative of mine. And here Sir Douglas had just said that 300 years earlier an ancestor of his had worshipped in a church where an ancestor of mine had been the preacher, and that this ancestor of his had escaped from France in the company of this pastor's son. And now, close to three centuries later, the many-times-great grandsons of the two, although their residences were one-third of the globe apart, unexpectedly meet! Is it any wonder how I felt?

Escape By the Window Before leaving France, Rev. Jean had been invited to renounce the Reformed Church for Roman Catholicism. Cardinal Bonzi wrote a letter to the Duke of Noailles about this, the letter still preserved in the Library of the Louvre among the De Noailles Family papers.28 It reads:

"From Montpellier, the 23rd. of January, 1683 ... in the stay that I have made here, I have pursued the projects known to you to obtain conversions. I have discovered that Bordieu, the Son, a minister here, has some connections and attachments here which will facilitate his conversion, if he can be made to fear either a distant banishment or an order to depart out of the kingdom. If you think proper to send me a lettre de cachet for that purpose, I am in hopes that, upon showing it to him, he will be disposed to listen to proposals and that eventually an offer of an appointment as counselor to the presidia! court, with which the King will gratify him, having secret agents, it will not be impossible to gain him. He has merit and will be a good acquisition."

28BduP I, p. 114. 00 BABY ON HER BACK

Rev. Jean's reply to the overtures of Cardinal Bonzi was printed under date of May, 1685. It not only gives Jean's answer but pro­ vides a good analysis of the Protestant situation in France and a first-hand picture of the tragic times. I translate it to read:

"If by the term of 'joining' one intends a return to the Roman Church without her reforming or softening, it is clear that it is merely an abuse of terms. Such would be a pure and simple abjuration of this which you call 'heresy and schism.' It is im­ possible, I swear, for a King as powerful as ours to exterminate from the state those who are Calvinists. "He has already razed our churches, scattered our flocks, ex­ pelled our ministers. Persecution has already caused a great number of people to yield to whom you give the name 'con­ verts.' If by your counsels His Majesty continues his harsh treatment of faithful subjects who seek only the glory of their sovereign, if the King constrains Reformed people by the seiz­ ure of their children, by rigorous edicts, by orders of death and banishment to change their religion, the most feeble will reenter the communion of Rome but they will detest it with all their hearts. Thus you make hypocrites and blasphemers. "The majority of those who have piety will withdraw and, de­ spite the care taken to close the doors of the kingdom, one will never prevent them from escaping by the windows. This is the way Calvinism will be extinguished in France. But, sirs, this never can be called 'joining.' Clearly it is not this which is your end: for this will desolate the kingdom, ravish the King of his subjects, give the Church to false Christians, make false mem­ bers for Jesus Christ.''29

29HduPF LXIII-LXIV, p. 12. FRANCE 81

Jean's Daughters Abducted It must have been with sorrowing heart that Jean wrote the words, "if the King constrains Reformed people by the seizure of their children," because the "attachments" mentioned in Cardinal Bonzi's letter undoubtedly were Rev. Jean's two daughters: Anne, born in 1680-because baptized then by Bertheau, Sr.-and Eliza­ beth. Because of their tender years their mother remained behind in France with them when Rev. Jean fled the country. Then, as with Protestant children whose parents refused to abjure, Jean's two daughters were forcibly taken from their mother and put in a con­ vent-St. Ursule.30 The mother, Margaret Voysine de Bordieu, de­ prived of the two children, then rejoined her husband and other children in London, where August 24, 1684, they were denized-i.e., officially registered as residents of England but not made eligible to hold public office, which privilege subsequently was granted by law. 31 At the time of his flight, Rev. Jean left two properties in France, a house appraised at 200 pounds and a tenant farm which sold for 260 pounds.32 The French government paid the abducted daughters a pension which, from an application regarding it, seems to have been the rental money earned by these properties. These daughters are named in Jean's last will, probated in 1720, as conditional beneficiaries, the will stipulating that to benefit the daughters must become Protestant and come to England.33 By this time Elizabeth had married a music merchant named Mallet. Anne was single. In 1729 it was said of them relative to their pension that they were the daughters of a clergyman dead in England and that they did not wish to leave France to receive a considerable legacy from him, conditional upon their abandoning the Roman Catholic religion.

30HH XXII, p. 12. 31 HH XVIII, p. 164. 32Corbiere, pp. 278-280. 33Lart I, pp. 15-16. ~ BABY ON HER BACK PART III

HOLLAND AND ENGLAND M BABY ON HER BACK

tttt HOLLAND AND ENGLAND ~

CHAPTER VII

DISPERSION OF THE "SENIOR" BRANCH OF THE FAMILY

The Fearful Tempest From the preceding chapters we know something of what is meant by the phrase "fearful tempest" when used 200 years later by The Ulster Journal of Archeology as it told the story of Ireland's DuBourdieus.1 Certainly we have sensed the agony of Rev. Isaac upon the harassment of his Montpellier flock and the wanton wrecking of its two church edifices. And surely, our hearts have bled for Rev. Jean and his wife Margaret when their two small daughters were forcibly taken from their home to suborn their faith-never again to be seen by either parent! These incidents are but a small part of the story. Of Isaac's sons, only one is known to have survived the Revocation of 1685, Rev. Jean. Possibly the word "slaughter" used by UJ in its two articles on Ireland's Bourdieus refers to the death in France of Isaac's other

1UJ, 1854, p. 167-"It was while holding this high position that the nobles of the Dubourdieu family experienced the first shock of the fearful tempest which burst with such violence in the year 1685." UJ, 1853, p. 291-"0nly two members of the elder branch escaped after the slaughter and dispersion of their family." M BABY ON HER BACK sons: in 1683, Lord James; in 1684 or later, Rev. Jean Armand; in 1685, Dr. Armand; and, perhaps about 1685, Isaac, Jr. The stories of the persecution of France's Protestants at that time show that "slaughter" could be a proper word for the demise of many members of a prominent Huguenot family, especially when their deaths oc­ curred so close to the date of the Revocation. Our actual knowledge, however, is very limited. My assumption is that the word "slaughter" distinctly related to the death of Rev. Isaac's oldest son, Lord James, because it is his descendants who provided the account recorded by UJ.

Tortured in the Most Cruel Manner The ancestral family of his widow, the De La Valades, is reported by UJ to have been "tortured in the most cruel manner,"2 and Laval mentions that one lady of the family, "patiently having suffered many exquisite pains, at last had her clothes turned up and was laid bare on a chafing-dish of hot coals."3 Probably the decision of Lord James' sister Andree to leave France, as discussed shortly, was considerably motivated by such persecution and clearly Lord James' widow must have had strong reasons to flee the country at the time when she did. Of Isaac's sons by his second wife, Marie de Costebadie, I assume that Isaac, Jr., was the oldest, inasmuch as the year he married Isabeau Deytet-1660-was nineteen years after the wedding of Rev. Isaac and Marie. 4 I find only one other reference to Isaac, Jr., this attributed to "Archives Department 369"5 and terming him the son of the late Isaac Dubourdieu, which item, I infer, was written sub­ sequent to Rev. Isaac's death, about 1700. If Isaac, Jr., migrated to England, his name should appear on the denization records as do those of other members of the family, but such is not the case. Possibly, he attempted to leave France, his efforts to do so failed, and thereby he lost his life. A somewhat similar experience was that of an Andree Bourdieu, aged 33. Trying to leave the

2 UJ, 1854, p. 169. 3 ibid. 4 H, XVI, p. 57. 5 ibid. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND M kingdom, she was arrested at Sarlat, had her head shaved and was thrown into prison. Then in 1690 she recanted and was set free. 6 I omit here the second son of Rev. Isaac and Marie, Rev. Jean, because I discuss him in other chapters. He organized the flight of many Protestants from southern France in 1683. Among these were Lord James' widow and infant son, who fled to Switzerland, and thence to England.7 Smiles uses her story to illustrate the ex­ tremes to which noble-born women went in order to escape from France in those troubled times.8 Dr. Armand is another grown son of Rev. Isaac and Marie who lost his life about the same time. Because the date of his death was 1685 and because of the UJ word "slaughter" one wonders if violence had anything to do with his demise also. Born in Bergerac in 1651, he married Isabeau Delpreuch on January 25, 1672. Four years later, he is recorded as godfather at a baptismal service in the Reformed church of Lyons, France.9 Subsequent to his death, his wife is named on a list of refugees as a widow. 1 0 Rev. Isaac and Marie had a fourth son, Rev. Jean Armand, born in Montpellier in 1652. 11 It is difficult to reconstruct his story because 300 years have elapsed. Presumably he was ordained by the Reformed Church of France, because the Church of England ordained him deacon and priest in a single ceremony shortly after his arrival in Britain. 12 Rev. Jean Armand must have been winsome because other Du­ Bourdieus named sons after him: in 1677 his brother Rev. Jean did this; and in 1682 or 1683 my ancestor Lord James did the same. Rev. Jean Armand fled from France in the year 1682 in the company of his father, Rev. Isaac, for UJ states that Isaac's "declining years were cheered by the presence of his two sons, the elder of whom [Rev. Jean] had lingered at Montpellier some months after his fath-

6Haag, p. 892. 7Curator Charles Cabanis of the Walloon Library, Leyden, told me that all Huguenot refugees who fled from France to England by way of Switzerland, did so by taking boat from Holland. 8 Smiles, p. 151. 9 Haag, V, p. 560. 10Corbiere, p. 277. 11 GD. 12Lart in H, XVI, p. 57. ~ BABY ON HER BACK er's departure." Thus, it surely was Isaac's son Jean Armand who on January 4, 1683, under the name John, was ordained by the Church of England. 13 Before mid-August, 1684-since he was not denized with the rest of the family on August 24, 1684, nor is recorded having been denized either previously or subsequently-he either had died or had returned to France to succumb there.

A Daughter and Grandson Who Escaped

Rev. Isaac's only known daughter escaped about 1686, bringing with her a nine or ten year-old son, Armand Dubourdieu Boy­ bellaud de la Chapelle, who later became a famous clergyman and writer. Lart names Isaac's daughter "Andree La Valet" and says that she married twice. Her first husband was Jean Vachan, sieur de la Beraudiere. Widowed, she married Jean Boybellaud, a prominent lawyer of Bordeaux who because of his Protestant faith had stopped practicing in the Bordeaux courts and moved to Auzillac. At the time of their marriage Jean Boybellaud was sixty­ two and Andree fifty. Their son Armand was born four years later, 14 when the mother would have been fifty-four. 15 Armand was bom at Auzillac in 1676. He was placed in school in Bordeaux; then, after 1685 was removed from school by his mother and was taken to London to be near her father, Rev. Isaac. There in his grandfather's house he finished his schooling and, at the age of eighteen, he was ordained a clergyman. His first charge was in Ireland, where he labored two years. He then returned to the London area to serve the Huguenot church at Wandsworth. Subsequently, from 1711 to 1725, he was pastor of Wandsworth's Huguenot Artillery Church. From 1725 to his death in 1746 at the age of seventy, he was pastor at the Hague, Holland. 16 In the years he lived with Rev. Isaac he used the name "Dubourdieu;" this he later dropped for the family title, "De la Chapelle."17

13ibid. 14Lart, I, p. 13; Haag II, pp. 693-98. 15See p. 93 for comment. 16Same as 14. 17The Wagner Folio in L-HS under "DuBourdieu" reads: "Armand La Chapelle Dubourdieu mentioned in 1720 as having 'gone out of the realm'-bill of J. A. LaRoche, 1726 (B 10)." HOLLAND AND ENGLAND ~ He was famous as an author during his day. Some of his works, all in French, were: ten volumes of the fifteen-volume Bibliotheque Anglaise ou Histoire Literaire de la Grande Bretagne; the theo­ logical articles of the first thirty-eight volumes of the fifty-two volume Bibliotheque Raisonnee des Ouvrages des Savants de l'Europe; with the help of other writers the nineteen volume Nouvelle Bibliotheque ou Histoire Literaire des Principaux Ecrits Qui se Publient; and nine single volume books or translations. Probably the most famous of these last was La Necessite du Culte Public Parmi les Chretiens, in which he: recites the sufferings of the Protestants of Dauphiny, Languedoc and Vivarais in 1744 and 1755, citing names, places and dates; names the twenty-four Pro­ testant women imprisoned in the Tower of Constance; lists for the years 1686-on the Protestant prayer-meetings in France dis­ rupted by saber or musket; details the story of various Protestant ministers in France who lost their lives because they preached the gospel; recounts the instance of the Roman Catholic priest who set fire to his own church in order to accuse the Protestants of having done so; and, through it all, gives the actual assurances which France's Protestants made from time to time of their fidelity to their monarch. 18

A Hypothetical Family-tree

Shortly before I was to leave for Iran in 1962, I received a most interesting letter about Armand Dubourdieu Boybellaud from Dr. Donald F. Bond of the University of Chicago English department, who at the time was studying abroad on a year's Sabbatical leave. Dr. Bond had been clerk of session and organist of the Palos Park Presbyterian Church at the time that I supervised its activities as the Chicago Extension Board's director of churches. Thus we had had many close associations. His letter raised the question of the identity of Armand's mother. Here are Dr. Bond's words:

18Haag II, pp. 693-98. 00 BABY ON HER BACK

"Again our paths cross! ... Mrs. Bond and I have been in Eng­ land for most of the present academic year. I am preparing an edition of The Tatler, the periodical essay (1709-10) con­ ducted by Steele and Addison in the days of Queen Anne, to be published over here by the Oxford University Press. While engaged in this work I became interested in the first French translation of the The Tatler, done by a Protestant refugee named Armand Boisbeleau de la Chapelle-and this is where our paths cross. According to most of the reference books ... , La Chapelle, who was born in France in 1676 or 1677, was taken as a child to England by his mother and brought up by his grandfather, the celebrated Isaac duBourdieu, pastor of one of the French churches of London.

"Shortly after his death the following note appeared in the Bibliotheque Raisonnee for Jan.-March, 1747 (Vol. XX.XVIII, pp. 87-88), a journal to which La Chapelle had frequently contributed: [The translation which follows is that of the author of this book.]

'"Mr. Armand Boisbeleau de la Chapelle was born at Auzillac in Saintonge. His father was a lawyer of the Bordeaux courts; but because he was a Protestant, persecution obliged him to quit, and he withdrew to one of his country estates, where people from miles around came to consult him. He had five sons by Miss Dubourdieu, his wife, Armand being the third. At the age of nine or ten years, his parents sent him to the schools of Bordeaux; but, a year later, his mother withdrew him through a wise foresight of the dangers which he would encounter because of his religion and she took him to England, where she entrusted him to the care of her father, Mr. Isaac Dubourdieu, minister of London.

"'It was at the home of this Isaac Dubourdieu, his grand­ father, that our author received his entire education, along with HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 91 his famous first cousin, Armand Dubourdieu, 19 both in the fine arts and in theology. He had no other school-master and never attended any university.' "I am wondering if you can confirm this. Was La Chapelle's mother a daughter of Isaac duBourdieu? While I was working in the library of the Huguenot Society of London . . . the librarian, C. F. A. Marmoy, told me that you were making a thorough search into the history of the DuBourdieu family, and he was quite amazed when I told him that I knew you and you had been in my home in Palos Park! ... "I have found MS letters by La Chapelle in the British Mu­ seum and also in the University Library at Leyden. . . . La Chapelle's translation of The Tatler, by the way, was first pub­ lished in Amsterdam in two volumes under the title, La Babil­ lard ou Le N ouvelliste Philosophe ( 1724, 1735). The second edition ( two volumes, 1735) bore the title, Le Philosophe N ou­ velliste. I have seen both editions. "But, was his mother the daughter of Isaac duBourdieu?"

Dr. Bond's quotation from the Bibliotheque Raisonnee was entire­ ly new material to me and resulted in my studying anew my data about Rev. Isaac and Lord James. Thus items previously ignored by me because I did not know where they applied, took on real sig­ nificance. As a result I have concluded:

1. that Le Valet, the name given by Lart to Armand Boybellaud's 20 mother , and La Valade are the same name;

19"The famous Armand" means J. Armand, son of the Schomberg chaplain Rev. Jean. He entered Gloucester Hall at the age of sixteen and is listed among the graduates of Oxford, of which Gloucester Hall is a part. Two years younger than Boybellaud, who was ordained at eighteen, the two apparently terminated their schooling in the home of Rev. Isaac at the same time. It is to be noted that Lord James' son Jean Armand also went to live with Rev. Isaac when smuggled out of France. Nowhere do I find mention of his schooling. Possibly then, along with his cousins Boybellaud and J. Armand, he too got his early educa­ tion in the home of their common grandfather, Rev. Isaac. 20Lart I, pp. 8-16. (amplifying material on pages 93-95) A HYPOTHETICAL DUBOURDIEU FAMILY-TREE Generation 4 Generation 3 Generation 2 Generation 1 Hippolyte Boybellaud -----1CHARLES BOYBELLAUD l.art 8/Jf/S: "Wife not knowii'

Denys BoybellaudrlRANCOIS BOYBELLAUD by Louise Thibaudeau. "MISS DUBOURDIEU" of the Bibliotlwque Ralsonnee article AUGUSTE BOYBELLAUD JEAN BOYBELLAUD Joshue Boybellaud------1 by his first wife; Isaac Boybellaud.------1 Judith Marineau Judith Boybellaud:------1 Suzanne Boybellaud------1 i ~ l'ascal Boybellaud.------1 !l , by his second wife: .. A~~~filLLAUD DE E?~~ ~~fo~:~~) ::I'LE REV. ISA.AC DUBOURDIEU LORD l'IERRE DUBOURDIEU r by his first wife: Governor: Bergerao i;, REV, JEAN ARMAND ----1LOofRDBlaJyAeMES DU,BOURDIEU , , , Le Valet (La Valade) DUBOURDIEU by dau. of Count De La Valade ! I ISAAC DUBOURDIEU, JR, ..s,. REV. J, ARMAND REV, JEAN DE BORDIEU by his second wife: t DUBOURDIEU------1DR. ARMAND DUBOURDIEU Marie de Costebadfe REV. JEAN ARMAND DUBOURDIEU-----.i no children by his third wife: Jean de Poyteuin See Chapter VIII for hls---.i l'IERRE DUBOURDlEU, JR. children Governor: l'lsle Bouchard JEAN DUBOURDIEU----.i Consul; ,Algiers ISABEAU DU BOURDIEU---!not named ------1fpXsTOR BOURDIEU-----1-not named------1 who married her cousin: L.£t Bordeaux Auguste Boybellaud HOLLAND AND ENGLAND ~ 2. that the UJ statement that the nobles of the DuBourdieus and De Lavalades had intermarried (1854, p. 167) indicates that Rev. Isaac's first wife was a De La Valade; 3. that the daughter of the Count De La Valade who married Isaac's · son Lord James probably was a cousin, a not un­ usual occurrence in those days.

Lart's Boybellaud genealogical material and the Bibliotheque Raisonnee off-hand seem quite at variance when they discuss the identity of Armand's mother. This has led me to prepare a hypo­ thetical family-tree. With it as guide I have come to certain further conclusions.

A. Concerning Armand Boybellaud's mother: 1. that Lart is correct when he names Andree Le Valet ( La Valade), widow of Sieur de la Beraudiere and second wife of Jean Boybellaud and says that at the time of their wedding she was 50 and her husband 62 and that Armand was born to them four years later;21 2. that, in view of her age at the time Armand was born, they had no other additional son; and that, when Andree brought Armand to London to live with his grandfather, she faced no problem caused by the presence of other young children whom she would have had to abandon in France; 3. that the Bibliotheque Raisonnee must have confused Armand's mother with a grandmother of his father because its "Miss Dubourdieu" has five sons assigned to her, two older and two younger than Armand, and thus that she would have had to abandon the four of them in France to bring only Armand to Grandfather Rev. Isaac in England.

21 Dr. Lawrence R. Wharton, an obstetrician of Johns Hopkins Hospital, has reviewed all the medical literature for a century, and has checked out every reported case he could find in official records, in which the mother was said to be over 50 years of age. He has found at least 26 instances in which he is satis­ fied that the mother was past 50. Two of these mothers had never borne a child before. ~ BABY ON HER BACK B. Concerning "Miss Dubourdieu" of the Bibliotheque Raisonnee: 1. that she belongs in the gap in the family-tree of the Boybel­ Iauds as a grandmother of Armand Boybellaud's father; 2. that, while Lart assigns only two sons to her, this does not preclude the possibility of her having given birth to five sons; 3. that putting "Miss Dubourdieu" in this gap in the Lart data coincides with a statement by Rev. Isaac's son Rev. Jean that he is related to Armand Boybellaud through an aunt2 2 because doing this makes "Miss Dubourdieu" Rev. Jean's great-aunt; 4. that, because Armand Boybellaud's half-brother Auguste Boy­ 23 bellaud married a cousin, Isabeau duBourdieu , his father presumably had a DuBourdieu ancestress and she would have been "Miss Dubourdieu."

C. Concerning Armand Boybellaud's father: 1. Lart, the Bibliotheque Raisonnee and the Tortelier material all state that he was a lawyer of Bordeaux and Auzillac; 2. both Lart and the Bibliotheque Raisonnee name him, Lart spelling his name Jean Boybellaud and the Bibliotheque Rai­ sonnee writing it Jean Boisbeleau, the pronounciation of the two being identical in French, I having elected to use the Anglicized orthography of Lart ordinarily. D. Concerning the childhood of Armand Boybellaud's mother, Andree Le Valet: 1. Her age at the time she married Jean Boybellaud dates her birth as 1622; 2. The date of her father's graduation from theological seminary indicates that he started his studies for the ministry very shortly after she was born; 3. It seems a fair conclusion then that Isaac's first wife must have died about the time of Andree's birth and that she was brought up by her mother's parents, the Le Valets ( the La HOLLAND AND ENGLAND M Valades). Thus she was called Le Valet as a girl and such is how her name was written in the marriage record; 4. also that she had married by 1641, when Isaac remarried and established a household of his own. E. Concerning Pastor Bourdieu of Bordeaux:

1. Since he is the grandfather of Isabeau du Bourdieu22 and 2. since she is the cousin of August Boybellaud, whose half­ brother Annand was a cousin of Rev. Jean De Bordieu, 23 son of Rev. Isaac , 3. I wonder if a further relationship does not exist, namely that Pastor Bourdieu of Bourdeaux and Rev. Isaac duBourdieu might well be cousins.

Because the detailed information about Rev. Isaac begins with his transfer from Bergerac to the Montpellier church, when he was about 50 years of age, adequate first-hand records of his early years do not exist. Fortunately, however, much knowledge can be gleaned by reading 'between the lines" of what is known about other mem­ bers of the Family, as in this chapter.

Condemned to the Galleys

In 1957 Judge Hugue, curator of the Museum of the Desert, told me that he had encountered the name DuBourdieu while examining lists of Protestants condemned to the galleys, but that he could recall no details. Possibly, the name was Alexandre Bourdeaux, mentioned by Haag as a galley-slave in 1685.24 Marseilles, the winter port of the galleys, was visited by us. In 1688 France owned forty of these warships, which were propelled by oars in addition to sails and, so, were little dependent upon the winds. The usual galley was 150 feet long by 40 wide. Its deck was divided lengthwise by a gangway on each side of which were the

22Lart I, pp. 8-16. 23HdePF XIX-XX, p. 435. 24Haag 11, p. 1093. 00 BABY ON HER BACK rowers' benches: twenty-six on the right side and one less on the left, where a crude kitchen took the place of the last bench. Each oar was pulled by five oarsmen, a handle being attached to the oar for each oarsman, due to the thickness of the forty-foot oars. The farther a rower sat from the gunwale, the greater the circle his part of the oar had to travel and the greater the exertion required from him. The number of rowers was 250, and 200 freemen comprised the balance of the crew. Only at night were the galley-slaves allowed to rest. Otherwise, three Turks with whips patrolled the gangway to see that no one flagged at his task. A ring was fastened to the leg of each convict-for-Christ and a chain was run through, bolted to the gangway at one end and the gunwale at the other. This chain never was removed while at sea, regardless of vomit, ordure or fever. Vermin, insufficient food and the whip completed the galley­ slave's lot. Each received annually two shirts, two pairs of drawers and a pair of red stockings. He worked barefoot and in drawers. Every second year he was issued a pair of red gloves reaching to his elbows and a cape with hood, which he used at night to cover himself.25

25Kaltenbach, Les Protestants sur les Galeres et dans les Cachots de Marseille, pp. 7-10. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND M

CHAPTER VIII

DISPERSION OF THE "JUNIOR" BRANCH

Most French of the Rembrandt School

The "Junior" Branch of the DuBourdieu family, 1 as well as the "Senior," suffered great anguish. Their dispersion reached even to the then-distant shores of America.2 Pierre Dubourdieu, Junior, source of the "Junior'' or Vitre Branch, was Lieutenant du Roi and governor of the chateau of l'Isle Bouchard in Touraine. He died at Vitre, June 23, 1649,3 His wife was Michelle Mauleverault. They lived at La Bonnette, parish of Foix-la-Vimeuse, and had three children: (A) Pierre, ( B) Olivier and ( C) Charlotte.4 Pierre-of-Vitre's son Pierre (item A) was born at l'Isle Bouchard in 1609 or 1610. In 1637 he went to Holland,5 where other relatives had gone in 1598. 6 There he became a citizen, married

1See page 33 of this book. 2 Transactions of Huguenot Society of South Car­ olina, V. p. 32. 3Tortelier Family-tree. 4 H XVI, pp. 28-29. 5 Tortelier Family­ tree. 6 Bio-Bibliographie Bretonne, V, p. 431. 00 BABY ON HER BACK and spent his life. He acquired fame as a painter of portraits, often unsigned and so unidentified. In Holland he was known as Pieter Dubordieu, and portraits attributed to him by this name are to be found in Amsterdam's Rijlanuseum, Leyden's Stedelijk Museum, the Kestner Museum of Hanover, and the Chicago Art Institute.7 The Chicago painting is named "Portrait of a Young Girl." I have seen and admired it often. It was purchased from the Auspitz Collection of Vienna. Following its being put on display in Chicago, Daniel Rich of the Art Institute wrote in part about it:

"sensitively drawn and painted ... Superficially such a work looks Dutch . . . Only when we examine it closely we note how many French elements it contains ... The laying-on of smooth enamel-like pigment, and particularly the less solid treatment of the body point to his French background . . . [Dubordieu] instead of spreading an even light has followed Rembrandt in concentrating the light in face and collar and surrounding it with strong darks to intensify the luminosity ... If Paul Jamot is right in calling Vermeer the most 'French' of the Dutch painters . . . Dubordieu is clearly the most 'French' of all who adapted the early discoveries of Rem­ brandt, creating in his own rare work a style that compares favorably with the most subtle and exquisite style of that cen­ tury."a

The full shortened lips of the young girl in the painting plus the pronounced indentation of the upper lip have been the subject of considerable discussion in our home. My wife terms them "a DuBourdieu mouth" because my son, his children, my father, and I all have a similar mouth. Therefore my wife and I have specu­ lated that the young lady in the painting is the artist's daughter. Since he, Pieter Dubordieu, had only one daughter, according to the baptismal records of his family in the Walloon Library of Ley-

7 Kunstler Lexicon, X, p. I. 8 Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago, XXIX, Number I. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND ~ den, the beautiful subject of this painting would be Maria Du­ bordieu, and the date of the work would be around 1650. Among Pieter's portrait commissions were paintings of William II and William III of Holland-destroyed in 1929 when the original city museum of Leyden burned down-a portrait of Jan Jansz Olers, done in 1640 and now in the present museum of Leyden, and numerous paintings of the faculty members of the University of Leyden, which in earlier years were hung in the University's Sen­ ate.9 In 1959, when I visited the University and asked to see these portraits, I was told that the institution had lost the names of almost all the artists who had made early faculty portraits. A British article mentions a Pieter Dubordieu painting which is in the Worcester Art Museum:

"In visiting the Worcester Art Museum last year my attention was drawn by the director to the life-size 'Portrait of a Woman,' dated 1631 by an unknown painter ... Bold and heavy touches and the decorative manner of its treatment in places . . . the sharp edges of the lips and eyelids, the pictur­ esque lace sleeves and collar, partly hanging over and partly turned up, caused my thoughts to tum to Pieter Dubordieu ... Indeed one has only to compare it with the woman's portrait on Plate 1 ... which bears Dubordieu's monogram with the date 1639, to feel sure of their common origin. The treatment of the features is characteristic . . . modeled his heads after the French manner and yet was inspired by Van Dyck in the attitude of the body and hands." 10

One of my many friends made while abroad was Director Charles Cabanis of the Bibliotheque W allanne of Leyden, Holland. In 1959 he spent the better part of two days showing me archives of this famous Protestant library. Therein were items about Pieter Dubordieu's church relationships and those of his family. Among

9 Kunstler Lexicon. X, p. 1. 10The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, XLI, Number 232-37. 100 BABY ON HER BACK them were: his reception into the Leyden Reformed Church by letter from the church in Amsterdam, dated "August, 1628-Feb­ ruary, 1629;" his marriage to Marie le Fevre, December 29, 1633; the baptism of four children born to them-Pierre, Philippe, Maria, Samuel; the reception of these children into church membership, and that of a Daniel du Bordieu not mentioned previously; also the reception by letter from Vitre of a Pierre du Bordieu; the mar­ riage of Daniel; and the baptism of a child of his. Pieter's main source of livelihood apparently was not his com­ missions as an artist but a dye business in which he was a partner for many years. Also, his wife operated a girls' school. In 1656 their home with all its contents was destroyed by fire; 11 otherwise there might have been many more of his exquisite paintings in ex­ istence today. He died after 1678. 12

Exiles for Conscience's Sake

Pierre-of-Vitre's daughter Charlotte (item C) married Rev. Pierre Fleury, minister at Preuilly, Touraine. They had a son, Rev. Louis Fleury, minister at Chauvigny and St. Lo. This son married a cousin, Ester Dubourdieu, on September 18, 1678, at Terchant. They had four children-Philip, Amury, Ester, and Marie-who ac­ companied the parents when they fled to London, where on April 9, 1687, they all were denized. 13 Later, Rev. Louis Fleury moved to Holland, where he became one of the chaplains of William of Orange,14 and then in 1689 he was elected minister at Leyden. 15 His wife Ester died subsequently, and he married Marie le Clerc. He followed her in death in 1707. 16 Pierre-of-Vitre's son Olivier (item B) was born in 1616. He was sieur du Rocher, the King's representative in charge of the Chateau of Vitre in 1667, 17 and an elder of the Protestant church of Vitre, which was a town of some importance in France's northwesterly

"Same as 9. 12Same as 8. 13H, XVI, pp. 56-76. 14Knox, pp. 15-16, quoting H, VIII, p. 122. 15Henry Wagner in H, XVI, p. 395. 16Same as 15. 17Same as 6. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 101 province of Brittany. Anciently, it was one of the fortified places held by the Huguenots. We visited Vitre's chateau in 1962 and, among many things, saw the second-floor living-quarters that would have been used by Olivier and his family: also, the chateau's chapel, in which they would have worshipped.18 The Protestants of Vitre had enjoyed the right of public worship for 100 years. Then in 1671 they were ordered to vacate their church by the government, which decreed that it should be de­ stroyed. At that time the chateau of Vitre belonged to the Princess of Tarente, a firm and devoted Protestant. She was residing on her estate when the order came from the government, so, exercising her manorial right, she had the religious services transferred to her home. Among those named as frequenting them were "three fam­ ilies of rank," Ravena!, Dubourdieu and De Saint Julien. 19 Olivier married twice: on April 15, 1640, at Vitre20 he married Marguerite de Gennes, daughter of Jean de Gennes and Jeanne Lemoyne. She died childless October 29, 1641. Then on May 31, 1648, he wed Marie de Gennes, daughter of Gilles de Gennes,21 sieur of Heulet, and Margaret Conseil. Olivier preceded his second wife in death in 1667, and she, as a widow, on November 7, 1669, resigned for herself and her children their claims to nobility. As of this same date, the family, which "belonged to the Reformation ... was obliged to desist, paying 100 pounds."22 The widow's death followed on December 29, 1669.23 Pierre-of-Vitre's son Olivier (item B) and his second wife, Marie, had nine children. They were: 1. Jean-born 1649. 2. Samuel-born 1650. He married Rachel Le Moyne December 25, 1681.24 They had a son Pierre, baptized September 10, 1682 at Terchant. In 1686, after his first wife's death, Samuel migrated to the Carolinas. There, on the banks of the Santee River, he, Rene Ravena! and the St. Juliens, "exiles for conscience sake,

16Laille: Vitre the Castle, p. 19. 19Baird, pp. 84-86. 20The Tortelier family records give a different month and day. 21 Same as 20. 22Same as 6, 23H, XVI, p. 58. 24H, XVI, pp. 58-59. 102 BABY ON HER BACK must have remembered, in contrast with their humble surroundings, the days when they enjoyed the advantages of their social position in the land of their fathers with the inestimable blessings of their religion,"25 In Carolina Samuel married twice more. Judith Dugue was the earlier wife; by her he had a second son, Louis Phil­ lippe. His third wife was Louise Fleury, by whom he had a third son, Samuel.26 3. Olivier-born May 16, 1651. 4. Elizabeth-born June 14, 1653. On February 24, 1669, she mar­ ried Louis de Gaillardy, formerly of Figeac in Perigord. They es­ caped to London in 1685 with four of their seven children and the husband's mother, Charlotte Gaillardy, who had been widowed since 1649. On their flight the three youngest children were left in the care of Elizabeth's youngest brother, Pierre, along with much of the family's income-yielding property. Unquestionably, it was their hope that the children later could be smuggled out of France to rejoin them, seven youngsters being more than they could handle all in a single escape attempt. This never materialized and became the source of some poignant letters, which have been preserved right down to the present day.

Necessary to Hazard All

The nurse and governess of the children had been their grand­ mother, the widowed Charlotte Gaillardy. She wrote to Pierre, their uncle, from the island of "Grenezay"-or Guernsey?-and in part said in her letter:

"I do not doubt that our departure from France has surprised you, and that you have been touched with sympathy to see a mother abandon three little children ... but it was impossible for her and me to remain longer in this state [ of mind]. It was necessary to hazard all to find rest for our souls and our consciences, this which we have found by the grace of the

25Baird, pp. 84-86. 26H, XVI, pp. 61-63. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND W3 All-Powerful, who has led us by the hand. We further hope that He in his great mercy will care for these little creatures whom we have left with you, and that He will raise up friends who will care for them. We see proofs of this in your concern for Louison [Pierre's godson], whom you have already taken into your home. I am persuaded that you will take good care of the others ...

"I beg you to embrace this dear child for me. I know the sad­ ness which he has felt in losing his mothers. Good God, that my mother were grown when I learned tears such as this dear child has shed! Since children forget soon those things dearest to them, I beg you again to keep in his memory his Grand­ mother-nurse and tell him that with all my heart I pray God to bless and keep him, and that I always will love him tenderly and that I command him to obey you and regard you as his father. "P.S .... I do not know if they have proceeded with the sale of our poor furniture. Benjamen left his jacket on my bed; do not let it be sold: you can ask for it for Louison."27

Into the Hands of the Ecclesiastics

A letter written by the children's father, Louis Gaillardy, to his brother-in-law, Pierre Dubourdieu, reads in part:

"I learn that you have had the goodness and charity to take your poor godson into your home. I cannot thank you too soon and I plead in the name of all the friendship which you always have shown me to continue your care of this child and to extend it to the other two so far as you are able, and do not permit, I pray, my dear brother, that they ever fall into the hands of the ecclesiastics, for whom I have so much aversion, knowing the little care which they give children."27

27All these letters are quoted from H, XVI, pp. 58-74. 104 BABY ON HER BACK One month later in a letter to Pierre, Louis de Gaillardy said in part:

"I ask you again but in secret to remember, my dear brother, the prayer which I made to you in the home of Mr. de la Gresserie on the instruction of Louison. I dare not ask further of you [because mail was scrutinized by secret agents]. We do not abandon this matter."

Five years later, in 1690, he wrote: "I am greatly obliged to you for the news which you give of our children. I know the goodness which Mr. Duplessix [ Gail­ lardy's business agent] has had for them and that which the Prior of the Benedictines has done in regard to your godson. Your sister and I shall have a live and deep resentment all our lives long. I have nothing to say about their education. God will watch over them and make everything work out for His glory and their salvation . . .

"Have the goodness to tell her [ a Madame Farey] that my wife and I enjoy consolation and peace of conscience troubled only by the scattering of our dear family and especially by the sad condition of our three little ones [because they were being educated by Roman Catholic sisters]. Otherwise, we are very happy and desire nothing."

He wrote again in 1695, after another lapse of five years: "I must testify to how much we are obliged to you and to my sister, your wife, and we wish to charge the two of you with the education of our three children, whom we have had the misfortune to leave in France. Spare no pains that they may become cultured persons able to acquire both the benediction of God and the approbation of persons of merit ... Have our children fear God, that they may have probity, virtue and some of the qualities which are of value in the world and society ... Have our children learn what well-bred children should know: HOLLAND AND ENGLAND ro5 a little Latin, geography and the sphere, heraldry, Greek, Latin and French history, music, and, if they have it, voice ... Do not forget to give them the kind of education, which they should have in keeping with their birth and our wishes."27

This story had a sad climax for these staunchly Protestant parents. At least two of the three children left behind in France did end up in "the hands of the ecclesiastics": Charles died a Carmelite and Samuel became a priest. There is no information as to Louison' s adult years.

My Conscience Obliges Me to Speak 5. Isaac-born October 8, 1655.28 6. Ester-born December 18, 1656. It is she who became the first wife of Rev. Louis Fleury-son of Charlotte (item C)-and fled with him and their children. Several letters of this couple are in existence, which they wrote to Ester's brother, Pierre Dubourdieu, the one who remained behind in France. I quote from one, written by Ester July 6, 1687:

"I am sorry because of your sense of disgrace. [He was unable to provide proofs of the nobility of his family.] I see no way to end it unless you are willing to drop your pretensions, which without doubt would make you sick at heart. "As Christians we should profit from our trials, and this is no small task for a boy who is trying to establish himself and who is young and very worldly, and is engaged in maintaining the glory of his family that he may inherit its worldly goods. Lest you forget your first-learned principles, remember that coveting riches is the root of all evils, that piety with peace of mind is a great benefit. It has the promise of the present life and of the life-to-come. Up to now you have not had great peace of mind, and, I believe, if you strive to increase your fortune, that your ambition will grow so that you will

8 " The Tortelier Family-tree. ro6 BABY ON HER BACK come to the end of what you have. One should not expect happier success by turning to worldly gain, which you are de­ termined on.

"It would be impossible for you to suffocate all your lights in a night. Without doubt you lmow that you are quitting the truth, which, it is true, does not hold the principal place in your heart since, without being exposed to suffering, you have preferred worldly gain to peace of conscience. I deceive my­ self if you do not reproach yourself and if God has so far abandoned you that you do not feel regret and secret remorse. Profit, my dear brother, from your disgraces to give glory to God and see, through the example of others, that God does not abandon those who put themselves in His hands. Every day a great number of people of all sorts and conditions arrive here, who lack nothing and have been assisted as by a miracle.

"Are you of the number of those who indeed wish to follow Jesus when he is distributing riches but turn the back on him when he calls upon them to bear a cross? I swear that there is scarcely a family abroad which does not have the sorrow of having near-relatives in the homeland; but, that the bad ex­ ample may not escape you, we always follow what is best and seek the life to come. Since this present life is only a day long in comparison with eternity, what rest of spirit it would be for us to lmow that a brother, one whom we love tenderly, no longer is walking the worldly path, and what satisfaction we would have to be able to rejoice together in the light of His Word, which is preached to us in these places with so much zeal and purity! I hope that you will take in good part this which my conscience obliges me to say today. I reproach myself for not having done it well enough."27 The above quotation indicates that brother Pierre remained in France to retain possession of the family's property, and that his sister Ester fled because religion meant more to her than posses­ sions. How close these times bring Jesus' words in Matthew 19:29- HOLLAND AND ENGLAND W7 "And everyone who has left houses, or brothers, or sisters, or father, or mother, or children, or lands for my sake, will re­ ceive a hundredfold and inherit eternal life."

How to Acquire True Nobility

7. Matthieu-born July 25, 1659. He fled to London and later went to Holland. A letter of his, dated June 1, 1687, says that he and his sister Renee have been living on Compton Street, London, apparent­ ly in the home of the Fleury's who were anticipating leaving for Holland. Before quoting from this letter one should explain that, in France unlike Britain, nobility was based upon owning a parcel of land known as terre noble, possession of which made the owner an ecuyer, or esquire. However, over the centuries, most of the an­ cient documents proving such had become lost, so many people falsely applied the honor to themselves. Therefore, in 1666 a great Recherche-Search-was inaugurated to establish the basis of all claims to nobility. Its solution was to accept a person as noble ecuyer whenever documents were produced, such as deeds, mar­ riage contracts or wills, in which an ancestor was spoken of as noble or ecuyer. Persons unable to produce such documentation of their claims to nobility were considered usurpers and fined heav­ ily. Conversely, those who proved their claims were taxed, such being one of the honors of nobility. This Recherche continued in­ termittently until 1717. Pierre, the youngest son of Olivier ( item B) and the only one of his children to remain in France, apparently had ignored his moth­ er's renunciation of nobility for herself and her children and had begun claiming it for himself. Now he had to produce documents in substantiation of the claim. Presumably, such had existed, so he wrote abroad inquiring about them. Naturally, brothers who had abandoned most of their worldly goods for the sake of con- 108 BABY ON HER BACK science and religion had little interest in such matters. Here is a part of a reply written by his brother Matthieu:

"I do not doubt that you have much impatience to receive our news. I have lost no time in sending your letter to M. M. Du­ bourdieu but, as I have not joined these gentlemen as we would like, I have had no response from them previous to right now. They tell me that, being refugees in this country, they have not been able to bring here either papers or books, and that you would do them a great favor if you could discover for them where these are, about which they know nothing. As to the papers which my brother Dubourdieu had, who handled the heavy load of business transactions of my grandfather, if you have them you will make roe very happy; as to myself I do not know where they are. But with all these you are able to do nothing unless you have marriage contracts and partages [ or deeds?] which prove or cause to be seen that we are Nobles.

"It is necessary to conclude about all this that there is a lot of chimera on the subject. It is true that if having the post of Governor of !'Isle Bouchard makes one noble, we are noble, our grandfather having been that. But it is necessary to prove that and further it is necessary to make the king's commis­ sioners travel there, and that is the ocean to drink. I do not believe that, if you are in this affair as you say, you are able to extricate yourself by this means. . . . "You seem strongly attached to the goods of this world and you remark that during the time that you have other senti­ ments you do not receive God's benediction ... and that mis­ fortunes heap themselves upon you from all directions. M. Dubourdieu has well and earnestly said about your matter that, if you were descended from Hugh Capet, you would nev­ er acquire true nobility nor virtue so long as you live in the country where you are; and that to acquire it you should come to this country of benediction, where with joy they will aid you to acquire it. Think about this very seriously, my brother. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 109 We would have more joy in seeing you in this manner than with passports from the King. "I do not doubt that you know that my brother Dubourdieu is in Carolina. I have received a letter from him saying that he has arrived happily, by the grace of God, and works incessant­ ly to establish himself there. You reproach me that, while I have commercial dealings with France, it is more than a year since I have written. The cause of my silence regarding you and my relatives and friends, if I have any, is that I have learned the way business is being handled, because I have been told very often that letters are being intercepted. I give all my greetings."27

Through Popish Cruelty Wholly Bereft

I find the signature of a Matthew Dubourdieu on a wedding dowry dated February 9, 1701, and containing, along with other signatures, that of Suzanne Dubourdieu, whom I assume to be Matthew's wife.29 Lart says that there was "progeny.''30 Since M. M. is the French abbreviation for messieurs, the letter of Mat­ thieu just quoted gives us a bit of information about at least two of his three brothers, Jean, Olivier and Isaac. 8. Renee-reporting that she was born after 1662, for she gave her age as forty to the London charity roll in 1702. However, she was undoubtedly exercising a woman's privilege of minimizing her age, inasmuch as the Tortelier family record reports her birth as July 15, 1658. Her name appears again on the charity roll in 1710. What such charity rolls signify is illustrated by a bill of the English parliament, dated November 11, 1703:

"A grant of charity to a great number of the . . . subjects of the late king, William III, who have constantly adhered to the Reformed Religion and have lately been forced by the French king's orders to quit their native country and their estates be-

29HH, XXX, p. 534. 30H, XVI, p. 59. IW BABY ON HER BACK cause they would not forsake their holy religion and tum Papists; and the said refugees ... of both sexes and all ages and conditions are, through Popish cruelty wholly bereft of all means of subsistance, 'of whose deplorable condition we de­ clare ourselves highly sensible'."31

Remained in France 9. Pierre-born October 26, 1662. The youngest of the family, he remained behind in France, abjured and succeeded to the family properties, which consisted of a house in Vitre and several estates. A bachelor of twenty-three at the time the others departed, he accepted the three tiny children of his sister Mrs. Elizabeth Gail­ lardy into his home and, it being impossible for them to rejoin their parents abroad, he brought the children up as his own. In 1692 he married Catherine de Moucheron, termed "sister" by Eliza­ beth's husband.32 He resided in Vitre until between 1705 and 1710, when he moved to Rennes. He was "counsellor" of the King and receiver of tobacco duties.33 He is called Pierre Dubourdieu de Heuslet and became the father of eleven children, nine of them born at Vitre and two at Rennes. Pierre's youngest child was Benjamin-Claude Dubourdieu of Heuslet, who in 1755 married Marguerite Malescot. Benjamin like his father became the parent of eleven children, born between 1757 and 1769. He was mayor of Vitre.34 One of Benjamin's children was Louis Dubourdieu, who was chapelaine of the Ursulines at Vitre and in 1791 was one of many priests who refused to swear allegiance to the constitution of the First Republic. Thus, in 1792 he fled to Cuidad-Rodrigues in Spain. Following the establishment of commercial relations between France and Spain, a branch of his family located at Bayonne, France. Members of this branch include the famous French naval heroes, Captain Bernard Dubourdieu and Admiral Louis Dubour­ dieu, whom I discuss in a later chapter.

31 HH, XXVII, p. 39. 32H, XVI, p. 73. 33Bio-Bibliographie Bretonne, V, p. 431. 34idem, XII, p. 395. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND Ill Pierre Julien Dubourdieu, another of Benjamin's sons had a daughter whose daughter married Theophilus Tortelier and became the mother of Henri Tortelier. Henri showed "the Dubourdieu Let­ ters" to C. E. Lart, who had them incorporated into the Proceed­ ings of the Huguenot Society of London. Jean Tortelier whom we visited in 1962 was Henri's son; he said that I was the first person named DuBourdieu whom he had ever met personally, none of the name remaining in the Rennes area. Returning to the Pierre who remained in France, he kept in touch with his refugee relatives over the years and preserved their letters to him. He reminds me of the Rich Young Ruler in Matthew 19:16 ff. Truly, he loved the Lord or he would not have preserved the letters in which his brothers and sisters talked to him so frankly about his personal religion, but also he loved riches. One wonders, how many modem Christians love Jesus enough to renounce all they possess because of their dedication to him?

A Dubourdieu Coat of Arms

Pierre's efforts to document his claims to nobility apparently succeeded, for in 1698 he registered a coat of arms.35 It may be seen in J.B. Rietstap's Armorial General, I AB, plate CCLXXXVIII­ B. This describes the Bourdieu coat of arms as on an English shield, a palm tree in the center, three red stars above, and a head of wheat on either side of the tree. The upraised scimitar, which is the crest of the Senior Branch, to which I belong, does not appear on this device registered by Pierre.36 There is a family of similar name which fled to England fol­ lowing the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. It is listed in the denizations for April 9, 1687. Its members are James De Bourdeaux, his wife Magdalen and their daughters: Margaret, Magdalen, Judith-Jane, Janet, and Judith.37 Undoubtedly this is the Jacques De Bourdeaux family which the "Ravenel List" re-

35Bio-Bibliographie Bretonne, V, p. 431. 36See page 8 of this book. 37HH, XVIII, p. 185. Also, see p. 255 of this book. IU BABY ON HER BACK ports as gone to South Carolina, because this family is stated to have done so by way of England. The denization of a Samuel De­ Bourdeau is recorded for the same date, undoubtedly the Samuel, number 2, of page 101, his name misspelled. As I close this chapter, Romans 8:35 comes to my mind:

"What shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall trib­ ulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? As it is written: 'For thy sake we are being killed all the day long; we are regarded as sheep to be slaugh­ tered.' No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. For I am sure that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord."

As Paul wrote these words, he had the persecutions directed at first century Christians by heathen Rome in his mind. Wherein could he have said it differently if had been thinking of the perse­ cution of seventeenth century Huguenots? HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 113

CHAPTER IX

LONDON AND REV. ISAAC

A Stranger, And You Took Me In

Huguenots should never forget the debt which their ancestors owed the mostly-Protestant nations of Europe, as England, Holland, Switzerland, Sweden, and Brandenberg ( or Prussia in Germany, as it is known today). These governments opened their hearts and their coffers to the often-penniless Huguenot refugees, who for conscience's sake had left all. Frederick, Duke of Brandenberg, as we saw it recorded on the Geneva Wall of the Reformation, had said: "Rather than leave these poor people without assistance, my silver plate shall be sold." The heads of state of other largely-Protes­ tant nations did through analagous deeds much the same. Thus, while the Huguenots' monarch, Louis XIV of France, hounded these subjects of his with sword and fury, the heads of these other lands received them with concern and philanthropy. IM BABY ON HER BACK England, where my forebears fled, turned sanctuaries over to the Huguenots for their worship, paid salaries to their ministers, provided pensions for their poor, created jobs for their unemployed, eased those with trades into the economic life of the nation, and ultimately offered them the right of holding public office. Today, all with Huguenot blood in their veins should say of the lands which welcomed their forefathers what Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu, who came to England as a refugee at the age of seven, said in his ma­ ture years about the Church of England:

"May this church, which has hitherto been the glory and bul­ wark of the Reformation and with which all other churches abroad must stand or fall, survive future ages, outlast this visible world, and never end but with commencing etemity."1

For largely-Protestant Britain, in Reformation days the English Channel was a moat which protected it from much of the Roman Catholic-related persecution of western Europe. As a consequence England became a haven, first to Dutch Walloons fleeing from Spanish cruelties and then to French Huguenots fleeing the per­ secutions of their own land. So highly esteemed were these es­ capees that in 1562 Archbishop Parker wrote that they were "as godly on Sabbath days as industrious on weekdays."2 Young Edward VI assigned them the Austin Friars Church in London, Dutch and French congregations meeting there on alter­ nate hours.3 The number of refugees increasing, other congrega­ tions were established and additional meeting-places were provided. One such early spot was the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral, where initially eighteen Huguenot families obtained religious refuge and, with it, received permission to set up their looms on English soil also.4 This crypt with its Huguenot sanctuary, where services are still held and which may be visited, is not the property of the Ca­ thedral under which it is located, but of the State. By its sanctuary

1Sermon preached July 15, 1714, before the Assizes at Chelmsford, England. 2 Smiles, p. 83. 3Smiles, p. 103. 4 Smiles, pp. 10-12. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND lU door there is a plaque listing early Huguenot families, one of those named being DuBourdieu, as we saw in 1962. In 1661 in London, the government assigned one of the chapels in the former Savoy Hospital Building to French religious refugees. From the location, this congregation became lmmvn as the French Church of the Savoy. Rev. Isaac duBourdieu, upon his flight to London in 1682, became one of this church's pastors.5

The Savoy

In feudal days, the Savoy had been a manor stretching along the Thames River between what then were the separate cities of London and Westminster. It had taken its name from Peter, Count of Savoy, a one-time owner who was brother of Eleanor of Pro­ vence, who in 1236 had become the bride of Henry III. In 1517 a medieval poorhouse-termed in those days a hospital, meaning guest-house-was built upon the site. This was an im­ mense building shaped like a cross: its east-west axis was 330 feet and the north-south transepts were 220. Those desiring its services would come to the main gate at sunset. There they were welcomed by a member of the clergy, whereupon they were given a bath, food, a night's lodging, and medical care when needed. Part of the equipment was three chapels. One of these continues to this day as the present English Church of the Savoy-it took its origin in the chapel of an early palace which stood on the spot. In 1553 the poor-relief program was confined to a single Savoy Building lmown as the Bridewell from the name of its source of water. The remaining hospital equipment of beds, chairs, etc. then was sold and the Bridewell with its poor-relief program was turned over to the city of London. Later the city made the Bridewell its prison, and, as such, the name Bridewell became a synonym for prison wherever the English language is spoken. Subsequently the Savoy, although serving intermittently as a charitable institution, functioned chiefly through its chapels.

5 H, XI, p. 263 116 BABY ON HER BACK Nearby St. Mary's Chapel of the Strand had been demolished in 1548, along with much of the adjacent area, to make space for the erection of a palatial manor-house being built by Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, and so named Somerset House. The St. Mary of the Strand parishioners thereupon transferred their church-attendance to the Savoy's main chapel, which thereafter frequently was referred to as St. Mary's of the Savoy. In 1653 Huguenot refugees began to worship in the chapel of Somerset House. Then, when following the death of Oliver Crom­ well and the restoration of the monarchy Charles II became king, he being inclined toward Roman Catholicism, the Somerset House chapel was turned over to Roman Catholic purposes. Thereupon the Huguenot congregation asked to be permitted to worship in the nearby Savoy Hospital building. This request was granted March 10, 1661, and the Savoy's "little chapel'' at the eastern end of the immense building became the leasehold of the French Church of the Savoy for the next hundred years. In 1684 the con­ gregation was given additionally a lease for adjoining land to the south and was authorized to enlarge their quarters. Their new sanctuary is understood to have been designed by the famous Sir Christopher Wren, who had become Surveyor-General of Works for London following the Great Fire in 1670 and as such designed so many of London's famous churches, the originals having been destroyed in the Great Fire.6 In 1685 Roman Catholic James II became Britain's king and, although his reign was very brief because of Protestant pressure which culminated in his leaving the country, he did in those few years authorize the use of a large section of the Savoy Hospital property by a newly created Roman Catholic college. In its single year of existence the enrollment of the school built up to the figure of 400 students. The noise of the student body frequently forced Rev. Isaac to interrupt his afternoon sermons. To secure larger quarters the Jesuits asked to have the Huguenots expelled both

6Somerville, pp. 1-137. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND lTI from the Savoy and their nearby Church of Les Grecs.7 This plan was dropped on the abrupt departure of James. Two other refugee groups also worshipped in the Hospital build­ ings: a German Lutheran congregation, which used the former nurses' quarters, and a congregation of German Calvinists, which used rooms adjacent to the Lutherans on the south. According to Somerville's Savoy, each minister of the three refugee churches was paid sixty pounds a year by the Treasury through the Dean of Westminster, although Assistant Chaplain Williams-Asman of the English Savoy told me that Isaac duBourdieu's annual stipend was 300 pounds. The French church moved after about 100 years at the Savoy site, and on July 6, 1769, the Wren-designed sanctuary was leased to the German Calvinist congregation of the Savoy. Finally, it was wrecked to make way for the approaches to a new bridge across the Thames River. As told me by Robert Somerville of the Duchy of Lancaster, subsequently sites of the French Savoy include Char­ lotte and Plumtree Streets, Bloombury Street, and Shaftsbury Ave­ nue. Then in 1925 an act of Parliament united it with the Thread­ needle French Church on the site of the latter at Soho Square. When abroad in 1959 I had the pleasure of worshipping there and, on my return from the 400th anniversary celebration of France's first Reformed Synod, I reported from its pulpit on what trans­ pired on that historic occasion.

The Portrait on the Mantel

Today the only above-ground remains of the original great Savoy Hospital are a piece of its wall, now incorporated into the English Church of the Savoy. This property is owned personally by the British monarch, different from all England's other religious edi­ fices which are the Sovereign's because he is the head of the Church of England.~

7H, XIII, p. 257. 8 Somerville, p. 136. IIB BABY ON HER BACK In 1957, I understood Sir Douglas Savory to have said that there were relics of the French Church of the Savoy in the English Savoy. So with this in mind, I asked the verger of the English Savoy for the privilege of seeing these mementos. His reply was that there were no such items in the English Savoy. When I con­ tinued pressing the matter, as gently as I could but persistently, saying that an ancestor of mine had been a pastor of the French Savoy, he, with a little exasperation in his voice, asked: "What is your name?" Upon my reply, he said:

"Turn around, and, if you will look on the mantel behind your back, there you will see the portrait of your grandfather, Dr. Isaac duBourdieu."

There, on the fireplace mantel of the church's vestibule was a framed picture of a gentle old man-snow-white hair surmounted by a skull-cap, slightly sunken cheeks-my many-times great grand­ father, possibly at the age of one hundred! Truly, this was a dra­ matic moment-especially so because so unexpected! On the back of the picture there was a hand-written summary, dated Nov. 23, 1936, and signed F. P. De Costobadie. It read:

"ISAAC DU BOURDIEU; D. Theology. Born ca. 1597; married ca. 1641 Marie de Costebadie of Bergerac. Pastor at Bergerac and Montpellier. Politico-Religious refugee to England upon the demolition of the Temple at Montpellier in 1682. Minister of the French Church of the Savoy, London. Preached until he was over 90 years of age. Died 1699 at 102, buried at the Savoy. JEAN DU BOURDIEU; D.D. Born at Bergerac ca. 1642. Was also minister of the Savoy 1685 to 1720. He married Marguerite Voysin, daughter of the Syndic of Geneva [ and was father of Jean Armand DuBourdieu]. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND lffi Chaplain to three dukes of Schomberg; present at the death of Field Marshall Frederich Schomberg at the battle of the Boyne, 1690; with Duke Charles at his death after the battle of Marsiglia, 1698; principal witness to his will­ brought his heart to London for burial at the Savoy. Died 1720 and buried at the Savoy beside his father. Naturalized by special act of Parliament No. 30, 2nd. William III. F. P. De Costobadie 23-11-1936"

A former chaplain of the English Savoy had been interested in early history and he is believed to have secured this portrait and to have placed it in the English Savoy. The De Costobadie who pro­ vided the notation on the back undoubtedly was a remote relative of Rev. Isaac's wife, Marie de Costebadie. By the time of my third visit in 1962 the verger had grown very cordial. He showed us where the portrait of Rev. Isaac had been relocated and one of his very famous son Rev. Jean de Bordieu had been placed beside it.

A Man of Dignity and Determination

Isaac duBourdieu was accompanied or followed to London by many members of the Montpellier congregation-one of these be­ ing the Huguenot ancestor of Sir Douglas Savory, author of the introduction of this narrative. So many parishioners fled that in two years' time the church's membership dropped from 9,644 to 6,855 or over one quarter. It would appear that Isaac was installed as a minister of the Church of the Savoy some time between January 2nd and Novem­ ber 23rd in the year 1684. This is evident in the record book of Actes of the Company of Anciens & M inistres, 1679-92, for the French Church of London. These minutes, recorded in French, are of a church previously mentioned ( page 117), founded in 1550; the church was located in Threadneedle Street, and is the antecedent 120 BABY ON HER BACK of the present French Church in Soho Square. An entry in the recordbook dated January 2, 1684, pages 178-180, suggests that Isaac had not yet accepted the call to the Savoy. But a reference dated November 23, 1684, page 209, in the same book refers to him as "Minister of the Church of the Savoy." The January 2nd extract also sheds light on the indomitable qualities of Isaac, who was now in his late 80's. Isaac evidently wished to serve the French Church of London, since it used the same formularies as the Reformed Churches of France, whereas the Savoy used translated Anglican rites. With this in mind, he had approached a Mr. Primerose of the Church of London's com­ pany of elders and deacons. The record (in translation) begins as follows:

"Mr.. Primerose has related that Mr. duBourdieu came to see him last Wednesday; that he told him he had a great desire to be able to carry on his ministry as long as God would continue to give him the strength to do so; that he wanted moreover to carry it on if possible in a church that follows the rites of the churches of France where he had been for 44 years, where he hopes to return, if it pleases God to reestablish them; thus if this church would want to take him as a pastor for a few years as a loan, he would be very happy, even though he would not receive anything in return; in this case he would come to live near the church.

"Mr. Primerose has added that Mr. duBourdieu told him he had learned that the gentlemen of the Savoy were planning to retain him for their church ... [but] that he would not have to engage himself to them."

The elders and deacons of the French Church of London there­ upon resolved to thank God with all their heart that Mr. duBour­ dieu had volunteered them his services, and to "accept his offer with all possible gratitude." However the record adds that they then instructed Mr. Primerose to caution Isaac that if because of HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 121 his advancing years his voice presently became too weak to be heard, they would reserve the right to discharge him at will; also to let him know that it was their custom to restrict admission to their Consistory only to their usual ministers ( Ministres ordinaires). Mr. Primerose was at fault not only in his recollection of Isaac's years of service ( it was 54 years, not 44) but in any misguided notion that the doughty old veteran would accede to such demean­ ing restrictions:

"Mr. Primerose has reported that he went to Mr. duBourdieu last Sunday, that he asked him to read the [resolution], and that after Mr. duBourdieu had read it he declared to him that the last clause was an insult to his ministerhood, and that there was even something degrading in the other, and thus that it was not necessary that they talk about it further."

Mr. Robin D. Gwynn of London, who kindly transcribed the orig­ inal record for use in this book, points out that while the ex­ tract appears to preclude Isaac from being a regular minister at the Savoy prior to 1684, that he may well have helped out before that date. This is because both main French churches of London drew on the pool of ministerial refugee talent available to them even when they did not actually appoint those who preached as ministers. Concerning Isaac's response to, the resolution of the French Church of London, Mr. Gwynn remarks that "his reply to their unacceptable conditions seems to me to stamp him as a man of dig­ nity and determination." He also says, "I find it particularly remark­ able that at his age he was anxious to undertake once more the wearisome journey to France, which was in his day not without , dangers."

Thereafter Isaac preached regularly Sunday afternoons in the Church of the Savoy. He did this with zeal and effect, for his contemporary, John Quick, wrote in 1692: 122 BABY ON HER BACK "Among them M. Dubourdieu, the father, holds a primary rank. You know that he was one of the best heads of our French Presbytery. What he was in Montpellier that he is in London: wise, laborious and entirely devoted to the refugee church, which he instructs by his frequent preaching, and still con­ tinues his exhortations though upwards of ninety-five years of age. 9

One of the distinguishing features of French services was the congregation's singing Marot's translation of the Psalms. 1 0 The liturgy used by the French Savoy was a translation of that of the Church of England. 11 In the course of time thirty-five French con­ gregations arose in London and vicinity, 1 2 often served by several pastors. Those of London constituted a presbytery of the Reformed Church of France, which in 1720 was reorganized as a General Assembly. Rev. Isaac identified himself with the French ecclesias­ tical group and never transferred to the Church of England. 13 Through the passing years French congregations became de­ pleted by the death of the elderly and the Anglicization of the young. Thus today, apart from the bilingual Swiss church-German and French-London has a single local French-language congrega­ tion, that at Soho Square. French-language clergymen who received their education in Britain usually joined the Church of England.

Open Heart and Open Hand

Isaac never ceased to hope that the Revocation would be can­ celed, that he would be permitted to return to France, and that, despite his age, he would preach again in Montpellier. When "one Durand" asked Isaac's advice about going to the Carolinas, Isaac received him with open arms, strongly advised him to relinquish his design, offered to secure him a comfortable subsistance in England for two or three years, and assured him that in due season they

9 Lart attributes this to Dictionaire des Pasteurs de l'Eglise Reformee de France, M S 592. 10Smiles, index volume, p. 72. 11 H, XVI, p. 17. 12Smiles, p. 271. 13H, XIII, p. 245 footnote. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 123 would return to their neighboring French provinces together.14 In London, Isaac kept his residence open to his fellow-country­ men and worked indefatigably in their behalf. He shared his home with in-laws and grandchildren. His heart and his hand were open to all Frenchmen in need.' 5 I provide two pictures of Rev. Isaac. The earlier of the two may also be seen in Henri Bose's book Les Grandes Heures du Protes­ tantism a M ontpellier, facing page 82. This book, when I spoke at the Assembly of the Desert in 1957, had just been published and was on sale there, with display copies opened to Isaac's picture, possibly because I, his descendant, was on the program of the day. I see some resemblance between Isaac in this portrait and my father when he was about seventy-five years of age. HdePF mentions the original of this portrait, saying: 'We give here the portrait done in England after 1682 of this energetic pastor who, like others of his colleagues, believed he had to submit to the wishes of the majority of his parishioners."' 6 This statement about the wishes of his congregation, I presume, means that they had urged him to flee from France rather than go underground in the service of his Faith. The second portrait is that in the English Church of the Savoy. It reflects Isaac's increasing years. In the earlier picture he is in robust health and wears the customary dress-wig of the times; in the later one he wears the skullcap of an old man. Pictures of Rev. Isaac and of Rev. Jean, his son, were part of a travelling exhibit of the Reformed Church of France in connection with its 400th an­ niversary observance in 1959. Our Montpellier host, Rev. Henri Bose, accompanied the exhibit on its travels.

Well Done, Good and Faithful Servant Haag dates the death of Rev. Isaac as 1699. 17 I suggest that he died late in 1700 at the age of 103. Here are my reasons:

14Baird, II, p. 167. 15Haag, II, p. 693; UJ, 1853, p. 291. 16HdePF, LXIII­ LXIV. p. 11. 17Haag, V. p. 559. U4 BABY ON HER BACK 1. John Quick, a contemporary of Isaac, wrote in the year 1692 that Isaac, still preaching, was aged ninety-five. 18 Hence he would have been born in 1597. 2. The Savoy Marriage Register, as copied by the Minets, reports thirty-four weddings performed by "Mr. Dubourdieu," starting with the year 1686 and ending December 18, 1700. 19 3. We have much evidence that "Mr. Dubourdieu" means Rev. Isaac:

a. When Isaac signed the records of the church at Montpellier, he invariably used only his family name-DUBOURDIEU­ and never added his given name. My wife and I had several Montpellier registers exhibited to us explicitly that we might see my ancestors signature. In every case, so far as we recall, the signature was his surname only. b. It was also in this manner that his name appeared as author in the original edition of his Two Treatises, i.e. "Mr. duBour­ dieu" with no mention of his Christian name. c. Isaac had reached his eighties when he fled to London and became a pastor of the French Church of the Savoy there. At that age, it is rather unusual for one to change his ways. Hence, it is probable that Isaac signed his London registers in the way he used in Montpellier, i.e., omitting his baptismal name. We find such an instance in a footnote of the Minets' Reconnais­ sances, p. 33. ( I copy the entire item because of its interesting nature.) "Noted that Marie Marion has arrived in England sick at the end of the month of September, 1686, and, not having been in condition to make public reaffirmation because in France she abjured our Holy Religion, she has testified her grief and her repentance to Mr. Dubourdieu, the Father, who has gone to console her in her sickness and who, by the order of the con­ sistory, has received her in the peace of the Church the 26th of

18HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 11; H, VIII, pp. 340-42. 19HH, XXVI, pp. 123-40. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND U5 January, 1687. She has died in the Lord the 7th of February, following which the present act has been adopted at the con­ sistory meeting of 6th March, 1687, and signed by us. Dubourdieu. Bouhereau, Secretary."20

d. The Minets on page iii of the introduction to their Savoy Registers, in speaking of another officiating pastor, said: "We infer that he did not write the entry as we have it, but gave his copy to a scribe ... " If a secretary also entered Rev. Isaac's weddings, out of respect he would not have written DUBOUR­ DIEU, as Isaac would have had it on his notation, but "Mr. Dubourdieu" - and that is just the way we find these weddings entered from 1686 to 1700.

4. The marriages performed by "Mr. Dubourdieu" were: 1686 - 4; 1690 - 3; 1694 - 5; 1699 - l; 1687 - 4; 1691 - none; 1696 - 11; 1700 - 2; 1688 - 2; 1692 - none; 1697 - l; 1689 - 5; 1693 - none; 1698 - l; After the year 1700 the entry "Mr. Dubourdieu" no longer appears, although subsequently there are 167 entries in which the name Dubourdieu is preceded by a given name or initial:

Jean Dubourdieu - 84 baptisms and 34 marriages; J. Dubourdieu - 12 baptisms and 1 marriage; Jn. Dubourdieu - 1 marriage; Armand Dubourdieu - 16 baptisms and 3 marriages; J. A. Dubourdieu - 1 marriage; Jean Armand Dubourdieu - 15 baptisms.

5. Presumably then, the entry "Mr. Dubourdieu" means Rev. Isaac, and, using a military term, he was an "effective" as of December 18, 1700. When Haag gives their date for Isaac's death, it says: "at the end of 1699." This phrase sounds so explicit that I feel there must have

20HH, XXII, p. xi. 126 BABY ON HER BACK been a specific reason for "end." Thus, I conclude that Rev. Isaac died "at the end" of 1700. Remembering Quick's statement that in 1692 Isaac was ninety-five years old, this would make Isaac's age 103 at the end of 1700. Isaac's grandson, Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu, became a pastor of the Savoy in 1701. Presumably, he was appointed to fill a vacancy on the church's staff. What more logical than this should be the vacancy caused by his grandfather's death at the end of the preced­ ing year? A contemporaneous fact, for such value as it may have, is that the French government confiscated Isaac's property in France October I, 1699. 21 French law prevented fugitives from inheriting property in France, as Isaac's son Jean stated in a memorial to the British Parliament. 22 Possibly, Isaac anticipating his death had attempted to sell the property, and this had precipitated the action by the French government. Rev. Isaac was buried inside the French Savoy Chapel. Years later, his son Rev. Jean in his will asked to be buried beside his father. Many beautiful tributes have been paid to Rev. Isaac. Quoting from many sources: he had held a primary rank among Huguenot clergymen;2 3 despite the bitterness of France's religious wars, in which he was an active participant, he was a true example of the love of Jesus and even in controversy a courteous gentleman;24 he taught and practiced that it was by gentleness, meekness, humility, and patience that the Christian religion was established in the world/5 he had a deep sense of piety, good sense, a sweet spirit and honest, a lively and abundant imagination, and great talents for the pulpit;26 in Montpellier and in London he had been wise, laborious and entirely devoted to the church;°7 in his London years he had been one of the best heads of the French churches in Britain; 28 he was a fine old veteran and a reverent and ancient servant of the

21 HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 277; HH, XXVI, p. i. 22H, IV. 23UJ, 1854, p. 167. 24BduP, XXX, pp. 374-76. 25H, XVI, p. 414. 26HH, XL, p. 577. 27UJ, 1854, p. 167. 28ibid. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 127 Lord Jesus Christ. n My wife remarks: "What a privilege to be descended from one who combined such sweetness of spirit and such iron of purpose!" What a challenge to his descendants! Surely, he is one of whom it can be said: "Well done, good and faithful servant ... Enter thou into the joy of thy Lord."

29H, VIII, pp. 340-42. US BABY ON HER BACK HOLLAND AND ENGLAND U9

CHAPTER X

ARMA VIRUMQUE CANO

Jean de Bordieu as Military Chaplain and Refugee Pastor

Huguenot Soldiers Out of a Job When the Edict of Nantes was revoked October 22, 1685, hun­ dreds of France's Huguenot soldiers were out of a job through flight. Many of these took service under Duke Frederick Schom­ berg, their former French commander-in-chief, who upon the Revocation had entered the army of Prince William of Orange, son of the king of the United Provinces of Holland. 130 BABY ON HER BACK Marshal Schomberg was a German descended from the dukes of Cleves, whose coat of arms he bore. He was a professional soldier and had served in Sweden and the Netherlands previous to entering the employment of the French monarch. As such he had success­ fully commanded armies in Flanders, Portugal and Holland. Upon the Revocation, when all French Protestants apart from banished pastors were forbidden to leave France under the strictest penalties if caught, he was one of a few distinguished individuals for whom exception was made by the French king. 1 Frederick William of Prussia offered him the choice of Governor­ general, minister of state or member of the Privy Council, but Schomberg felt that the interests of Protestantism required him to accept service under William of Orange, its recognized leader.2 Many French soldiers who previously had served under him or other generals, enlisted under him. Among these was Rev. Jean de Bordieu, who possibly had been an army chaplain while at U zes and who already was acquainted with Schomberg, for in 1682 he had dedicated a book to the Marshal's wife. Jean before the Revo­ cation had made his way to London; then he went to Holland to become the Schomberg chaplain.3

Rev. Jean Congratulates William III

In 1685, when Charles II of England died of apoplexy, he was succeeded on the throne by his brother, James II. James had spent many years in France fighting under the great French general Tur­ enne and during that time had become a Roman Catholic. The Eng­ lish laid aside for him the law which required that the monarch be a Protestant, and James became sovereign of England, and his reign became the nation's bloodiest.4 At that time the only children of James were grown daughters both of whom were Protestant, and so the Protestant nation felt no worry as to the future. Then, while James II was trying to secure

'Smiles, pp. 207-11. 2 ibid. 3 Michael Malas Dictionary of Biography a/c MS in National Library, Dublin. 4EB. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 131 the annulment of the Test Act, by which succession to the crown was restricted to Protestants, a son was born to him and his second wife and, as his only male child, took precedence over his Protestant daughters as his successor. This and other matters led certain Epis­ copalian and Presbyterian nobles to invite Protestant William of Orange and his Protestant wife Mary to leave Holland and assume the crown. These two were the Protestants logically next in line to the throne, because William was the only son of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I, and Mary was the older daughter of James II by his first wife.5 William of Orange, although slight of stature, was of tremendous courage and precocious mentality. He achieved success through his stubborn valor and his ability in negotiation. When Louis XIV un­ expectedly attacked Holland in 1672 and the Dutch appointed William as their commander, he routed Louis by boldly opening the dikes around Amsterdam and bringing DeReuter's Dutch fleet to his rescue. He entertained a personal hatred for Louis XIV, and, The Encyclopedia Brittanica affirms, it was to help defeat Louis XIV that he was so friendly to invitations to become England's king. William embarked for England in 1688, accompanied by an army that contained several Huguenot companies under their own offi­ cers. The Duke of Schomberg was next to William in command, and the Princess of Orange had instructed him, should her husband be killed, to prosecute the matter in her name as daughter of James II. Upon the advice of Schomberg, instead of coming up the Thames, William landed at Forbay November 15, 1688, and allowed the English to gather about him. Thus, his coming was viewed as an expedition against France, whereas it might have been mistaken for an invasion of England. He landed without a single sword being drawn in behalf of Roman Catholicism. Shortly thereafter James II, learning that Wil­ liam would enter the city of London the next day, slipped out of the country under pretext of changing his residence and made his way to France. Parliament now declared that James II had broken U2 BABY ON HER BACK the fundamental pact between people and king and proclaimed his deposition. The crown then was tendered to the Prince and Princess of Orange, and they were crowned King William III and Queen Mary, the only instance in English history, I believe, where both king and queen were full monarch simultaneously. Upon the coronation Schomberg's chaplain, Jean de Bordieu, as spokesman for the army which had accompanied William, delivered a public address to William and congratulated him on his elevation. William replied: "I will neglect nothing."6

Battle of the Boyne

Scotland followed England in accepting William as king, but not Ireland, which was heavily Roman Catholic. Louis XIV sent soldiers from France to Ireland to maintain there the interests of deposed James II, and in March, 1690, James landed at Kinsale, Ireland, in an effort as commander of the Roman Catholic troops, to regain his lost English crown. Most of the island was at his feet, and only the Presbyterian colony in Ulster made any show of resistance. For them this was a war of survival. William's forces then in Ireland were few in number and poor in quality. To strengthen them four regiments were enlisted, one of these being cavalry, composed entirely of French gentlemen, both officers and soldiers. It was raised by Schomberg, who became its colonel, and, thereby Jean de Bordieu became its chaplain.7 Huguenot regiments raised in England were hastily dispatched to Ireland under Schomberg, and the Protestant forces, after a week's siege, captured Carrickfergus - where, a century and a half later, my father, James DuBourdieu, Jr., was born and spent his early years. The march to do battle with the withdrawing enemy was through villages burned by James II's Roman Catholic forces - one such being Crumlin, which I shall mention in another chapter.

6Weiss, p. 236. 7Dalton's Army List, II, for 1685-1689 says that Rev. Jean was connected with the Marquis de Miramont's Regiment of Horse: 1 October, 1688 - 3 January, 1689. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 133 James' retreat stopped at Drogeda, three-quarters of the way from Carrickfergus to Dublin. The number of James' troops was 20,000. This was double the number of Schomberg's soldiers who, except for their Huguenot veterans, were green youths direct from the farm and largely ill­ disciplined. Schomberg went into camp to train his raw recruits. For strategic reasons the camp-site was on the edge of a morass, now known to be unhealthy, so many of his men sickened and died. 8 Then it was learned that 7300 professional Roman Catholic French infantrymen were on their way to assist James. In the crisis William III decided to take the field in person. He sent agents abroad inviting old Huguenot soldiers to take up arms again, and many former veterans flocked to his standard. Thus in June, 1690, William III had 36,000 soldiers in Ireland. Arriving at the Boyne River, William saw James II's army drawn up on the south side of the stream to contest its passage. James' French soldiers wore white crosses on their hats, such as their forefathers had used to identify themselves on the night of the notorious St. Bartholomew Day Massacre, when in 1572 on the French King's order 30,000 French Huguenots were murdered in cold blood.9 On the morning of July 1, 1690 - old time, or July 12 by the present calendar - while a mile away Jam.es II watched from the safety of a church-tower, William III personally assumed charge of the left flank of his forces. Menard Schomberg, the Marshal's grand­ son, crossed the river on the right with orders to tum the enemy's flank; William III led his men across the river on the left, hitting the enemy hard there; the main body of infantry advanced through the river in the center; and Schomberg remained behind on the north bank, his regiment of Huguenot horse held in reserve. Then the Irish cavalry charged and forced the Protestant infantry to give ground. Schomberg, seeing the break, pointed his sword at the enemy across the stream, cried to his Huguenot veterans, "There are your persecutors!" and plunged into the river, followed by his

8 Smiles, p. 209. 9Mours, p. 196. 134 BABY ON HER BACK regiment, chaplain and all. The infantry rallied, the cavalry of Wil­ liam turned the left flank, and James' army was forced into flight through the pass of Duleek toward Dublin. 10 Thus was ended the efforts of James II to regain England's crown, and thereby Britain was assured of the permanence of its Bill of Rights just granted by William, and Ireland's Protestants were freed from religious per­ secution by their monarch.

Schomberg Dies in Jean de Bordieu's Arms

I visited this battlefield in 1959 and found the Boyne to be a stream of water twenty feet wide and possibly up to a man's hips in depth. The north bank today is a cowpasture edged by a road and a seventy-five foot rise of ground, where William had placed his cannon and where now a memorial plaque points out the dis­ tribution of the opposing forces. At the western end of the battle­ field a bridge crosses the stream. The conspicuous sight today is the ruins of a monument erected years ago near the bridge and later dynamited by Irish "patriots." From the bridge a road parallels the river until it turns inland to the church, the tower of which was used by James II as his observation post. The churchyard with its gravestones and untrimmed shrub­ bery is the beauty spot of the area. If James II did not care to lead his troops in person, surely the church-tower was the eminence from which to watch the conflict, and the ideal location from which to start his flight to Dublin, a race in which he outdistanced all others. William's loss did not exceed 400 men, but to his deep grief Marshal Frederick Schomberg, who had neglected to don his armor, was among the fallen, cut down by a bullet through the brain. 11 His chaplain, Jean de Bordieu, was at his side when he was hit by the musket-ball. He received Schomberg into his arms as he fell from his horse and carried the duke to the spot where he died. 12 Before Schomberg's death - apparently on the battlefield - the

10Smi1es, pp. 207-12. 11 Knox, pp. 15-23. 10Hugh McCall in Lisburn Standard article dated 1870, found in LSB. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 135 field marshal took a ring from his finger and gave it to his chaplain as a token of personal esteem. This ring, still in existence, is gold and contains an exquisite miniature of William III by Sir Godfrey Kneller. A crystal covering protects the · painting and makes it clearly visible. The ring was inherited by Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, the founder of the Irish line and my ancestor, and was given by him to the great-grandfather of A. R. W. Richardson of Moyallon, Portodown, N. I., the present owner, who did me the great favor of bringing the ring to the home of Sir Douglas Savory that I might examine it. He also permitted it to be photographed for me - a very tricky job because of the light reflections of the crystal covering.

Military Chaplain in Italy and Portugal

Subsequent to the death of Marshal Frederick Schomberg, Jean de Bordieu successively served the son and the grandson as chap­ lain. In 1691 he accompanied the son, Duke Charles Schomberg, to northern Italy, where Charles had been dispatched to come to the aid of the Duke of Savoy, an ally of William III. Back then, Italy was not a single nation but an aggregation of duchies and city-states. One of them, known as Savoy, was the equivalent of northwestern Italy's Piedmont - meaning "foot of the mountain," because it lies at the western foot of the Alps. From the mountainous spine of Italy, Savoy extended west, to the Mediterra­ nean shortly beyond where modem France and Italy meet. Through the planning of William III a Grand Alliance had been formed of Germany, Holland, England, Spain, and Savoy to oppose Louis XIV. Thus, when in the 1690's Louis XIV tried to force Savoy's ruler to exterminate his large Protestant population known as Waldensians and sent an army against the Duke of Savoy, because he refused, William III felt an obligation to send soldiers to Savoy's assistance. When Duke Charles Schomberg arrived in Italy, he found the French overrunning the country in all directions and the people in consternation. Speedily Duke Charles Schomberg and the Duke of 136 BABY ON HER BACK Savoy with their united forces checked the French. Chaplain Jean de Bordieu drew up a manifesto for Duke Charles in which he pro­ claimed that the purpose of His English Majesty was to restore freedom of worship to Protestants. 13 As a result some 200 Protestants who had recanted under duress appeared before Chaplain Jean, abjured the vows extorted from them, and then left for Britain, Jean having "exhorted them in eloquent discourse to continue firm in the faith." 14 Later, unfortunately, Duke Charles Schomberg despite his advice to the contrary could not prevent the Duke of Savoy from precip­ itating a pitched battle on the plains of Marsaiglia in October, 1693. Savoy suffered a complete defeat there, and Schomberg received a 15 wound from which he died a few days afterwards. • His chaplain, Jean de Bordieu, took his body to Lausanne, Switz­ erland, for interment and his heart to London for burial in the French Church of the Savoy. In 1698 Rev. Jean appeared as the chief witness to Duke Charles' will. While this Italian campaign did cost the life of the second Duke Schomberg, it did secure for the persecuted Protestants of Savoy a certain degree of liberty of worship. Menard Schomberg, who had commanded the right flank at the Battle of the Boyne, now became the third Duke of Schomberg, and Jean de Bordieu became his chaplain also. In 1704 Duke Menard was placed in charge of the British troops in Portugal fighting Philip V of Spain, and Jean de Bordieu accompanied him there. This campaign languished because the Portuguese had no will to fight, and Menard, known as "one of the hottest fiery men of England," was unable to maintain cordial relations with the com­ manders of the allied forces. 16 Accordingly, the home government replaced Duke Menard with another Huguenot, the Earl of Galway - who, when Menard's father, Duke Charles, had been killed in 17 Italy, had there become the successor of Duke Charles - but

13Agnew, pp. 222-26. 14UJ, 1853, p. 291. 15H, XVIII, p. 98. 16Agnew, Index volume, p. 143. 17Smiles, pp. 214-18. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 137 Galway had no more success vitalizing the reluctant allied com­ manders than Duke Menard! 18

Refugee Pastor

Jean's services at the French Savoy began in 1685 according to Manchee's Huguenot Clergy List and continued until his death.19 The church's registers record him as officiating at a total of 127 wedding and baptisms, the first on May 16, 1702, and the last on November 12, 1720. His will indicates that he lived nearby. Like his father, he never accepted reordination by the Church of Eng­

land. 20 The French Church of the Savoy was London's principal west-end French congregation and became frequented by the most distin­ guished French refugees. 21 Its membership appears to have been in the neighborhood of 3000 during the forty-five year period of its four over-lapping DuBourdieu pastorates.22 The Minets have writ­ ten of this church:

"The character of the membership of the Savoy church differed very materially from that of the other Huguenot churches. That this was so appears from the memorial of 1748 contained . in the paper of Mr. Beaufort referred to ... In this Mr. Majen­ die, minister of the church at that date, tells us 'that the French Church of the Savoy hath been in no small repute for near a whole century, not only within this Kingdom, but also amongst most of the Protestant churches abroad; insomuch that the far greatest part of the nobility and gentry that came over to England at the time of the persecution under Louis XIV resorted to it, and desired to be admitted members of said church.' ...

"If further evidence were needed of how much the congregation gathered at the Savoy differed from those of our other churches,

18Agnew, I, pp. 315-16 and pp. 372-73. 19See HH, XXVI, p. 48. 20H, XIII, p. 245 footnote. 21 Smiles, p. 244. 22HH, XXVI, p. v. 138 BABY ON HER BACK it will be found in the fact that, whereas in all other records of this kind we are given a trade for most of the members, here but very few occupations appear and, among those that do, only twelve can be described as trades."23

During the short reign of James II, Jean and his father encounter­ ed opposition from the Jesuit backers of the Roman Catholic college which had been established in the Savoy Hospital quarters. This is disclosed by a letter written by Rev. Jean to a Dr. H. Maurice:

"The Jesuits are trying to get us expelled from the Savoy. They want our two churches there for themselves and have estab­ lished themselves between the two, and are trying to debauch our congregation. My father has constantly been obliged to interrupt his afternoon sermon thereby."24

This opposition ceased when, upon the arrival of William of Orange in London, James II fled to France. An insight into the activities of a refugee pastor is provided by an item in the consistory record book of the Savoy, as quoted by the Minets:

"Catherine Pinet, spinster of Caudebec, aged 23 years, being herewith presented to the consistory to ask to be received to make abjuration of the errors of the Roman Church, in which she was born and raised, and having given sufficient proof of the knowledge which she has of the truth of our religion, as well as the good conduct of her life, she has today publicly abjured the foresaid errors between the hands of Mr. Dubour­ dieu, the Son, minister of said church, and she has promised to live and die in the profession of our Holy Religion, which she has sincerely embraced, submitting herself to the discipline of this church. In faith of which she has signed the present act at

23HH, XXII, p. xv. 24H, XIII, p. 257. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 139 the consistory of the French Church of the Savoy this 4 Decem­ ber, 1687. Catherine Pinet. Hamelot, sect'y"25

On February 23, 1710, Jean was one of five persons to present a petition to the House of Commons. Because the French king had made several edicts to the effect that all French Protestants who had fled his kingdom were declared to be outlaws and to have for­ feited their goods and estates, the petition requested an English law to prevent subjects of the French king residing in France from enjoying any estates of relatives dying in English domains.26

Jean Attacks Mariolatry Rev. Jean was celebrated not only for his services as an army chaplain, but as a popular preacher and as an author. The Historical Register for 1720 terms him "a celebrated preacher among the French refugees;"27 and his works themselves are testimonial to his ability with the pen. His existing works cover all three periods of his professional life; his French pastorates, his services as chaplain to the three dukes of Schomberg, and his London years. Back in Montpellier, in 1681, the very year when he preached the sermon to which the King of France took exception, Jean pub­ lished a book on the Virgin Mary. Copies of it were seen by me in L-HS, M-FLT and P-LHP. The L-HS copy shows that it originally was owned by the Duke of Gordon. The P-LHP copy is bound into a single volume with a sermon by Jean on the same subject. The full title of the book translates into English as Letter of the Bishop of Condom with the Reply of Mr. Dubourdieu, the Son. The bishop's letter occupies pages 1 - 20, and the reply of Rev. Jean pages 21 - 114. The last page is a nil obstat endorsement of the book by a committee of the Synod of Low Languedoc, dated April, 1682. This reads: "Nothing contained contrary to the teachings of our churches."

25HH, XXII, p. xi. 26H, IV. 27Agnew, pp. 222-26. 140 BABY ON HER BACK The title of the sermon· translates into English as The Opinion of the Virgin Mary as to What All the Centuries Should Say About Her. It is based on Luke 1:48, was preached in Montpellier in 1682, and consists of thirty-five pages. It stresses the good fortune of the Virgin Mary to be selected by God for so great an honor. Of special interest to me is the fact that it is dedicated to Madame Schomberg. What lies behind this dedication? Was she a member of the Montpellier church? Was Jean serving her husband as chaplain while the Marshal was in the service of the King of France? Do this dedication and Jean's military prayer at Uzes during his pastor­ ate there imply a life-long interest in the armed services on Jean's part? It was shortly after this sermon was delivered that the Huguenot temple at Montpellier was demolished by the government, that Rev. Jean was banished from the city, and that he started to organize the flight of relatives and parishioners from France. In 1685, a year or two after his arrival in London, he wrote a Letter From Certain Peaceful Protestants on the Subject of the Reunion of Religions, Sent to the Clergy of France on the Occasion of their Assembly at St. Germain May, 1685. Of this volume Haag says:

"The copy of this work owned by P-LHP contains this note: 'A rare book, curious, and one which made a great noise in France, where it was generally believed that the author, Jean DuBourdieu, minister at Montpellier, was going to change his religion or had done it'."26

This note alludes .in part to Cardinal Bonzi's unsuccessful efforts to persuade Jean to change religions. Apparently, many were un­ aware that Jean was already in England when he wrote this docu­ ment.

26Haag, V, p. 562. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 141

Jean Debunks the So-called "Theban Martyrs"

When Rev. Jean was in Italy with Duke Charles Schomberg and after the French had been repulsed from around Turin, he wit­ nessed the veneration paid by Roman Catholics to the imaginary "martyrs of the Theban legion." Upset by this crudity, while in Turin he wrote An Historical Dissertation on the Theban Legion, which work appeared in French and in English - and, I believe, in Latin. The English edition, which I saw in London, was dated 1696. Its author is termed Jean Dubourdieu, M.A., Chaplain to the Duke of Schomberg and Leinster and Minister of the French Church in the Savoy. The story behind this 292-page book started July 18, 1691, when Duke Charles Schomberg arrived at Turin with an English army to assist the Duke of Savoy. Affairs were in a bad way for the Duke of Savoy, and his people were in consternation. Schomberg's arrival brought a change in morale, and, as a consequence, the French dropped their seige of Cramagnole, one of the Duke's fortified places. Now, note who was given credit for this liberation! The Turin Roman Catholic priests attributed the entire success to the relics in their church altar, bones reputed to be those of three mythical Theban soldiers who were early Christian martyrs. Rev. Jean de Bordieu, the spiritual leader of the English army, continues the story with these words:

"I was present at a sermon preached by a Jesuit, who said over 100 times, 'O people of Turin, bless your deliverers; bless these sacred martyrs who watch for your safety, and whose merits and prayers have preserved your city'."

Then Rev. Jean continues: "The relics of the Theban martyrs were in the church upon a throne covered with gold brocade, illuminated by an infinite number of waxed tapers. . . . The court attended and adored 142 BABY ON HER BACK the urn ... and all the orders came in procession to adore the sacred shrine, which 'contains the fate and hope of the city.' Toward the evening it was carried on men's shoulders, and the most part of the nobility and gentry of the town followed with lighted wax-torches, and almost all the people. I withdrew my­ self not a little concerned. ·. . . Since it is not out of want of respect for the city ... but out of love of the truth, and as a duty to my incumbent function ... I attack their Patrons in this work of mine."

Then to explain himself further, he adds: "I have always applied to myself this wise saying, Exul tace ( Rejoice but be silent)."

Rev. Jean's dissertation reads like modern historical criticism, al­ though the term was unknown in his day, I believe. In discussing the historical inaccuracies of the Theban myth, for example, he calls attention to the language of this pseudo-ancient document and shows that such was not in use in the age claimed for the document. P-LHP contains an interleaved copy of HdePF in which, where it mentions this work of Jean's there is a penned notation: "The Catholics let many years pass before replying to Dubourdieu ... through Joseph de l'Isle, abbot of St. Leopold of Nancy ... in 1737." The reply and Jean's work are found in a common volume, which I saw in Geneva, Switzerland. Rev. Jean's dissertation took the first 265 pages; then the reply of de l'Isle followed. The P-LHP interleaved copy further had this note:

"This was when in 1692 he [Jean de Bordieu] had occasion to preach a public sermon in Embrun, which put the Duke of Savoy into raptures of praise."

It was in Embrun that Jean, under date of August 29, 1692, wrote the manifesto of Duke Charles Schomberg to the people of France. It may be read in full in Agnew I, p. 140. UJ summarizes it as announcing that His English Majesty had no other intention in HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 1~ invading France than to restore to Protestants their ancient privi­ leges, to grant protection to their clergy, and to procure the revival of the Edict of Nantes.29

Doer of the Word, Not Hearer Only

On December 28, 1694, Queen Mary, the wife of William III, died. Very fittingly, Jean de Bordieu, who as spokesman for Wil­ liam's Huguenot followers had addressed her husband upon their joint coronation, preached a sermon commemorating the death of this beloved, noble queen. Its text was Acts 9:36 - "Now there was at Joppa a disciple named Tabitha, full of good works and acts of charity." The sermon was printed in Amsterdam in 1695 and consists of thirty­ four pages in French. The dedication is signed "Jean Dubourdieu" and terms the author "Minister of the Savoy." The British Museum contains a sermon preached by Rev. Jean in 1704. It has the title, A Sermon Preached on the 7th Day of Sep­ tember, Being the Day of Thanksgiving for the Glorious Victory Obtained by the Forces ... Under ... the Duke of Marlborough. The date is about twenty years after Jean arrived in England, thus he signs this sermon, not Rev. Jean, but "Rev. John Dubourdieu, Minister of the Savoy." It is dedicated to the Countess of Sunderland and has as text Psalm 48:7 - "The Lord of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge." The sermon's points, as summarized for me by Mrs. Gwynne, re­ search consultant of the Huguenot Society of London, are: that the enemy was defeated despite his having the greater numbers and superior position, that England's soldiers were especially brave, and that the fate of Europe probably depended upon the outcome of the day. The sermon then deals with the presence of God in wars and on the field of battle.

29UJ, 1853, p. 291. M4 BABY ON HER BACK There also is a sermon dated 1717 entitled Comparison of the Penal Laws of France Against Protestants With those of England Against Papists, the author of which is named as "J. Dubourdieu, a clergyman of the Church of England." In my opinion, this was not Rev. Jean de Bordieu, since he never accepted reordination into' the Church of England, but was one of his two grandsons who both were Anglican clergymen and named John Dubourdieu. During his British years Rev. Jean worked indefatigably for his oppressed brethren in France. It is said that his pen was seldom idle, and that "his winged words" flew abroad and kept the indig­ nation of Protestant northern Europe alive over the persecutions of his countrymen. 30 He was clearly a doer of the word and not a hearer only. One of many examples occurred on his return from Italy, where the plight of the Waldensian Church had made a deep impression on him. He presented the situation to Dr. Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph's, so powerfully that the churchman agreed to advocate the Waldensian cause in Britain.31 Rev. Jean's will is dated August 3, 1720; his last baptism was performed November 12, 1720; his death is reported as that same 32 year - '1oved and lamented by all who knew him" - aged 78, I believe. In his will he left legacies indicating his concern for his fellow Huguenot refugees as well as for his family. The benefici­ aries included elderly French ministers in the established church being assisted by the Royal Bounty, his sons Peter and Annand, and conditionally his two daughters forcibly detained in France. His third living son, Rev. J. Annand, was the administrator of the will.33

Denization records mention three other sons who apparently pre­ deceased him: Isaac, Gabriel and John Lewis.34 Also, there was a daughter born in England, Charlotte Eliza, who died in 1705.35 Haag would assign to him a daughter, Jeanne du Bourdieu, born

30Smiles, pp. 144-46. 31 Smiles, p. 246. 30ibid. 33P.C.G. Shaller, p. 173. 34HH, XVIII, p. 164. 35HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 279. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND IG in Montpellier and named on the London Register of Assistance.36 My guess is that more probably she is the daughter of his brother Dr. Armand, whose widow is named as a recipient of the public charity. Pastor Henri Bose of the Montpellier Reformed Church wrote me that in 1959 he toured France with an exhibit of Huguenot memen­ tos among which was a picture of Schomberg chaplain Jean. Recent­ ly a portrait of Rev. Jean was discovered in a previously unopened package in the Huguenot Society of London. It terms him "Jean duBourdieu, Docteur en Theologie."37 The notation on the back of the English Savoy's portrait of Rev. Isaac terms Jean "D.D." As I close this section on Rev. Jean's tempestuous years, there comes to my mind the words with which Vergil opens his Aeneid, "Arma virumque cano" - "Of arms and a man I sing." Surely, the story of Rev. Jean was one of warfare and of a stalwart man who towered above its crises and clamor. He and his fellow Huguenots did not restore religious freedom to the France of Louis XIV, but they did keep their Huguenot faith and virtues alive and strong in their hearts, and thereby much of the world has benefitted.

36Haag, V, p. 564. 37Agnew II, pp. 222-26. 146 BABY ON HER BACK HOLLAND AND ENGLAND U7

CHAPTER XI

INK-DIPPED RAPIERS

Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu

By the Thousands Across the Channel There were four periods when religious persecution was especial­ ly severe in France and, consequently, the number of escaping Hu­ guenots was inordinately great. Quoting Knox, these were:

1. "During the second half of the sixteenth century, when Cath­ erine de Medici [mother of Charles II and Henry III of France] vented her anger on all French Protestants.''1

It was during these years that the besieged city of St. Jean d'Angely was defended by a Bourdieu and the two Antoine Bordieus were arrested by the Parliament of Toulouse and had their property confiscated.

2. "In the first years of the next century, when Cardinal Riche­ lieu held sway and pursued his sternly intolerant policy which resulted in the siege and fall of La Rochelle" 1

1Knox, p. 9. 148 BABY ON HER BACK - and of other Protestant strongholds, such as Montpellier. It was at this time that my distant grandfather, Rev. Jean de Costebadie, wrote his poem about Bergerac.

3. "The years immediately [preceding and] following the Revoca­ tion of the Edict of Nantes in 1685"1

- when the Grand Temple of Montpellier was destroyed and Rev. Isaac duBourdieu was barred from preaching in France. It was at this time that Isaac and his immediate descendants either fled from France or lost their lives, and the Brittany Dubourdieu family, ex­ cept for member Pierre, "abandoned all for conscience sake."2

4. "The period that followed the Peace of Aix-le-Chapelle ( 1748), when the released French soldiers, aided by the Jesuits, per­ secuted the scattered communities of French Protestants."1

This is described by Armand Dubourdieu Boybellaud de la Cha­ pelle in his book, La Necessite du Culte Publique Parmi les Chre­ tiens. Knox quotes Baird to the effect that the number of Huguenots who went into exile possibly totaled 600,000, of whom 70,000 came to the British Isles.3 The initial volume of the Publications of the Huguenot Society of London said about these latter:

"By the thousands Huguenots fled across the Channel and settled among us, with their sweet-sounding names ... French tact and cleverness. That misfortune for France has been ... an unspeakable blessing for us."4

France's HdePF adds about Rev. Isaac duBourdieu and his des­ cendants these words:

"This family furnishes ... this country of refuge [England] a series of remarkable men."5

2 H, XVI, pp. 56-76. 3Knox, p. 8. 4 H, I. 5 HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 13. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 149

Spoken of with Melancholy Awe Some we have discussed already. We proceed now to Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu, a vigorous divine, bold in the pulpit and forceful with his pen. Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu, the son of Rev. Jean and Margaret Voysine, was born in Montpellier, France, in 1677. At the age of six or seven in the company of his father, he escaped from France to England, and there at the age of sixteen, after having studied in the home of his Grandfather Isaac, he entered Gloucester Hall, a unit of Oxford University. His grand­ father, a pastor of the French Church of the Savoy, died at the end of 1700, and J. Armand, then aged twenty-four, succeeded to the vacancy created by his grandfather's death. A roll of Huguenot clergymen shows him serving thus from the year 1701 until his death in 1726, aged forty-nine. 6 He has been termed the most illustrious member of the DuBour­ dieu family of his generation.7 Certainly, he had the heredity to make him outstanding: the conspicuous courage, indomitable will­ power and clear-headedness of his Grandfather Isaac and the vigor­ ous energy, recognized leadership in crisis, and refusal even under pressure to abandon principle of his father, Rev. Jean. Rev. J. Armand was outstanding for his ability as a preacher and with the pen. There was a boiling eloquence in his sermons. He preached as one persecuted and full of wrath against his persecu­ tors. 8 He ·was a fierce controversialist, an ardent Protestant, a staunch supporter of the Hanoverian succession, and "a good hater" of Louis XIV.9 He preached and wrote in both French and English. I have been most agreeably surprised to find much excitement in his writings. His works are unsheathed swords in the service of God and Right. Having examined them, I easily understand both why Agnew should write:

"The elder refugees spoke of him with melancholy awe and bated breath,"10

6 Haag, V, p. 564. 7 Haag, V, pp. 558 ff. 8 Haag, V, p. 564. 9 HdePF, XVI, p. 80. 10Agnew II, pp. 222-26. I~ BABY ON HER BACK and why so many of these ink-dipped rapiers have been preserved over the centuries.

Old Dubourdieu And Young Dubourdieu An illustration of his fire-eating words is found in a book of his dated 1718:

"Mr. Millard, after his travels through Europe and return, produced a letter from a magistrate of Berne ... 'tis the letter he had the impudence to affirm that Young Dubourdieu-he means J. Armand Dubourdieu, one of the ministers of the Savoy-took from him, so that it never was returned to him since, than which nothing could be more scandalously false. Mr. A. Dubourdieu could not have had an opportunity of snatching this letter from him, because he never so much as saw the outside of it. For what encl should Mr. A. D. take this letter from him? How came it that he who brags in print that he will arrest Old Dubourdieu, upon matters without Bot­ tom, let Young Dubourdieu go unnoticed and untroubled when he had law and justice on his side against the latter? ... that he never upbraided Mr. A. D. with the wrongs he had done him? ... The letter was a spurious brat of Millard's own getting."11 "Mr. J. A. Dubourdieu was preaching in the Savoy ... and, whilst he was composing his discourse, he had on his table under his eye a Spittle [i.e. Spittlefield] sermon preached by our late Archbishop on the same subject ... Mr. J. Armand Dubourdieu gave the foregoing thoughts the best French dress he was capable of . . . Millard misconstruing Mr. Armand Dubourdieu's words." 12

This quotation is from J. Armand's Appeal to the English Na­ tion, which consists of 219 pages. It is a vindication of French Protestants and honest proselytes from falsehoods being circulated

11 Page 15 of Appeal to the English Nation. 12ibid., p. 48. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND Ul against them by E. Millard in a volume entitled The French Plot Found Out Against the English Church. The first 112 pages of J. Armand's book are his argument, and the rest is supporting docu­ ments. The book containing some information about French churches in _Britain, whose membership J. Armand estimated at 100,000. Two years later, Millard replied to J. Armand in a book carrying the name, M. Millard: His Address to King George; Also an Answer to the Libel of ].A.D. A copy is listed in the index of the British Museum. In J. Armand's time feelings ran high over France's treatment of her Protestants. An example, both of this and Rev. J. Armand's boiling eloquence, was provided one Sunday when, in the midst of his Savoy sermon, an officer of the French embassy was so stirred that he cried out loudly: "You lie." Thereupon, he was almost tom to pieces by the congregation. 1 3 14

The Register's Fly-leaf In addition to being a minister of the French Savoy, Rev. J. Armand was chaplain to the Duke of Devonshire and rector of a country parish named Sawtry-Moines. 15 The appointment had been arranged by the Duke of Devonshire in 1701, the year J. Armand became a minister of the French Savoy. His relationship to the Duke of Devonshire and his rectorship at Sawtry-Moines were used by him as a sort of code to indicate the works of which he was the author. The local parish duties at Sawtry-Moines were con-

1 3Haag, V, pp. 555-56. 14Several days afterwards another officer of the embassy was in a similar ep­ isode. In the French Cafe, near the Bourse, he had spoken of hanging the refugees and was advised to be more circumspect of his speech in that land of liberty. The embassy officer retorted: "Believe me, the arm of the King of France is long enough to reach to the bottom of the sea, and I hope that you feel it soon." Thereupon, a Mr. Banal, a refugee London lawyer present, struck the official several times, saying: "This arm, not so long as your king's, is able to lay hold of you even quicker." The official sought to draw his sword, but other Frenchmen present separated them. ( Haag, I, p. 740.) From such incidents one understands how it came to be said that one effect of the Revocation is that it made the powers recognize that religious liberty is a guarantee of political liberty. ( HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 17.) 15Haag, V. p. 546. 152 BABY ON HER BA CK ducted for him by his vicar, Rev. W. Corke, which permitted Rev. J. Armand to give attention chiefly to his duties in London. His sermons invariably appeared in French, which makes it evident that they primarily were intended for Church of the Savoy con­ sumption. There is at least one Sawtry-Moines souvenir of Rev. J. Armand's rectorship, the fly-leaf of the parish register. On it, in Latin, one reads: Johannes Armandus Dubourdieu Montpellius: Gallus et Ecclesiae Gallosabaudicae Apud Londinenses Pastor. 16

I translate this to read: "John Armand Dubourdieu, A native of Montpellier, France A member of the French[?] Refugee Church, A minister to the people of London."

Charges Brought in the Name of the French King It was J. Armand's practice to have many of his sermons printed. He mentioned this when, following the signing of the Peace of Utrecht, he was called before the Bishop of London to answer charges brought against him by Duke d'Aumont, the French ambas­ sador, in the name of the French king. These charges related to a sermon preached by J.Armand in the Savoy December 1, 1706, under the title, Pride of Nebuchadnezzar. Having read some of the things which Rev. J. Armand said in this sermon, I am frank to say that I am not surprised that Louis XIV took offense. Here is a quotation:

"Louis the Grand has shown that he is able to be a hero without being a warrior and to be in the ranks of the Alexanders and Caesars without ever looking the enemy in the face .... Easy­ going Frenchmen, accustomed to slavery, you are just as deserv-

16Haag, V, p. 564. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 1~ ing of being slaves as he [Louis XIV] is unworthy of being king! Would you have suffered the complete desolation of your country for such a long time, if you had had the courage to vindicate your liberty, your only concern for which is to attack the liberty of other people! If you only had had enough gener­ osity to defend oppressed innocence as you have testified valor in support of the crimes and usurpations of your prince! How shameful that he still rules among you after beating you so long with a scepter of iron! "The Babylonians like you were born and brought up in slavery; however, when the Grand King Nebuchadnezzar fell into madness and fury, they put him out among the beasts. And you, after having suffered forty years of continual fury and rage from your prince, you have not yet banished him from the society of mankind nor relegated him to live among the animals, of whom he imitates the ferocity without imitating the courage."

Because of this sermon, 17 and possibly because of one entitled The Silence of the Faithful in Their Affliction preached in 1712 when persecution was renewed in France, the French ambassador enter­ ed his protest. Mr. Pryor presented the matter to Lord Bolingbroke, writing that the French king wished Young Dubourdieu to be punished. Bolingbroke informed the Queen, who referred the matter to the Bishop of London, the French Church of the Savoy being under his jurisdiction. So, on May 9, 1713, J. Armand was summoned to appear before His Grace at Fulham Palace to answer the charge. Four of the Savoy elders accompanied him. 15 After the memorial was read to them, J. Armand was asked what he had to say. He replied that during the war, after the example of several of the prelates and clergymen of the Church of England, he had preached freely against the common enemy of the Church of England and, the greater part of his sermons having been printed and his name

17Smiles, p. 245. 16Agnew, pp. 222-26. 154 BABY ON HER BACK affixed, he was far from disowning them; 1 9 but, since the proclama­ tion of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, he had said nothing that did in the least concern the French king. No further steps were taken in the matter.20 The text of the sermon on Nebuchadnezzar was Daniel 4:29-32-

"The king said ... Babylon I have built by my mighty power ... for the glory of my majesty .... While the words were still in the King's mouth ... a voice from heaven ... you shall be driven from among men and your dwelling shall be with the beasts."

The sermon consists of thirty-eight pages plus twenty-eight pages of preface, the latter, according to Haag,21 written by the author to defend his virulence.22

Bulwark of the Reformation In 1708 he preached and printed The Sword of Gideon, out of thanksgiving for Wellington's victory near D'oudenarde. It was in French, consisted of thirty-eight pages and was based on Psalm 44:9 The author used for himself the name "i. ARMAND DUBOUR­ DIEU," the J being italicized in smaller type. A note in the inter­ leaved HdePF of P-LHP says that the second edition of this sermon had been augmented with notes by the author. The sermon is listed in the catalogue of the British Museum but, when Mrs. Gwynne, research consultant of the Huguenot Society of London, sought to examine it, she was told that it had been destroyed in 1943 by enemy action, in those days termed "the Blitz Krieg." The Silence of the Faithful, referred to by me in connection with the charges made against Rev. J. Armand by the French ambas­ sador, was a sermon of thirty-one pages reinforced by 112 pages of preface. It was in French and based on Psalm 39:9. Haag implies that it was during this sermon that the member of the French

19Smiles, p. 245. 20Manuscript in National Library, Dublin; Smiles pp. 245-46. 21 Haag, V, p. 564. 22Author terms himself chaplain to the Duke of Devonshire. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 155 embassy cried out: "You lie." The purpose of the sermon was to lighten the lot of those suffering persecution at the time.23 24 On July 15, 1714, Rev. J. Annand, upon invitation, preached the sermon customarily delivered at the opening of the Chelmsford Assizes or court-session. The sermon is dedicated to Sir Henry Fetherston, high sheriff of the county of Essex, and Baronet Henry Bendish foreman of the jury, upon whose request the sermon was printed.25 This sermon is sometimes entitled Eli Trembling Before the Ark of the Lord from its text of I Samuel 4: 13. In this sermon J. Armand registered his deep gratitude to the Church of England for her treatment of France's Huguenots. I have already quoted his words: "that this church which has hitherto been the bulwark and glory of the Reformation and with which all other churches abroad must stand or fall, may survive future ages, outlast this visible world, and never end but with commencing eternity."

Defense of the Galley Slaves The preceding is the first of four works preserved from the year 1714. A second by Rev. J. Annand is The Good Fortune of Great Britain Under the Reign of King George. 25 It was preached following the coronation of "the Grand Prince," and it consists of forty pages. The text is II Chronicles 9:8- "Blessed be the Lord your God, who has delighted in you and set you on his throne as king for the Lord your God . . . He has made you king ... that you may execute justice and right- ,, eousness. The third of these 1714 writings was Vows of Protestants, 25 a ser­ mon in French, as was the preceding. It was preached the Sunday after George I entered the nation's capital. George I was German­ born and German-speaking, and it was to help him overcome his

23Haag, V. pp. 565-66; in Memoirs of Martielhe. 24Author terms himself rector of Sawtry-Moines. 25 Author terms himself chaplain to the Duke of Devonshire and rector of Sawtry-Moines. ffl6 BABY ON HER BACK language handicap that cabinet-government came into existence.26 The sermon's text was I Samuel 10:24- "And Samuel said .. , 'Do you see whom the Lord has chosen? There is none like him among the people.' And all the people shouted 'Long live the King'." It consisted of twenty-seven pages.

In 1714 Rev. J. Armand also wrote a book of over 200 pages in French, Defense of our Confessors who were in the Galleys. This book, like J. Armand's sermon Silence of the Faithful, involved the French embassy. Just before the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Queen Anne of England had persuaded Louis XIV to release 136 Huguenots from the galleys, giving five French prisoners for each Huguenot.26 Twelve of the exchanged Huguenots came to London to thank the Queen and were honored by being feted and permitted to kiss her hand. The French embassy registered dis­ approval, and Rev. J. Armand wrote this book to defend his fellow­ Huguenots. The final chapter of the book is entitled, "Examination of the Zeal of Sieur R - - - L for the Revolution." In this chapter J. Armand says that Sieur R - - - L falsified a letter written by a galley-slave. The text contains 198 pages plus 15 pages of preface, which section is signed J. Armand Dubourdieu. Two years later Rev. J. Armand was author of a French sermon,25 Faction in Great Britain. This was preached June 7, 1716, a day set apart by his Majesty because of the victory of his arms in the Scotch Jacobite Rebellion, which under "bonnie Prince Charles" sought to establish his father, the Roman Catholic son of James II, on Scotland's throne. Such Jacobite intrigue had started shortly after James II in 1690 was decisively defeated at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland and permanently had fled to France; the intrigue continued for half a century. The text of the sermon was II Corinthians 11:26- "danger of false brethren."

26Sir Douglas L. Savory in H, XVIII, p. 12. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 157 The sermon was a refutation of one on the same text preached seven years earlier in St. Paul's of London by a Dr. Sacheverell. The next year, 1717, there appeared a booklet in French entitled Two Letters Between Mr. P. Rival and Mr.]. A. Dubourdieu. The first fifteen pages are a letter addressed to Mr. Dubourdieu by Mr. Rival. Then come these lines: "Addition: What was foretold has happened. Mr. Dubourdieu has given pleasantries only to this letter. It may be .. petty vanity, but I am the source of this quarrel. ... Friday, October 4. Here is his letter which I received yesterday at Paddington." The J. A. Dubourdieu communication reads: "Your letter is verbose ... I say this only, that the role of being peaceful and charitable which you play, is poorly sup­ ported. One is scarcely able to be indignant because you affect a spirit of union and peace while it is notoriously published that you never have been a friend of the other peace, that of Utrecht. For the rest, I am tired of your long letters ... I hope you will rectify your sentiments by supporting the present gov­ ernment. October 2, 1717. J. A. Dubourdieu." Then follows Rival's final word: "Mr. Dubourdieu has said nothing on the subject about which I wrote him." This booklet plus J. Armand's use of R- - -L in his Defense of Our Confessors who were in the Galleys would imply that the R---L of that book is the Rival of this booklet, and that the J. A. Du­ bourdieu of this booklet is the Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu of that volume.

The Last of His Printed Sermons Still in Existence

In 1724 Rev. J. Armand printed both in English and in French a sermon named Mephibosheth. 27 It has thirty-two pages plus ten of

27This is dedicated to "The Duke of De," which surely means Devonshire. 1~ BABY ON HER BACK preface. Its text is II Samuel 2:30-

"And Mephibosheth replied to the king, let him take all since the Lord, my King, has returned in peace to his house."

The nature of the sermon is indicated by its subtitle, which is "The character of a good subject." It was preached January 5, 1724 upon the return of the British monarch to his royal palace. The author gives his name as "f. ARMAND DUBOURDIEU," the J being both italicized and in lower-case type, while the Armand is in small block letters and the family name in large capitals. Rev. J. Armand's wife was Esther Trafford, daughter of William and Clare Trafford of 304 Queen Anne Street, London. Esther was one of their eight children and sufficiently beloved that she and her own children appear as beneficiaries in five wills of rela­ tives. Interestingly, the habit of adding H to words which commence with a vowel is seen in some of these legal documents. In several cases Esther's name is written Hester, and in the Hammersmith Parish Register the name of J. Armand is entered as John Har­ mand.28 In these wills the name Dubourdieu (which is the way J. Armand wrote it) is written by registry clerks as de Bordieu, du­ Bourdieu, Duborgue, and Deboardieu. These last two spellings pre­ sumably give an idea of the way the name was pronounced back then. Rev. J. Armand and Esther had one son, Samuel, and three daughters, Anne, Esther, and Margaret-Henrietta.29 Rev. J. Armand died March 25, 1727 in his lodgings on Green Street, Leicester Fields, London.30 As stated before, he was called the most il­ lustrious of the DuBourdieus of his generation, and, certainly the large number of his works preserved to the present indicates a popularity which justifies extravagant language when one seeks to appraise his worth.

28From hand-written manuscript in L-HS. 29H, VII, p. 270. 30Alumni Oxonensis, according to a manuscript in the National Library, Dublin. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 159

CHAPTER XII

THE INFANT WHO WAS SMUGGLED OUT OF FRANCE

Rev. Jean Annand Dubourdieu

"Who's Who"-and Who Was Confused Now that close to three centuries have elapsed since the Revo­ cation, one discovers that there has developed a certain amount of confusion as to personal identities. Haag attributes some of this to the early fluidity of the name DuBourdieu, saying:

"Useless to insist upon the slight variation introduced here in the name ... Bordieu was the ancient form-see Aymon: Synodes, I, p. 299 and II, p. 665; Bourdieu has finished by pre­ dominating."1

1Haag, V, pp. 560-61. 160 BABY ON HER BACK One result of Haag's early confusion was that, in volume II written in 1881, under Bordieu, a son named Rev. Jean is attributed to Rev. Arnaud de Bordieu; whereas in Volume V written five years later in 1886, under Du Bourdieu, no son is assigned to Rev. Arnaud and this Rev. Jean is termed the son of Rev. Isaac.2 There are other instances of confusion as to Rev. Jean: Lart, in H, XVI, p. 57, apparently unaware that Rev. Isaac was the third son of Governor Pierre of Bergerac, assigns the name Jean to two of the governor's sons and ends up with an astounding mixture. However, who can blame writers of later centuries when so many descendants have the same baptismal name! Pastor Philippe Corbiere, who was minister at Montpellier around 1865 and wrote a history of the church, added very material­ ly to this confusion. He wrote:

"Dubourdieu, the Son, is called Jean in his signature. We have adopted the supposition he is known as Armand."3

This was a most unfortunate assumption because others have fol­ lowed him in this mistake, so that, in addition to the genuine Jean Armands, we now encounter this mistakenly-termed Jean Armand, and the uninitiated confuse them all into a single composite charac­ ter. To avoid this confusion in this book I use a different distinct name for the persons primarily involved-and these names which I use are the very ones which they, themselves, used for this purpose. These are:

1. Rev. Jean de Bordieu, for the Schomberg chaplain, as in Chapters VI and X. 2. Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu, for the son of the Schomberg chaplain, as in chapter XI. 3. Rev. Jean Armand Dubourdieu, for the nephew of the Schomberg chaplain, son of his brother, Lord James, as in this chapter.

Haag, V, pp. 559-60. 3 HdePF, LXIII-LXIV, p. 240. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 161 One particular factor which needs to be remembered is that Jean Armand is the baptismal name of two Dubourdieu cousins who simultaneously served on the pastoral staff of the French Church of the Savoy. Hence, to prevent their being confused with one another, by tacit agreement they reserved the general use of the names in items 2 and 3 above for one another. The slightly older cousin was the Schomberg chaplain's son, Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu. About him we know:

that he signed the French Savoy record book "Armand Du­ bourdieu" sixteen times upon performing baptisms and three times in the case of weddings; that in his Appeal to the English Nation, after he has spoken of himself as "Young Dubourdieu" and his father as "Old Dubourdieu," he applies to himself the name "Armand," "J.A." and "J. Armand;" that, apart from the frontis-piece of his works, never does he use for himself the name "Jean Armand."

The slightly younger cousin was the Schomberg chaplain's nephew, Rev. Jean Armand Dubourdieu. I am convinced that the name "Jean Armand" was reserved strictly for his use by his cousin and in the Church of the Savoy records. Proof is the con­ sistency with which the Schomberg chaplain's son identifies him­ self by using "rector of Sawtry-Moines" and/or "chaplain to the Duke of Devonshire." \Vhereas, until close to his death, when he became chaplain to the Duke of Richmond and Lennox, the Schom­ berg chaplain's nephew had no special appointment by which he could identify himself, and the personal use of the "Jean Armand" for general purposes was relegated to him.

The Count's Daughter Disguises Herself Rev. Jean Armand was the son of Lord James DuBourdieu and the daughter of the Count and Countess de La Valade, the name of whose ancestral estates may be seen on the map of France, twenty­ three miles southeast of Bergerac. Jean Armand's father perished I~ BABY ON HER BACK in 1682 or 1683, and it was in that latter year that his mother smug­ gled their son out of France. This was a dangerous, arduous undertaking. Gentlewomen of that age lived sheltered lives and were not inured to strenuous activity. She, with her infant son on her back, walked the entire width of France, from near the Atlantic to Switzerland. Smiles,4 in discussing the hardihood of noble Huguenot ladies, singles her out to illustrate the way they underwent hardship in order to escape from France:

"Everywhere, therefore, were the Huguenot women as well as the men found fleeing into exile. They mostly fled in dis­ guise, often alone, to join their husbands or fathers at the ap­ pointed rendevous. Benoit says that they cut off their hair, dis­ figured their faces with dyes, assumed the dress of peddlers or lackeys, and condescended to the meanest employments, for the purpose of disarming suspicion and ensuring their escape. Young women, in many cases of gentle birth, who under other circumstances would have shrunk from the idea of walking a few miles from home, prepared to set out upon a journey on foot of hundreds of miles, through woods, along unfrequented paths, across mountain ranges, braving all dangers, so they might but escape, though it were with their bare lives, from the soil of France. The adventures of some of the women who suc­ ceeded in making their escape are full of romance, and cannot be read without a painful interest. Thus, Lord de Bourdieu's widow, the daughter of Count de la Valade, escaped disguised as a peasant, with her infant son slung in a shawl at her back ..."

Then Smiles quotes from Histoire de l'Edit de Nantes, V. pp. 554, 953 as follows:

"Women of quality, even sixty and seventy years of age, who had, so to speak, never placed a foot upon the ground except to cross their apartments or to stroll in an avenue, travelled a

4 Smiles, p. 151. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND ffi3 hundred leagues, to some village which had been indicated by a guide. Girls of fifteen of every rank exposed themselves to the same hazard. They drew wheelbarrows, they bore manure, panniers, and other burdens. They disfigured their faces with dyes to emprown their complexion with ointments or juices which blistered their skins and gave them a wrinkled aspect. Women and girls were seen to counterfeit sickness, dumbness, and even insanity. Some went disguised as men, donned the dress of lackeys, and followed on foot, through the mud, a guide on horseback, who assumed the character of a man of impor­ tance."

Thus the Count's daughter enlisted the services of a faithful do­ mestic, disguised herself as a peasant, put her infant son in the shawl which she wore on her back, and set off on her long, long journey. She was one of a large body of escapees organized by her brother­ in-law Rev. Jean de Bordieu. Members of such groups mostly trav­ elled singly so as not to attract attention. Thus, except for the domestic, it was for her a lonely, fearful flight. Dreading that the baby on her back might cry, wondering if her breast milk would hold out under the unusual nature of her exertions, sleeping wherever night overtook her, her muscles tired and aching, always fearful lest she be captured, she continued on. What happened on the flight is not recorded. Unquestionably she followed rough by-ways as much as possible to avoid question­ ing. Then, after interminable miles, she came to the Alps Moun­ tains, possibly Europe's most grueling uphill terrain. Worn and frayed she continued higher and higher, the infant on her back seeming to grow heavier at each ascent. Little did she realize that three centuries later all the known Huguenot DuBourdieus would be the descendants of the baby on her back. Finally she entered Switzerland, land of freedom from religious persecution. Thence across the northern Alps to the village of Servia, where she entered Germany.5 Holland was next and a boat to England.

5Smiles, p. 151; UJ, 1853, 291. IM BABY ON HER BACK The title of the infant's father was not unknown among Du­ Bourdieus for I have encountered it four times in Bearn. The Gascon index of Pau listed Lord Arnaud DUBOURDIU of Agoes, Lord Arnaud DUBOURDIU of Angos and Lord Jean DUBOUR­ DIU of Riumayou, and Armorial de Bearn mentioned Lord de Bourdieu of Orrin. Undoubtedly, when Lord Pierre Dubourdieu or his fathers migrated from Beam to France proper, the title travelled with them. Possibly this was during the reign of Beam-born and Beam-educated Henry IV, at which time Pierre Dubourdieu was governor of Bergerac. From Pierre's oldest son's oldest son being a Lord Dubourdieu, it is an inescapable inference that Bergerac's governor Pierre Dubour­ dieu must also have been Lord Dubourdieu. His oldest son, Isaac, had become pastor of the Bergerac Reformed Church with its heavy duties and his two other sons had moved away in the service of the nation, so, as Pierre, Sr., advanced in years, Rev. Isaac's oldest son James, who may have grown up in the grandfather's household, would have become assistant to Lord Pierre. James upon his marriage established his residence in the Du­ bourdieu chateau of Blaye6, still lived in, where he would have discharged the manorial duties of his grandfather and, upon the latter's death would have succeeded him as Lord Dubourdieu. As such, he was an elder delegate at the third National Synod of Chare­ ton.7 Probably Lord James married twice, because the daughter of Count de La Valade (who was the mother of his son, Rev. Jean Armand and fled in 1683 while their son was an infant) appears tq have been a young woman at the time, since her two brothers died in 1755 and 1757, about 70 years later. Upon her arrival in London, she took her son to the home of his grandfather, Rev. Isaac,8 where shortly his cousin Armand Boy­ bellaud came to live. Since Armand Boybellaud and his other cousin J. Armand Dubourdieu both were educated in Rev. Isaac's

6P. 29 of this book, esp. note 1. 7 UJ, 1854, p. 167; H, VIII, pp. 340-342. 8 H, VII, pp. 340 ff. HOLLAND AND ENGLAND W5 home, as stated on page 90, it seems probable that, as the infant grew up, he was educated there also. Later, when he had joined his Uncle Jean and his cousin J. Armand on the pastoral staff of the French Savoy, a "satire" spoke of him and his Uncle Jean.9

"The Last of the V alades"

I do not find his mother's name, books referring to her either as "Dame Dubourdieu" or "daughter of the Count de La Valade." She had a sister and two brothers. The sister was the wife of Alexan­ der Crommelin, brother of Louis Crommelin, founder of Ireland's successful linen industry, and his partner. Rev. Charles de La Valade, one of her brothers, was the first chaplain of the Huguenot linen-making colony of Lisburn and served thus from 1715 until his death in 1755. He was succeeded briefly by the other brother, whose given name is not recorded. They are reported to have been the last generation of their prominent family, although I find others of this and similar names subsequently. The name "Jean Armand Dubourdieu" appears first in the Savoy registers on July 16, 1711, when he officiated at a baptism. It is en­ tered a total of fifteen times in this capacity, the last being October 1, 1721. I presume that it was early in the 1720's that he became chaplain to the Duke of Richmond and Lennox, for no mention of this relationship is made in his works previously and the first and only one subsequently is in 1723, when he published a volume of two French sermons with the common title, The Unworthy Choice of the Shechemites. The first sermon consists of twenty-nine pages, the second of thirty-six, with the latter having fourteen pages of preface addition­ ally. These discourses are based on the words of Queen Anne to Parliament in 1708 and have as their purpose to prove that a Pap­ ist monarch is incompatible with England's "constitution," which term, I assume, refers to the Bill of Rights granted by William III and Queen Mary. The text of the two sermons is Judges 9:14-15-

9 Marshall p. 47; Agnew, I, p. 198. M6 BABY ON HER BACK "Then all the trees said to the bramble, 'Come thou and reign over us.' And the bramble said to the trees: 'If in good faith you are anointing me king over you, then come and take refuge in my shade; but, if not, let fire come out of the bramble and destroy the cedars of Lebanon'."

Because of its text the sermon has sometimes been reported as The Fable of the Trees and the Bramble. Copies of it may be found in Paris' P-LPH and in London's L-HS.

Printed Postscript to a Preached Sermon There are four printed works in which the author does not use any of the code devices of the Schomberg chaplain's son, but "Jean Armand DuBourdieu, minister of the French Savoy," so these are from the pen of Jean Armand. Three of the four are quite different in nature from the works of J. Armand, and the fourth differs in literary style. Prayers of Thanksgiving is the earliest of these four. It is a ritual of church worship for the service of Thursday, June 7, 1716, and is followed by the ritual for the Lord's Supper. It was printed in French in London. I know of no reason for a special service on this date, which leads me to the conclusion that worship services were held daily in the French Savoy, as today is the case in the English Savoy, where in 1959 I attended such a noontime weekday service. If so, the French Savoy presumably utilized a standard order of worship, for which the form was kept intact in the printshop and only the date changed day by day. The name of the minister on the form would be that of the Savoy minister who conducted these weekday services. The year 1716 is also the date of the first edition of an England­ printed French-language publication of The Adventures of Tele­ manque. In Greek mythology Telemanque ( or Telemachus) is the son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was a child when his father left to besiege Troy, an undertaking which lasted ten years. As a young man Telemanque, with Minerva as guide, set out to find his father. His adventures while doing so were made the basis of a HOLLAND AND ENGLAND W7 French novel written by Fenelon in the style of ancient poetry, and intended for the education of the youthful Duke of Burgoyne. Jean Armand took Fenelon's poem, added to it the explanatory notes of Henri Phillipe of Ligniers, 1 0 and then dedicated the whole to Frederick, the grandson of King George I. Three further editions were made of the book: in 1719, 1726 and 1732, according to the catalogue of the British Museum. Thanksgiving for the Naval Victory of Admiral Bing in the Med­ iterranean is the third of these four special volumes. It is unique in the field of printed sermons. The author had prepared a sermon which he planned to deliver in the French Chapel of Spring Gar­ dens August 24, 1718. 11 Then on Saturday the victory of Admiral Bing was announced. Here are the author's words:

"Notice-It is unusual to print a second section of a sermon, but I did not have time enough on August 24, the day after the naval victory was announced, to say all I wished. I should have chosen a subject proper for the occasion but did not have time enough. Hence this conclusion entitled 'Thanks­ giving for the Naval Victory of Admiral Bing in the Mediterra­ nean, or Conclusion of a Discourse Preached August 24, 1718'."

This most unusual sermon contains sixteen pages; it was in French, printed in Amsterdam.

Specialist in Liturgy The Practice of Christian Virtues, printed in 1719, was the fourth of these special works. It is a book of 451 pages, divided into two sections. The first consists of 340 pages of church liturgy trans­ lated from English into French. A handwritten note in P-LHP's copy of Haag says that originally it was a French work which in 1666 was translated into English by a Mrs. Durell; also that for a

10Haag, V, p. 567. 11 HH, XXVI, p. i (Registers of Savoy) reads: "Most marriages and baptisms took place ... in Spring Gardens." The authors con­ clude that the Savoy, Spring Gardens and Les Crees operated as a combined parish. MS BABY ON HER BACK time there were two anonymous revisions. Rev. Jean Armand translated one of these English documents back into French. The second section of the book consists of personal prayers pre­ pared by Jean Armand under the title, "The Duty of Man." The author states that no prayers for family use are included in this section because the church-liturgy section has ample prayers for that purpose. The two-section book is dedicated to Princess Anne. In the interleaved copy of Haag owned by P-LHP there is a newspaper clipping announcing Gebruik du Christlyke Deugden of Alle Pflickten van den Mench, printed in 1725 and written by "J. A. Dubourdieu." This Dutch title translates into English as "The Practice of Christian Virtues and the Duty of Man." Thus, six years after Jean Armand's original it merited a Dutch translation. As I study the works of these co-ministers of identical baptismal names, I realize that each had his set, distinct area of duties in the French Church of the Savoy. The basic responsibility of Rev. J. Armand, son of Rev. Jean, was the Sunday sermon. The assign­ ment of Rev. Jean Armand, son of Lord James, was the weekday program of the parish. Of course, each functioned at baptisms, etc., upon the request of members of the congregation. Thus Jean Armand developed a great concern about liturgy and often was the parish minister who counseled with those who visited the church weekdays. He would have been the one of the two called upon when nearby French congregations had a special need for a Sunday preacher, as J. Armand had a stipulated Sunday obli­ gation.

His Portrait Discovered In the statements made about these two cousins of identical given names one is never positive that the original writer had the correct Dubourdieu in mind. Remembering this reservation, here are statements I have encountered about Rev. Jean Armand, the son of Lord James, which I believe correct:

"His piety and ability were so much esteemed among his countrymen in London that, on all occasions of vacancies HOLLAND AND ENGLAND 169 occurring in their churches, he was requested to select min­ isters for them . . . And, among his countrymen, his benevol­ ences were so well known that a refugee only had to come to him to find relief. In him his persecuted countrymen had a warm advocate."12 "His faithfulness to his calling was such that he did not hes­ itate to raise his own voice against the corruption of the times. Yet, when he did allude to the apostasy of the Saurin family, he did so in a Christianlike manner."' 3

One of the thrills of my 1959 trip was to be told by Robert Du­ bourdieu Best of Aghalee, Northern Ireland, that a portrait of Rev. Jean Armand was owned by his son, William duBourdieu Best of Aghalee. It had been the property of Rev. John Dubourdieu of Ire­ land, grandson of Rev. Jean Armand, and is mentioned in the will of Rev. John of Ireland, as are several family portraits. It, of course, was a happy occasion for me, seeing and photo­ graphing these pictures of members of my family: Rev. Jean Ar­ mand, my four-times-great grandfather; Rev. Saumarez Dubour­ dieu, his son, from whom I am also descended; Rev. John Dubour­ dieu, son of Saumarez and brother of Surgeon Saumarez, through whom I trace my descent. Jean Armand's wife was Charlotte Massey, Countess of Espon­ age. The marriage entry in the church register gives her address as St. Anne's, Westminster. They were married in historic St. Mar­ tin's of the Fields, on Trafalgar Square, London, September 4, 1716. Their only child, Saumarez, was born September 1, 1717.' 4 Rev. Jean Armand Dubourdieu "attained great eminence in his profession and died in the midst of a useful career at the age of forty"-i.e. presumably in 1723.' 5

12 UJ, 1854, p. 167. ' 3 ibid. 14HH, XXVI, p. 40. Mrs. Ida Wilmshurst wrote her brother, Robert Dubourdieu Best, as follows: "Arthur Dubourdieu, Dublin, wrote me March, 1946, that he has a copy of the entry in the regis­ ter of St. Martin's in the Fields that shows Jean Annand married Charlotte Masse of St. Anne's, Westminster." 15Agnew, II, p. 249. 170 BABY ON HER BACK PART IV

IRELAND 1ft BABY ON HER BACK

IRELAND

E R E AUTOMOBILE MILEAGE FROM BELFAST TO:

Aghalee ...... 15 m. Carrickfergus ... 10 m. Cookstown .•... 46 m. ~ To Longford Drogheda ..•.•. 73 m. Dublin .•..... 103 m. Glenavy ...... 15 m. Lisburn ...... 8 m. Longford ...•• J19 m.

FROM DUBLIN TO:

Cookstown •... 104 m. Ennis ...... 145 m. Kilcock ...... 18 m. Leixlip ...•.... 10 m. Lisburn ...... • 95 m. Longford .••..• 77 m.

J< To Ennis IRELAND 173

CHAPTER XIII

WILDERNESS BECOMES GARDEN

Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu

The Irish Branch Begins

Following the pattern of Matthew's gospel which recounts the lineage of the Savior by starting with Abraham, the Irish Du­ Bourdieu family started with Godefroy de Brius. Around the year 1600, a descendant was born to him in Bergerac, France, Rev. Isaac duBourdieu, who successively was pastor in Bergerac, Mont­ pellier and London. Through his son, Lord James, Isaac was grand­ father of the Rev. Jean Armand Dubourdieu who as an infant was smuggled out of France by his widowed mother. This grandson, one of four DuBourdieus who served the French Savoy of London as pastor, married a fellow refugee, Charlotte Massey, Countess of Esponage. It is from their only child, Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, that the entire Irish branch of the DuBourdieu family is descended. IU BABY ON HER BACK The progeny of Saumarez was very numerous in Ireland at one time, but today I find in Ireland only one male line which continues the name-that of Samuel Dubourdieu of Lisburn. He has an only son, also named Samuel. On the distaff side, there are many des­ cendants in Northern Ireland. The original Saumarez is not the first DuBourdieu to have lived in Ireland. His uncle, Rev. Jean, was there in 1690 as chaplain to Field Marshal Frederick Schomberg when the latter lost his life at the Battle of the Boyne. Also, Rev. Jean's cousin, Rev. Armand Dubourdieu Boybellaud de la Chapelle, served his first pastorate there from 1694 to 1696. Further, Saumarez' grandmother, Dame de La Valade Dubourdieu, may have lived there. And, definitely, Saumarez' mother, Charlotte Massey d'Esponage Dubourdieu, after being widowed, took up permanent residence there sometime be­ tween her husband's death in 1723 and her son Saumarez' enroll­ ment in Trinity College, Dublin, in 1734. 1

Ireland's Linen Industry Rev. Saumarez' life is inextricably interwoven into the story of Ireland's linen industry. More than any other single factor it was linen which brought Huguenots to Ireland. Prof. Ernest Weekley wrote about Ireland's Huguenots:

"Refugees were reaching this country in a continuous stream, but after the Revocation they arrived in thousands. Among them, the better class, ... was to be found the flower of French intellect and enterprise. One has only to look through an Army or Navy list ... to realize the madness of Louis XIV and the wisdom of the English government. This was to work out to the incalculable benefit of the North of Ireland, and King William's fostering of our linen industry is proof that the Battle of the Boyne was not his only victory on this side of the Irish Channel."2

1Alumni of Trinity College, Dublin a/c Rev. W. H. Dundas; HH, XXVI, p. 40. 2 Belfast Telegraph, July 18, 1950, p. 4. IRELAND 175 It was chiefly in the Lisburn area that the establishment of the linen industry was an outstanding success.3 Founder Louis Crom­ melin and the two brothers who became his partners in this project were the sons of a linen-manufacturing Huguenot family where the skills of the trade had been transmitted from father to son for generations. Before the Revocation Louis Crommelin had sold out his affairs at Armandcourt near Saint Quentin, France, and moved to Holland. Thus, from France he had learned how to weave the finest linens of the epoch and from Holland he had secured an unsurpassed skill in bleaching. In addition he had tireless energy, scrupulous Huguenot honesty, tact, and generosity.4 In 1690 when William III passed through Lisnagarvy on his way to the Boyne, he had shown a kindly interest in a colony of Hugue­ nots trying to reestablish a linen manufacture which they had been compelled to forsake back in their homeland. Thus, when on his return to London he had presented to him a petition asking that he restrict the Irish production of wool and foster a linen business in its place, he felt that he knew just how to proceed and so he sent to Holland for Huguenot Louis Crommelin. The two worked out an understanding whereby Crommelin was to create in Ireland a linen industry, something which previously others had started but which always had languished.5 Crommelin studied the actual Irish conditions and the record of Ireland's previous attempts at flax cultivation. He concluded that the earlier failures were in large part due to the mediocre quality of the flax, out-of-date machinery and lack of competent work­ men. He selected Lisnagarvy-today named Lisburn-on the Lagan River as the best location because thereabouts manufacturing knowledge was more common, the people were Protestant and more industrious, and the landlords were more hospitable. To Lord Galway, the Marquis of Ruvigny, a Huguenot who was Lord Justice of Ireland, Crommelin offered to establish an Irish linen industry by raising 10,000 pounds and working in the project for ten years. In this period he proposed:

3 Knox, p. 28. 4ibid. 5 Knox, pp. 24-30. lffl BABY ON HER BACK 1. to raise, prepare and sell linen thread; 2. to furnish tools; 3. to construct a bleachery; and 4. to advance pay to workmen, both local and foreign. In return he asked to receive 8 % interest on all sums disbursed, this to be paid him by the government at the rate of 800 pounds a year, and he additionally to receive a salary of 200 pounds a year. Out of this last, he offered to pay the salary of a pastor for the Huguenots employed by him. The Lord Justices recommended the above but added to it salaries of forty pounds a year for each of three assistants for Crom­ melin and an annual government stipend of sixty pounds for the French pastor. Two of the assistants were Louis Crommelin's brothers, William and Alexander. Their duties were to superintend the cultivation of the flax and the bleach-grounds by travel and to oversee the proper finishing of the fabric. 6 Each invested 10,000 pounds in the project, the same amount as Louis. The wife of Alexander was the sister of Saumarez' grandmother7 who had smuggled the baby out of France.

Parliament Votes Him Public Thanks Initially, thirty-five Huguenot families comprising seventy persons were brought to Lisburn from France and Holland. Several brought looms with them, for which they were annually paid 8 % of their value. Others followed until the French colony passed the 500 mark. Soon Louis Crommelin published a treatise giving his views on linen manufacture, and as a consequence laws were passed to assist him in his labors. Then in 1707 the Irish Parliament unanimously voted him public thanks for his contribution to the well-being of Ireland's people. 8 Joseph Allen of Lisburn wrote of this undertaking:

"The virtuous conduct and civilized manner of these good people were of great advantage to this place, and their skill

6 Smiles, p. 283. 7Knox, pp. 24-30; Belfast Telegraph, July 18, 1950, p. 4; LSB, VII. 6 Carre, pp. 57 ff. IRELAND 177 and industry set an example to those who were concerned in the same business as they were, which soon had the effect of raising the quality of their manufacture to a degree of ex­ cellence unknown until then."9

Some time after Louis Crommelin's death in 1727, a clergyman in a sermon on the Huguenots and the linen industry said:

"The men who planted this trade among us ... in the space of a half-century have turned our wilderness into a garden."' 0

The first DuBourdieu to establish permanent residence in Ireland may have been Lord James' widow, Dame de La Valade Dubour­ dieu, and that could be the reason why her daughter-in-law, Charlotte Massey d'Esponage Dubourdieu, came to be living in Dublin when her son Saumarez was enrolled in Trinity College. Possibly, relatives named de La Valada or Valade were already living there, as Mrs. Jeanne Valade Molie, whose son was married there in 1701," or Joseph de La Valada, who died there in 1715. 12 Maybe she became a member of Dublin's large Huguenot colony because her sister, Madam Alexander Crommelin, and her brother, Rev. Charles de La Valade, had in 1715 established their permanent home in Lisburn, Ireland, one hundred miles away. Of course, this is conjecture. Charlotte Massey d'Esponage Dubourdieu, the wife of Rev. Jean Armand, gave birth to their son, Saumarez, in England. Three days later the baby was baptised in London.' 3 The entry of the French registry for the year 1717 reads:

"Dubourdieu, 4 Sep., Saumarez, son of Mr. Jean Armand of the Church of the Savoy, and of Charlotte. Min. Mr. de Laussac. Godfather: Mr. de Saumarez, esquire, bailiff of Guernsey. Godmother: Miss Marie de Laussac. Born 1 Sep.''' 4

9 LSB, VII. 10Knox, p. 30. 11 HH, VII, p. 103. 12Dublin Public Records Office: Wills and Administrations: 1536-1810. 13Belfast Newsletter, December 18, 1812, in obituary of Rev. Saumarez. 14HH, XXVI, p. 40. In BABY ON HER BACK I disagree with the alumni record of Trinity College, Dublin, where Rev. W. H. Dundas of Magheragall reports it as saying that Saumarez was born in Dublin. This would involve an improbable demonstration of stamina on the mother's part, because it would require the parents in three days to cross the Irish Sea by boat, make a one-hundred mile stage-coach ride to London, following arrival there to locate Guernsey bailiff de Saumarez and Miss de Laussac, the baptismal sponsors, and to arrange for their and the minister's part in the service. My opinion is that the Trinity College record should read "Resident of Dublin" instead of ''born in Dub­ lin." Further, the Belfast Newsletter in reporting Saumarez' death gave England as his birthplace. 15 Between 1723, when Saumarez' father died, and 1734, when Saumarez was enrolled in Trinity College, he was taken by his mother to Dublin, which became their home. Possibly, this was in order to be near his grandmother, Dame Dubourdieu, if she were residing there, as I think was possible. There he was tutored by a Mr. Dufay, 16 and May 13, 1734, at the age of sixteen, he became a student in Trinity College. He graduated in 1738 with an A.B. degree. 17 Afterwards he conducted a school at Hillsboro, Leixlip, County Dublin, and apparently he continued in this capa­ city until he moved to Lisburn to open a school there. On June 8, 1750, he married Mary Thompson, daughter of Rev. Shem Thompson, D.D., vicar of Kilcock, County Kildare. 18 The name Shem, which subsequently appears frequently in the family, clearly had its DuBourdieu origin with Mary's father.

Trinity of Enterprises

Rev. Saumarez and Mary became the parents of five children: three sons, Reverend-to-be John, surgeon-to-be Shem and surgeon­ to-be Saumarez, all of whom married and had male descendants;

15Belfast Newsletter, Dec. 18, 1812. 16Alumni of Trinity College, Dublin; somewhere I have encountered the name Dufay as residing in Dublin. 1 7 ibid. 1 8 Public Records Office, Dublin. IRELAND 179 and two daughters, Anna and Charlotte, neither of whom married. The oldest of the children, Reverend-to-be John was born in Dublin. Possibly he entered the world in the Rotunda, a famous Dublin maternity hospital, or possibly Saumarez' mother was still a resident of Dublin and Saumarez' wife Mary visited her for the birth of her first-born. Like the name of the college from which he graduated, Trinity, Saumarez conducted a trinity of enterprises the entire later years of his life:

1. he was headmaster of a famous classical school which he established in Lisburn; 2. he was chaplain of the French Huguenot colony of Lisburn; and 3. he was officiating clergyman of the Church of Ireland­ Episcopal-parish of Lambeg.

He administered these responsibilities simultaneously and eminently successfully. And, when weekly services were discontinued in Lis­ burn's French church, he became vicar of an additional Church of Ireland parish, Glenavy. Most amazing, he carried this triple load right up to the time of his death, at the age of 96 years!

The Local Guardhouse

Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu was the third clergyman to serve the French Huguenots of Lisburn. The first had been his grand­ uncle Rev. Charles de La Valade, who had come there by way of London from Holland in 1715 in the company of his sister and brother-in-law, the Alexander Crommelins, at the express request of Louis Crommelin, the founder of Ireland's linen industry. 19 Rev. Charles served Lisburn's Huguenots as chaplain from then until his death in May, 1755. 20 I do not know the maiden name of his wife. They had an only child, Anna, who in 1737 married George

19Lee, pp. 184-85; Knox, p. 74. 20LSB, from Lisburn Standard, 1870. 180 BABY ON HER BACK Russell and with whom Rev. Charles was living at the time of his death.21 The second chaplain of the linen colony was the brother of Rev. Charles, his name not preserved. Presumably he was advanced in years when he succeeded his brother as Lisburn's French minister, since his pastorate lasted only two years and a half. Rev. Charles de La Valade is said to have suggested to their grand-nephew Saumarez Dubourdieu that he move to Lisburn and operate a classical school there. Presumably, the age of the brothers and the requirement that their successor be able to preach in French made them feel that thus Saumarez would become the third chaplain of the French settlement, which is exactly what happened. Saumarez opened his classical school in 1756 and in two years he became minister of the Huguenot colony. 22 His residence was on Seymour St., 23 his schoolhouse on Bow Street, 24 and the sanctuary on Castle Street. This last had been erected in 1715 just before the first French minister arrived. Today it is not in existence, although an old photograph remains of the street and the buildings of those days. 25 The parishioners had long cherished a hope that religious liberty would be reinstated in France and, thereupon, they would return to their native land. Religious tolerance in France, however, needed 100 years and the French Revolution before it came. In the mean­ time, French young people increasingly married Britons, and so the number of persons speaking French steadily became smaller. Also, during the French wars, conversing in French came to be considered unpatriotic.26 Thus the French church, at one time numerously attended, became more and more deserted until regular services were discontinued.27 By the time of the Irish Insurrection of 1798 the building had been converted into a guardhouse-police

21 UJ, 1854, p. 169. 22Knox, pp. 24-30; Belfast Telegraph, July 18, 1950; LSB, VII. 23Marshall, p. 42. 24UJ, 1853, p. 291. 25Reproduced in the Illustrations section of this book. 26Statement to me by Sir Douglas Savoy. 27UJ, 1854, p. 169. IRELAND 181 station-and, when the country became quiet, it was changed into a courthouse. Finally, it was dismantled.28 I have come to the conclusion that terminating French worship services was a gradual affair: that regular services were discon­ tinued in Ljsburn about 1780-because such is said to have paral­ leled Rev. Saumarez' assuming the vicarship of Glenavy, which was in 1780; that French-language services continued under Rev. Saumarez' son surgeon-to-be Saumarez as a lay reader at Bally­ lough, 29 and intermittently in Lisburn for some years-both because of tradition in my branch of the family and because I find state­ ments that services did not end until 1798; 30 and that Lisburn's French services came to their absolute end when the building had been converted into a guardhouse.31 The closing of the French church, however, did not end Sau­ marez' responsibility for Lisburn's people who were French-born. The salary which Saumarez received as French chaplain, not only continued until his death, but for seven years was assigned to a curate of his, Rev. Thomas Higginson, whose tombstone at Ballin­ derry states he was "the last Government Chaplain of the French Huguenots of Lisburn." The Bible used in the French Church's services may still be seen, as I have, in the vestry of the Lisburn Cathedral. It consists of two large volumes, maybe foolscap size, or ten inches by fourteen it seemed to me, one volume for the Old Testament and one for the New. A communion token, given to members of the church in good standing in advance of each sacrament of the Lord's Supper to authorize their participation, is in my possession, given to me in 1959 by Mr. J. Millar Allen of Lisburn. Its size is that of an Ameri­ can half-dollar; it is made of a silver-color alloy, as Britannia metal; on its face it portrays a shepherd watching his flock, holding a staff in one hand and in the other a horn which he is blowing; on the reverse side there is an open Bible, one page reading in French:

28H, VII, p. 421. 29See Chapter XV of this book. 30H, VII, p. 421. 31 UJ, 1854, p. 169. 182 BABY ON HER BACK

"Fear not, little flock," and the other page: "St. Luke, Ch XII, V 32."

Other mementos of the French church are a bust and memorial in the Lisburn Cathedral of the last pastor, Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, and a portrait of the church's most renowned member, Louis Crom­ melin, owned by the Belfast museum, which, if not on display, may be seen by asking to view it, as I did. Also, the Crommelin grave is in the Cathedral churchyard.

A Beloved Schoolmaster

Among the early Huguenot settlers of Lisburn was Count Perrin of Nouere, France.32 Louis Perrin opened a school in Lisburn that was "celebrated" for the perfection of its method of teaching French and for a French grammar published by Schoolmaster Perrin.33 Then the family moved to Waterford, Ireland. Either because of that or because Louis died, the town of Lisburn presumably found itself without a school at the time Saumarez arrived. An­ nouncement that Saumarez would open a classical school in Lisburn appeared in the Belfast Newsletter of August 2, 1756. In part it was as follows:

"There is good accommodation for lodgers in the town and he [the schoolmaster] has room in his home for a small number of boarders, who will have an opportunity, beside the learned languages, of being taught French."

This school became a famous academy and a number of its pupils achieved considerable prominence. One, the celebrated Marquis of Hastings, was educated in Saumarez' family. 34 Another, the Hon. William Saurin, won the highest academic distinctions at Trinity

32Carre, pp. 120 ff. 33ibid. 34UJ, 1853, p. 291. IRELAND 183 College, Dublin, and went on to become attorney general for Ire­ land, a member of the House of Commons and "Father of the Bar."35 A peerage was offered him, which he declined. Saumarez served the school as headmaster for fifty-six years. Such was the esteem in which his graduates held him and so sincere was their gratitude for the way he shaped their lives that, upon his death, they erected an imposing memorial to him in the chancel of the Lisburn Cathedral. Regarding it, the Belfast News­ letter for Christmas Day, 1812, eleven days after Saumarez' death, carried this news-item:

"We are informed that a subscription is to be opened to erect a monument in the Parish Church of Lisburn as a testimony of gratitude and respect for the memory of the late Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, who taught a classical school in that town for many years and was highly esteemed, not only as a man of profound learning and great abilities in his profession, but also for his amiable manners and genuine worth in every character; which, through the course of a long life, secured him the lasting regard and affection of all who knew him. The monument is to be erected at the sole expense of those who had been his scholars."

Unwarped by Worldly Allurements The impressive monument is on the east wall of the chancel of Lisburn Cathedral, above the organist's stall. It consists of a life-size bust, the family coat of arms and a tablet with the inscription in Latin. Through the kindness of Sir Douglas Savory and Canon Kerr of the Cathedral, this monument has been photographed for re­ production in this book. I translate the inscription to read as follows:

35UJ, 1854, pp. 169, 177. ~4 BABY ON HER BACK "Reader You behold a monument to Rev. Mr. Saumarez Dubourdieu, A.M., of the French Reformed Church. Installed minister of this municipality, Vicar of the Church of Glenavy, and Master for fifty-six years of the Classical School of Lisburn. A man courteous, unaffected, pious, honest, upright. Descended from French parentage exiled from their homeland, He earned for himself by his virtues a name, a habitation and A new homeland among strangers. Unwa:rped by wordly allurements, He has instructed and adorned The Youth in good scholarship, His Flock in the pure precepts of their faith, All by the example of a well-spent life. He has left Four children, the gifts of the most loving of wives And worthy of such a father. He died the fourteenth of December In the year of salvation 1812, Aged ninety-six years and three months. His students, by no means forgetful of his high merit, Have caused this marble to be erected."

The Wee Parish

The Lambeg church, where Saumarez served for fifty years of his life, was two miles from the Huguenot sanctuary in Lisburn, a convenient distance by carriage or horseback. In early days, a Franciscan monastery had occupied the site. It is to this that Sir Francis Joseph Biggers, R.I.S.A., refers in an article from which I shall quote later, wherein he mentions "the shadows of the brown habits of the poor man of Assisi wandering around the ancient walls." The church was an oblong slated building, sixty feet long by eighteen and a half wide. It had an aisle of flagstones and four IRELAND 185 Gothic windows, three on the south side and a large fourth window on the east. It contained eighteen pews, which means a seating capacity of about one hundred fifty. The tower is the only part of the original building now remaining, and its wooden cupola with weathercock on top is now gone. This 20-foot cupola would have made the weathercock stand 60 feet above the ground.30 The date on the tower has been obliterated. The words Ecce Agillis are cut in the center of the doorway arch. Ecce means "Be­ hold." Agillis does not appear in dictionaries of classical Latin; thus it is either ecclesiastical Latin or a misspelling. If the latter, pos­ sibly agellus is intended, which means "little field." This seems appropriate because Bishop Reeves, Bishop of Down, speaks of Lambeg as "a wee parish" and the name Lambeg as meaning "lit­ tle church." When in 1849 the original church was replaced by the present structure, the materials of the old building were used to help construct the school-house next door, which contains the ori­ ginal church's windows.37

A Well-spent Life

The churchyard is enclosed by a hawthome hedge and has a pleasing variety of trees. Entrance is through an iron gate. Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu is buried there, as are also several Roman Catholic priests and two Methodist ministers. We visited this hal­ lowed spot on July 12, the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne. Because Saumarez' stone lies prone on the ground, as is the case with large stones that ancient, we completely failed to find it at first. I then drove to the home of the rector at the edge of Lisburn. When I introduced myself as the descendant of a predecessor of his, he replied that he knew about my ancestor. Then, after he had seated me in a chair, he went to a bookcase and took from a shelf a copy of Marshall's The Parish of Lambeg. With the help of the index, he then read to me the five pages given to Saumarez' pastorate. Marshall's book had been published about 1929 in con-

36Marshall, pp. 16-17. 37Marshall, pp. 12, 17, 21. 186 BABY ON HER BACK nection with an anniversary being celebrated by the church. The rector had several copies of the book and most graciously presented me with the one from which he had been reading. He did not know the location of Rev. Saumarez' grave accurately enough to give me directions, so referred me to the church sexton. When I reached the latter's home, I learned that he was away parading with his Orangemen's lodge in celebration of the 1690 victory of the Boyne. His grown son, fortunately, was at home, so he took from their place the plot books of the cemetery, looked up the location of Rev. Saumarez' grave, then mounted his bicycle, and escorted us in our hire-car to the proper spot. There was a crack across the stone, a flagstone about three and a half feet by seven. Otherwise the stone was in excellent condition, the anniversary committee of the church having had the letters recut on it and the crack cemented. The stone lies in the northeast section of the churchyard and reads:

"Here lieth the Body of the Reverend Saumarez Dubourdieu, A.M. Who was fifty years Officiating Clergyman of this Parish and for a longer period Minister of the French Protestant Church of Lisburn. Subsequently Vicar of the Parish of Glenavy, He was also Master of the Classical School of Lisburn. The youth committed to his care he instructed in useful and ornamental learning, The flock of which he was Pastor in the true principle of the Christian Faith, And all who witnessed his conduct by the bright example of a well-spent life. He died on the 14th Day of December 1812, aged 96 years and 3 months. IRELAND 187 His grateful scholars in remembrance of his virtue have caused this stone to be dedicated to his memory and a monument more suitable to his merits and to their gratitude in the Parish Church of Lisburn."38

The record books of the church contain very little information about Saumarez. They record him as present on the Diocesan Visita­ tions of 1768 and 1796, and his signature is appended to the vestry minutes of April 4, 1774, and May 27, 1776.39

The Church of the Dwarf

About 1780, when Saumarez would have been 63, weekly French­ language services were discontinued in Lisbum.40 Of course, he still was serving as headmaster of his classical school and as officiating clergyman at Lambeg. But, for one of his energy, these duties were not enough, apparently, because he then additionally became vicar at Glenavy, a village of 500 persons about ten miles northwest of Lisburn. The church there dates back to the time of St. Patrick and its first minister is responsible for the village's name. He was a disciple of St. Patrick known as "David, the Dwarf," i.e. Abhac in Celtic, and the church was called Lann-Abhac, or "Church of the Dwarf." With time, so they say, this became corrupted into Glenavy.41 In 1689 a Huguenot regiment encamped nearby on their way to the Battle of the Boyne and subsequently presented the church with a beautiful silver communion service, which the present rector, Rev. Arthur Campbell, took great pride in exhibiting to me. This, of course, would have been used often by Rev. Saumarez as he cele­ brated the Lord's Supper in the church.

38Marshall, p. 49. 39Marshall, pp. 47-48. 40UJ, 1854, p. 169. 41 Booklet of the Glenavy church. IM BABY ON HER BACK Just before the arrival of the Huguenot regiment the troops of retreating James II had passed through the nearby town of Crumlin and destroyed the Protestant church there. As a consequence Crum­ lin church-members worshipped in Glenavy from then until 1903, when again they constructed a local place of worship, having used, up until then, stepping-stones to cross the river which separated the two parishes. The present Glenavy sanctuary was built in 1903. It is a beautiful stone building surrounded by a monument-filled cemetery. Rector Campbell and I studied the church records of Saumarez' time but found no mention of him, his curate, Rev. Edward Cupples, having handled all local parish affairs and signed the church's record books. Cupples succeeded Saumarez as rector and left some church data. From them we know that Saumarez became rector in 1780 and continued as such until his death.42

The Last of the Huguenots

The Belfast Newsletter of December 18, 1812, carried this notice of the death of Rev. Saumarez:

"DIED

At Lisburn, on the 14th inst., in his 96th year, the Rev. Saum­ arez Dubourdieu, 56 years minister of the French Church in that town. He was the last of the Huguenots of pure extraction, for, though he was born in England, his father and mother were natives of France - from whence they went into exile on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in the latter end of the 17th century."

As evident from the foregoing pages of this chapter and as written in 1853, Saumarez was "loved and respected by all classes." For ex-

42Glenavy, PQ,St and Present, p. 29; Marshall, p. 47. IRELAND 189 ample, in the 1798 insurrection, he was the only person of Lisburn whom the insurgents agreed to spare.43 Quoting again, ''Years after his death his memory was still revered by the descendants of the French and the old inhabitants of Lis­ burn."44 Dr. Chas. Purdon, M.D., 100 years ago wrote about Saum­ arez' congregation:

"The only memorials that now remain of this colony are some tombstones in the churchyard and a few vague traditions and kindly recollections among the old inhabitants."45

Thus, today's visitor to Lisburn finds little to remind him of the city's Huguenot period. Carre, after mentioning the French Church's Bible, Saumarez' monument and grave, and that of Crommelin, says that these are the remains which

"keep alive the memory of those of whom an Irishman in the middle of the XVIII Century said: 'We helped them in their misery and they gave us wealth'."

Such is the summation of the consecrated life of Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, my great-great-great-grandfather, who died forty-four years before my father was born.

43Smiles, p. 244; Agnew, II, p. 399. 44UJ, 1853, p. 291. 45 UJ, 1854, p. 179. 100 BABY ON HER BACK IRELAND 191

CHAPTER XIV

FOUNDERS OF GOOD FAMILIES

Rev. John Dubourdieu and Surgeon Shem Dubourdieu

A Sprinkling of Herbs

The story of the Huguenots is more than the narrative of their spiritual devotion while in France and the record of their voluntary acceptance of hardship when for conscience's sake they fled from France. Through their descendants the Huguenots live on in the world and while their offspring have intermarried with the peoples of the lands to which their fathers fled, the Huguenot heredity con­ tinues. Thus, the record of their descendants is also a part of any complete Huguenot history. How valuable are these descendants for the world of their day? Are modems of Huguenot extraction still true to the principles 1~ BABY ON HER BACK which their ancestors held so dear? This book does not attempt a direct answer to these questions. However, it will chronicle the doings of the more recent members of this one Huguenot family. As a chef in his cooking adds a sprink­ ling of herbs, today's Huguenot descendants through dispersion and intermarriage are only a sprinkling. Does this sprinkling, like the chefs herbs, enhance the contemporary dish of life? The balance of this volume contains some of the data from which any conclusion must be drawn.

Rul'al Clergyman

Rev. John Dubourdieu, the oldest son of Rev. Saumarez, was outstanding in mental abilities as demonstrated by his written works. He was born in Dublin in 1755; got his preparatory school­ ing in his father's classical academy in Lisburn; and entered Trinity College, Dublin, at the age of fifteen, listing his father as his school­ master. He received Trinity's B.A. degree in 1775. 1 That year, at the age of twenty, he entered the service of the Church of Ireland - Episcopal Church - and was ordained deacon and appointed curate of Killead. In 1777 he was ordained priest and in 1778 he was made curate of Annahilt. Then in 1784 he was advanced to rector there.2 In 1817 he was made vicar of Moira and in 1821 he became rector and vicar of Drumgorland and Drumbal­ lyroney, which posts he retained until his death in 1839. 3 Ireland in the 1800's was mostly an agricultural nation, and all these were rural charges.

'W. H. Dundas, quoting from Alumni of Trinity College, Dublin ( Students and Graduates). 2The Episcopal Church has three holy orders: bishop, ordained as an over­ seer of churches and their clergy; priest, a fully ordained clergyman; and dea­ con, a candidate for the priesthood. A rector is the presiding priest of a parish; a vicar is the deputy of another clergyman or the minister of a dependent chapel; a curate is an assistant. 3 W. H. Dundas in LSB, item CXXXIII. IRELAND 193

Aristocratic Irish-Frenchman

I have been impressed by the competence which Rev. John dis­ closed in two sociological volumes which he compiled - both books still available in big libraries of the English-speaking world a cen­ tury and a half after they were written. They are Statistical Survey of the County Down, 1802 and Statistical Survey of the County An­ trim, 1812. The latter comprises 765 pages, and the former is of com­ parable size. Both volumes impress me by their detail, the volumi­ nous research required to accumulate their thorough data, and the able way their information is handled. Rev. John even in his old age had not lost his keenness and was able to hold his own in argument. John O'Donovan, who many years subsequent to Rev. John's sociological works gathered data on County Down and in the process visited Rev. John, discovered this so vividly that his written report on the interview has been perpetu­ ated in the printed book which followed, O'Laverty's Down and Connor. O'Donovan being a Roman Catholic and Rev. John being the descendant of ancestors who had suffered much at the hands of certain Roman Catholics, as Louis XIV, the two were soon in a religious debate. The argument must have been fiery because, when O'Donovan wrote it up, he said of Rev. John:

"He is now a very old, grey-headed, peevish man, and a haugh­ ty, aristocratic, half-civilized, self-sufficient little bit of an Irish-Frenchman.... His petty, aristocratic assumption and un­ gentlemanly remarks had a very disagreeable effect upon my sensitive nerve.''4

This quotation implies that Rev. John, despite the difference in their ages, more than held his own in their controversy, and that O'Donovan smarted from the encounter, in which undoubtedly he called Rev. John to his face all the vituperative words he wrote in his report. Assuming that Rev. John had become a bit outspoken in

4 0'Laverty, II, pp. 230-32. I~ BABY ON HER BACK his old age, certainly O'Donovan's vindictive words show that O'Donovan had no exclusive right to call anyone "ungentlemanly."

Conquered by a Dubourdieu It was on March 28, 1780, in the Lisburn Cathedral that Rev. John married Miss Margaret Sampson of Lisbum.5 Nine children were born to their union. Gimlett in his History of the Huguenot Settlers in Ireland said of them that Rev. John "founded a good family," 6 with which statement, I am sure, everyone who reads the record of his children's lives will agree. Captain Saumarez Dubourdieu, the oldest, born December 27, 1780, was the British commander in 1802 when Martinique in the French West Indies was captured from the French. The French commander - who later became an outstanding officer of Napoleon I's navy - said upon surrendering his sword:

"My misfortune is the lighter as I am conquered by a Dubour­ dieu and a beloved relative. My name is Dubourdieu."7

Saumarez was promoted to captain by the Duke of Wellington on the field of battle at Vitoria, capital of the Basque province of Alava, Spain. 8 In 1813 he was killed in the trenches before San Sebastian, Spain.9 He died unmarried. Lieut. Colonel Arthur Dubourdieu, born September 17, 1781, was wounded in storming Badajoz, Spain - close to the Portuguese border. In 1809 in Dublin he married Mary Flattery of Parks, Kings County, Ireland, and joined the Roman Catholic Church.10 He participated in three campaigns and eleven battles. In 1836 he and his brother Francis were made Knight of the Grand Cross of the' Order of the Guelphs of Hanover. 11 He died at Court Devendish, Athlone, March 16, 1844. 12

5D-PRO: Appendix to the 26th Report of the Deputy 6Chapter 22. 7 UL, 1853, p. 291; Haag, V. p. 563. 8 Robert Dubourdieu Best records. 9BNL, March 16, 1845; UJ, 1853, p. 291. 10Robert Dubourdieu Best. 11 Knights of England, I-II. 12Robert Dubourdieu Best family records of the Dubourdieu Family. IRELAND 195 John Armand Dubourdieu, born 1785, was the third son of Rev. John. His parents had hoped to secure a military commission for him, but, by the time the opportunity arrived, he was already satis­ factorily situated in the customs office. In Belfast's Public Records Office one .may read the letter which his mother wrote to Earl Macartney of London, October 23, 1804, thanking him for his con­ cern and assistance in securing the army opening. A postscript adds: "Our son Jean Armand is nineteen years of age and six feet." 13 Robert Dubourdieu Best - whom I shall discuss later - said to me, relative to this postscript, "He must have got his stature from his mother's side of the family." He is reported as deceased in 1854 when his son, Rev. Armand, enrolled in Trinity College, Dublin.14

The Other Knight of Hanover

Captain Francis, the fourth son, was an officer of the Hanoverian Engineers, and it was he who in 1836 with his brother Arthur became a Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Guelphs of Hanover. 15 While in service in Germany he translated into English Rawdon Hastings' book on the choice, fortification, attack, and de­ fense of military positions. 1 6 In 1850, after his retirement, he pub­ lished a book of verse, Wild Flowers from Germany. I have the pleasure of owning a copy of the book, thanks to Mr. Aiken Mc­ Clelland, R.I.S.A., of Belfast. A letter written by Mr. McClelland had appeared in the Porto­ down News, in which he rectified certain misstatements made about the Dubourdieu family in a previous issue. Learning about his letter, I called at Mr. McClelland's home to make his acquaintance. He is a newspaper man with Irish archeology as his hobby and so a member of the Royal Irish Society of Archeology; thus the old names of Ireland are well lmown to him. In a second-hand book­ store he had spotted the name Dubourdieu on this book by Captain Francis, so bought it. As I was about to leave his home, he generous-

13B-PRO, Class D.O.D., No. 572-14. 14Alumni of Trinity College, Dublin. 15Knights of England, I, 1836. 16L-BM, book index. ffi6 BABY ON HER BACK ly made a gift of the book to me. His kindness is typical of the consideration we found everywhere in Ireland. Captain Francis never married. In 1839, upon Rev. John's death, he and his father's curate, Rev. Robert Forde, were the executors of the father's will. Upon retirement he became a member of the household of his sister, Mrs. Margaret Charlotte Dubourdieu Gor­ man at Soldierstown, and it was there that he died, December 1, 1861. 17

Volunteer under Bolivar

Captain George William, the fifth son of Rev. John, was born in 1796. He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1818. At that time, Simon Bolivar, who was seeking to win independence from Spain for South America and had been forced into hiding, was hiring British soldiers to help him, among others many veterans of the Napoleonic wars being available. George William joined the volunteers and became a captain of grenadiers in the Legion del Antioquia under Don Juan de Cordova.16 Bolivar trained his troops in western Columbia. Then in 1819 they were marched across the snow-covered Andes Mountains. Over half died on the way, but this bold device did result in the defeat of Spain's forces and the complete independence of Venezuela and Colombia. 19 Bolivar then directed himself to the freeing of Ecuador and Peru. The final battle in which Spain was vanquished from the American mainland was fought in 1824. Captain George William participated in the struggle for South American independence al­ most to the final victory, losing his life in battle in 1823.20 Rev. John had four daughters, all of whom survived him. The oldest of these was Selina Elizabeth, baptized April 28, 1783, at Annahilt. She married Captain Richard Gem, spelled Jem in a copy

17Robert Dubourdieu Best family records. 18ibid. 19Cutright and Durand: Living Together as American Neighbors, pp. 196-202. 20Same as 17. IRELAND 197 of Rev. John's will which I saw, They were the parents of five sons and three daughters.2 1 Margaret Charlotte, the second daughter, was also baptized at Annahilt, September 5, 1789. It is she who married William Gorman of Broommount.22 Ultimately she included in her household Rev. John, retired Captain Francis and her spinster sister Maria, and it was in her home that Rev. John died, July 29, 1839.23 In his will Rev. John bequeathed the income from his general property to Maria, his youngest daughter, explaining in the docu­ ment:

"And I beg it to be understood that my reason for leaving all my property to my said daughter is that she lost whatever little money she had and is not so well provided for as my other children, and I request it to be mentioned to my other daughters that from circumstances of which they are well ac­ quainted, it has been out of my power to save anything."24

This last applies to Maria's money, I assume.

A Fortunate Mistake

Rev. John's third daughter was Catherine, who married Dr. John Wilmshurst, surgeon of the First Warwick Militia. Their daughter, Maria Selina Wilmshurst, married her first cousin, Stafford Gorman of Broommount, son of her aunt Margaret Charlotte Dubourdieu Gorman. 25 It is from a grandson of this married couple of first­ cousins, Robert Dubourdieu Best of Aghalee, that I have received most of my information about Rev. John and his family.

21 Robert Dubourdieu Best's records of the Dubourdieu Family. 22W. H. Dundas, as copied from the Annahilt Church register. He says: "One old register of this parish survives." In it he found baptismal entries for these children of Rev. John: Saumarez, born Dec. 29, 1780; Arthur, born Dec. 17, 1781; Selina Elizabeth, born April 28, 1783; Margaret Charlotte, baptized Sept. 5, 1789. 23Robert Dubourdieu Best. 24B-PRO, Book T, 808:4243-4300. 25Robert Dubourdieu Best's records of the Dubourdieu Family. ffi8 BABY ON HER BACK I learned about Robert Dubourdieu Best through a fortunate mistake of mine. I was visiting the rector of the Lambeg church when he said to me: "A church treasurer of mine was a Dubour­ dieu." Thinking that he referred to a former treasurer of the Lam­ beg church, I said: ''Would you be willing to call him on the phone and make an appointment for me to meet him?" It was only after the date had been made that I learned that Dubourdieu was the former treasurer's middle name - not his family name - and that he was not a resident of Lambeg but a member of another church formerly served by the rector - Aghalee - enough miles away that I never would have made the request, for the phone call, surely, involved a long-distance charge, for which the rector would not accept reimbursement. Subsequently, I learned that Robert had been treasurer of the Aghalee church since 1915 - that is for fifty years. Held in such honor, understandably, he has held many other church posts. Further, he has been a member of the Ulster Farmers' Union since its formation, is the chairman of its Seeds and Cereals Committee, is the chairman of County Antrim's Executive Committee of Agri­ culture, and vice-president of the Royal Ulster Agricultural Society. Thus, rather fittingly, this volume contains a news-photo of him, along with his son William and his nephew Dean Walter Hurst visiting them from Dunedin, New Zealand, taken at an agricultural and cattle show. When my wife and I arrived at the Best home, not only did we meet Robert and his charming wife Katie, but also their son William duBourdieu Best, William's delightful wife Edna Joyce Denman and their children. The boy of the family, to distinguish him from his grandfather Robert, was called Robin. He also has Dubourdieu as a middle name, but at that time it had not been decided how it should be capitalized, inasmuch as his father and his grandfather capitalized their middle name differently. The estate owned by the Bests was called "The Cairn." It was a beautiful spot with clipped lawns, sundial, trimmed hedges, flower­ ing trees, luxuriant gardens, fertile fields, and meadows of browsing IRELAND 199 cattle. The manor-house, which Robert and Katie occupy, is down a long lane from the highway, while William and Edna live on the main road in a former tenant-house, which they are modernizing.

The DuBourdieu Nose

William, about the age of my own son, is a person of charm and energy; his sweet wife is the daughter of an English clergyman. Like his great grand-uncles he has served in the British army. His service was in the Second World War, for which he was decorated by King George VI. Wounded in the leg, he walks with a slight limp and cane. This has not prevented him from managing their farmlands and operating the machinery whenever hired help is unequal to the task. No sooner had I met William in his parents' home than he said: "Turn about and let us see if you have the DuBourdieu nose." This Family facial feature is that seen on the bust of Rev. Saumarez in the Lisburn Cathedral, as I understand it. Apparently, the consensus was that mine was authentic. My wife contends that it is in evidence in the pictures of Rev. Isaac and that our son, Richard, also has this family feature. The Best home held several Dubourdieu heirlooms, a lengthy genealogy of the DuBourdieu family and other papers. We there saw the signet ring of Captain Francis, presumed to have belonged earlier to Rev. John, bearing on it the DuBourdieu upraised scimitar - and in our home now we have a blob of wax with the stamp of this signet on it. The surveying instruments which Captain Francis used in Germany with his Hanoverian Engineers were also there.

Ancestral Portraits

Rev. John in his will, in addition to routine bequests, said: "I leave and bequeath to my daughter Margaret Gorman, my grandfather's, father's, and my own pictures and everything of 200 BABY ON HER BACK that kind, either to keep or to divide as she chooses among my other children."26

These pictures and others had descended into the possession of William duBourdieu Best in May, 1959, following the death of his father's brother, Frederick William Gorman Best. My last visit to William's home was about one month later, and there I photo­ graphed the pictures of four generations of DuBourdieus, now long dead. These were:

1. Rev. Jean Armand Dubourdieu, he who was smuggled out of France as a babe, the last French-born member of the family­ in-exile - born about 1683; 2. Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, son of the preceding, founder of the Irish branch of the family and "Ireland's last Huguenot descendant of pure French extraction," according to the Belfast Newsletter - born September 1, 1717; 3. Rev. John Dubourdieu, oldest son of the preceding, the "aristo­ cratic Irish-Frenchman" of O'Laverty's Down and Connor­ born in 1755; and 4. Miss Maria Dubourdieu, the youngest daughter of Rev. John -born about 1797.

To me, who on leaving America in 1957 had no idea that any pictures existed of my early relatives, this had the same effect as if I were a prospector and had just struck gold. And, of course, to these can be added the pictures of earlier DuBourdieus of London and France and the photographs of later DuBourdieus of Europe, New Zealand and America - embracing eleven successive genera­ tions in all. When first I met Robert Dubourdieu Best I was impressed by how much his slender build and appearance resembled that of my first cousin, Ross DuBourdieu of Newport, New Hampshire. Wil-

26B-PRO, Book T, 808:4243-4300. IRELAND 201 liam duBourdieu Best, Robert's son, is of stocky build and consider­ ably resembles my father, except that the latter was slightly taller.

A Public Servant

The second son of Ireland's esteemed schoolmaster and Huguenot chaplain, Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu, was Surgeon Shem Dubour­ dieu. I find no record of his birth. Dr. J. H. D. Widdess, librarian of the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, has written me that on December 3, 1787, his institution issued Shem Dubourdieu a license to practice medicine. The British War Depart­ ment Army List, 1789, records that on January 31, 1788, he became surgeon of the 15th Foot, known as the Yorkshire East Riding Regi­ ment. The War Department misspelled his name consistently: in their 1788 entry he is entered as "Shorn Dubordieu;" on the muster-roll for October 14, 1788, his name appears as "Sham Dubourdieu;" and in the book for 1790 his name is written "Shorn Dubourdieu." From October 14, 1789, to February 14, 1790, he was on leave "by permission of the commanding officer." He resigned May 30, 1790, to establish private medical practice and additionally became the medical attendant of the County In­ firmary, Longford, Ireland. He married Jane Brown and they made their home at Corunna, about one hour's drive by horse and buggy from the infirmary. I visited Longford and Corunna in 1959 and in Longford was told that the older section of the present hospital building dates back to the days of Surgeon Shem. The chief nurse said that his name was familiar to her, but that no records existed from his period. From the phrase "medical attendant," I infer that Surgeon Shem conducted a regular practice from his home in Corunna and upon call attended the patients in the Longford hospital. In Corunna, I met friendly people but learned nothing of Family value. Surgeon Shem died August 10, 1818. The Belfast Newsletter of August 21, 1818, carried this notice of his death: ~2 BABY ON HER BACK "At Longford, on the 10th inst., sincerely and deservedly re­ gretted, Shem Dubourdieu, Esq., upwards of 29 years medical attendant to the County Longford Infirmary."

The use of the word "deservedly" bespeaks the value of his lifetime of public service - in the army, in one of Ireland's larger towns, and as official physician for the county medical instihltion.

A Saumarez Writes His Name "Summers"

Surgeon Shem and his wife Jane had an only son, Saumarez, born in 1801. Following the death of Surgeon Shem, his wife and son moved to Dublin, where the son - using the name Summers - en­ rolled in Trinity College. 27 Canon W. H. Dundas' copy of the item in Alumni of Trinity College, Dublin (Students and Graduates) reads:

"Summers Dubourdieu - fellow commoner - educated by Mr. Dowdall. Entered July 16, 1818, aged 17. Son of Shem Dubour­ dieu (medical doctor). Born in Longford. (No degree men­ tioned) ... Fellow commoners paid larger fees and had special privileges."

In 1822 Summers using his own spelling - married Jane, daughter of Andrew Blair Carmichael, Registrar of the Court of the Exchequer of Ireland.28 They became the parents of eight children, at least two of whom were baptized in St. Peter's Dublin - an Epis­ copalian church: Rev. Shem in 1823 and Charlotte, Mrs. Ralph Brinker, in 1825. 29 The later residence of Summers and Jane was Cookstown in County Tyrone,30 Jane died November 10, 1840; 31 Summers' will was probated in 1842. 32 After his death his children moved to Dublin. 33

27UJ, 1853. p. 291; HdePF, XXX, p. 344. 28BNL, June 4, 1887, under "Notes and Queries." 29Wagner folio on Du Bourdieu in L-HS. 30UJ, 1853, p. 291. 31 D-AS, manuscript. 32D-PRO, Wills, Public Record Court, Folio 124. 33UJ, 1853, p. 291. IRELAND 203 It could have been said of Summers, as it was of his uncle Rev. John, that he fathered many worthy children: Rev. Shem, the oldest, was a clergyman in Canada;34 Charlotte had as husband Ralph Brinker, a lawyer;34 Emma was the wife of Bishop James Car­ michael of Montreal, Canada;35 Isabelle's husband was Dr. Henry Halahan, M.D., Assistant Master of Rotunda Hospital, Dublin;36 Anna married Dr. Orby Carey; 37 of Andrew, my only knowledge is that he resided in Boston, Mass., was washed overboard on the Atlantic in 185938 and that his widow later resided in Buren, New­ foundland;39 Saumarez, termed "Esq. of Dublin," died unmarried in 1857;40 and Jane died a spinster in 1866.4' Between church, hospital and courtroom, many of these in person or through their husbands surely left the world better than they found it.

34D-AS, data in manuscript. 35Robert Dubourdieu Best records. 36D-AS, manuscript. 37Aiken McClelland. 38Robert Dubourdieu Best records. 39B-PRO, Book T, 808: 4243-4300, p. 4259. 40D-PRO, Appendix to 30th Report of the Deputy, p. 360. 41 Aiken McClelland. 204 BABY ON HER BACK IRELAND 205

CHAPTER XV

THE GAY YOUNG SURGEON

Surgeon Saumarez Dubourdieu, M.D.

The Date on the Lime Tree The third son of Rev. Saumarez and Mary Thompson, Surgeon Saumarez, at one time appeared to be lost in obscurity. This ab­ sence of information started with the date of his birth. Nowhere have I seen it stated explicitly. However, his tombstone, recently seen by me, does say that he was in his thirty-sixth year in 1801. This means that he was born either in 1764, or 1765, or 1766. A clue to which of these three years is the correct one was pro­ vided around a century after his birth by Canon Dundas of Mag­ heragall, who reported that a lime-tree bordering the walk of the Rounds 1 adjacent to Lisburn's Castle Gardens - the eleventh tree on the east side - had two items clearly cut on it:

1The Rounds i:eceived their name from the early days of Lisburn when watch­ ful sentries walked their weary rounds there to prevent old Lisnagarvey being surprised by the enemy. See A Concise History of Lisburn, p. 15. The Gardens belonged to Earl Conway's Castle, burned in 1707. See Bayly, p. 45. ~6 BABY ON HER BACK "Saumarez Dubourdieu - August 28, 1789" and "1764." 2

Certainly, the first item was the work of Surgeon-to-be Saumarez on the date which it records. A very plausible explanation of the second item, "1764," could be that it is the year of the carver's birth. In view of the tombstone statement, my conclusion is that such is the case and that Surgeon Saumarez was born in the year cut into the lime-tree, that is, 1764.

A Slow Process

The discovery of data relating to Surgeon Saumarez has been a slow, tedious process. Five factors were responsible for this:

1. The book recording the baptisms and marriages of the Lisburn French Church, where Saumarez' baptism and marriage would be expected to be found, was destroyed when the Four Courts Building of Dublin was blown up in 1922 by the Irish "patri­ ots," the book, I am told, having been deposited there for what · was intended to be safe-keeping.3

2. Surgeon Saumarez died while relatively young and lived most of his later years away from his parents and older brother, off in college, with the army and on militia duty. He was six years old when his brother Rev. John departed for college, and it was mostly John's descendants who provided the family-tree mate­ rial of that time.

3. There was little social coming and going between the offspring of Surgeon Saumarez and those of Rev. John.4

4. Our family - that is, the descendants of Surgeon Saumarez - like most I imagine, spoke of its grandfathers as "Grandfather"

2 LSB, LXXXVIII, quotes UJ on this. 3 Sir Douglas Savory. 4 Robert Dubourdieu Best and my father. IRELAND 207 or equivalent and not by their Christian name, and thus, after 150 years, had no recollection of the baptismal name of the particular son of Rev. Saumarez through whom they traced their descent. 5. As a consequence of item 3, an UJ article about the DuBour­ dieu family confused Surgeon Saumarez with his bachelor son Saumarez and erroneously stated that it was the father who was unmarried and childless.

At the time I left America to visit Ireland, because of this UJ error I had completely dropped Surgeon Saumarez from active considera­ tion. Fortunately, explorations made upon the advice of British friends rectified this mistaken notion, and persistence ultimately has en­ abled me to discover Surgeon Saumarez' complete family-tree­ at least, so I believe.

Expelled from College

The story told both by my Ireland-born father, James Jr., and in the family of his Scotland-resident uncle, William John, is that both their households are descended from a son of Rev. Saumarez who was expelled from college for marrying one of the maids of the institution. Researches clearly show that Surgeon Saumarez was this son. A letter written me by Dr. Widdess of Dublin's Royal Col­ lege of Surgeons questions marriage being the reason for expulsion and implies that social activities and courtship probably took so much of Saumarez' time that he failed to make the required grades. Fortunately, some years after marriage he did return and graduate. The tradition in both the Scotland family and my own is that the marriage pained the parents of Saumarez. When one has visited in Ireland and seen the distinctions as to social class, it is not hard to realize that a century and a half ago such a marriage would result in parental sorrow and that fewer social contacts with the grown-up moved-away members of the family could be a logical consequence. 208 BABY ON HER BACK At the time Surgeon-to-be Saumarez withdrew from college, French-language worship was in process of being discontinued in Lisburn. This explains a further trad~tion found in both my father's and William John's families, namely, that Rev. Saumarez, upon his namesake's expulsion from college, set him up as lay-reader for a remnant of his French-ancestry constituents and built for the young man a chapel in Ballylough, near Magheragall and three and a half miles from Lisburn.5 Included in this gift were a house, stable and outhouse, plus6 a trust-fund income which continued to just before the death of Surgeon-to-be Saumarez, when, according to my father, it was misappropriated by the trustees. As a lay-reader the son con­ ducted French-language worship services at Ballylough until the buildings were destroyed by fire. 7 Possibly, the 1789 date carved on the lime tree of the Rounds means that, following the fire, Surgeon-to-be Saumarez was living in Lisburn with his parents and debating in his mind what to do next. The fire and the continuing depletion of French-speaking families presumably decided Surgeon-to-be Saumarez to return to medical school and complete his interrupted studies. Dr. J. H. D. Widdess of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland wrote me that "the letters testimonial or license" of the institution was granted Sauma­ rez May 17, 1792. At the time of graduation Surgeon Saumarez was twenty-eight years old. If, when he first entered medical school his age had been the same as that of his brother John when he enrolled in Trinity

5 My father's sister in a letter to me spelled the name "Ballygolf." An ord­ nance map of 1836 disclosed no place of such spelling; however, it did show "Ballyellough," four miles from Lisburn and a mile northwesterly from the Magheragall church. In 1959 I heard the name pronounced "Ballyclof," and in O'Laverty's Down and Connor, 1878, IV, p. 290, I found the name spelled "Ballylaugh," plus a statement that the name originated from a Castle of Ballylough. 6My aunt Abigail DuBourdieu McArthur; also Isabelle DuBourdieu Mackenzie. 7A lay-reader of the Episcopal Church is a layman authorized to read services and an approved sermon but forbidden to give absolution or pronounce the benediction. IRELAND 209 College - fifteen - thirteen years intervened between the initial matriculation and his ultimate graduation. In those years Surgeon Saumarez started college, married, was expelled from medical school, served as lay-reader for the dwindling French-language con­ gregation of his father, fathered two sons, returned to the Royal College of Surgeons at Dublin, and graduated.

Army Surgeon

I have encountered statements which say that Surgeon Saumarez' brother - Surgeon Shem - was at times called Rev. Shem.8 This leads me to think that Shem, older than Saumarez, first served the father as lay-reader, then, when Saumarez was dropped from col­ lege, that the two swapped positions, Saumarez becoming the lay­ reader and Shem becoming the medical student. The date of Sur­ geon Shem's graduation from medical school - 1787 - makes this sound plausible. On June 21, 1792, one month after Surgeon Saumarez was li­ censed to practice medicine, he joined the British army, the War Department recording him as surgeon of the 108th Foot. This body of infantry was known as the Earl of Granard's Regiment, and a penciled notation on its muster roll indicates that one of its assign­ ments was Gibraltar. The regiment was disbanded on October 25, 1795. However, Surgeon Saumarez, who had then served in the army over three years, was continued by the War Department on full pay for the next two years. I could not find the War Department book for 1798, so have no information about that year. In 1799 he is recorded on half-pay, which means that by that year he had been transferred to the militia, where one serves for limited periods each year. Two years later, while on summer manoeuvres with the Royal Longford Militia, he was stricken with a bilious fever, and at the end of twelve days succumbed.

8 L-HS, Wagner collection of manuscripts. 2W BABY ON HER BACK Longford is both the name of a county in the heart of Ireland and of the chief town of that county. It was there that Saumarez' broth­ er, Surgeon Shem, was medical attendant of the infirmary and, in nearby Corunna, had his home and a private practice. Today's map shows that also in that county there is a community named Granard. This implies that the home of the Earl of Granard was nearby and that the 108th Regiment, which bore his name, had largely been recruited from the region. Thus, when the regiment was disbanded and its personnel largely returned to their Longford County homes, it seems plausible that they were re-enlisted as the home county's militia and so were named the Royal Longford militia. This would explain how the regiment's surgeon, Saumarez Du­ bourdieu, kept on half-pay by the Army, became the medical officer of the outfit. Presumably the military officers of the group likewise had served with the regiment when it was in active service and through both army duty and their home-town residence were friends of many years of close association. 'When Surgeon Saumarez was taken sick in Ennis, County Clare, his brother, Surgeon Shem, came from fairly nearby County Long­ ford to care for him, 9 and, upon his death, it was his fellow-officers of several years who erected the monument over his grave. As explained to me in 1959 by Frank Capon - who was residing his brother, Surgeon Shem, came from fairly nearby County Long­ horn some seventy years previous, at which time his soldier father was custodian of the establishment - Irish militia regiments were required annually to report to Ennis for six weeks' training. The militia officers and the barracks staff lived in the permanent build­ ings and the non-commissioned men pitched their tents on the pa­ rade ground, up to 600 men at a time. Upon arrival at Ennis they were issued uniforms. There they were drilled in basic essentials and trained to handle cannon; then they were shipped to Cork for practice with big shore guns. Subsequently they returned to Ennis, checked in their uniforms and received pay for the next twelve months.

9My aunt, Abigail DuBourdieu McArthur. IRELAND 211

The Old Franciscan Abbey

In Ennis there is a beautiful ruin and national monument, known as the "Old Franciscan Abbey." In Surgeon Saumarez' time it was there that the militia attended worship, and it was there that I found the grave of Surgeon Saumarez. The abbey had been founded in 1241 by Donough O'Brien, king of Clare, Tipperary and Limerick. The advance of Norsemen, who then controlled the seas, compelled O'Brien to move his capital from Limerick to a site easier to defend. Thus, around 1200 he built a castle in Ennis and took residence there. At that time Ennis was a small island in the River Fergus, the shores being marsh­ land, and thus for the warfare of that day the island was practically impregnable. A friary was built there and richly endowed, and a monastery was attached, this latter attended by up to 600 students. The Franciscan abbey became part of this property. In 1642, when England's civil war began and Oliver Cromwell emerged as the leader of the Parliamentary forces, he after defeat­ ing the Royalists in England, crossed the Irish Sea to attack them in Ireland. In 1650, when the English captured Kilkenny, the Irish Parliament, fleeing from Cromwell's army, met in the old Francis­ can abbey of Ennis. Then in 1651 one of Cromwell's generals cap­ tured Ennis. Subsequently, from 1691 to 1870-almost two centuries -the abbey was used for the local church services of the Church of Ireland-the Irish Episcopalian church.10 The abbey is a famed Irish antiquity. King Turlough, who died in 1306, is buried there, as are also many British officers. Its east window,although now a shell,is termed one of the finestinlreland. 11 The abbey contains carvings and statuary that date back to 1460. Only the tower is homely, this because the original tower was struck by lightning and, when replaced, the builders followed "the tasteless style of their period."12

1 0Ennis Development Society folder. 11 ibid. 1 2ibid. ID2 BABY ON HER BACK My search for the final resting-place of my great great-grand­ father Surgeon Saumarez came to its dramatic end in this Old Franciscan Abbey. In the transept, just around the corner from King Turlough's burial-place and at the foot of a ruined yet beau­ tiful altar, I discovered flat on the floor a stone slab bearing the name "Saumarez Dubourdieu, Esq." The stone was the same size as that later put over the resting­ place of his father in the Lambeg church-yard-about three feet by seven. Each had been placed by loving friends: that of the father by admiring former pupils, and that of Surgeon Saumarez by intimate fellow-officers. Its words, an eloquent tribute to him, bespeak a well-liked, able surgeon with many friends but, unfortu­ nately, a weakness for strong drink. Its inscription reads:

"Beneath this flag lye the remains of Saumarez Dubourdieu esqr. late Surgeon of His Majesty's Royal Long­ ford Regiment of Militia who died at Ennis August 21, 1801 of a Bilious fever after an illness of only twelve Days in the 36th Year of his Age If A Knowledge in his own Profession Temperance or the Wishes of his many Friends could have Ensured length of Years his Brother Officers would not have had the Melancholy task of Erecting this Stone to his Memory " IRELAND 213 A Quiet Gra-ve

Sir Francis Joseph Bigger, member of the Royal Irish Society of Archeology, has described a visit he made to Surgeon Saumarez' grave. Sir Francis was the owner of some 3000 books and docu­ ments on Irish history, which now constitute "The Bigger Collec­ tion" of the Belfast Public Library. His knowledge of Lisburn and the area's Huguenots was so intimate that it was hoped he would write a book about the locality. 13 Out of this archeological interest he visited Ennis, and the manuscript which he wrote thereupon, now in the possession of Mr. J. Millar Allen of Lisburn, was en­ trusted to me for examination. It reads in part:

"\Vhen in Ennis, County Clare, some time ago making notes for an antiquarian paper on the remarkable monuments in the Old Franciscan Abbey there, I came across a simple slab bear­ ing an unusually precise, detailed and doubtless accurate in­ scription to me, who had long and continued associations with Lisburn and Lambeg. It read:

'Beneath this flag lye the remains of Saumarez Dubourdieu esqr. late Surgeon to His Majesty's Royal Longford Regiment of Militia .. .'

This, I take it, was the third son of Rev. Saumarez Dubour­ dieu, rector of Lambeg and the famed schoolmaster of Lis­ burn, where there is a monument to his memory in the cathedral there. . . . It is a pleasing coincidence, if nothing more, that a quiet grave was chosen for the gay, young surgeon after his short life's fitful fever. "In the ruined cloisters of an Old Franciscan Abbey, founded seven or eight centuries ago on the far-away banks of the River Fergus 'ere it takes the Shannon flood, with the high arches

13Sir Francis Joseph Bigger in paper being quoted from. fil4 BABY ON HER BACK and graceful sculpture of the tombs of the lordly McNamaras and princely O'Briens, kings of Thomond, he sleeps who had played as a boy and listened to his father's prayers at Lambeg in the little chapel there, which had also the shadows of the brown habits of the poor man of Assisi wandering around its ancient walls."

Among the private papers of Sir Francis Joseph Bigger in the Belfast Public Library there is also a further article which refers to this grave. Sir Francis is discussing the casual treatment which the English gave the Old Franciscan Abbey of Ennis, and especially their unthinking use of the ancient chancel for the burial of a child. His words are:

"The beautifully groin-roofed tomb of King Turlaugh O'Brien dated about 1306 on the south side of the altar, has been quite spoiled for [ the interment of] Mary Ann, aged 8, the eldest child of Capt. Edward J. Priestly, Nov. 10th, 1826. The captain might well have been satisfied with an outside grave beside his brother officer, Saumarez Dubourdieu, esqr., late surgeon to His Majesty's Royal Longford Regiment of Militia, who died of a bilious fever after an illness of only twelve days in the 36th year of his age. If a lmowledge in his own profession, temperance, or the wishes of his many friends could have in­ sured length of years, his brother officers would not have had the melancholy task of erecting this stone to his memory. Poor man to be so labeled for ages. Still, he spoiled no O'Brien tomb! . . . The English almost invariably 'Esq.' or 'Mr.' them­ selves like poor Saumarez Dubourdieu who was an 'Esq.' in death, though the 'late surgeon'."14

The information of the tombstone is almost identical with the story written me by my father's sister Abigail DuBourdieu Mc­ Arthur, about the final illness of the son of Rev. Saumarez through

14The Bigger scrapbook entitled Ennis Abbey in the BeHast Public Library. IRELAND 215 whom my immediate family traces its descent. Thus I am confident that Surgeon Saumarez Dubourdieu is my grandfather's grand­ father. Practically all my life, off and on, casually mostly but intensively occasionally,• I had searched for this ancestor. "The missing link" I sometimes termed him because he constituted the main gap in the family line. Finally in Ennis, on the last day of my 1959 trip, there in the Old Franciscan Abbey my search came to a succesful end-and that night, as arranged months before, I took plane from nearby Shannon Airport for America. And, three years later, when wife Gladys and granddaughter Deborah and I crossed the ocean for Iran, it was the grave of Surgeon Saumarez in Ennis which was the first "must" stop of our itinerary. Surgeon Saumarez surely was a person of many graces: His father's appointment of him as lay-reader testify to the young man's basic spirituality. The wording of his epitaph and the fact that it was composed and paid for by friends and associates make it evi­ dent that he was held in affectionate esteem by his military com­ rades. With the promise of such winsome charm, what a shame that liquor should have cut him down in his prime! 216 B AB Y ON HER BACK IRELAND 217

CHAPTER XVI

A SHERLOCK HOLMES CLIMBS HIS FAMILY-TREE

"Bachelor" Saumarez Dubourdieu and "Farmer" Shem Dubourdieu

The Castle Street Clue The estate of deceased Surgeon Saumarez was administered by his eighty-five-year old father. 1 Two sons are known to have sur­ vived him, children at the time of their surgeon father's death. At the present late date, the information we have about them is de­ rived largely from public documents-to uncover which took con­ siderable of the doggedness attributed to modem police methods. In 1959, I had left America, as already explained, accepting as true the erroneous statement that Surgeon Saumarez was the bache­ lor named Saumarez. Now, having learned that he had married and was an ancestor of my branch of the family, I set for myself the task of identifying his descendants. Efforts to locate pertinent genealogical documents were mostly in vain. Explorations through parish records and court indexes were often confusing. And yet,

1Wagner collection of manuscripts in L-HS. 2IB BABY ON HER BACK little by little, casual items fell into place; errors became evident as such; and now I have a most sizeable list of his descendants. 1bis list starts with "Bachelor" Saumarez, whom the UJ sought to coalesce with his father, making a single person of the two. I have learned about him through three types of evidence:

l. The listings of his name. One such appears in the Pigot and Co. directory of Lisburn for 1824. Another is the will of his Aunt Anna Dubourdieu, dated 1825. And a third is the will of his Aunt Charlotte Dubourdieu, dated 1827.2 These two ladies were spinisters and in their wills designated "Saumarez Dubourdieu of Lisburn, Esquire" as their nephew. All three had as their address "Castle Street, Lisburn," which leads me to feel that, all three being unmarried, they resided together. 2. Deductions. On August 27, 1827, this nephew of the aunts ap­ peared in Dublin in person to probate the will of Miss Char­ lotte and, in doing so, signed the papers "Saumarez Dubour­ dieu of Lisburn, County Antrim, Esq."3 In 1827, only a son of Surgeon Saumarez could have signed himself as from County Antrim. The proof of this is established through elimination: the oldest nephew Saumarez-the army captain who was the son of Rev. John-had been killed in battle in 1813, fourteen years earlier, at the capture of San Sebastian, and is thus removed;4 the youngest nephew Saumarez­ the Trinity student who was the son of Surgeon Shem and who enrolled at Trinity under the name Summers-lived his entire life in the counties of Longford, Dublin and Tyrone but never Antrim, and so is excluded.5 Since the aunts had only three brothers and since the sons of brothers Rev. John and Surgeon Shem named Saumarez are thus removed from con­ sideration, the nephew who signed himself "Saumarez Dubour-

2Belfast Public Records Office: book T, 808: 4243-4300, p. 4263. 3 ibid. 4 BNL, March 16, 1845; UJ, 1853, p. 291. 5 Summers' residences successively were: Corunna in County Longford, Dublin in County Dublin, and Cookstown in County Tyrone, where he died. IRELAND 219 dieu of Lisburn, County Antrim, Esq." has to be the son of the third brother, Surgeon Saumarez. 3. Hearsay. To the listings of the name of "Bachelor" Saumarez and the deductions based upon these, there must be added the fact that ·the descendants of Rev. John back in 1853 told Dr. Purdon-author of the UJ articles on the DuBourdieus-that there was or had been a bachelor Saumarez in Lisburn.6 Purdon assumed that this was Surgeon Saumarez, now known to have married and to have died in 1801, 26 years before Aunt Charlotte's nephew Saumarez appeared in Dublin in 1827 to probate her will. Hence the nephew Saumarez of the aunts' wills has to be the bachelor, and he was alive long after Sur­ geon Saumarez had died in Ennis.

The Clue of the Magheragall Registers

"Bachelor" Saumarez had a brother, a farmer named Shem Du­ bourdieu of Magheragall-a farming community about three miles west of Lisburn. The Magheragall Parish registers report "Farmer" Shem's death as November 22, 1852, at the age of sixty­ one. This makes 1790 as the year of his birth. Undoubtedly his baptism was entered in the now-lost registers of the French Church of Lisburn as his grandfather would have performed the ceremony. We know that he was the son of Surgeon Saumarez because no mention is made of him in the very complete family records of both Rev. John and Surgeon Shem, and, apart from them and their father, Rev. Saumarez, there were no other adult Irish Dubourdieu males at the time "Farmer" Shem was born. "Farmer" Shem was two years old when his father, having re­ turned to medical school received his license to practice medicine from the Royal College of Surgeons at Dublin. Shem could not have known his father overly intimately because most of the balance of his father's life was spent away with the British army and be-

6UJ, 1853, p. 291. 220 BABY ON HER BACK cause he was only eleven when his father died while on militia duty in comparatively distant Ennis. Thus "Fanner" Shem would have had little to tell about Surgeon Saumarez. Both sons of Surgeon Saumarez undoubtedly were educated in their grandfather's classical academy at Lisburn. At about the age of twenty-one "Fanner" Shem married Jane Abbott of Magheragall, which family name still continues in the community. Presumably, it was through Jane's folks that Shem became a farmer. Both he and Jane lie buried in the Magheragall churchyard. My aunt Abigail DuBourdieu McArthur wrote me that when she was about four-1862?-she and her brother John lived briefly with their widowed Grandmother DuBourdieu while my father was sick in Carrickfergus with scarlet fever. At that time Grandmother Jane would have been widowed for ten years. She died June 10, 1875, aged eighty-five, which makes the year of her birth 1790, the same as that of her husband.7 Five of their children are listed in the Magheragall Baptismal Register and the existence of a sixth child is implied. Three more are found in the Burial Register. These are:

1811 - Shem, baptized October 29; 1816 - Jane Charlotte, baptized June 2; 1820's - ( The record is blank for the early 1820's) - Anna, who married John Murphy and became the mother of six chil­ dren whose baptisms are recorded for the years 1836 through 1854; 1824- Saumarez, died November 30, 1900, aged 76; 1827 - Isabella, baptized July 22; 1832 - James, my grandfather, baptized September 2, aged seven weeks; 1835 - William John, baptized March 17, aged eleven weeks; 1837 - Jane, died June 10, 1863; 1840 - Margaret, died May 20, 1888, aged forty-eight.

7 Magheragall Parish Registers. IRELAND 221 From family sources I am additionally informed of these children:

- Elizabeth, who died as a child from falling in a tub of scalding water, after whom my Aunt Elizabeth DuBourdieu was named;8 - John, who died young;9 and - Sarah, Mrs. McBride, mother of two daughters, all long dead.10

The Clue of the Courthouse Index

The identity of Saumarez above is indicated by Index to the Pro­ bate and Administrative Calendars: 1857-1877 of the Dublin Four Courts building. This volume terms him the legatee and son of "Farmer" Shem. I find his name spelled Saumarez in some places and Summers in others. 1 1 According to the Index the estate of "Farmer" Shem was not probated until his wife had died-twenty­ four years after "Farmer" Shem's death. At that time-1875-"Admin­ istrator" Summers was described as residing at Crawford Street, Belfast. 12 The identity of "Administrator" Summers was greatly confused for me by the entry of his marriage-May 7, 1852-in the Magher­ agall Parish register. This, by mistake, reported the name of his father as Saumarez, instead of Shem. Rather extensive explorations have finally convinced me that the statement is an error. My feel­ ing is that the rector of the parish at that time delayed entering the marriage in his books, and this was done three years late. When he did make his entry, not only did he write the wrong name for "Ad­ ministrator" Summers' father, but he wrote the ages of both the groom and the bride with a three-year error-at least, this is what the death notices of the two, despite the twenty-four year interval between them, imply.

8 Abigail DuBourdieu McArthur. 9Isabelle DuBourdieu Mackenzie. 1 0 ibid. 11 ibid. says Saumarez; Wills and Adm. 1921 says Summers. 12lndex to the Probate and Administrative Calendars: 1857-1877. 222 BABY ON HER BACK The wife of "Administrator" Summers was Margaret McBride, called Margery. When she died in 1890 her age was reported as sixty-eight, which would make the year of her birth 1822. 13 They had four children: Shem, born April 13, 1855, and died March 21, 1932, aged 76; 14 James, born March 19, 1857, and died March 31, 1922, aged 65;15 Francis, called Frank and termed "Contractor" Frank in this book, born May 10, 1859, and died May 3, 1951, aged 92; 16 and Margaret, born August 21, 1861, and died July 14, 1948, aged 86, single. 1 7 "Administrator" Summers, the father of these four, died November 30, 1900. His second son, James, a car­ penter, was designated the administrator of his estate.

The Clue of the Rector's Notebook Canon W. H. Dundas of Magheragall, who was greatly interested in the history of his community and supplied Lisburn and Belfast newspapers with much information about it and its Dubourdieu family, had collected many of his materials in a personal notebook. This contained considerable of the local Dubourdieu data which I have already narrated. Through the kindness of the present rector, W. D. Wright, M.A., I was permitted to peruse this notebook. There, over date of August 7, 1887, I found this entry about the Dubourdieu family of his parish:

"Shem Dubourdieu of Knockadona [ a section of the Magher­ agall Parish], farmer and son of the late Shem Dubourdieu, is a grandson of the late minister of that name that formerly preached to the French Huguenots that settled in Lisburn. He and his children, consisting of four sons and six daughters, are

1 3 The Magheragall Parish Register would, in its marriage entry, make her birth 1825 and her husband's 1827, the year his sister Isabella was born. 14 Magheragall Parish Register. 15ibid. 1 6ibid, 17ibid. IRELAND 223 the only descendants of the above Foreigners that at present exist in Lisburn or its vicinity, though they were at some former period numerous in the latter town. The present Shem Du­ bourdieu and his children hold a small tenement under the Marquis ,of Hertford, by which they partly support themselves, 18 and partly by cotton weaving, and also by laboring in a lime­ stone quarry in the above townland. 7 August, 1887."

Checking Dundas' statement against the family-tree in the ap- pendix, I understand the Magheragall rector to say that the late "Farmer" Shem had ten adult children, four sons and six daughters; and that a descendant of his whom Dundas misnames Shem where­ as he should have said Saumarez, in 1887 had grown children residing in the subdivision lmown as the Marquis of Hertford Es­ tate. The Shem Dubourdieu living in Knockadona would have been the Shem who was the son of "Administrator" Summers, because his family consisted of minor children when Canon Dundas made his notebook entry and because they and some of their descendants are still living there. The phrase "tenement" clearly had a different meaning to Dundas from its significance in America today. 19 I have seen a photograph of the attractive bungalow-type cottage which "Administrator" Summers owned and willed to his son "Contractor" Frank; thus to Canon Dundas "tenement" must have meant personally owned property, as contrasted with a rented domicile, from the Latin teneo, to hold.

The Spelling Mystery

One of the unlmown stories of this period concerns why and when my branch of the family changed the spelling of their name back

18 According to Samuel Dubourdieu of Lisburn, many of these houses in this sub­ division were built by Frank Dubourdieu, born May 10, 1859, and died May 3, 1951. 19Henry Bayly in his Topographical and Historical Account of Lisburn, dated 1834, says that Lisnagarvey-early Lisburn-contained 53 houses and a castle, using these words: "53 tenements in the place, beside the Castle." -p. 13. ' ~4 BABY ON HER BACK to a form sometimes used by Rev. lsaac-DuBourdieu. My first cousin, Miss Marion DuBourdieu, tells me that her father, John, was quite insistent that this changed orthography was the proper one for members of the family to use; so I assume that the change was actively discussed around the time of his boyhood, the late mid-1800's. I find this changed spelling occasionally in the records of the Dublin Four Courts Building: as in 1822, when the marriage of Surgeon Shem's son Summers to Jane Carmichael is recorded; or forty years later, in 1862, when the death of Mary, the wife of Lieut. Col. Arthur, is recorded; or in 1872, when the death of Captain John DuBourdieu of the Waterford Constabulary is en­ tered. Current practice may be moving in this direction, because several descendants of the Scotish Dubourdieus now write it with a capital B. Also, one Irish member of the family does similarly­ William duBourdieu Best. My explanation of this change back to capitalizing the letter B, is that English-speaking people find French names difficult to handle and thus French-ancestry families feel a pressure to alter their surnames. This has been done in various ways: by translating the name into English, as in the case of Feuillevert when it is written Greenleaf;20 by accepting an English mispronunciation and spelling it accordingly, as when Laux becomes written Loucks; 21 by Anglicizing the correct French pronunciation, as when Bon Coeur is written Bunker. 22 In our case, the capital B was restored to the name thus making the pronunciation easier to handle and indicating the name's sig­ nificance in part. My friends made in France have stressed upon me that, by no means, should one permit a space to creep in bet­ ween the Du and the Bourdieu, saying that we are not Bourdieus but DuBourdieus.

20Yearbook of the Huguenot Society of Illinois: 1960. 21 ihid. 22ibid. IRELAND 225 Today, ahnost 300 years after the Revocation, the Protestant family is British and American as well as French. Thus both Eng­ lish-speaking factors and pride in Huguenot ancestry enter into the spelling of the name. However we spell it, may those who carry it so live th~t all will be proud to aclmowledge it. 2~ BABY ON HER BACK PART V

THE WORLD 228 BABY ON HER BACK THE WORLD 229

CHAPTER XVII

RECENT DUBOURDIEUS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

Northern Ireland, Scotland and New Zealand

Variety of Trades and Professions Today's world is very different from that into which Rev. Saum­ arez and his sons Rev. John, Surgeon Shem and Surgeon Saumarez were born. Theirs was a class-conscious society, in which labor with one's hands often was considered degrading for members of elite families. Thus the vocations to which well-born sons then could aspire were few. For persons of Huguenot ancestry this was despite the fact that Huguenot tradition conferred dignity upon labor and judged worth by integrity of workmanship. This giving esteem to the honest workman was done by upgrading the artisan rather than by remov­ ing the distinction which set the noble-born apart. Time has con­ siderably minimized this last factor, so that today in Christian society one's status at birth has little bearing on the heights to which he can aspire, and the professions are no longer restricted to those who are quality-born. 230 BABY ON HER BACK Huguenot descendants today are to be found in all honorable walks of life. The important consideration is not the prestige of the labor but how nobly it is performed. Thus, the name Dubourdieu is no more confined to the elite areas of service; it is found on the rolls of those in the armed services chiefly in the times of national crisis, and those of the name in the ministry and medicine are relatively few, while industrial and business life employ most. I am impressed by how those of DuBourdieu descent now in Northern Ireland echo the industriousness of the Huguenots of the 1600' s. Some of the words found in Knox could equally be said of them:

"It is actually astonishing to discover the variety of trades and professions .... The debt owed by Ireland must be reck­ oned considerable."1

I find Britons of DuBourdieu descent serving as building con­ tractors, carpenters, clergymen, coal miners, craftsmen, factory foremen, salesmen, skilled mechanics, realtors, teachers, in the armed services, and in civilian governmental service.

"C ontractor. "F ran k

Few of today's DuBourdieus reside in the locale served by Rev. Saumarez-especially, those of the recent generations. Two widowed grandmothers have their home in Magheragall, outside of Lisburn, but most of their married children have moved to Ire­ land's industrial cities and to the distant nations. Of those resid­ ing in Magheragall-Lisburn within the present century, one of the best known was the son of "Administrator" Summers, whom I am terming "Contractor" Frank. Because his lifetime embraced ten decades and his death was relatively recent, many mature adults of the Family remember him. I call him "Contractor" Frank because he was the builder of

1Knox, p. 34 and p. 81 quoting H, XIV, p. 496. THE WORLD 231 most of the houses on the Marquis of Hertford Estate.2 At one time he built carts and the type of rural vehicle known as a trap. Also, he supervised the construction of the wooden structural work used by the Mourne Mountain Water Scheme to pipe water into Belfast., Later, he became clerk of works 3 for the local Coun­ cil-and presumably it was then when he built the Marquis of Hertford Estate homes. He married twice, his living descendants being his progeny by his first wife, Mary Burns. His son, Frank, Jr., of Belfast, is a skilled plumber-"one of the best''4-employed in the Belfast Ship­ yards. Samuel, the son of Frank, Jr., works in the Airplane Fac­ tory at Belfast, commuting there daily from his home in the Lis­ burn Suburb of Warren Gardens. He has the distinction of being Ireland's only known male-line DuBourdieu with school-age chil­ dren. "Contractor" Frank's daughter Maggie-Mrs. J. Nettleship-re­ sides in one of the houses her father built, a gift from him to her because she, living near him, had daily visited him and tidied up his home during his later years. This typical rural Irish cottage considerably resembles much recent American housing in that it is one story without basement. Her son James Nettleship was Master of the local Orangemen's lodge the year I visited their home, 1959.

Like an Arrow Shot into the Air

"Contractor" Frank was one of three brothers, the oldest being Shem. The first DuBourdieu I met in the Lisburn area was Shem's daughter Agnes-Mrs. Abernathy, born in 1880. I met her in a novel way. I had heard that a DuBourdieu had lived in Maghera­ gall; so, like shooting an arrow into the air, I drove out of Lisburn in the general direction and inquired of the first person I passed.

2 Samuel Dubourdieu, Sr., of Lisburn, N.I. 3Mrs. Blanche McVicar of Bangor, County Down, N. I. 4 Samuel Dubourdieu, Sr., of Lisburn, N.I. 232 BABY ON HER BACK After several inquiries, I arrived at the home of Mrs. Abernathy in the locality called Knockodona. In the home also was her daugh­ ter Muriel, or Mrs. William Wier, who with her family was living with Mrs. Abernathy. Thus, not only did I meet the entire house­ hold, learning that Mr. Weir was employed in a Lisburn hard­ ware store, but I secured information which led to becoming ac­ quainted with the rest of "Contractor" Frank's descendants in the county. Mrs. Abernathy has two other daughters: Sylvia-Mrs. Robert Robinson of Finaghy, a Belfast suburb-whose husband is a sales­ man, and Blanche-Mrs. Tom McVicar of Bangor, County Down­ whose husband is a schoolmaster. At my request, Blanche has written me a bit about the family:

"My grandparents were a Christian couple. Shem Dubourdieu, my grandfather, was a tall, erect, honest, God-fearing man, unassuming and content with what he had. He did carpen­ tering and gardening. My mother-Agnes Dubourdieu Aber­ nathy-was married in July, 1906. I was the second of her three daughters. "I had a happy childhood. When I left public school I took a commercial course; then I entered the nursing profession. I married Tom McVicar in 1939. He teaches English at the local Secondary Intermediate School. He is very interested in sport and was sports master for quite a while-in fact, he is still playing hockey and is still mentioned in the write-ups in the newspapers. "I have been lucky in my marriage: a wonderful husband and a good father to the three children. Terry, the oldest, is on the high seas with the Navy. Peter Dubourdieu McVicar, thirteen, is studying at the local Technical School and has all his time taken up with golf. Sylvia, a lively six year-old, keeps us all on our toes." THE WORLD 233 "Contractor" Frank's second brother was James, a carpenter. Possibly because his residence was Belfast, James was designated by their father as the executor of his will. James' only child is Mary Jane, called "Jeannie"-Mrs. James Dowling-a widow living in an ideal apartment for a single person, built for her by her realtor son James Dowling, adjacent to his own beautiful Belfast dwelling. The son and his wife have two adopted children: the boy named James as was his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather; and the girl named Fiona Mary.

The Orangemen's Parade

In 1957, I had no sooner arrived in my hotel room at the end of my first day in Belfast than I received word an elder of the Belfast Ballygomartin Presbyterian Church had been trying to reach me. Their pastor had suddenly been called away by a death in the family and, although a substitute minister had been secured for the morning service of the following Sunday, he would not be available for the evening worship. Would I be willing to preach for them on Sunday night? This request started a series of fortuitous incidents. When the elder prepared the customary news item for the papers announc­ ing the Sunday church services, he explained to the press that I­ the minister for Sunday evening-was in Belfast all the way from Chicago to see the Orangemen's parade commemorating the Battle of the Boyne because a relative had been the chaplain in whose arms Field Marshal Schomberg had died on that occasion. As a consequence my presence in town became newspaper copy. I was startled when I read in one newspaper that I stopped the parade to ask about a certain banner in the procession: "Is that really the official flag of William of Orange?" What actually happened was that the parade had already taken a rest-stop just as the flag reached the place where I was standing on the curb. Having been previously told about William Ill's personal banner, I left the curbing and asked my question of the standard-bearer. 234 BABY ON HER BACK However, it made a good story and it publicized the fact that a: clergyman named DuBourdieu was to preach at the Ballygomartin church that Sunday night-a device for reaching DuBourdieus of Belfast which could not have been improved upon, had I deliber­ ately planned it. Also, a reporter of the Belfast Newsletter called me on the phone following the celebration to ask my impressions. His report of the interview appeared the next day under the heading: "AROUND AND ABOUT-Visitor from Chicago." It read:

"One of the most interested spectators of yesterday's proces­ sion in Belfast was the Rev. William James DuBourdieu, Ph. D., of Chicago, who is spending a holiday in Ulster. His par­ ticular interest in the "Twelfth' is that his great great-uncle [several times removed] was chaplain to the Duke of Schom­ berg at the Battle of the Boyne and was with the Duke when he died. "His great, great [great] grandfather came to Ulster with the Huguenots and was their minister at Lisburn for many years. Dr. Dubourdieu, whose father was born at Carrickfergus, said later that he was tremendously impressed by the procession. He had spent several hours feverishly taking colour photo­ graphs of the occasion. "One of the things which interested him most was a banner depicting William III crossing the Boyne. [No it was his flag as Prince of Orange]. To make sure that it was the right one, Dr. DuBourdieu stepped forward and asked the Orangeman walking behind it. When informed that it was, indeed, a pic­ ture of King William, he took two photographs to 'make sure that he got a good one.' "The religious theme in the parade impressed him very much. It was a distinctive thing in his experience. He had never seen anything like it in America, where the patriotic note is the most prominent. Already Dr. DuBourdieu and his wife- THE WORLD 235 who is with him-have talked over the possibility of returning to see another 'Twelfth.'

"Dr. DuBourdieu was Convenor the Church Extension of the Presbytery of Chicago and has organized 30 new congregations in the last' 14 years. He will preach at Ballygomartin tomorrow night, and his wife will sing.''5

After such a barrage of DuBourdieu publicity I presume that I should not have been surprised Sunday night when there was in the congregation a Miss Charlotte Bums, who introduced herself to me by stating that her grandmother had been a Dubourdieu­ Jane Charlotte, a daughter of "Farmer" Shem. The grandmother of Miss Bums had married William Belshaw in 1843 and become the mother of nine children. One of these nine was Elizabeth Belshaw who married Robert Francis Bums, and Miss Bums was one of their two children. The other child, Edith is the widow of Walter Louis Crozier, also of Huguenot descent. The Crozier name is continued by their only son, Kenneth -born in 1938-who is a graduate of the Royal Belfast Academic Institution and an employee of the Eagle Insurance Co., having his letters A.C.1.1. ( Associate of the Chartered Institute of Insur­ ance).

Widower's Elopement

In 1926, when commercial radio was in its infancy and today's radio stations were mostly unknown, I was for one week the clergyman conducting morning devotionals over Chicago's pioneer station KYW. Among the mail which I received was this unantici­ pated letter from Gary, Indiana:

"If by any chance this reaches you, I suppose you will be won­ dering who is writing you. Well, on New Year's Eve, I was looking over the radio services to be broadcast from KYW

5BNL, July 13, 1957. ~6 BABY ON HER BACK next week and chanced to see your name there. My own maiden name is Isabelle DuBourdieu, and I am wondering if by any chance you could be a kinsman of mine. Yours is the the first of our name I have run across, and I have travelled quite a lot.... "

In a correspondence which stretched over several years the writer, Mrs. Isabelle Mackenzie, and I discovered that, indeed, we were relatives and that our grandfathers were brothers. Then the "depression" of 1929 hit, Mrs. Mackenzie returned to her childhood home of Glengarnock, Scotland-about twenty miles from Glas­ gow-and we lost track of each other. When I returned from France in 1959, my zeal for family-tree matters greatly quickened by my experiences abroad, I again tried to locate Mrs. MacKenzie. A letter addressed to Glengarnock evoked the response that she was dead but that several relatives were living, her sister, Mary Jane DuBourdieu, teaching school in Gary, Indiana. Thanks largely to Mary Jane and the correspon­ dence which earlier I had received from Isabelle, I am able to include in this narrative, mostly in the words of Mary Jane, the in­ teresting story of their grandfather William John Dubourdieu and many of his descendants. William John was the youngest of the sons of "Farmer" Shem. He was born near the beginning of the year 1835 and was baptized March 17, 1835, his age given then as eleven weeks. He married Jane Moore in 1859 but shortly thereafter was widowed. Then, in 1861, Eliza Neil of Lisburn, Ireland, became his second wife, the two of them being married in a Methodist church on Easter Sunday and eloping to Scotland. Of Eliza, her grand-daughter Isabelle Mackenzie wrote me:

"She was the most refined and ladylike person I ever came in contact with." THE WORLD 237 At that time, 1861, the ability to read and write was rather rare in rural and industrial areas. Thus, because of his education, Wil­ liam John found a ready opening in Colville's Limited, an iron works in Glengarnock, Ayrshire. There he and Eliza became the parents of thirteen children, in several instances the name of a child who died being given to a later one.

Changing Times

Definitely, William John was "the head of the house." He never allowed anyone to handle money but himself. He would go with the girls to choose their dresses and he had the final word on style and material. His sons tried to emulate their father, but times were changing, and women with the times no longer permitted themselves to be relegated to a minor role in running their homes. Perhaps too, the fact that James, Samuel (the second) and Saum­ arez, all married independent Scotswomen changed this pattern in the Dubourdieu households.

Grief in the Dubourdieu Home By the time of William John's death many of his children had died-some naturally, but too many by ordinary standards had mef violent deaths. Samuel ( the first) was killed as a boy while play­ ing hide-and-seek around some railroad cars which, moving, crushed his head between the bumpers. Shem, as a boy, was drowned while ice-skating. The ice broke and, although he could swim, his companion could not. A rope was thrown and he gave it to his playmate, who was saved; but by the time the rope was thrown again, Shem had gone under the ice. His body was not recovered until the ice thawed some weeks later. One can imagine the grief in the Dubourdieu household! But more was to come. They lost twins in sickness, and Minnie ( the first) died of diph­ theria. Then James, a handsome young man not long married, with a son and daughter still very young, was killed while working for the same firm as his father. He was accidentally struck in the jugu- ~8 BABY ON HER BACK lar vein by a sliver of metal while holding a tool for a fellow work­ man who was swinging a sledge-hammer. When the original Scottish William John died, his son Saumarez­ Mary Jane's father-was in the Glasgow Eye Infirmary, having just met with an accident at Colville's, where he was a foreman. He was inspecting the operations of the mill when he noticed that the chain on a huge ladle of molten metal had parted by a half link. Seeing that a workman was directly underneath, he yelled to him to get away, but noise of the mill prevented the man hearing. Saumarez ran and pushed the man away just as the chain snapped. The molten metal poured down on Saumarez' head, and he was severely burned on the head and face, and lost the sight of an eye. At the time, William John's only other living son, Samuel ( the second), was in New York City and, of his children, only his daugh­ ters Eliza and Minnie were at home; so the twelve-year-old grand­ son, William John, Mary Jane's brother, lowered the casket into the grave. Grandmother Eliza followed her husband in death in 1914. Daughters Minnie and Eliza went to New Zealand. Minnie was married to a good Presbyterian, Charles O'Hara, and later in New Zealand Eliza met and married Robert McAllister-who was killed in 1925 in an earthquake. Eliza is still living in New Zealand, over the age of eighty and active in the life of her church. Agnes, another daughter of William John and Eliza, died of a cancer; Saumarez in 1942 likewise died of a cancer; and Samuel (the second) in 1945 of a coronary thrombosis. Of Mary Jane's sis­ ters, Mrs. Isabelle Mackenzie, already mentioned, died in 1957 after a long sickness. In Gary, where she had been an ardent church worker, she was mourned by many friends. Her only child, Mar­ garet, has recently married Gary, Indiana, Superintendent of Pub­ lic Schools Lee R. Gilbert, Ph.D.-magna cum laude, Ohio State University. Of the other sisters, Mrs. Sarah Clark moved to Boston, Mass., after her husband's death in 1959, where she cares for elderly sick people. Mrs. Eliza Johnstone, widowed in 1954, resides in Milton, THE WORLD 239 Mass., with her daughter, Mrs. Ivonne Boyle. Mrs. Ina, from Jamesina-because her parents hoped for a boy to be named James-Cunningham has been recently widowed by a winter auto­ mobile accident. She makes her home in Gary with her sister Mary Jane. Her daughter Edith is wife of P. Cianci of Chicago's Western Electric Co. Miss Mary Jane DuBourdieu has both a B.S. degree from Indiana University and an M.S., this latter awarded in 1961. She originally taught intermediate grades in Gary, Indiana, and then later was promoted to school principal. Indiana University has asked and secured her permission to use a research paper written by her, publishing it in conjunction with an article by one of its professors.

Some British Male-line Dubourdieus The James who died so tragically in the accident at Colville's was only twenty-four years old when it happened, yet his de­ scendants comprise half of today's male-line DuBourdieu schoolage boys of whom I know. Jean, his older child, is Mrs. Archie Leish­ man of Twechar, Scotland. His son, William John, was a quiet coahniner who read extensively to further his education. William John had four sons, characterized by a love of athletics and the out-of-doors. James, the oldest of the four-a coal miner­ as a youth was captain of the local football team and during World War II played for the British Army while in Germany. John Stew­ art, the next male of the family, now resides in Toronto, Canada, where he is his church's Scoutmaster and his wife is the church's secretary. They are the parents of two Dubourdieu boys, named William John and Colin. The next son also has the name William John; he is an interior decorator by vocation and, by avocation, an enthusiastic fisherman and filmer of Scottish scenery. The young­ est son of William John-i.e. grandson of James-is David Stewart, a plant operator for the Imperial Chemical Industries; he is an out­ doorsman who specializes in sport and caravaning. He is the father of William John and David Stewart Dubourdieu of Dennyloonhead, two more Dubourdieu boys. 240 BABY ON HER BACK William John-the son of James-also had four daughters, three of whom married: Margaret, wife of former professional football­ player Harry Pinkerton; Euphemia, the oldest of the family, whose husband is colliery foreman John Ingles; and Jean, Mrs. James Martin, whose mate is a motor mechanic. I am impressed by the number of DuBourdieu daughters and granddaughters who have given their children the middle name DuBourdieu. This is found among the progeny of all three sons of Rev. Saumarez of Lisburn, Ireland. I have already mentioned the three successive generations of Aghalee, Northern Ireland, which commence with Robert Dubourdieu Best. Also descended from Rev. John, there is Jessica Mary Dubourdieu M'Robert of New Zealand. Among the offspring of Surgeon Shem, I have found the name Saumarez Dubourdieu Carmichael, a lawyer of Can­ ada. And, in the posterity of Surgeon Saumarez there is schoolboy Peter Dubourdieu McVicar of Bangor, Northern Ireland. Thus, female-line descendants are proud of their DuBourdieu heritage.

In Government Service

Years ago when Gimlette, the author of Huguenot Settlers in Ire­ land, wrote that Rev. John Dubourdieu-the oldest son of Rev. Saumarez of Lisburn-"founded a good family," he undoubtedly was thinking of the military careers of four of John's sons: Captain Saumarez, killed in the trenches before San Sebastian; Lieutenant Colonel Arthur, wounded storming Badajoz; Captain Francis, awarded the Grand Cross of Hanover; and Captain George William, killed in the wars which won independence for northwestern South America. This tradition, adapted to modern ways of life-wherein the Army is less a career than a patriotic response to national crisis-has continued among the descendants of Rev. Saumarez. Shem Dubourdieu-brother of Mary Jane of Gary, Indiana­ served in the Anzac Medical Corps in World War II, was seriously THE WORLD 241 wounded at Mt. Casino in Italy, and now works for the New Zea­ land government in the Customs Department. He was mentioned in the New Zealand papers not long ago because he had been com­ mended by a judge for single-handed capture of two Chinese dope smugglers, .although off duty at the time. Previously, when Her Majesty visited New Zealand, he was assigned to the royal yacht Britannia for safety and security service. The wife of William duBourdieu Best, writing me, said about her husband and his New Zealand DuBourdieu-kin first cousins:

"The military side of the family would approve of Bill and Walter and Noel."

Bill, her husband, was given the Military Cross by George VI for heroism and resourcefulness in battle. In northern Italy he was the lieutenant in charge of the only troop of armor belonging to Britain's 26th Armored Brigade. As they pursued the retreating Germans down out of the Appenine Mountains toward Lombardy, they found their road blocked by a dynamited ravine-bridge with a river at the bottom. Bill ordered his scissors-bridge back around a bend in the road to conceal it; then he went forward to recon­ noiter, not knowing what dangers he would have to face. At the edge of the ravine he took a "spanner" (wrench) and tied it to the end of a tape-measure This he threw across the gap and thus dis­ covered that the scissors-bridge would just span the hole. Accord­ ingly, he ordered the bridge forward into position, and the pur­ suit continued. To the brigade's tank men this was especially merit­ orious as they greatly dislike having to abandon their tanks in ac­ tion. It was elsewhere in Italy, in a similar type of situation, that he lost his right leg. Lieut. Thomas (Noel) Hurst entered the army in New Zealand as a sergeant in the Home Defense Cavalry. Then he trained in the Merchant Navy and, when a shortage of naval officers developed, transferred to the regular New Zealand navy. Following the Second World War he has become a dairy farmer in New Zealand. 2~ BABY ON HER BACK His brother, Walter Hurst, dean of the Dunedin, N.Z., cathedral, became a chaplain in New Zealand's armed forces. Quoting from Edna Joyce, Bill's wife, again: "Walter was given the Order of the British Empire and the Distinguished Service Order. When Crete was to be surrend­ ered to the Germans, he voluntarily stayed on to help those to become prisoners. Col. Brush, who was in the prisoner-of-war camp with Walter, recently told me on the phone that he'd do anything for Walter Hurst." Most recently in these days of thermonuclear fission one hopes that wars-apart from Communist-instigated police-type actions, which currently seem always being fought somewhere-may now have come to an end. But if not, I assume that the descendants of Rev. Saumarez of Lisburn, N. I., will again be found in the armed services of their various countries. For the present, the DuBour­ dieus of World War II have all laid aside their uniforms and are now engaged in the civilian pursuits of peace.

Glamour and the Tasks of Today While the Huguenots of the 1700's served Ireland in ways which to moderns sound more glamourous than the services which their descendants are rendering in the mid-1900's, there is a simple ex­ planation: namely, that times have changed and thereby the old appears more fascinating than the every-day familiar. The Huguenots of the 1700's planted the flax, grew and har­ vested it, rotted its stalks, and beat out their fibers; today the pre­ pared flax comes to Ireland in boats from abroad. The Huguenots of the 1700's made one of the sections of Dublin a "hive of silk manufacturers;"6 today few mulberry trees remain due to Ireland's damp climate, and all Irish cultivation of mulberry leaves and silk­ worms has long since disappeared. Huguenot goldsmiths and jewelers in the 1700's numbered sev­ enty-eight in Dublin alone;7 today's jewelry-stores are places of

6Kiiox, p. 34. 7Knox, p. 81. THE WORLD 243 sale and rarely of manufacture, and Huguenot-descended artisans use their skills in factories, as Ireland's shipyards and airplane plant.8 A patina now covers the trades of the early Huguenots because their crafts ·have largely become out-of-date. If the labors of today have less charm, it is because they are so familiar; in no way are they less vital.

8 Mrs. Alpheus Riddle of the National Huguenot Society has stated to me that it was Huguenots who initiated watch-movements in Switzerland and Delftware in Holland. 244 BABY ON HER BACK THE WORLD 245

CHAPTER XVIII

RECENT DUBOURDIEUS OF FRANCE

Paris and in the Service of their Country

Aviation Pioneer There appear to be many Dubourdieus in France today. The Paris telephone directory of 1957 listed ten names, and I found three entries in the book for the Pau area and two in that of Bordeaux. Since few European homes have telephones, I am convinced that France must have many more households which spell their name Dubourdieu. For example, in 1962 I was handed the current copy of the French-language magazine Femmes aAujourd'hui-August 9, 1962- with the suggestion that I tum to pages 12-16. There I found an article with the title "Pionniers de l'Aviation Commercial-Les Pi­ lotes du 'Grand Balcon'." The article began in French:

"It was a clear day in autumn. Dubourdieu, Reine and Mennoz descended into the middle of Toulouse from the trolly-car ... 246 BABY ON HER BACK The three men crossed the square . . . and went to the Hotel du Grand Balcon . . . " The date of their arrival was October 13, 1924. The place, Toulouse, was the home site of the Latecoere Air Line, then flying between Toulouse and Barcelona. The "Grand Balcon" was the lodging-house of the air line's mechanics. Regardless of previous experience each new pilot was started as a mechanic. The result was that many of them blazed air history. Their foreman once wrote that every man daily accomplished prodigies. Mermoz, one of the three, flew across the Andes Moun­ tains back in 1929. Four months later, when on a similar flight his plane crashed, he and his mechanic repaired it, launched it by pushing it off a cliff, and flew back to civilization. Later, Mermoz disappeared while on a flight over the South Atlantic. The article deals mostly with the exploits of Mermoz and says little about Dubourdieu. However, the fact that Dubourdieu is re­ peatedly mentioned in this article on French commercial aviation means that the author, Jean Payrade, considers Dubourdieu one of France's aviation pioneers. Because no given name is applied either to Dubourdieu, Reine or Mermoz, it is clear that the author thinks them sufficiently well-known to require no additional nomen­ clature. Since random chance brought this story to my attention, it seems that there may well be other French Dubourdieus, unknown to me, who also have made valued contributions to their nation.

The Black Marble Tablet In 1963, a few months after writing the preceding paragraph, while we were stationed in Iran, my wife Gladys, our grand­ daughter Deborah and I visited the original Armenian church of Teheran. For years it was the only Christian church of the city and, so, a century and a half ago it was the burial spot of those Christians who died there. While I took photographs of the sanctuary and other members of our party rested on a bench, Deborah, as a schoolchild would, THE WORLD 247 began to wander about, examining the furnishings and studying the wall-tablets. Suddenly, she cried out, "Here is our name!" And, despite our momentary disbelief, sure enough, it was exactly as Deborah had said. At the back of the sanctuary, fastened to the wall, was a sizeable tablet of polished black marble, carrying in French this inscription:

"The Count of Damas Serdar ( Chief) The Countess of Damas The Abbot Vidal Director of the royal college Sophie DUBOURDIEU

to the memory of Lucy Dubourdieu deceased The 15 September 1842 At the Age of 19 Years"

Subsequently, I visited the French consulate and took along my copy of the inscription. Thereupon he had the consular records examined and thus made the discovery that these did not exist for the years previous to 1844. Foiled thus, I went to the English-lan­ guage newspaper. The feature editor, highly regarded locally for his comprehensive knowledge, stated to me that back then French officers were in charge of the training of the Persian army, and that perhaps the royal college mentioned in the inscription referred to the military school which they operated. Beyond that, I have found no explanation. The tablet, though, does document the fact that Dubourdieus of France must have travelled widely in the cause of their country. US BABY ON HER BACK

Parisian Dubourdieus

In our 1957 visit to Paris, Madame Renee Garnand of Cannes­ who had studied in America and was visiting Paris at the time­ not only showed us the sights of the city but, as an additional favor, at random called on the phone for me one of the Dubourdieus listed in the Paris telephone book. My limited French made my part of the conversation brief-and the difficulty of it dissuaded me from trying subsequently to call anyone else-but it did result in our visit­ ing Emile Dubourdieu, who travels about France extensively for the French telephone, telegraph and postal service. We met him, his delightful wife, and their two sweet daughters, Marie Antoinette and Fran~oise, teenage schoolgirls. Marie Antoinette, the older, had started to study English in school and, subsequent to our departure for America, carried on quite a correspondence with my wife, in very excellent English on her part. The two being amateur stamp and mineral collectors, they had much in common. In her last letter she informed us that she has become betrothed to an engineer just out of college. When in Paris in 1959, because I was timid about attempting more phone calls, I prepared in French a letter which a public stenographer mailed to the other Dubourdieus listed in the phone book. A number of replies followed. One of these was from Pierre and Maurice Dubourdieu, tailors, of 15 Rue Mazagran, who informed me that they have a family­ tree which commences with 1638. Another was from Jacques Du­ bourdieu, insurance representative, of suburban Asnieres, to whom I am indebted for the material on the cruiser Dubourdieu in this chapter. Two Dubourdieus rank high in French naval history: Captain Bernard of Bayonne, whose career ended when he was cut in two by a cannon-ball, and Admiral Louis Thomas Rene Napoleon Du­ bourdieu, who lost a leg in battle. Father and son, they are de­ scended from the Pierre of Vitre and Rennes who remained in THE WORLD 249 France when the rest of the family fled upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.1

Cut in Two by a Cannon-ball Captain Bernard Dubourdieu was born in Bayonne in 1773. His father was a master barrel-maker. Bernard received a good educa­ tion according to the standards of the time, entered the navy as a simple seaman at the age of sixteen, and in three years was ad­ vanced to cadet. He was captured by the English in the siege of Toulon and im­ prisoned at Gibraltar in a prison-ship. He with his companions escaped by capturing an English transport. As a result, in 1796 he was made an ensign.2 In 1802 it was he who was the French commander at Martinique, in the French West Indies, when it fell to the British3-who were commanded by Captain Saumarez Dubourdieu of Ireland, a descen­ dant of the infant smuggled out of France on his mother's back.4 As previously reported, Bernard Dubourdieu, upon surrendering his sword, said:

"My misfortune is the lighter as I am conquered by a Du­ bourdieu and a beloved relative-my name is Dubourdieu."3

In 1806 Bernard was promoted to captain of frigate. In 1809 he became commander of the frigate Penelope and in a bloody fight captured the English Proserpine. On October 23, 1809, he took the English establishments at Lissa, including a dozen corsairs. Napoleon I made him a baron in 1810 and put him in charge of an expedition to the Adriatic. He had under him three French fri­ gates, an Italian frigate, two Italian corvettes, and three smaller vessels. In that epoch, British vessels were superior to French in ability to maneuver, so, on March 13, 1811, when met by four

'Bio-bibliographie Bretonne, V, p. 431. 2 La Grande Encyclopedie ana Dic­ tionnaire Historique de Bayonne. 3 UJ, 1853, p. 291. ~see Chapter XII of this book. 2~ BABY ON HER BACK British frigates, he refused to attack in line but instructed his ships to attack the British in single combat. The struggle was terrific. Dubourdieu was cut in two by a can­ non-ball at the start of the engagement, and his vessel, the Fav­ orite, had to be run aground and burned. At the end of the bat­ tle, three of the four English frigates were out of action, and the French losses were equally severe, with dead Captain Bernard's Favorite burned, the Italian frigate damaged, and an Italian corvette boarded and captured.5 Great Sea Battles by Oliver Warner published by Macmillan in 1963, gives an account on pp. 187-93: "Battle of Lissa, 1811 - An action of the Napoleonic Wars fought off the Dalmatian coast. This battle was notable for the French commander's imitation of Nelson's tactics at Tra­ falgar. The French commander was Dubourdieu, a member of the French Legion of Honor. He was killed in action at the battle of Lissa." Dubourdieu's tactics were to arrange his vessels in two parallel lines and hurl them like a pair of spears at the English line, his flagship the spearhead of one line. This had the advantage of get­ ting twice as many vessels into action fast, although hard on the spearhead frigates at the onset of the engagement. Had Dubour­ dieu succeeded in penetrating the English line, victory would have resulted, for the enemy flagship would have been caught in a pincers movement by the two spears. The English commodore, Hoste, countered by ordering his fleet to close ranks, and he ordered his ships to start firing while the French were approaching head on. In the resulting battle Du­ bourdieu was killed early, and the French failed to penetrate the English line. Both fleets were severely damaged, the sound French-Italian vessels finally dispersing. The English were credited with victory because they prevented the enemy from capturing England's seabase off the Dalmatian coast, which was the French objective.

5 GD. THE WORLD 251 Commodore Hoste wrote: "In justice to a brave man, I must say he [Dubourdieu] set a noble example of intrepidity to those under him."

One of France's Most Honored

Admiral Louis Dubourdieu, the son of Bernard, was born in the West Indies at Fort de France Martinique, on June 15, 1804. He entered the naval academy at Angouleme at the age of sixteen. He lost a leg at the battle of Navarin, was made captain in 1840, and commanded successively the naval divisions of the Levant, the Antilles and Algiers. Made rear-admiral in 1848, he was sent to punish the pirates of Morocco and on November 26, 1851, he raided their principal nest, Sale. Appointed vice-admiral in 1853, he became naval prefect at Toulon and, during the Crimean War, revitalized the Army of the Orient. In 1856 he was made a senator. 6 He died in Toulon June 26, 1857, aged fifty-three. "Endowed with the highest military qualities, he was one of France's most honored heroes, relied upon by his country to lead its squadrons to victory."7 Certain of his descendants, I believe, carry the title of Baron8 and live in Biarritz. In addition to memorials in the regular military places, there is a Dubourdieu Street in Bordeaux, which I have seen, and there is a Dubourdieu memorial in Bayonne.

The Cruiser DUBOURDIEU

To honor Captain Bernard and Admiral Louis Dubourdieu, France has had two naval vessels named Dubourdieu, a frigate now retired, and a dispatch-boat which was in the harbor of Tou­ lon when we were abroad in 1957. The French magazine Yacht used the front page of one of its issues to discuss these two vessels, and Jacques Dubourdieu of Asnieres has supplied me both with a

6Bio-bibliographie Bretonne, V. p. 431. 7Yacht ( printed in Paris; my trms- cript omits the date of the issue). 6 Titled Nobility of Europe, p. 397. 252 BABY ON HER BACK transcript of the article and a silhouette painting of the frigate, or cruiser as it was also called because of its speed. The magazine Yacht states that the first vessel named Du­ bourdieu was a ship of 3,354 tons, tiny in comparison with modern armored leviathans but big for a century ago-launched in 1884. This cruiser Dubourdieu was intended for France•s Pacific fleet and originally flew the pennant of Rear Admiral Regnault de Premesnil. Shortly after commissioning, it developed engine trouble, which compelled it to return to port for repairs and led to an inquiry in the National Chamber. Subsequently it returned to the South Seas for a cruise of thirty-eight months, which circumnavigated the globe. Three other rear-admirals also have made it their flagship: Parayon, Pougin and Escande. The cruiser was retired from active service about 1900. These, then, are some of the Dubourdieu stories of modern France, some recent and others not quite so recent. Of course, I might have mentioned the Rockefeller Foundation grantee doing research work in mathematics or the Dubourdieu university pro­ fessor who, over the phone, said that Paris was full of Dubourdieus and so he had no interest in the family. I wonder also about the eleven-year old boy mentioned in Time, February 19, 1965, named Francisco France Martinez Bordiu and described as the grandson of Spain's dictator, Francisco Franco. THE WORLD 253

CHAPTER XIX

DUBOURDIEUS IN AMERICA

South Carolina, New England, New York, and Illinois

First Non-Viking Settlement of Continental U.S.A.-1564 It was Huguenots from France who planted the first non-Viking colony of continental U.S.A., named Fort Caroline in honor of the French monarch, Charles IX-June 25, 1564. It was located in Flori­ da on the St. Johns River, five miles from the ocean and ten miles east of today's Jacksonville. One year later in July, 1565, an armada left Spain for Florida, with instructions that if

"there are settlers or corsairs of other nations whatsoever not subject to us ... drive them out by what means you see fit."

On September 8, 1565, this armada founded St. Augustine. Twelve days later, in the midst of a storm, these Spaniards swept down on M4 BABY ON HER BACK the French and wiped out their settlement, only forty or fifty sur­ vivors succeeded in returning to France.1 This French colony had been founded five years after the Re­ formed Church of France held its first synod. In the intervening five years the number of Huguenot churches of record increased from a handful to two thousand, and they included among their adherents many of the prominent personages of France, as Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, who had ordered this initial effort of his government to secure a foothold in continental North America. By 1562 efforts forcibly to repress the spread of French Protes­ tantism had turned into what historians call "France's Religious Wars." Massacres, burnings at the stake, imprisonments, and con­ fiscations of property characterized this unhappy era, and, seven years after his establishment of this first colony north of Mexico, Coligny lost his life, the first victim of the infamous Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572.2

South Carolina

A steady migration of Huguenots from their fatherland also characterized the period of the religious wars, the volume of de­ partures paralleling the bitterness of the particular time. These reached their peak around 1685 when France revoked the 1598 edict which had granted recognition of the Protestant Faith. France's religious refugees first fled to the neighboring Protes­ tant nations of Europe, and then around the globe. In the New World, South Carolina was especially favored by them, so that by the early 1700's persons of Huguenot descent comprised between one-tenth and one-fifth of the white population of that English-

'U.S. Department of the Interior pamphlet: Fort Caroline National Monument. 2 Haag, II, pp. 46-80 is a lengthy list-25 names to a page-of Protestants ordered arrested and their property confiscated because of their religion. In the list, for November 3, 1562, appear two DuBourdieus, Antoine Bourdieu and his son, Antoine. A note calls attention to there being a second list in Haag, I, starting on p. 647. THE WORLD 255 held colony. 3 The Carolina Huguenots settled chiefly in seven areas: Charleston, French Santee (Jamestown), St. John's Berkeley, Purrysburgh, Goose Creek, Orange Quarter ( Parish of St. Denis), and New Bordeaux (Abbeville ). 4 In a list of settlers requesting naturalization by the British govern­ ment-sometimes called the Ravenel List-one finds a disputed DuBourdieu family which spells the last syllable of its name "deaux," that of Jacques De Bourdeaux, born at Grenoble in south­ eastern France-number 38 on the list. He migrated to Orange Quarter about 1686. There he was granted 400 acres of land in 1697 and another 100 in 1698. This 500 acres much later became the heart of the Brabant Plantation of 7,615 acres.5 Because of the way Jacques De Bourdeaux spelled his name, es­ pecially the final letter x, because his natal place, Grenoble, is so remote from Bergerac, and because Haag, II, p. 1092, treats his household as a distinct family, I have concluded that he cannot be related to Governor Pierre Dubourdieu of Bergerac, the ancestor of my branch of the family. Or if so, he must be rather remote. Jacques had one son who reached maturity, Anthony, born in Carolina, many of his descendants living today.6 He also had three daughters: Margueritte, who married Anthony Poitevin; Madeline, who married Daniel Brabant; and Judith, who became the second wife of Pierre Robert, Jr., son of the first Huguenot minister of French Santee, Rev. Pierre Robert, M.D. 7

3A. H. Hirsch: The Huguenots of South Carolina, quoted in Transactions of Huguenot Society of South Carolina, 1963, p. 6. 4 Rev. Robert Peeples. He is President of Lawton & Allied Families Ass'n. 5 ibid. 6 Mrs. Wessie Rentz Hendricks of Coral Gables, Fla., writes that she looked in the telephone directory and found: Thomas Bordeaux, earlier from Arkansas, his father now in East St. Louis, Ill.; and Mrs. Jean Bordeaux and son Eugene, her husband dead. Her husband's brother, Jessie Bordeaux, is in Canal Point, Fla., and their father, Lafayette Bordeaux, is of Bergan, N. C., where there are Bordeauxs now. She knows no other Bordeauxs or DuBourdieus now living. 7 Anthony De Bourdeaux was father of James, who was father of Daniel, who was father of Eliza, who married Stephen Juhan and became the great grand­ mother of Wessie Mae Rentz ( Mrs. Ben Hendricks), source of above data. Pierre Robert, Jr. was father of Jacques de Bourdeaux Robert, an ancestor of Rev. Robert Peeples of Hilton Head, source of much information. See Our Family Circle, 1931, for data on the Robert Family of South Carolina. 256 BABY ON HER BACK

Samuel Dubourdieu and Descendants

Number 57 on the Ravenel List is entered as Samuel Du Bour­ deau. From the data given about his birthplace, wife and children, it is evident that he is the Samuel Dubourdieu mentioned on page 101 of this book as having gone to "the Carolinas." The naturaliza­ tion request reads:

"57. Samuel Du Bourdeau, esquire, born at Vitre in Brittany, son of Oliver Du Bourdieu and Marie Genne. Judith Dugue, his wife. Louis Philipe Du Bourdieu, son of said Samuel Du Bourdieu and of Louise Thoury, born in Carolina.

"Samuel Du Bourdieu, son of afore-said and of Judith Dugue, born in Carolina."

Mrs. Martha Bums of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina writes me:

'We have record of the marriage bond in 1693 of Samuel du Bordieu and Judith du Gue, spinster; in 1703 Samuell Du­ bourdieu was on Com. to collect taxes to pay for expedition against St. Augustine. Judith appears to have married in 1720 James Colleton, kinsman of the Landgrave."

If I may assume that any name from South Carolina spelled with the letters Dubourdieu and without a terminal x is a descendant of Samuel Dubourdieu of Vitre, there exist at least two such of record. I am indebted to Mrs. Gertrude Bull-the father of whose husband was Episcopal rector in Georgetown for fifty years-for the following:

"A Judith Dubourdieu was buried at St. Philips Parish, Charles­ ton, S. C., Jan. 19, 1739,-St. Philips Parish Register. The only other reference I find is the record of the marriage of Joseph Dubourdieu of Prince George Parish, Georgetown, and Mary White of [adjoining] Prince Frederick Parish, Peedee, on June THE WORLD 257 24, 1746. Mary White, daughter of Anthony White and Mary, his wife, was baptized Dec. 26, 1726-Church Register of Prince George Parish, Wynah.

"Col. Anthony White, who died Oct. 14, 1744, had many des­ cendants: I find no other references to the DuBourdieus. None by the name are in the area now. The French Huguenot fam­ ilies in this area were almost all members of the Episcopal Church."

Julian S. Bolick, author of The Return of the Gray Man, in a letter led me to R. G. White of 19 Archdale St., Charleston, S. C., a des­ cendant of Col. Anthony White. Thus I learned that the father of Joseph Dubourdieu's wife Mary was a colonel in the Craven County Regiment and Justice of Peace for Craven County, S. C. He had three children in addition to Mary. Georgetown Rice Plan­ tations on p. 72 names Joseph Dubourdieu as sole executor of the will of Captain Anthony White, Mary's brother, dated February 7, 1756.

Dubordieu Beach'

Samuel Dubourdieu settled near the Santee River, 9 which is an easyflowing stream, navigable its entire length of 150 miles to the heart of the state, where it is formed by the union of the Congaree and Catawba rivers. Near its mouth much of the land is malarial and swampy. In the days of early settlement, indigo-a blue dye­ was the major crop. After the American Revolution rice took over completely, and at one time the locality was one of the most pro­ ductive rice areas of America. 1 0 Hurricanes have visited the coastal area with disastrous results. That of 1822 wiped out the largest of four villages on the ocean,

8 Bolick's spelling; Lachicotte in Georgetown Rice Plantations writes it De- bordieu Beach. 9Baird, pp. 84-86. 10Alberta M. Lachicotte: Georgetown Rice Plantations, p. 3. 258 BABY ON HER BACK North Inlet, sweeping some houses to sea with their lights still burning. The hurricanes of 1893 and 1954 were nearly as severe. 11 Three years of hurricanes and severe freshets-1906-1908-destroyed the economy which supported the rice industry and thereby term­ inated it. 12 On the ocean, twenty miles north of the Santee is Dubordieu Beach. From the spelling of the name, it must have belonged to Samuel Dubourdieu or one of his descendants. Possibly he settled there. Now it is a part of the Vanderbilt Estate; at one time it belonged to the Alstons, who provided one of the governors of South Carolina. Author Julian S. Bolick describes it in these words:

"Dubordieu Beach is one of the most beautiful and primitive of the many strands on the upper South Carolina coast. For many miles its broad, white shores are lapped by the tides of the Atlantic, veritable paradise for fishermen. Row after row of high sand dunes, covered with gracefully swaying sea oats extend back from the beach to dense forests and winding creeks, which set the place apart from a splendid forest of pine, dotted with clumps of palmettoes. "The forest is abundant with wildlife. Herds of deer occasion­ ally wander to the beach. Raccoons and opossum are as com­ mon as cats. The bird life would delight the soul of many­ years deceased Audubon. Eagles and great fish hawks, cranes, herons, egrets and marsh hens are seen daily. Ducks, geese and occasionally swans in season ... mockingbirds."13

The Dubordieu Beach Ghost, Called "The Sad Gray Lady of Dubordieu" Stories are told of pirate landings. In the Civil War a Confeder­ ate blockade runner, escaping from a Union gunboat beached itself

"Julian S. Bolick: The Return of the Gray Man, pp. 83, 107-108. 12Alberta M. Lachicotte: Georgetown Rice Plantations, p. 4. 13Bolick, op. cit., p. 135. THE WORLD 259 there, and its remains may still be seen, an old hulk. After the Civil War the population dwindled, and the houses were destroyed by fire or fell into neglect and decay. In the past years Negro servants of the summer folks have talked about a ghost whom they call "The Sad Gray Lady." She walks the beach, wringing her hands and grieving. She is rather tall and wears a long, snugly fitting dress. Her hair is worn high, piled in a knot on the top of her head. Her dress is either Empire Period or the early days of this century. Her face never has been seen. She has been seen standing on the sand dunes by the beach, her hand shading her eyes as she studies the sea, as if searching the empty expanse for a ship. Sometimes she wrings her hands and moums. 14 Her identity is the burden of several of Julian Bolick's stories in his Return of the Gray Man. Some are connected with the Du­ bordieu Beach Castle. This is the chief building remaining on the beach, of curious, octagonal architecture, and therefore called the "Castle." During the Revolutionary War men in high government circles had visited there. Later, titled Europeans and prominent Americans had enjoyed its hospitality. A little boy had died there. His father was the handsome young governor of South Carolina and his mother the daughter of the vice-president of the United States. Then, during the War of 1812, the heart-broken mother left on a ship sailing from Georgetown to New York, there to visit her father. She never was heard from since. Is it her ghost which is called "The Sad Gray Lady"?15 Or is the ghost Theodosia? As Bolick tells the story, the Castle came to belong to a Santee River plantation owner, who used it during the summer "fever season" to escape the heat. One year, granddaughter Mae came to visit. One Sunday, after the guests had departed and only the family and their colored retainers re­ mained, Mae went early to bed. Across the long hall from Mae's bedroom but at the back of the house were the rooms of her two great aunts.

14ibid., pp. 138-39. 15ibid., p. 20. 260 BABY ON HER BACK A storm arose during the night, the lightening flashed, and the thunder roared. Poor Mae cowered and trembled. Then she was aware of a beautiful slender woman walking toward her bed. The charming lady said:

"Don't be afraid, child. I once had a little boy who was afraid of storms, too. When he became frightened he would cover his head; then he fell asleep."

Whereupon she smiled sweetly and pulled the covers over Mae's head. At breakfast Mae told her aunts about her thunderstorm visitor and the brown plaid dress she wore. When she finished, the aunts gasped and, almost in unison, exclaimed "Theodosia!" They ex­ plained that seventy years earlier their uncle's wife, Theodosia, had been living in the Castle, and that the last time they had seen her she was wearing a brown plaid dress, caring for her little sick son. Bolick records other locality traditions too.

Colonial Patriot My Uncle John DuBourdieu was the first of our branch of the family to settle in the United States permanently. He left Ireland, his mother and sisters followed, and then upon returning from Africa, my father joined them in Boston. John established himself in the clothing business in Dexter, Maine. There he married· Florence Farnsworth, a descendant of the Colonial patriot Hannah Weston, who in 1775, at the age of seventeen with her sister Rebecca, helped the Colonials capture the British ship Margranetto. 16 These girls did this by carrying forty pounds of ammunition across sixteen miles of trackless wilderness from Jonesboro, Ma,ine, to Machias, which town they are thereby credited with helping save from the British.2

16Or Magat'etta. 17See the marker of Hannah Watts Weston at Machias, Maine, erected there by the Daughters of the American Revolution. THE WORLD 261 Partly because of Maine's vacation features, John's sisters and mother-who lived first in Revere, Mass., and then in the New York City area-used to visit him there at times. Therefore I have asked his surviving daughter, my cousin Miss Marion DuBourdieu 18 to write me about her home, our grandmother and our aunts. For years Marion was head of the Mathematics Department of the Bangor, Maine, high school; then she taught mathematics at the University of Maine. Like Dorcas, she is always busy with good works, for she is financial secretary of the Congregational church of Bangor, an operating-room volunteer in the local hos­ pital, on the board of the Old People's Home, etc. She has recently returned from her latest trip abroad-this one around the world­ and is in demand as a lecturer on her travels. It is in her words that I tell the story of the family: "Of my grandmother DuBourdieu I remember very little, for I couldn't have been more than six or seven when she passed away. As I recall it, her visits were few-and an event in our household. A few things stand out. She had a broad Scotch accent-I never did learn to understand her brogue. Mother, who, I know, stood in great awe of her, always cau­ tioned us many times about what we couldn't say or do in her presence, especially on the Sabbath. Dinner on that day must be prepared the day before when Grandmother was with us. I always called her 'Grandmother;' to me she had a personality that went with the name; a shortened form would have been inappropriate.

"Mother was very quiet-reserved, had a keen sense of humor, laughed a great deal, and believed that family troubles should never be talked over in front of the children. She said little and made very few of the family decisions; but when she did talk things happened. "Father, on the other hand, was a dapper little Frenchman­ short, very straight, always well groomed, quick-tempered, and 1 8 Since the above was written, Marion DuBourdieu died, February 13, 1966. 262 BABY ON HER BACK rather moody at times. Yet he possessed a marvelous person­ ality, always going out of his way to be kind to someone less fortunate. From my father I learned friendliness to those out­ side the family circle, racial and religious tolerance, loyalty to superiors and those working for you, lessons which have been very valuable to me and which I have never forgotten.

The Annual Christmas Box

"Father liked nothing better than to entertain us with tales of his early childhood in Ireland: how, because of a broken leg, he was permitted to go to sea for six months with his maternal uncle who was a sea-captain; how strict his mother was with all the children. Before I entered school I knew that my father was born in Ireland, in Carrickfergus in the county of Antrim. "We were taught from an early age that, because we were DuBourdieus, more was expected from us. Due to my father's influence we grew up feeling that money was not the important thing in the world-perhaps, because we had little yet never seemed to lack the essentials. "Of the aunts-Abie, Rhea and Elizabeth-I have the fondest recollections, though, with the exception of Aunt Rhea, they seldom came to visit us. There was always the Christmas box, an event long looked forward to and talked about for weeks after. The big box could be opened but the packages must be left untouched until Christmas morning. This only in­ creased the excitement, for we had the added pleasure of de­ ciding many times what each parcel contained. "Aunt Rhea visited us frequently, and how we enjoyed those visits! Once she actually spent three months-and what a won­ derful winter that was. As I look back over the years I see that the greatest pleasures of my youth were tied up with Aunt Rhea-her visits and her letters. We loved her dearly, and whatever she did was perfection in our eyes." THE WORLD 263 Three children composed the family of my Uncle John: Marion, whose words I have been quoting; Edna, her older sister; and Ross, their brother and the youngest of the household. Edna was born just ten days after I, so we felt a special affinity for each other, corresponding through the years although we never met one an­ other until in our thirties. She married a childhood sweetheart, Dr. Norman Brown, a vet­ erinary physician; then, upon his early death, she became a grad­ uate librarian and entered the employment of the Bangor Public Library, one of the most richly endowed public libraries in America. Now I continue in Marion's words:

"Both my brother Ross and I idolized our sister Edna. She was just enough older that in our eyes she represented author­ ity and perfection. Throughout her life whatever she said or did, to us was the correct thing. So we were not at all sur­ prised when, after her retirement from the Bangor Public Li­ brary as head of the desk, the trustees honored her with a beautiful letter of appreciation for services rendered. "We were much pleased that what we always had been aware of, others had recognized too. She had that rare gift, perhaps inherited from our father, of being a friend to all with whom she came in contact. In her work as head of the desk at Ban­ gor's library, all people were of equal importance to her, what­ ever their station in life."

In this book, too little has been said about the DuBourdieu fe­ males. So I quote the letter of the library's trustees, both as a tribute to Edna DuBourdieu Brown and to honor all members of the family on the distaff side:

"Dear Mrs. Brown: Word of your retirement has been given us . . . from many sources. Those of us who visit the library frequently have missed you. In some cases our wives have re­ ported your absence. Friends have stopped us on the street 264 BABY ON HER BACK with their regrets. . .. The newspapers, too, have carried the word. "You have meant a lot to a great many people, and you still do. The twenty-two years that you have spent helping read­ ers, now in retrospect may seem short, but we lmow that they are filled with thousands of quiet, useful contacts with people you have helped. In the important thing of recommending that book that will stimulate thought, you have had real in­ fluence. You have helped students. You have begun good habits that continue in many lives. "Bangor people, as we meet them all the time, are proud of their library far more than are the citizens of other cities. Some of this pride is because of our many books; but more because of the gracious atmosphere in which we dispense those books. You have helped in large measure to establish this atmosphere. Part you have done through your personal contacts with the public; part, through the training in good manners and good thought you have given to the young women who have worked with you. 'We are grateful to you for all this. We want you to know that as individuals, and not simply as a group, we are thinking of you. . . . Even if, as we wish, you might have continued for the normal length of time to help the people of Bangor through the Library, we should have regretted the ending of your services. In one sense they do not end, for they inspire and challenge your associates to fill a large gap in their ranks ..... "

Magna Cum Laude

Ross, the youngest member of Uncle John's family, was below military age when America got into World War I. Nevertheless this did not prevent his enlisting and serving in the navy. Subse­ quently, he married Dorothy Upton-second cousin of Ralph Owen THE WORLD 265 Brewster, former governor of Maine and U.S. Senator. They re­ side in Newport, N. H., where he is overseer of dressing and spool­ ing for the Brampton Woolen Co. Currently he is planning on re­ tiring in 1966. Their first· child and only son, John Ross, was killed in a winter coasting accident when five years of age. Their second child, Mar­ garet Jeanne, graduated Magna Cum Laude from New Hampshire State University in 1959. She is now employed by the Central Tor­ pedo Office of the Naval Underwater Ordnance Station at New­ port, Rhode Island, in "classified," or secret, technical writing. On February 20, 1965, she became Mrs. James Michael McKenna.

Shipboard Romance James DuBourdieu, Jr., my father, was born in Carrickfergus, N. I., October 22, 1856. His father, James, Sr., was a local merchant, so successful that he was able to travel to America to collect a debt. My father's mother, Abigail Wallace Ross, was so proud of her ancestry that she gave "Wallace Ross" to three of her daughters as their middle names. She was a staunch Presbyterian, which ex­ plains why my father's baptism ultimately was in a Presbyterian church and not Episcopalian and why he had a pro-Presbyterian bias. Late in life James, Sr., and Abigail became estranged. He then paid a visit to his brother William John in Scotland and is believed to have been lost at sea following it. His widow, hoping that a sea-voyage would strengthen her sickly daughter Jennie, came to America with the girls of the family, John having already preceded them, and the Carrickfergus business having been dis­ posed of and set up as an annuity for her. James, Jr., my father, was active in sports most of his life: in Car­ rickfergus he was a member of rowing, cricket, lacrosse, and foot­ ball clubs, and I, as a youth, recall his playing football in Revere and cricket in Ilion. In Ireland he was in the insurance business and in the 1880's he was transferred by his firm to London. At that time the British were at war with the Boers in southern Africa, and James, Jr., on a dare from a friend who had failed, 266 BABY ON HER BACK took the army examinations and passed them. Thus he became "trooper DuBourdieu," one of 1000 mounted infantry, and an aide de camp to Lord Methuen, commander of the Bechuanaland Ex­ peditionary Force. It was during his absence in Africa that his father, James, Sr., is believed to have been lost at sea, and that his mother disposed of the Carrickfergus business and the family came to America. When James, Jr., had returned to Britain and arrived at the Glas­ gow pier to take a boat to America and join the family there, he met friends who were saying farewell to two other passengers, the Misses Eliza and Maggie Hamilton of Edinburgh. The acquain­ tanceship thus made so ripened on shipboard that, though Maggie's destination was Brooklyn and his Boston, they were married two years later, January 11, 1888. Maggie, Miss Margaret Young Hamilton, was the younger daugh­ ter of Edinburgh postoffice clerk, William Boyd Hamilton, Jr., and Anne Birnie, his second wife. When Anne died and William mar­ ried again, he settled the mother's estate on their two daughters, items of which are now in my possession, as a gold chain and a photograph of my mother's mother wearing it while a young wo­ man. I also have the Don Staffordshire punch-bowl from which my mother's father and my mother were baptized-and, later by me, my son and grandchildren. Maggie's grandfathers were: George Birnie, supervisor of Inland Revenue at Glasgow, and Surgeon William Boyd Hamilton, Sr., of Edinburgh. James, Jr., in America secured employment in a mail-order firm of Boston, then became a partner in a similar business. A few years later gold was discovered in the Klondike, so he sold out his Boston business to his partner and the Revere, Mass., home which he had recently had constructed, and became a member of a group of local men who hoped to "strike it rich." During his absence, his wife and two children 19 boarded with his wife's sister, who by this time had married and become Mrs. John

19My sister Marguerite died at the age of seven. THE WORLD 267 C. Day of Ilion, N. Y. Upon return from the Klondike 18 months later, he took a bottom-rnng position with the Remington Anus Company of Ilion as clerk and, by the time of his retirement at age 65, he had c_limbed the ladder of promotion to where he was pay­ master-during World War I of 10,000 men. In Ilion, N. Y., he and his wife were faithful members of the local Presbyterian church, he an elder and financial secretary.

Maize-hole Mountain Following his retirement and his wife's death shortly thereafter, he visited his sister Rhea-Rebecca, Mrs. Earl Boothby, in Lime­ rick, Maine. Impressed by the beauty of a farm across the valley, he purchased it and made it his retirement home. In early days Sokokis Indians annually visited the place as they traveled the nearby Pequaket Trail from their winter home in Central New Hampshire, to the summer clambeds of Biddeford on the Atlantic Ocean. On their way to the sea, Indian families would encamp on the plateau section of what later became the farm, plant com and beans there, and then continue on their way. Returning from the ocean they would harvest their garden pro­ duce, grind their com into meal, and continue on their way to their winter residence in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains. Pounding the grain pestle-fashion, they created "maize­ holes," which still remain in the rocky ledge where the front yard of the farmhouse ends. According to Dr. William Teg, a recognized authority on the sub­ ject and a summer resident of many years, a circle of boulders there probably was the site of the council-fire of the Indians' encamp­ ment, and the primitive cemetery on the farm may well have originated as an Indian burial-ground. Today the farm no longer is under cultivation. In 1934 the build­ ings completely burned to the ground, and my father's sister, Miss Elizabeth DuBourdieu who was his housekeeper, suffocated in the smoke of the disaster. She and her sister Rhea are buried in the Limerick cemetery. 268 BABY ON HER BACK My father died two years later in Harvard, Illinois, where he and my Aunt Elizabeth had spent winters with us. He is buried beside my mother and sister Marguerite in the Armory Hill Ceme­ tery of Ilion, N. Y. Because of the superiority of the Limerick place for summer vacationtime purposes, we have gradually replaced the essential buildings and have given the farm the name "Maize-hole Moun­ tain." An intimate Limerick friend of my father and ours, the late Cecil Sadler-a home-spun poet-composed the following rhyme about our summerplace the year after the house was rebuilt and gave it to me for Father's Day:

"While I sat musing at my desk, My thoughts flew back-now, you just guess. Perhaps you can; perhaps you cannot; So I'll say to you, 'Tis a beauty spot. 'Tis far from the road, on a stately hill; There is no city clatter, for all is still 'Cept the song of birds and buzzing of bees, And the sweet-smelling zephyrs among the trees. And there, all around, God's beauty lies Bathed in sunshine beneath the skies; And there stands a house, just in its youth, That's had only one birthday-now that is the truth! When you look it all over, you're brimful of pleasure As your thoughts go back, for to you 'tis a treasure: As a monument it stands on the very foundation Of Dad's old home-'tis a fine creation!"

Currently our three older grandchildren-Deborah, David and Daniel-spend summers with us at Maize-hole Mountain. For them as for us, it is an idyllic place for the summer vacation, with its sixty-five acres of woodland and meadow, and, just below the house terrace, a tiny lake which we have had bulldozed out for recrea­ tion and fire-protection. Toward the end of one perfect summer, two months after Deb­ orah had turned eight, she told us that she had composed a poem about Gladys Lake, as we called our pond, because Grandmother Gladys had saved out of her household allowance the money to pay for the pond's bulldozing. Here it is: THE WORLD 269 "We're looking at the pond And at the apple-tree. A bird comes flying along, And then a little bee. The grasshoppers are jumping; The crickets are at their best; The frogs are in the cattails; The fishes are at rest. There's lots of peace and comfort Along those shores I love; It is so nice and calm there, And gentle as a dove."

We all join in Deborah's sentiment.

World War I

James, Jr., and Margaret had two children: Marguerite, the younger, who died in Ilion of diphtheria at the age of seven-an outstandingly beautiful child; and William James. He was born at Revere, Mass., April 28, 1890. When he was a Junior in Ilion high school, at a Hallowe'en party he met a new girl who had just moved to town from New Berlin, N. Y., Nellie Gladys Dimock. After his graduation from Hamilton College of Clinton, N. Y. and four years teaching in the Presbyterian Boys' School at Tabriz, Iran, he enrolled in McCormick Theological Seminary of Chicago, and on Christmas Eve he and Gladys became engaged. They were married the following year on the Saturday before Labor Day 1918. The first World War began in 1914 while William was in Iran. Overnight word was received that armed Kurdish tribesmen under Turkish officers were pouring out of the mountains to fight the Russian soldiers who were stationed in Tabriz. Americans, since their nation did not enter the war until 1917, were neutrals, and so the next night William's bedroom floor was piled over a foot high with Persian rugs left with him by his British friends, who precipi­ tately had fled. When, shortly after, the Turkish-officered Kurds entered the city, the Boys' School buildings were converted by the Mission into a 270 BABY ON HER BACK place of refuge for local Christians, a household being assigned to a room or part of a room according to size. William erected flag­ poles, one for every gate, the women missionaries made American flags to fly from them, and then all waited, fearing that there might be a massacre such as had happened to the Christian village of the Urumia plain. Fortunately, the local merchants were able to buy the goodwill of the Kurdish invaders, the Kurds agreed to remain encamped outside the city wall so that the temptation to loot would be less­ ened, so long as the protection money continued to be paid. Then, unexpectedly one day, Russian Cossacks swept down out of the Marend pass and annihilated the Kurdish tribesmen. By this time the local Christians had returned to their own homes to live, and the teachers of the school learned about the battle through almost all their pupils being absent, having gone out to visit the battlefield. The next day being a Saturday, when there was no school, the teachers also went to the place of battle. The dead Kurdish bodies lay in the ditch along the roadway, having used this as a trench from which to fight. The bodies had been stripped of clothes and possessions by the people of Tabriz, and the ground was covered with long strips of paper bearing the names of God, which the Kurds had worn as amulets to bring them good fortune, and the co-religionist looters had thrown away as worthless, although they did take the amulet cases which had held these charms. Due to German submarines ocean travel was most dangerous when William's three-year period of missionary service was due to end, making his return to America and sending out a replacement for him unwise. So he extended his stay another year, by the end of which travel had become safer, and he returned to the U.S.A. America entered the war in 1917, and seminary students were advised to complete their schooling before enlisting. Thus, fol­ lowing his marriage, his wife Gladys accompanied William to Chicago and attended the classes at McCormick Seminary too until his graduation in 1919, by which time the war had ended. THE WORLD 271 Policemen Ba1· Entrance Into Church

Upon receiving his B.D. degree from McCormick William found himself restricted to the Chicago area by the five-month hospitali­ zation of Gladys-an after-effect of the World War I influenza epidemic, which had killed so many hundreds of thousands. Ac­ cordingly, he was pleased to be invited to try to reopen the Presby­ terian Church at Elwood, Illinois, a rural village some forty miles southwest of Chicago. As a result of the resurrection which followed his first six months of intensive service there, he was called to become pastor of Chicago's Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church, a combination of church and neighborhood-house program, located at 1246 West Adams Street. Through the removal of nearby churches, it was at that time the West Side Protestant church nearest to the Loop­ the central Chicago business district. At one time the location had been the Chicago "Gold Coast," with stylish houses and a zoo in the adjacent block-sized park, from which the church had taken its name. On the comer directly across the street and south from the church was the girlhood home of "Ma" Sunday, the wife of the famous American evangelist, Billy Sunday. In its living room they had done their courting when he was a professional baseball player for Chicago's "White Sox." Sun­ day's first Christian service was in the Sunday School of the church, where he became superintendent. But, by a generation later, the neighborhood had changed. The wealthy homes had become rooming houses; and the residence where "Billy" Sunday courted "Ma" was loaned rent-free to the church to serve as manse for its minister. Its exterior soon carried the scars of gangland gunfire-for example, one night we sat up in bed watching through the window a gun-battle in the street a few doors away. The interior of the church had been remodeled so that half oper­ ated weekdays as an extensive social-service center. And, Sundays, pastor and professional staff used the entire building for a full religious program. 2~ BABY ON HER BACK In time the new pastor visited the executives of the neighborhood factories and told them the achievements and needs of the week­ day program, with the result that many put the social work on their factory's monthly payroll. In 1927 these executives voted to raise the funds necessary further to remodel the plant, and engaged a contractor to learn what the cost would be. He examined the building minutely and discovered that the roof supports were weakened by dry-rot. Afraid that the roof might collapse any moment, he reported his findings to the city building department immediately. And, it was from a policeman whom the department stationed at the door to bar entrance that the people coming to a weeknight service first learned what had happened. At that time both Sunday and weekday programs were flourish­ ing. Sunday mornings half of the filled sanctuary was students from the then-nearby Coyne Trade School, and the minister was in considerable demand as a lecturer on techniques and programs that succeed in the inner-city-for example, his two last years at Jefferson Park Church he lectured at the three-day Baltimore Synod on this subject.

Doctor of Churches After the Jefferson Park Church work closed, the author did three things simultaneously: he served as minister of the Berkeley­ Hillside Presbyterian Church; he took on-campus studies at North­ western University, which brought him his Ph.D. degree; and he organized the Bellwood Presbyterian Church, Sunday worship be­ ing held in Bellwood at 10:00 a.m. and in the Berkeley-Hillside Church at 11: 10. Then he went to Harvard, Illinois. There he saw clearly that the youth who were remaining in the community following their school­ ing were those residing on the farms. Accordingly, building on the good work of Rev. Wilford Taylor, his predecessor, and as a sup­ plement to the church's excellent program for city residents, the author gave special attention to the spiritual needs of the area's farm residents. THE WORLD 273 Because of the results, a number of articles were written on rural church methods for religious magazines, and again, he was in con­ siderable demand as a lecturer on his church methods-once lectur­ ing for a _week to the students of Pittsburg-Zenia Theological Seminary. While in Harvard, Illinois, he was for a year the moderator of the Presbytery-Freeport, a member of various presbytery com­ mittees, and chairman of Illinois Synod's Committee on United Promotion. Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941-he became Director of Churches for the Church Extension Board of the Presbytery of Chicago. As such, he was responsible for strengthening the weak churches assigned to the Board by the Presbytery and for organizing new churches. The weak congre­ gations assigned him totaled fifty-one. These he sought to make self-sufficient by securing able full-time leadership for them and by counselling about program. The results were eminently satisfactory, churches which had the inherent potential of being strong becoming so. For example, one of these fifty-one was the Portage Park Presbyterian Church, which from its founding years ago had been ailing. Mature and able Rev. Fred Newlin was persuaded to accept a call to become this church's pastor. Recently, he retired, and I quote from a report of his on his twelve and half years of service there:

"The membership has grown from 85 to an all-time high of 224. Giving for local purposes . . . from $3500 annually to $12,875. Benevolence giving from $381 to $3085 in 1960. Property improvement represented a total cost of $12,000 with an additional $5000 or $6000 saved through donated labor."

As the number of new churches established grew and the labor of guiding congregations increased, those inner-city churches which from their location seemed unlikely to achieve self-support were 2U BABY ON HER BACK transferred to what later became the Department of Urban Church, and establishing new churches became the author's major respon­ sibility.

Midwife of Churches

While doing his graduate work at Northwestern University the author had been impressed by a statement of Dr. William Louis Bailey, professor of urban sociology, that Chicago was destined to be the world's largest city. In contrast was the 1942 belief of the executives of most of the denominations comprising the Church Federation of Greater Chicago. America was then just emerging from the so-called "Depression," which had begun in 1929, and the author's fellow-executives of the Church Federation mostly held that future Chicago-area growth would be very modest. As a consequence, in his fourteen years as agent of the Presby­ terian Church Extension Board, the author participated in the establishment of thirty-seven churches, said at the time to be more new churches than established in that period by all the other Fed­ eration denominations combined. The author's argument to the members of his Board was: "So long as the Lord provides the funds for the last church opened, let us have the faith to start the next one." And the Lord did continue supplying the money needed -often through unexpected sources. As Director of Churches, the author's responsibility in the es­ tablishment of new churches was: to locate the field in which new work should be initiated; to secure authorization from the Church Federation's department of comity to enter the field; to receive from the Church Extension Board approval of the work and a money commitment to finance it; with the approval of the Board and Presbytery to employ a minister to develop the new work; and as the project advanced, to counsel with the minister and the local people. Illustrative of the author's part is a flow of letters. Here is a recent one. THE WORLD 275

"We of the Presbyterian Church of Western Springs are gather­ ing together papers and other items relative to the history of the church for use in a historical display ... If my memory serves me correctly, shortly after you called in our home in the late winter of· 1955, we received a sheet from a deskpad which read in part: 'From the desk of W. J. DuBourdieu: The meeting will be held on March 10 at 8:30 p.m. at the home of the Dekkers, 5024 Woodland.' "There was no address or signature on the note. My copy can­ not be found. Since I feel that this note, historically, is the first document of the Presbyterian Church of Western Springs ... would you be so kind as to write again this memo ... Russel E. Hall''

In that same year this telegram was received:

"1961 JAN 22 AM 8 07 REV WILLIAM J DUBOURDIEU ... SUNDAY JANUARY 22ND AT 330PM WE ARE DEDICAT­ ING OUR NEW WINNETKA PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH BUILDING WE REMEMBER WITH DEEP GRATITUDE ALL YOUR HELP IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THIS CHURCH WE HOPE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO BE WITH us

DR AND MRS ELIOT E FOLTZ.''

On March 12, 1961, when the Great Lakes Family Church, now in­ corporated into the chaplaincy program of the Great Lakes Naval Training Center, dedicated its sanctuary, the printed brochure of the day said in part:

"The vision for the establishment of such a church and the faith that it could be accomplished was the initiative of Dr. William J. DuBourdieu." 2W BABY ON HER BACK The Synod of Illinois now contains forty churches the product of the author's initiation. One had been started before he be­ came Director of Churches of the Church Extension Board, thirty­ seven while he was Director-four of these thirty-seven being in the "request" stage when he retired-and two following his retirement, with him serving as field developer. The Minutes of General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church in The United States of America gave the following data- I quote two years to indicate rate of growth:

The Forty New Churches for 1958 for 1960 Church Members 12,311 15,398 Sunday School Members 10,418 12,277 Current Expense Receipts $ 595,037 $ 827,538 Property Fund Receipts $ 427,169 $ 571,119 Benevolence Receipts $ 122,027 $ 162,873 Total Receipts $1,144,233 $1,561,530

In 1961 a most challenging invitation came to the author to go to Iran as "Advisor" to the Presbyterian-related churches of Tehe­ ran. Industrialization had suddenly increased the population of Iran's capital-city area from one-quarter million to two and a half million and thereby faced the Christian churches with a stagger­ ing problem of church extension. They then requested the Presby­ terian Commission on Ecumenical Mission and Relations to send from America someone experienced in city church extension, and the author was selected. He and his wife were on the field from September, 1962, to June, 1963. There he made a study of the situation, divided the metro­ politan area into regions, enlisted developers for all major regions, trained them, and launched them in holding regional neighborhood house-meetings. Now these meetings have become the scaffolding on which an evangelistic church-extension program is being erected. Already new property has ,been purchased in some of these regions, an extensive leadership-training school is planned, and it is intended THE WORLD 277 that the regional gatherings will be the vehicles through which the new leaders will function. Details are in appendix.

A Most Creative Person and a Gentleman We have an only son, Richard James DuBourdieu, born August 2, 1919. In 1941 he graduated summa cum laude from Carroll Col­ lege of Waukesha, Wisc. Japan attacked our nation the following December while he was doing graduate work in English at the University of Wisconsin. He enlisted in the U. S. Coast Guard, attending their officers training academy, and became executive officer of an "83-footer," escorting ships through the mine fields off Cape Hatteras. Later he was sent to naval air school for flight training and, upon receiv­ ing his "wings," he became the pilot of an air-sea rescue Catalina flying-boat-known as a "Black Cat''-based at Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. At the end of the war, upon discharge from service as lieutenant, senior grade, he prepared a brochure upon himself which he sub­ mitted to the advertising agencies of the Chicago area. As a con­ sequence he was invited to join the staff of the advertising firm of Robertson and Buckley. Later he transferred to Abbott Labora­ tories, where he is a product advertising manager, currently in charge of hospital products, as intravenous fluids, equipment and anesthetics. A former associate of his there in a recent letter to me wrote about our son:

"I have a great admiration for Dick. He is a most creative person, and a gentleman of the highest order."

Advertising is a logical vocation for him because from tiny child­ hood drawing and writing were favorite avocations in which he displayed great talent. The line-drawings in this book are his work. Also, I am indebted to him for much technical assistance and guid­ ance. 2m BABY ON HER BACK So Much Depends on So Few

In 1950 he married Virginia Rachel Morris, whose late father had been publisher and editor of The Tucker Democrat, a county news­ paper of Parsons, West Virginia. In her concern for others and her love of children, she is "just like the girl who married dear, old Dad," to quote a former popular song. They live in Lake Forest, Illinois, and are the parents of four delightful children: Deborah Jane, born June 2, 1952, who was reading books at the age of four; David James, born November 15, 1954, who is loaded to the brim with resourcefulness and drive; Daniel John, born December 15, 1956, one of whose teachers characterized him as "a very bright boy, showing originality and initiative in all that he does;" and Thomas William, born June 3, 1960, alive and healthy thanks to modem medicine, for he is re­ covering from nephrosis, a disease once without cure. With the three boys rests much of the future of the DuBourdieu name, because they, the two Dubourdieu boys of Canada, the two of Scotland, and Samuel Dubourdieu, Jr., of Northern Ireland are their generation's only male-line descendants of Rev. Isaac duBour­ dieu of Bergerac, Montpellier and London, so far as I have been able to learn. So much depends on these few! THE WORLD 279 280 BABY ON HER BACK THE WORLD 281

CHAPTER XX

POSTLOGUE

As I complete this narrative of a single Huguenot family, I re­ alize that it has been a "study in depth" of the Huguenot story. This it has presented through the documented tale of the descen­ dants of one man, who with him were placed in the center of the rise and dispersion of the Huguenot Faith of France. This narrative is a personalized grass-roots story of the aspirations and struggles of France's Huguenots, and of the end-effect of their consecration . and heroism as seen today in its scattered living members. In Ireland, where the Family and fellow-Huguenots served so long and well, their French names have largely disappeared; Profes­ sor Felix Hackett of Dublin wrote me that, following his reading of Knox's Ireland's Debt to the Huguenots, he checked the French names in Knox's book against an Ireland directory, and that he was shocked to discover how few are listed therein. As this DuBourdieu narrative illustrates, the descendants of Ireland's Huguenots now are scattered over all the world, and their blood must flow in the veins of uncounted thousands. ~2 BABY ON HER BACK As to this one Huguenot family, definitely those in whose arter­ ies runs the blood of Godefroy, the first lord of Le Bourdieu, and of Isaac duBourdieu, the dauntless pastor banned from his church in France, and of beloved Saumarez Dubourdieu, Ireland's "last Huguenot of pure French extraction," they have an ancestry to be proud of. These forebears left the world better than it would have been, had they not resided in it. Although Godefroy today is chiefly a tradition, Isaac and Saum­ arez are actively revered. In Montpellier, France, even though it was more than 300 years ago when Isaac began serving the Re­ formed Church there, it was with intense emotion that Pastor Henri Bose showed us the sites connected with the story of Isaac. His church officers' gift to me of a bronze plaque of the city and a thousand warm memories testify to the esteem in which Isaac still is held. And, what finer tribute ever was paid to a schoolmaster­ pastor than the glowing words Saumarez' pupils had engraved upon the memorials which they erected to him in the Lisburn Cathedral and in the Larrbeg churchyard. From the family's beginning, DuBourdieus appear to have been active in the living church. Even the earliest histo1y-shrouded me­ dieval records show them as the benefactors of the feudal abbeys built on their chateau estates. Including the descendants of Rev. Jean de Bordieu, the chaplain to the dukes of Schomberg, there are at least eighteen Protestant DuBourdieu clergymen whose names I have encountered. In a family with so few male members at any one time this seems a truly remarkable percentage. Clearly there is history to back up the statement which my grandfather made to my father, that it is DuBourdieu Family tradition for the oldest son to enter the ministry. As laymen, DuBourdieus have been and are faithful to the House of the Lord. In medieval France, DuBourdieus served as elders of their temples, and today in varied capacities they are "pillars" of their churches. When I visited the rector of the Lambeg church he told me, as I have recorded, that a treasurer in a former charge was a DuBourdieu-Robert Dubourdieu Best. In my correspon- THE WORLD 283 dence with Isabelle DuBourdieu Mackenzie, she wrote that her aunt in New Zealand-Eliza DuBourdieu McAllister-was "such an ardent church worker." A Limerick, Maine, summer resident who is trust officer of a Bangor bank remarked to me that my cousin-Miss Marion DuBourdieu-is "so active in the Congregational church." And, of course, my wife and I are happy that our son and his wife and family show this same zeal for the House of the Lord. It was while he was president of the Board of Trustees of the First Presbyterian Church, then on Fifth Avenue, Maywood, that the church launched the fund drive which climaxed in the church mov­ ing to and building on its present strategic location on Ninth Avenue at the edge of Winston Park; and, this past year as a deacon of the Lake Forest, Ill., Presbyterian Church, he was the officer selected to prepare the printed publicity for the annual financial canvass. Past and present generations of DuBourdieus have served the Lord well. May future generations continue by carrying on for the Savior. My sentiment is presented by some words of our grand­ daughter Deborah in 1962 when we attended Sabbath worship in Montpellier, France. It was communion Sunday and Deborah had asked if she should partake of the sacrament. Realizing the re­ ligious impact this might have, taking the Lord's Supper for the first time where her renowned grandfather of ten generations pre­ vious, Rev. Dr. Isaac duBourdieu, had been the famous pastor, we assented. The communicants formed a semi-circle behind the communion table. There in the manner of the Reformed Church of France, Pastor Henri Bose served each of us the bread and the wine. At the close of the service Deborah, tears glistening in her eyes, said: "Knowing what my ancestors have suffered for their church, I shall never take my religion lightly." 284 BABY ON HER BACK PART VI

APPENDIX AND INDEX 286 BABY ON HER BACK t-- DESCENDANTS OF LORD PIERRE DUBOURDIEU, GOVERNOR OF BERGERAC ( Generation l} 00 e;i ~ ..... Generation 2 Generation 3 Generation 4 Generation 5 .,g~ ~ REV. JEAN ARMAND---REV. SAUMAREZ (go fo p. 288) ij ~ i: REV. ISAAC duDOURDlEU t,;;?da[~~l~ount m. Charlotte Massey, m. Mary Thompson .._. .... t1" by his first wife: de La Valade ~ Countess d' Esponage 1; '2- .•. Le Valet (La Valade) NDREE LE VALET :;;: z m. I Jean Vachan ts ~ ~ m. 2 Jean Boybellaud-----ilREV. ARMAND BOYBELLAUD ~ J;.,l (Boisebeleau) DE LA CHAPELLE ~ ~ g J;.,l ac m. Isabeau Deytet < EV. JEAN de BORDIEU-- (go top. 288) g ~ t:, ta:, m. 2 Marie de Costebadle m: Margaret Voysine 0 CODE: ::g Armand m. Isabeau Ddpreuch i:,:; Capitalized names are 0 V. JEAN ARMAND z m. 3 !eanne de Poyteuin---, (no children) featured In the text. i i:,:; Pierre um» means "married," I::! J;.,l ;,. PIERRE. the artist, ------+Philippe §i 0 called Pieter Dubordieu MARIA 0 l!I m. Marie le Fevre Samuel ::,' @ J;.,l ti; i5 OLIVIER Jean ~q i:,:; ::, m. I Margueritte de SAMUEL n 0 PIERRE DUBOURDIEU Gennes (childless) m. I Rachel Le Moyne 0 /§ Gov. flsle Bouchard m. 2 Judith Du Gue---- Louis Phillipe ;i A m. Michelle Mauleverault--- m. 2 Marie de Gennes -----< m. 3 Louise Fleury Samuel Olivier ~ ;;l JEAN DUBOURDIEU ELIZABETH ------.,~4children: fled with parent/I. ~ i:,:; Consul of Algiers m. Louis de Gaillardy Charles, Samuel, Louison: kft ;;::J;.,l CHARLOTTE Isaac in France ~ m. Rev. Pierre Fleury ESTER, m. cousin ~ ~ Their son was ------1-Rev. Louis Fleur11 -----Philip, Amory, Ester & Marie ~ .....0 who m. cousin Ester MATTHIEU RENEE PIERRE stayed in France - 11 cltildren (See Chapter vm) ~ m. Catherine de Moucheron l,Q 00 DESCENDANTS OF SONS OF REV. ISAAC dul3OURDIEU 00 ~ Generation 4 Generation 5 Generation 6 Generation 1 ~{V. JEAN ARMAND---REV. SAUMAREZ-----1REV. JOHN------1CAPT. SAUMAREZ 8 m. Charlotte Massey, m. Mary Thompson m. Margaret Sampson LIEUT. COL. ARTHUR § Countess tlEsponage ( No. 7.2 on P· 289) ,:::i m. Mary Flattery John Annand ~ (No. 7.3 on p. 289) ~ ~~~ ~ Rev. Peter------Rev. John CAPT. FRANCIS Isaac CAPT. GEORGE WILLIAM ~ (see below for Rev. .Armand) Selina Elizabeth 0 Gabriel No. 7.6 on p. 289) "" Marguerite m. Capt. Gem John Lewis REV. J. ARM.t\ND------icharlotte·Eliza MARGARET CHARLOTTE m. Esther Trafford Anne (No. 7.7 on p. 289) Esther m. W. Gorman Margaret-Henrietta CATHERINE Elizabeth Samuel (No. 7.8 on p. 289) m. Mallet m. Dr. J. Wilmshurst Anne MARIA Jeanne m. D. Proverau Charles Peter SURGEON SHEM-----SAUMAREZ or SUMMERS REV, ARMANu------1 (see below for Rev. John) m. Jane Brown (No. 7.10 on p. 289) Annand m. Jane Carmichael Isaac Jacob 0) 00 DESCENDANTS OF REV. JOHN DUBOURDIEU'S CillLDREN: C'l 7.2, Lieut. Col. Arthur; 7.3, John Armand; 7.6, Selina Elizabeth; 7.7, Margaret Charlotte; 7.8, Catherine

(Numerals above explain numerals in left margin.)

Generation 8 Generation 9 Generation 10 Generation 11 Generation 12

John Wendy Best Arthur WILLIAM duBOURDIEU Robert Dubourdiett Major John ------;Mary BEST ------1 Best m. Bridget McGowan Catherine ROBERT DUBOURDIEU m. Edna Joyce Denman Joanna Best Gertrude BEST------1Eleanor Best Sophia m. Katie Creswell 7,2 Lieut. Arthur Mary Best ------; Catherine m. G. Johnston Charlotte m, N. Balfe George------lMary m. Dillon 7,3...fR;;v. Annand Alice ~daughter m. T. Powers William Hurst Lieut. Thomas Hurst David Hurst 7 6%s011s Ida Best ------1· m. Patricia Parsons Shelley Hurst · l,'L_ Rev. Shem t>1 t;:I ~ ~ m. Emma Halahan ~ !:;:! Andrew ~ ""' m. Mary ~.., 0 E3 Saumarez "' ~ .,,-- Isabelle 0 '>1 6 m. Dr. Holahan C'l ::i:: Charlotte 0 m. Ralph Brinker ;;; trJ Jane :,:, :,:i Anne Rev. James Carmichael ~ a t;:I m. Dr. O. Carey Frederick Carmichael :,:, Emma ------1Dr. Henry Carmichael > m. Bwhop /. Carmichael Samuel Dubourdieu Carmichael C".) ~:,:, :,:, ~ liza t>1 She,nm>------1 m. ].. McAllmer ti Mary c:: Cj ~ m. /. McCluskin a c:: illlam John llelshaw--1 boy, 4 girls :,:, JANE CHARLOTTE ntermediate children ~ t>1 m. W. Belshaw IZABETH llEL~HAWELIZABETH BURNS---Kenneth Francis C~rozier c:: m. F. R. Burns m. L, Crozier SYLVIA Rodney Saumarez a CHARLOTTE BUfu"IJS m R Robinson Robinson '>1 illiam John, Charlotte. · · Clifford Robinson Cj t>1 Anna ------iThomas, Mary, Shem, AGNES------4 . :,:, m. /, Murphy 6c Samuel Murphy m. Abernathy BLANCHE Terence McV1c_ar 0 ~ m Tom McVicar--- Peter Dubourdieu t>1 "ADMINISTRATOR"~HEM . M_cVicar . 5:- SUMMERS or SAUMAREZ ESTHER Sylvia McVicar G m. Margaret McBride m. J. L. Macartney MURIEL fl{evin Weir (top. 291) Robert James m. William Weir~thleen Weir DESCENDANTS OF "FARMER" SHEM (Number 7.12) CONTINUED (Numeral above explains numeral in left margin.) Generation 8 Generation 9 Generation 10 Generation 11. Generation 12 ("Administrator" JAME,;:,------MARY JANE or JEANIE-- James Howard Dowling-IT,unes Allen Dowling Summers or Saumarez m. J. Dowling ~na Mary Dowling continued from p, 290)------i"CONTRACTOR" FRANK or Cyril Nettleship-Oohn Nettlesnip F.RANCIS MAGGIE 7ames ~on Nettleship m. 1 Mary Burns----1 m. ], Nettleship John Nettleship Walter Nettleship Doreen Nettleship m. McKee lwyne MUEI:..------tEstelle Frank ( or Francis) . Gladys Best [J]SAMUEL Isabella m. Elizabeth McK J,µnes ary fr:i;ida Fann Margaret i m. M. Fann----~aron Fann Elizabeth m. 2 Lizzie Girvi,1 ___jElizabeth Maud ~ert Frederick John Margaret -IEBORAH JANE _ DAVID JAMES JAMES------1 JAMES----~--tREV. WILLIAM JAMES-RICHARD JAMES DANIEL JOHN m, Abigail Wallace Ross m. Margaret Young m,Nellie Gladys Dimock m. Virginia Rachel THOMAS WILLIAM Hamilton Marguerite Morris ABIGAIL m. George McArthur EDNA m. Dr, Norman Brown MARION JOHN ROSS·-----lALBERT ROSS-----t~JEANNE MARGARET m. Florence Farnsworth m. Dorothy Upton m. James Michael McKenna, REBECCA m. Earl Boothby John Ross Elizabeth Rebenna Jennie WILLIAM JOHN ( Go to p. 292 ) Sarah m, McBride--- 2 daughters 292 BABY ON HER BACK

DESCENDANTS OF GOVERNOR PIERRE DUBOURDIEU OF BERGERAC

DESCENDANTS OF WILLIAM JOHN DUBOURDIEU (P. 291) AND ELIZA NEIL

Generation 9 Generation 10 Generation 11 Generation 12

Mary m. J. Walker---cI1ildren William John Sarah m. Mary Baker Margaret m. James JI. G-ilchrist·----- children SAUMAREZ m. ISABELLE m. --MARGARET MACKENZIE Denise Beasey Sarah Laird J. Mackenzie .m. 1 W. Beasey ----I Terry Beasey m. 2 Lee R. Gilbert Ph.D Jacqueline Beasey El' rlivonne Johnston SAMUEL I iza m. m. Boyle J. Johnston James Johnston SAUMAREZ - SHEM Sarah m. R. Clark-Sadie Clark m. J. Stevenson Mary Jane I SHEM m. fvivienne 4 children died Grace Frazer--~lie in infancy Jamesina "'.· ----Edith Cunningham m. T, Cunningham Paul Cianci MARY JANE etrina • _____!Karen Lyn ]]· J l William John m. l!,inda Dorothy iam O m m. -- Barbara Light Iren~ Taylor - rs;;zanne Cathy Smith Samuel II m. thenne m. ---Isabelle Burns m.-----<~ne Marguerite Smith Isabelle R. Bums Raymond Smith Lafferty { abella m·----~wPhyllis Ricci m. Everett Ed Cook III T. Ricci . Everett Ed Cook II ~ rbara Ricci David Truesdale Archie Truesdale argaret Leishman m. Richard Truesdale W. Truesdale 4chie Leishman John Leishman m. Tom Leishman Jean m. Mary Leckenly Ian Leishman A. Leishman Jessie Leishman ~ Grace Leishman m. Jeanette Sasala JAMES m. J. Sasala Margaret Rose Sasala Margaret Muir argaret Ingles Euphemia m, Isabella Ingles WILLIAM JOHN m. J, InglesAlexander~ Ingles Margaret James m. [Helen Stewart ____....., Edith Cookstone---·-Jlliane Grace Margaret m.------Irene Pinkerton JI. Pinkerton [wi:LLIAM JOHN JOHN STEWART m.--~LIN JI. Mengies Jean m.------1 Margaret Martin James Martin John Martin n Harris William John m, Grace Reid Jean Martin Agnes m. DAVID m. W. Harris M. McFarlane, ~WILLIAM JOHN lliam Harris m. Yvonne Mary Jane II Jean Gibson !Eilliam Harris DAVID C. O'Hara Jean Harris Eliza m. Agnes Harris R. McAllister APPENDIX 293 2N BABY ON HER BACK A P P E N D I X 295

ILLUSTRATIONS

With representatives from eleven of the twelve consecutive genera­ tions which start with Governor Pierre DuBOURDJEU of Bergerac.

Montpellier at time of siege by Louis XIII ( 1622). An old print. 296 B A B Y O N H E R B A C K

Deborah DuBourdieu in entrance to the Cathedral of Sainte Marie d'Oloron. David De Bordiu was a pastor here ( Chapter II). A P PE N D I X 297

. j ,,

,,,...,._de Bergerac, consfrulf en 1636. r demoli en 1682. . (D'apris un plan d .___~---~

The Huguenot Church of Bergerac, built in 1636, and demolished by the government in 1682. Arnaud de Bordieu and Isaac duBour­ dieu each served as pastor in this church ( Chapter III). 298 BABY ON HER BACK

Rev. Isaac duBourdieu, Th. D., about 1682 - the year of the Paulet affair, of the destruction of the Grand Temple, and of the departure of Isaac from France to London ( Chapter V ). Generation 2. APPENDIX 299

The Abbey of Abbot Isaac DuBOURDIEU at Audirac ( Chapter II). 300 BABY ON HER BACK

Rev. Isaac duBourdieu, Th. D ., about the age of 100 ( Chapter IX). APP E N DIX 301

British Crown copyright photograp/1 , reproduced by permission.

Sir Christopher Wren's plan for the enlarged Church of the Savoy. 302 BABY ON HER BACK

/l~.2Jl7 OV!){2)8BV. 9J. enfl.'.Jlmi,Zr~ eu, l:Eg /udrranco ue,, de la evea.Jerdrer

Rev. Jean de Bordieu, D. D. ( Chapter VI). This picture may be seen in the English Church of the Savoy. Generation 3. A P PE N D I X 303

Painting of Marie Durand as imprisoned in the Tower of Constance ( Chapter V).

Miniature of William III by Sir Godfrey Kneller in a ring given to Jean de Bordieu by Marshal Frederick Schomberg at the Battle of the Boyne ( Chapter X). 304 BABY ON HER BACK

The autlior's wife and Pastor Henri Bose be­ fore the doorway to th<' second-story au­ dience-ch amber of Governor De Noaillcs ( Chapter VI). A P P E N DI X 305

The author addressing 1957 Assembly of the Desert ( Chapter V ).

Pastor Bose points out the execution place in Montpellier. 306 BABY ON HER BACK

Miss Turner, librarian at French Savoy Church on Soho Square, London, displays old DuBourdieu volumes found in that library. A P P E N D I X 307

Reproduced by permission of the Art Institute of Chicago.

"Portrait of a Young Girl," by Pieter Dubordieu, a 23 x 30-inch oil painting. Is this his daughter, Maria? ( Chapter VIII). 308 BABY ON HER BACK

Hev. Jean Armand Dubourdieu, Chaplain of Duke of Richmond and Lennox, and Minister of French Savoy ( Chapter XII ). As an infant he was smuggled from France on his mother's back. All known Huguenot DuBourdicus descend through him. Generation 4. A P P E N DI X 309

Rev. J. Armand Dubourdieu, Chaplain of Duke of Devonshire, and Minister of French Savoy ( Chapter XI ). This "most illustrious member of the DuBourdieu family of his generation" shared the the same name as his cousin on the opposite page. Generation 4. 310 BABY ON HER BACK

Rev. Saumerez Dubourdieu ( Chapter XIII). Ile carried on a career as schoolmaster and pastor in and about Lisburn. Generation 5. APPENDIX 311

Old photo of Castle Street, Lisburn. Low, dark building behind the bystander is the Huguenot Church where Saumerez was chaplain. 312 B A B Y O N H E R B A C K

Rev. John Dubourdieu, oldest son of Rev. Saumerez. a sociologist as well as a clergyman ( Chapter XIV). Generation 6. APP EN DIX 313

Silhouette of Maria, daughter of Rev. John Dubourdieu. An ac­ count of this and other portraits is in Chapter XIV. Generation 7. 3M BABY ON HER BACK

,.. L_.... ( f ....n ... ,tt1LN VIX'TAa HVF..ltNDI Vl ■ I eAllNA ■EZ ut.·•>t: ■ DlaJ AM IX."Cl..UMI .• c;.,1 I f<'A ■Cna.MAT.C ,,-.. Hl• ...... , POMT.C Nu-nTIU l:n"...... OL&N&\. C:'11 ■ 1• \ .A.U ITM:lll'.a C LllllflllCMII ... esx ETOUl~flllTA ANNOll 1'9A:FKTI voe l-1■ ■IMft.&X ,.,. CANDI- INTl:O&■ 0\ll ClALLICA -caTUI KD SXUl,Mfll ,11 ■ 1a, -DI ff IOCVM ET -VAN PAT■IAM Al'VD EXTIC- vwnm•• MUUIT NIILLl■ -a lLLllCCMIS ~ ■AICTW .rovcNTUTCM -18 LITTIC­ o■ ICCISM •t1■ 1a FIDEi ••■..-EPTa _,.u cx,·Ml"\.O vn.1· ar.,.r. M"T.C L"ll'r'R~ XIT CT l'e,.AVIT • •NA-A CON,l}Cr 1/LATto• I.I--NATOa rALI "'"T ■ r. o,cr-.OA Rt;Ll(rllT Dllll"r J(IA C\L,IDIIO .IANUA■ ll A,.NO 'i U I,,. Ml)('('l'XI I 'IJCACTI~ MM '-"="II ;,<<:VI MENIIIMIS Ill IPULI ■Ol a; M~U:NT•I■ HAUD INM&-D

This memorial to Saumerez Dubourdieu was erected by his former students. A translation of the inscription is on page 184. A P P E N D I X 315

Closeup of the life-sized bust of Saumerez which surmounts the family coat of arms. The memorial stands in Lisburn Cathedral. 316 BABY ON HER BACK

Grave of Surgeon Saumerez Dubourdieu at Ennis, in old Franciscan Abbey. The author's wife and granddaughter place flowers ( Debo­ rah's great, great, great, great grandfather). APPENDIX 317

Above. William John Dubourdieu of Clen­ garn ock, Scotland ( Chapter XVII ). Generation 8.

L e ft. "Contractor" Frank Dubourdieu of Magheragall, Ireland ( Chapter XVII ). Generation 9, 318 BABY ON HER BA CK

James DuBourdieu, Jr., and his bride, Margaret Young Hamilton, parents of the author ( Chapter XIX ). Generation 9. APPENDIX 319

The author, Rev. William James DuBourdieu, and his bride, Nellie Gladys Dimock. Generation 10. 300 BABY ON HER BACK

Richard James DuBourdieu, son of the author, and his bride, Vir­ ginia Rachel Morris ( Chapter XIX ). Generation 11. A P P E N D I X 321

The U.S.A. male-line DuBourdieu children, David James, Deborah .Jane holding Thomas William, and Daniel John. Generation 12. 322 BABY ON HER BACK

Jacques Dubourdieu, of Asnieres, France.

A P a risia n family - Emile Dubourdieu and wife, daughters Marie Antoinette, Fran~oise. A P P E N D I X 323

Maurice and Pierre Dubourdieu, Parisians of Bas­ que ancestry ( note Pierre's Basque beret).

Last male line of the family name Dubourdieu in Ireland: Samuel, of Lisburn, Generation 11; wife Gladys; son Samuel, Jr., Generation 12. 3N BABY ON HER BACK

Robert Dubourdieu Best (left), of Ireland, Generation 10; his nephew Rev. Walter Hurst (center ), of New Zealand, Generation 11; and son William duBourdieu Best (right), Generation 11. APPENDIX 325

David James DuBourdieu, Generation 12, in the lap of his 90-year­ old great grandmother, Clara Belle Murdock Dimock. ~6 BABY ON HER BACK

The author baptizing his grandson David, June 26, 1955. The child is held by his godmother, Mrs. Hu­ bert Nieman, and the parents stand at either side.

The author, his wife, N. Gladys Dimock DuBourdieu, and granddaughter, Debo­ rah DuBourdieu, at time of their 1962 trip to Iran. APPENDIX 327 328 BABY ON HER BACK APPENDIX 329

Mrs. Nellie Gladys Dimock DuBourdieu

The King's Champion Subsequent generations of my own family surely will be pleased to know about their grandmother, the author's wife, Nellie Gladys Dimock-known by her middle name of Gladys. She is of American Colonial stock, most of her ancestors having come to this country in its days of early settlement. In our home, by way of illustration, among many pieces of early furniture there is a "Grandfather Clock" brought to America in 1636 by a Colonial ancestor of hers named John Sill-1636 being the year that Harvard, America's oldest university, was founded. The works are entirely of wood, and originally it was a "wag-on-the­ wall," since "Grandfather" clock cases had not come into style then. Her many-times-great grandfather Thomas Dimock, after having resided at Dorchester, Mass., moved in 1644 to Barnstable, Mass., and there appended his name as witness to the deed by which the settlement purchased its land from Surunk-an Indian-for the price of four coats and three axes. Previously he had served as the 330 BABY ON HER BACK commanding officer of the local militia and as a member of the Council of War. Subsequently, he was a member of the Colonists' two-man land committee and a commissioner of the Plymouth Colony. 1 Gladys' maiden name, Dimock, is from the Latin dimico, or "I challenge," because ancestors of hers were England's royal cham­ pions who, whenever a new monarch came onto the English throne, rode into the coronation banquet-hall in full armor, hurled their gauntlet, or armored glove, onto the floor, and cried "Dimico"- meaning "I challenge to mortal combat anyone who disputes the right of our new sovereign to the crown." Her ancestors served in this fashion for Richard II in 1372 and subsequent monarchs until manners changed. Thus, when Brit­ ain's present sovereign, Elizabeth II, was crowned, a Dimock, in­ stead of appearing in armor, carried the royal standard in the coro­ nation ceremonies. The Dimock line goes back to Sir Thomas Plantagenet, one of whose ancestors was King John of Magna Charta fame.

President of the American Inventors' Association In our home there is a life-size etching of Gladys' paternal grand­ father, Richard Barnum Dimock, the Barnum in his name tracing back to his grandmother, who was the aunt of Phineas T. Barnum­ America's great showman. Travelling ahead instead of backwards, the Richard traces forward through Gladys' brother, Richard Chester Dimock, to our son, Richard James DuBourdieu. George Murdock, a president of the American Inventors' Asso­ ciation, was the brother of Gladys' mother, Clara Belle Murdock Dimock. He was the originator and first patent-holder of the vacuum-tube electric light and the inventor of the self-sealing fuel-tank used by the United States of America in its World War I airplanes. His inventions, as enumerated in the 1922-23 edition of Who's Who in America, are numerous.

1C. F. Swift in Genealogical Notes of Barnstable Families based on articles printed in the Barnstable Patriot. APPENDIX 331 He came by his genius naturally because Chester Murdock, his father and Gladys' grandfather, was of an inventive turn of mind, organizing his farm to lighten its labors: the harness dropped on the horses' backs as in the fire-stations of the day; self-filling hoppers kept his animals' mangers full of food; pulleys and wires opened his distant pasture gates; his dog was trained, unaccompanied, to go to the pasture and bring the cows home for milking; the dog and a h·eadmill did the churning-and so one might continue.

More Fun to Give Than to Receive

Gladys is one of the very few persons I have known who actually derive more pleasure from giving than from receiving. Our home always has some project under way for alleviating the plight of the unfortunate or bettering the condition of someone in need of such. Her activities have included gathering worn clothing for war­ wracked Europe and Asia, acting as a depot for used nylon stock­ ings to be shipped to Japan to create work for war-widows, col­ lecting and wrapping Christmas presents for the inmates of the county hospital, and countless similar forms of mercy. When first we were married, I was instructed by Gladys that, when she died, I immediately was to send money to start educa­ ting someone to carry on where she left off. Her concern for Armen­ ian orphans of the Middle East played a prominent part in our be­ coming engaged. Several of our warmest European friendships are the outgrowth of her zeal for sending CARE2 packages. Also, she is a clever user of applied psychology. In Sunday School she has her children so filled with a desire to be quiet and orderly that rarely is there disorder in her department. And in adult relations she is equally gifted. Loyalty and sense of responsibility are traits of hers. She has left a sick-bed in high fever, wrapped in blankets while she travel­ led, because she had duty to perform and there was no one else sufficiently acquainted with the task to take her place. Invariably

2Committee on American Relief to Europe. ~2 BABY ON HER BACK she kept her commitments, regardless of the sacrifice required of her. She truly believes in turning the other cheek, a practice which I know works because I have seen it do so with her. Gladys' reaction to slights, on the few occasions when she has experienced such, after the initial hurt wore off has been not to be angry at the offender but sorry for him because he was handicapped by such a trait, and, instead of replying in kind, to be especially nice to the person. Of course, it is over Gladys' protests that the above paragraphs remain in this book Indeed, such literary excellence as this volume may have, is in large part due to her editing. APPENDIX 333

CHICAGO PRESBYTERY CHURCHES ASSIGNED TO THE AUTHOR

And· Advancement Made Under Him

Churches Originally with Part-time Student-Minister 1. Chicago: Acacia Full-time Pastor .2. Chicago: Avondale Experienced Supply 3. Chicago: Campbell Park Merger Initiated 4. Chicago: Endeavor Full-time Pastor 5. Chicago: Erie Full-time Pastor 6. Chicago: Garfield Ridge Full-time Pastor, New Bldg. 7. Chicago: Howell Full-Time•Pastor 8. Chicago: Midway Full-time Pastor, New Bldg., New Site, Manse 9. Chicago: Portage Park Full-time Pastor, Manse 10. Chicago: Pullman Full-time Pastor, New Bldg., New Site 11. Chicago Ridge Full-time Pastor, New Site, Manse 12. Manteno Full-time Pastor 13. North Chicago Full-time Pastor, Manse 14. Palos Park Full-time Pastor, Manse 15. Willow Springs Building Enlarged 334 BABY ON HER BACK

Churches Originally with Part-time Ordained Ministers 16. Braidwood Full-time Pastor 17. Cabery Full time Pastor Building Enlarged 18. Chicago: Granville Full-time Pastor 19. Chicago: Ridgeway 20. Coal City Building Enlarged 21. Downer's Grove Full-time Pastor, New Bldg., New Site 22. Elwood Full-time Pastor 23. Gardner Full-time Pastor Manse 24. Peotone Fulltime Pastor

Nationality Churches 25. Chicago: Carter (Self-supporting Assyrian) New Bldg., New Site 26. Chicago: Hebrew-Christian (aided) 27. Chicago: Redeemer (Italian) Merged 28. Chicago: St. John (Italian) Merged 29. Chicago: St. Mark (Mexican) 30. Chicago: Waldensian (Italian) Services Changed to English 31. Chicago Heights: Our Savior (Italian) Full-time Pastor Services Changed to English

Existing Negro Churches or Neighborhood Becoming Negro 32. Chicago: Bethlehem (had voted to disband) Services Opened to All Races 33. Chicago: Central Services Opened to All Races ( First Major Protestant Church to do this in Chicago) 34. Chicago: Grace ( self-supporting) Community-center Opened 35. Chicago: Hope (aided) Became Self-supporting 36. Chicago: Millard Ave. Prepared Way for Services to Be Opened to All Races. 37. Chicago: St. Paul Merged

Aided Churches or Substandard Salary 38. Chicago: Olivet 39. Chicago: Westminster Merged 40. Joliet: Second Became Self-supporting APPENDIX 335

Special Guidance Needed 41. Chicago: Kelvyn Park (heavy debt) Debt Paid Off 42. Hillside-Berkeley ( old buildings) New Bldg., New Manse 43. Plainfield: -DuPage ( pastoral crisis) Able new pastor secured Federated with Another Denomination 44: Chicago: St. James 45. Chicago: Seminary Avenue 46. South Chicago Rebuilt Following Fire Ready for Self-support When Author Became Director of Churches 47. Chicago: Seventh 48. Chicago: Marquette Park 49. Chicago: Trinity 50. Cicero: Clement 51. Cicero: Warren Park 52. Clarendon Hills 53. Northbrook New Churches Initiated by the Author While Director of Churches 54. Bensonville 55. Chicago: Ch. of Christ (Japanese ) 56. Calumet City 57. Chicago: Colonial Village 58. Chicago: Irvingwood 59. Chicago: St. Andrew 60. Chicago: Altgeld Gardens ( negro) 61. Des Plaines: First 62. Elmhurst 63. Elmhurst: Yorkfield 64. Elmwood Park 65. Evergreen Park 66. Franklin Park: Good Shepherd 67. Great Lakes: Family Church 68. Hickory Hills 69. Hinsdale: Shepherd of the Hills 70. Joliet: Westminster 71. Lansing 72. Lombard 73. Morton Grove 74. Mt. Prospect 75. Niles 76. North Riverside 77. Park Ridge 78. Round Lake 79. Skokie: Westminster 80. Western Springs 81. Wildwood 82. Winnetka Independent Churches Which Became Presbyterian Under Him 83. Blue Island: McArthur 84. Brookfield: Hollywood 85. Chicago: Lithuanian 86. Oak Lawn: Community ( displaced persons) Churches Initiated by Author But Completed after His Retirement 87. Barrington 88. Glenview 89. Oak Lawn: Trinity 90. Palatine Churches Where Author Was Field Developer 9 I. Bellwood 92. Carpentersville: Meadowdale 93. Melrose Park post office: Trinity In Addition Maywood: First ( self-supporting Presbyterian) relocated on Author's Suggestion ~6 BABY ON HER BACK APPENDIX 337

IRAN SPIRITUAL OUTREACH PROJECT1 Based on Author's Final Report as Advisor

Introduction

When invited to go to Iran, I accepted provided that I might go for a single year instead of three and that I might delay my period of service to permit me to stabilize my current ministry where the church had been in a precarious condition when I had been re­ quested to doctor it. That delay gave me a year in which I sought by mail to secure membership and prospect lists from Teheran's congregations. But to no avail! When I arrived in Iran I discovered that American­ style addresses were often an impossibility. With Teheran's growth great boulevards had been cut through old sections and, off from these after travelling from avenue to street to alley, one was apt to end up in a kutchi so narrow that he could reach from side to side. Each side would be a windowless blank wall with here and there a solid wooden door, frequently no house-number on it and often the kutchi bearing no name. One night I inquired from the owner of a sizeable shop for a particular kutchi, which he claimed never to have heard of. Later,

1For the origin of this project, see p. 276. 338 BAB Y ON HER BACK I learned that his store faced it from across the street. 'When I asked church people for an address they often answered by getting into my car and guiding me to the location. In a Moslem city one cannot go from door to door conducting a Christian American-style religious census, yet, by dint of lengthy, persistent work, I did end up with a sizeable list of Christian ad­ dresses. These I pinpointed on a huge wall map, which I then used to divide the metropolitan area into seventeen regions.

Launching and Payload

Like an interspace rocket, this project involved building it, launching it and the payload. After the division of the metropolis into regions, the building stage required the enlistment of develop­ ers for each region. Every contact now was turned to this end: my visiting, weekly meetings of the "under-shepherds" of the Central Church, which I attended, and my classes in a two-months school for local Christians. As a result twenty-two consecrated Christians were enlisted. Except for Iran's petroleum area, most of the industrialization has centered in the capital-city area. Thus, in just a few years Teheran has burgeoned from one-third million people to about two and a half million. This has created a great problem for the established churches. Their members have often moved to the distant suburbs and have become lost thereby. Christians from other communities have moved to where the new jobs are and seem to have disappeared from sight, and transportation to the central area churches has become expensive and tedious. To help the Teheran churches solve this problem was the reason for my being brought there. First these developers were trained for their task by instruction classes, by mimeographed guidance sheets, and by personal coun­ selling. Then they were provided with the names of the church members and potential prospects in their assigned regions, these last provided chiefly by the Mission institutions. APPENDIX 339 The launching actually was a series of home gatherings, each developer holding such in his region. They were a mixture of Iranian and American practices, usually starting about 6:00 p.m. and closing before the Iranian dinner hour of 9:00. The women of the entertaining home acted as hostesses and, Iranian style, served tea as people arrived. Then the developer of the region made a welcoming, introductory statement. The host followed by present­ ing an entertainment item, after which there was a devotional service, usually containing a spiritual talk. Finally, refreshments were served American style and folks left for home. The active Christians repeatedly were reminded that the pay­ load of the project was not the home gatherings, valuable as these were, but that these gatherings were designed for specific pur­ poses: to offer Christian worship to people too remote from the central sanctuaries to be able to attend there regularly; to enlist the known Christians of each region and their friends to search out the Christians of their area who had become lost to the Teheran churches; to enlist the new people found in developing these gather­ ings and thus to set them to work in the cause and thereby tie them tighter to it; by similar methods to cultivate non-Christians who found their old religion unsatisfactory and hungered for greater closeness to God; and to establish friendship ties between such seekers and able Christians so that the latter might help the former in their spiritual search. The day came when one after another these regional gatherings had started. Some met weekly, some twice a month and one monthly, these activities set up to discover lost members and to secure new ones. And, of course it is hoped that in many of these regions new churches will develop. Thus, the time arrived for the Advisor, author of this book, to consider his part of the project done, each of the city's four churches stronger, he believes, than when he came. Miss Catherine Alexander, a charming career missionary who has been active in the project from its start, replaced the Advisor on his return to America. Since then, further progress has been 3~ BABY ON HER BACK made. A Bible bookstore has been built in the region known as Teheran Pars, and regular project meetings are being held in it. Two church buildings are under construction in other regions, one containing the city's most active Project group. A church workers' Training Program is planned for 1965 under another career mis­ sionary. And, the students enrolled in the Program will do their field-work in the Project regions.

Other Activities The Advisor rotated among the local churches for his Sunday worship. Thus his wife discovered that St. John (Armenian) had no organist and volunteered to fill the post, in which capacity she faithfully served ever since. This was a most unusual task be­ cause the church had only one hymnbook with notes and its numbering of the hymns differed from that of the book used by everyone else; and because she spoke only English, and, Friday not Sunday being the Moslem day of rest, only one official able to attend Sunday morning worship spoke the slightest of English. The Advisor's church activities included three days of special Christmas-tide services in Tabriz, Lenten services in St. John which overflowed into the church's courtyard, three days at Ramadan at Easter plus a second engagement, and many others. One shock was the young people being persecuted. In one case, a young father was told by his employer to return to Islam or lose his job. In another, the wife was persuaded by her parents to leave her husband and daughter because he had become a Christian. In a third, home life was made so bitter that the young man moved to another city, and there, when he sought employment, his family used its influence to balk his efforts. Mrs. DuBourdieu told the youth: "You are to eat your evening meal in our home until you find work." This evening appointment not only put food in his stomach but courage in his heart. And, there are many other stories of persecution to be told. Moslems turn Christian at a price.

M2 BABY ON HER BACK INDEX 343

A Boers: 265. Bolick, Julian S.: 257-59. Abbott, Jane: 220. Bolingbroke, Lord: 153. Abernathy Family: 231. Bolivar, Simon: 196. Aghalee: 197; 240. Also see Best. Bond, Dr. Donald F.: 89-91. Agnew: 149. Bonzi, Cardinal: 43; 79-81. Agoes, France: 12; 14; 15. Boothby, Rebecca ( Rhea) DuBour­ Alais, Grace of: xxi. dieu: 262-267. Albigensians: 41. Bordeaux: See De Bourdeaux. Alexander, Miss Catherine: 339. BORDEU, BORDIEU, BORDIU, Alexander III, Pope: 14. BOURDIEU: Allen, J. Millar, of Lisburn: 181; 213. Andree: 86. Amsterdam Rijkmuseum: 98. Pastor Bourdieu of Bordeaux: 31; Angos, France: 12; 14; 15. 95. Annahilt, Ireland: 192; 197, note 22. Two Antoines: 147; 254, note 2. Anne, Queen: 156. See also under De and Du. Armandcourt, France: 175. Bordiu, Francisco: 252. Armenian Church: 340. Bose, Pastor Henri: 34-40; 46; 60-61; Armory Hill Cemetery: 268. 71; 74; 77; 145; 304-5. Assembly of the Desert: 64; 305. Bouhereau, Secretary of French Audirac, France: 12; 15; 299. Church of Savoy: 125. Auzillac, France: 88. Bourdieu- Aviation Pioneer: 245. Aviator Maurice: 19. Households: 19. B Boybellaud ( Boisbeleau )­ Family: 90-95. Bailey, Dr. Wm. Louis: 274. Rev. Armand, de la Chapelle: 34; Baker, Mary: 292. 88-95; 148; 287. Balfe, N.: 289. Boyle Family: 239. Ballygomartin, Ireland: 233. Boyne, Battle of: 132-35. Ballylough, Ireland: 181; 208. Brabant Family: 255. Bangor, Maine: 261; 263-64. Bridewell: 115. Bangor, Ireland: 232. Brinker, Ralph, Family: 202; 290. Baptism in France: 77. Brius, Godefroy de: 7-8; 11; 173. Barnum Family: 330. Broommount, Ireland: 197. Barnstable, Mass.: 329. Brown, Jane: 201; 288. Bartholomew Day Massacre: 254. Brown, Dr. Norman: 263; 291. Basque country and race: 9; 194. Bull, Mrs. Gertrude: 256. Beam: xvii; 8-10; 20-21; 24. Burns- Also see Pau and map, p. 24. Mrs. Catherine: 292. Beasey family: 292. Miss Charlotte: 235. Belfast, N. I.: 231; 233-34. Mrs. Martha: 256. Belfast Newsletter: 234. Mary: 231. Bellwood, Ill.: 272. Robert Francis: 235. Belshaw Family: 234. Bendish, Baronet Henry: 155. C Bergerac, France: 25; 35-37. Huguenot Church of: 26; 297. Cabanis, Curator Charles, Bibliothe- First modern DuBourdieu: 25. : que Wallone: 13; 87, note 7; 99. Bertheau, Pastor: 77. Cabinet government, how born: 156. Best Family: 195; 197-201; 241; 282; Cairn, The: 198. 324. Cambolive, Elder Etienne: 77. Berengaria, Princess: 8. Campbell, Rector Arthur: 188. Beycheville, France: 27-28. Canterbury, Huguenot church in ca- Biarritz, France 251. thedral crypt: 114. BIBLIOGRAPHY: xv-xvi. Capon, Frank: 210. Biddeford, Maine: 267. Carey Family: 203: 290. Biggers, Sir Francis Joseph: 184; 213- Carmichael Family: 203; 240; 290, 14. Carrickfergus, Ireland: 132; 262; 265. Bing, Admiral: 167. Castetpugnon, France: 16; 21. Birnie Family: 266. "Castle" of Dubordieu Beach: 259. Blaye, home of an early Lord James Cevennes Mountains- Dubourdieu: 29; 164. Museum: 64. 344 BABY ON HER BACK

Huguenot Resistance Movement: Dimock Family: 36; 329-31. 64. Dordogne River: 25; 36-37. Chapelle, de la: 88-95. Dowling Family: 233; 291. See also Boybellaud. Drogeda, Ireland: 133. Chareton, France: 29; 32. Drumballyroney, Ireland: 192. Charles II, King of England: 53; 116. Drumgorland, Ireland: 192. Charleston, S. C.: 255-57. Dublin, Ireland: 178; 218; 224. Charlie, Bonnie Prince: 156. Four Courts Building: 206; 221; Chateaus- 224. Feudal: 14-16. Royal College of Surgeons: 201; De Bordeu of Izeste: 16-18. 207-8; 219. Original Le Bourdieu: 10; 20-21. DuBordieu Beach: 257-58. Medoc: 28-30. Its ghosts: 258-60. Chelmsford Assizes: 155. DuBourdeaux Family: 111-12; 255. Chicago, Ill.: 234-35; 270-74. DUBOURDIEU, DuBOURDIEU, du­ Art Institute of: 98; 307. BOURDIEU, de BORDIEU, Du­ Presbytery of: 333-35. BORDIEU, etc., etc.- Presbytery's Church Extension America, DuBourdieus of: 255-283. Board: 273-76. Joseph Dubourdieu: 256-57. Cianci Family: 239; 292. Samuel and Family: 256-57; 287. Civil War, The American: 258. Benjamin Dubourdieu Family: 110. Civrac en Medoc: 27. Chaplain Louis Dubourdieu: 110. Clark Family: 238; 292. Canada, DuBourdieus of: 239-40. Clerc, Marie le: 100. Canterbury, at: 114. Colville's Limited: 237-38. Coat of Arms and Crest: 8, 84; 111; Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de: 46, 199. note 22; 254. Confusion as to members of Family: Constance, Tower of: 63. 159-61; 207. Cook Family: 292. Elie, Elder of Unet: 30. Cookstone, Edith: 292. Etymology of the name: 10-11. Cookstown, N. I.: 202. DUBOURDIEUS OF BEARN AND Corbiere, Pastor Philippe: 54; 160. EARLY FRANCE Cordova, Don Juan de: 196. Corunna, Ireland: 201. Antoine and son Antoine: 147; 254, Costebadie- note 2. Marie de: 36; 86; 287. Arnaud de Bordeu ( de Bordieu), Rev. Jean: 36-37; 148. Rev., of Izeste: 16-18; 31-32. Costobadie, F. P.: 118-19. Arnaud DUBOURDIU, Lord of Craven County, S. C.: 257. Agoes and Abbot of Saint Boes: Creswell, Katie: 289. 12; 15. Cromelin Family: 175-77. Arnaud DUBOURDIU, Lord of Cromwell, Oliver: 116; 211. Angos: 12; 14. Crozier Family: 235; 290. Arnaud DUBOURDIU of Soubes- Crumlin, Ireland: 132; 188. tie: 12. Crusade III: 7 -8. Bernarda de Bordiu: 12. Cunningham Family: 239; 292. Bosom DUBOURDIU: 12. Cupples, Rev. Edward: 188. Charles De Bordeu Family, Dr.: 17. Daniel DUBOURDIU, Abbot of D Monassut: 12; 15. David De Bordiu, Rev., of Ste. Davies, Rev. Paul: ix. Marie d'Oloron: 16. Day, Mrs. John C. ( Eliza Hart Hamil­ Isaac DUBOURDIEU, Abbot of ton): 267. Audirac: 12; 15. De BORDEU, de BORDIEU, de BORDIU, de BOURDEU, de Jean du Bordiu, Abbot of Salies: BOURDIEU, deBORDIU, etc. See 12. DUBOURDIEU below. Jean de Bordiu, court clerk: 13. Delpreuch, Isabeau: 87; 287. Jean de Bordieu of Castetpugnon: Denman, Edna Joyce: 198; 241; 289. 8. Dennyloonhead, Scotland: 239. Jean DUBOURDIU of Riumayou: Devonshire, Duke of: 151. 5. Deytet, Isabeau: 86; 287. Jean DUBOURDIU, Abbot of St. Dillon Family: 289. Boes: 12; 15. INDEX 345

Jeanne du Bordiu ( de Medallion) : m. Michelle Maulevet: 287. 12. JEAN, CONSUL OF ALGIERS: Lord de Bourdieu of Orrin: 13. 33; 92; 287. Marie du Bordiu: 13. Paul de Bordeu, Rev.: 16. Peyrot DUBOURDIU, merchant: THIRD CONSECUTIVE GENERA­ 12. TION: See 287. Theophile De Bordeu; Dr.; 10. PIETER DUBORDIEU the portrait FIRST KNOWN CONSECUTIVE painter: 97-100; 287. GENERATION: Earlier relatives in Holland: 97. m. Marie le Fevre: 100. PIERRE, GOVERNOR, OF BER­ His paintings: 98-100. GERAC, source of modern fam­ OLIVIER, s. of Pierre of Bouchard: ily: 25; 31; 33; 92; 164; 287. m. 1 Margueritte de Gennes: 287. SECOND CONSECUTIVE GENER­ m. 2 Marie de Gennes: 287. ATION: See 287. Nine children by second wife: 100-111. REV. ISAAC duBOURDIEU OF CHARLOTTE, dau. of Pierre of BERGERAC, MONTPELLIER Bouchard: AND LONDON: 39-62; 92; 113- m. Rev. Pierre Fleury: 100; 287. 127; 287. ANDREE LA VALET, dau. of Rev. Founder of "Senior Branch": 13. Isaac: 34; 88; 93-95; 287. m. 3 times: 34. m. 1 Jean Vachan: 287. Andree La Valet, his dau. by m. 2 Jean Boybellaud: 287. first marriage: 34; 88; 93-95; ISAAC, s. of Rev. Isaac: 85: 288. 287. m. lsabeau Deytet: 288. Rev. Armand Boybellaud de la REV. JEAN de BORDIEU, s. of Chapelle, his grandson by her: Rev. Isaac and Schomberg chap­ 90-95; 287. lain: 92; 288. Educated at Montauban: 34. Spelling of his name: 68. m. Marie de Costebadie: 35. Confused with others: 159-61. Transferred to Montpellier: 42. Enrolls at Geneva: 68. Present church's interest in him: Ordained at Lausanne: 69. 39. m. Margaret Voysine: 68; 288. m. Jeanne de Poyteuin: 43. First sermon of record: 68. Roman Catholic appraisal of him: St. Pargoire, first charge: 69. 45. Uzes, second charge: 45; 69-70. Letter to St. Hippolyte church: Joins Montpellier staff: 70. 48-50. Roman Catholics try to convert At bottom of Huguenot resist- him: 79. ance: 50. His reply: 80. His writings: 50-54. Succeeds his father as senior His catechism: 51. pastor: 70-71. His Treatise on communion: 51- King objects to a sermon: 70. 52. Roman Catholic praise: 70. Recently found sermon by him: In Montpellier prison. 74; 76. 52-54. Grand Temple destroyed: 75. The Paulet affair: 59-61. Organizes Huguenot refugees: Prayer for his desolated flock: 77-78; 163. 77. Daughters abducted: 81. Portraits: 298; 300. Becomes chaplain to Duke Fred- Flight from France: 61; 87. erick Schomberg: 130. Montpellier members follow him: Addresses William III: 132. 119. Battle of Boyne: 132-35. In London: 119-27. Given ring by Schomberg: 135; Salary in London: 117. 303. Property in France: 126. Schomberg dies in his arms: 134. His death: 125-26. Chaplain to Charles Schomberg: Tributes paid him: 54; 61; 126. 135-36. PIERRE, GOVERNOR, L'ISLE Chaplain to Menard Schomberg: BOUCHARD: 33; 92; 287. 136-37. Founder of "Junior Branch": 33. His portrait: 145; 302. 3~ BABY ON HER BACK

His biography on back of father's Why he remained in France: portrait: 118-19. 110. Petitions Parliament: 139. Letters to him from abroad: Attacks Mariolatry: 139-40. 108-9. Debunks Theban Martyrs: 141- m. Catherine de Moucheron: 43. 110; 287. Death of Queen Mary: 143. REV. LOUIS FLEURY, s. of Char­ His will: 144. lotte who m. Rev. Pierre Fleury: His family: 144-45. 100; 105; 287. Property in France: 81. m. his cousin Ester: 100. LORD JAMES, s. of Rev. Isaac and Their children: 100. son-in-law of Count de la Valade: REV. ARMAND BOYBELLAUD 86; 92; 161-62; 164; 287. DE LA CHAPELLE: 34; 88-95; DAME DUBOURDIEU, widow of 148; 287. Lord James: 86; 162-65; 174. Son of Andree La Valet and Disguises self to escape: 162-63. grandson of Rev. Isaac: 34; Last of the Valades: 165. 88. DR. ARMAND, s. of Rev. Isaac: REV. PETER, s. of Schomberg 86; 92. chaplain, Jean: 144; 288. m. Isabeau Delpreuch: 288. His son Rev. John: 144; 288. REV. JEAN ARMAND, s. of Rev. ISAAC, s. of Schomberg chaplain, Isaac: 35; 87-88; 92; 288. Jean: 144; 288. REV. ARMAND, s. of Schomberg chaplain, Jean: 144; 288. FOURTH CONSECUTIVE GENER­ His sons: 288. ATION: See 287-88. GABRIEL, s. of Schomberg chap­ lain, Jean; 144; 288. PIERRE, s. of "Painter" Pieter: MARGUERITE, dau. of Schom­ 100; 287. PHILIPPE, s. of "Painter" Pieter: berg chaplain, Jean: 288. 100; 287. JOHN LEWIS, s. of Schomberg MARIA, dau. of "Painter" Pieter: chaplain, Jean: 144; 288. 99-100; 287; 307. REV. J. ARMAND DUBOUR­ SAMUEL, s. of "Painter" Pieter: DIEU, s. of Schomberg chaplain, 100; 287. Jean, and famed preacher of the JEAN, s. of Olivier: 101; 287. French Savoy: 91, note 19; 114; SAMUEL, who went to America, 125-26; 147-158; 288. s. of Olivier: 101-2; 256-58; 287. Flees from France with father: m. 1 Rachel Le Moyne; 2 Judith 149. De Gue; 3 Louise Fleury: 169. Education: 149. His descendants: 256-57. Chaplain to Duke of Devonshire: OLIVIER, s. of Olivier: 102; 287. 151; 154, note 22; 155, note ELIZABETH, who left 3 of 7 chil­ 25; 157, note 27. dren in France, dau. of Olivier: Minister of French Savoy: 149. 102; 287. Rector of Sawtry-Moines: 151. m. Louis de Gaillardy: 102. m. Esther Trafford: 158; 288. Letters back to France: 102-5. Spellings of his name: 158. Fate of children left behind: 105. Confused with cousin of same ISAAC, s. of Olivier: 105; 287. baptismal name: 160-61. ESTER, dau. of Olivier: 100; 105; Eloquence: 149. 287. Called "Illustrious": 149. m. her cousin, Rev. Louis Fleury: His portrait: 309. 100. Louis XIV asks that he be repri­ Her children: 100. manded: 152-53. Letters back to France: 105-6. Defends galley slaves: 156. MATTHIEU, fled to England, s. of 1 son, Samuel; 3 daughters: 158; Olivier: 107; 287. 288. Letters back to France: 108-9. ELIZABETH, dau. of Schomberg His wife and family: 109. chaplain, Jean: 81; 144; 288. RENEE, dau. of Olivier: 109-10; ANNE, dau. of Schomberg chap­ 287. lain, Jean: 81; 144; 288. PIERRE, remained in France, s. of JEANNE, dau. of Schomberg chap­ Olivier: 107; 110-11; 287. lain, Jean: 144; 288. INDEX 347

CHARLOTTE ELIZA, dau. of REV. SAUMAREZ, founder of Irish Schomberg chaplain, Jean: 144; family, s. of Rev. Jean Armand 288. and grandson of Lord James: REV. JEAN ARMAND, s. of Lord 169; 173-89; 240; 287-88. James and minister of the French Birth and birthplace: 177•78. Savoy: 159-69; 288. Dublin becomes his home: 178. Confused with cousin of same Attends Trinity College, Dublin: baptismal name: 159-61. 178. Schooling: 91, note 19; 165. Teaches at Leixlip: 178. Flees from France as an infant m. Mary Thompson of Kilcock: on mother's back: 161. 178; 287-88. His portrait: 169; 200; 308. At Lisburn: 179 ff. His writings: 165-68. Schoohnaster: 188-83. m. Charlotte, Countess d'Espon- Minister of Lambeg: 184-87. age: 169; 288. His portrait: 200; 310; 315. Duties at the Savoy: 125; 166. Revolutionists to spare only him: Specialist in liturgy: 167-68. 189. Chaplain to Duke of Richmond Closing Lisburn's French Church: and Lennox: 161. 181. His virtues: 168-169. Administers son's estate: 217. His death: 169. Family relationships: 219. Only son, Rev. Saumarez: 169; Memorial in Lisburn Cathedral: 173-89; 288. 183-84; 314. His widow: 169; 173-74. Gravestone and public esteem; 185-87. FIFTH CONSECUTIVE: GENER­ SIXTH CONSECUTIVE GENERA­ ATION: See 288. TION: See 288. REV. JOHN, s. of Rev. Peter, and REV. WILLIAM s. of Rev. John of grandson of Schomberg chaplain, England: 288. Jean: 144; 288. JOHN, s. of Rev. John of England: CHARLES, s. of Rev. Armand, and 288. grandson of Schomberg chaplain, EMMA, dau. of Rev. John of Eng­ Jean: 288. land: 288. PETER, s. of Rev. Armand, and m. W. Glanville: 288. grandson of Schomberg Chaplain, REV. JOHN, of Ireland, s. of Rev. Jean: 288. Saumerez: 192-94; 288. REV. JOHN, s. of Rev. Armand Born in Dublin: 192. and grandson of Schomberg Rural clergyman: 192. chaplain, Jean, 144; 288. Sociologist and author: 193. m. Isabella: 288. His portrait: 200; 312. Their children: Rev. Wm., John, m. Margaret Sampson: 194. and Emma ( m. W. Glanville): His family: 194-201; 240. 288. Called "aristocratic Irish-French­ ARMAND, s. of Rev. Armand and man": 193. grandson of Schomberg chaplain, Few contacts with brother Sur­ Jean: 288. geon Saumerez: 206. ISAAC, s. of Rev. Armand and Will: 197. grandson of Schomberg chaplain. SURGEON SHEM, of Ireland, s. of Jean: 288. Rev. Saumerez: 201-2; 288. JACOB, s. of Rev. Armand and Graduate of Royal College of grandson of Schomberg chaplain, Surgeons, Dublin: 201. Jean: 288. In British army: 201. ANNE: dau. of "illustrious" Rev. J. m. Jane Brown: 201. Armand: 158, 288. Medical Attendant at Longford: ESTHER, dau. of "illustrious" Rev. 201. J. Armand: 158; 288. Attends his dying brother Sur­ SAMUEL, s. of "illustrious" Rev. J. geon Saumerez: 210. Armand: 158: 288. MISS CHARLOTTE, of Ireland, MARGARET-HENRIETTA, dau. dau. of Rev. Saumerez: 218; 288. of "illustrious" Rev. J. Armand: MISS ANNA, of Ireland, dau. of 158; 288. Rev. Saumerez: 218; 288. 348 BABY ON HER BACK

SURGEON SAUMAREZ, of Ire­ of Ireland: 197; 288. land, son of Rev. Saumarez: 205- m. Dr. John Wilmshurst: 288. 15; 288. Number 7.8 on page 289. Securing data about him: 205-7. MISS MARIA, dau. of Rev. John of Year of his birth: 205-6. Ireland: 197, 200; 288. Expelled from college: 207. Chief beneficiary of father's will: Lay-reader at Ballylough: 208-9. 197. Returns to college and graduates: Her silhouette: 200; 313. 209. SAUMEREZ or SUMMERS, s. of Army physician: 209-10. Surgeon Shem: 202-3; 288. Dies on militia duty: 209-10. Enrolls at Trinity College, Dub- His grave in Old Franciscan Ab­ lin: 202. bey, Ennis: 211-15; 316. m. Jane Carmichael: 202; 288. Epitaph composed by fellow of­ His residences: 218. ficers: 212. Number 7.10 on page 290. Abigail DuBourdieu McArthur "BACHELOR" SAUMEREZ, s. of data about him: 214. Surgeon Saumerez: 217-19; 288. Confused with his bachelor son Confused with his father: 217-19. of same name: 217-19. Education: 220. "FARMER" SHEM, s. of Surgeon Saumarez: 219-20; 288. SEVENTH CONSECUTIVE GEN­ Number 7.12 on pages 290-91 ERATION: See 288. Education: 220. m. Jane Abbott: 220. Their children: 220-21; 235. CAPT. SAUMAREZ, s. of Rev. His estate probated after death of John of Ireland: 194; 218; 240; widow: 221. 249; 288. Promoted on field of battle: 194. Captures Martinique: 194. Killed at San Sebastian: 194. EIGHTH CONSECUTIVE GENER­ LIEUT. COL. ARTHUR, s. of Rev. ATION: See 288-91. John of Ireland: 194; 240; 288; number 7.2 on p. 289. MAJOR JOHN, s. of Lieut. Col. m. Mary Flattery: 288. Arthur: 289. Wounded at Badajoz: 194. m. Bridget McGowan: 289. Made Knight at Hanover: 194. LIEUT. ARTHUR, s. of Lieut. Col. JOHN ARMAND, s. of Rev. John Arthur: 289. of Ireland: 195; 288. GEORGE, s. of Lieut Col. Arthur: m. Susan Keane: 288. 289. Number 7.3 on p. 289. REV. ARMAND, s. of John Ar­ CAPT. FRANCIS, s. of Rev. John mand: 289. of Ireland: 195-96; 240; 288. 5 SONS and 3 DAUGHTERS of Knight of Hanover: 195. Selina Elizabeth, who m. Capt. Publishes book of original poems: Gem: 289. 195. JOHN ARMAND GORMAN, s. of Administers father's will: 196. Margaret Charlotte who m. W. CAPT. GEORGE WILLIAM, s. of Gorman: 289. Rev. John of Ireland: 196; 240; MARGARET GORMAN dau. of 288. Margaret Charlotte who m. W. Volunteer under Bolivar: 196. Gorman: 197; 199-200; 288-89. Killed in battle: 196. STAFFORD GORMAN, s. of Mar­ SELINA ELIZABETH, dau. of garet Charlotte who m. W. Gor­ Rev. John of Ireland: 196-97; man: 197; 289. 288. m. his first cousin, Maria Selina m. Capt. Gem: 196. Wilmshurst: 197; 289. Number 7.6 on page 289. MARIA SELINA WILMSHURST, MARGARET CHARLOTTE, dau. dau. of Catherine who m. Dr. of Rev. of John of Ireland: 197; Wilmshurst: 289. 288. m. her cousin Stafford Gorman: m. William Gorman: 197. 289. Number 7.7 on page 289. JOHN WILMSHURST, s. of Cath- CATHERINE, dau. of Rev. John erine etc.: 289. · INDEX 349

ALFRED WILMSHURST, s. of "Farmer" Shem: 220; 265; 291. Catherine etc.: 289. m. Abigail Wallace Ross: 220; WILLIAM FRANCIS WILMS­ 265; 291. HURST, s. of Catherine etc.: His widow: 261; 265; 291. 289. WILLIAM JOHN, founder of Scot­ ARTHUR WILMSHURST, s. of land line, s. of "Farmer" Shem: Catherine etc.: 289. 220; 236-38; 265; 291. GEORGE WILMSHURST, s. of m. 1 Jane Moore; 2. Eliza Neil: Catherine etc.: 289. 236; 291. MARGARET WILMSHURST, dau. His portrait: 317. of Catherine etc.: 289. Home tragedies: 237-38. ELIZABETH CATHERINE SARAH, dau. of "Farmer" Shem: WILMSHURST, dau. of Cath­ 221; 291. erine etc.: 289. m. McBride 221; 291. m. Rev. William Vaughn: 289. REV. SHEM, grandson of Surgeon NINTH CONSECUTIVE GENER­ Shem: 202-3; 290. ATION: See 289-92. m. Emma Halahan: 290. JOHN, s. of Maior John: 289. ANDREW, grandson of Surgeon ARTHUR, s. of Maior John: 289. Shem: 202; 290. MARY, dau. of Maior John: 289. m. Mary: 290. CATHERINE, dau. of Ma;or John: SAUMAREZ, ESQ., of Dublin, 289. grandson of Surgeon Shem: 203; GERTRUDE, dau. of Maior John: 290. 289. ISABELLE, granddau. of Surgeon SOPHIA: dau of Maior John: 289. Shem: CATHERINE, dau. of George and m. Dr. Halahan: 203; 290. granddau. of Lieut. Col. Arthur: CHARLOTTE, granddau. of Sur­ 289. geon Shem: CHARLOTTE, dau. of George etc.: m. Lawyer Ralph Brinker: 202-3; 289. 290. m. N. Balfe: 289. MISS JANE, granddau. of Surgeon MARY, dau. of George etc.: 289. Shem: 203; 290. m. Dillon: 289. ANNE, granddau. of Surgeon Shem: ALICE, dau. of George, etc.: 289. m. Dr. 0. Carey: 203; 290. m. T. Powers: 289. E M M A , granddau. of Surgeon WILLIAM GORMAN, s. of Staf­ Shem: ford Gorman and Mary Selina m. Bishop J. Carmichael: 203; Wilmshurst: 289. 290. MARY SELINA GORMAN, dau. of SHEM, s. of "Farmer" Shem: 290. Stafford Gorman and Mary JANE CHARLOTTE, dau. of Selina Wilmshurst: 289. "Farmer" Shem: 235; 290. m. W. E. Best: 289. m. W. Belshaw: 235; 290. AMY VAUGHN, dau. of Elizabeth ANNA, dau. of "Farmer" Shem: Catherine Wilmshurst: 290. m. S. Jones: 289. m. J. Murphy: 290. ANGELA VAUGHN, dau. of Eliz­ "ADMINISTRATOR" SUMMERS abeth Catherine Wilmshurst: or SAUMAREZ: m. J. France: 289. m. Margaret McBride: 220-22; REV. JAMES CARMICHAEL, s. of 290. Emma and Bishop J. Carmichael: Their children: 222. 290. Records confused: 221. FREDERICK CARMICHAEL, s. ISABELLA, dau. of "Farmer" of Emma and Bishop J. Car­ michael: 290. Shem: 220; 291. DR. HENRY CARMICHAEL, s. of MARGARET, dau. of "Farmer" Emma and Bishop J. Carmichael: Shem: 220; 291. 290. ELIZABETH, dau. of "Farmer" LAWYER SAMUEL DUBOUR­ Shem: 221; 291. DIEU CARMICHAEL, s. of Em­ JOHN, s. of "Farmer" Shem: 221; ma and Bishop J. Carmichael: 291. 240; 290. J A M E S , of Carrickfergus, s. of ELIZA, dau. of Shem and grand- $0 BABY ON HER BACK

dau. of "Farmer" Shem: as a child: 237; 292. m. J. McAllister: 290. SAMUEL II, s. of William John of MARY, dau. of Shem etc.: Scotland: 238; 292. m. J. McCluskin: 290. JAMES, of Glengarnock, s. of Wil­ WILLIAM JOHN BELSHAW, s. of liam John of Scotland: Jane Charlotte and grands. of Killed at work: 237-38. "Farmer" Shem: 290. m. Margaret Muir: 292. INTERMEDIATE CHILDREN of Their descendants: 239. Jane Charlotte and grandchildren AGNES, dau. of William John of of "Farmer" Shem: 290. Scotland: ELIZABETH BELSHAW, dau. of m. W. Harris: 238; 292. Jane Charlotte etc.: MARY JANE II (MINNIE), dau. m. Robert Francis Bums: 235; of William John of Scotland, 290. went to New Zealand: SIX CHILDREN of Anna and J. m. C. O'Hara: 238; 292. Murphy and grandchildren of ELIZA, dau. of William John of "Farmer" Shem: 290. Scotland, went to New Zealand: SHEM, s. of "Administrator" Sum­ m. R. McAllister, who was killed mers: 222-23; 290. in earthquake: 238; 283; 292. JAMES, s. of "Administrator" Sum­ mers and brother of "Contractor" Frank: 222; 233; 290. TENTH CONSECUTIVE GENERA­ "CONTRACTOR" FRANK TION, See 289-92: (FRANCIS), s. of "Administrator Summers: 222; 223, note 18; 230- ROBERT DUBOURDIEU BEST, 33; 291. s. of Mary Selina Gorman whose m. 1 Mary Burns; 2 Lizzie Gir­ parents were first cousins: 195; vin: 291. 196, note 17; 197-201; 282; 289. His picture: 317. m. Katie Creswell: 289. MARGARET, dau. of "Adm'r" Sum­ His photograph: 324. mers: 222; 291. IDA BEST, dau. of Mary Selina JAMES, of Ilion, N. Y. and Limer­ Gorman etc.: ick, Maine, and s. of James of m. Rev. W. Hurst: 289. Carrickfergus: 3; 201; 265-68. FREDERICK BEST, s. of Mary m. Margaret Young Hamilton: Selina Gorman etc.: 289. 226. ELIZABETH (EDITH) BURNS, Their wedding photograph: 318. dau. of Elizabeth Belshaw and His spelling of Family name: 4. R. F. Burns: ABILGAIL, dau. of James of Car­ m. L. Crozier: 235; 290. rickfergus: 208, note 6; 262; 291. MISS CHARLOTTE BURNS, dau. m. George McArthur: 291. of Elizabeth Belshaw and R. F. JOHN ROSS, s. of James of Car­ Burns: 235; 290. rickfergus: 224; 263-64; 291. AGNES, dau. of Shem, brother of m. Florence Farnsworth: 291. "Contractor" Frank, Mrs. Aber­ REBECCA (RHEA), dau. of James nathy of Knockadona: 231-32; of Carrickfergus: 290. m. Earl Boothby: 262; 267; 291. ESTHER, dau. of Shem, brother ELIZABETH, dau. of James of of "Contractor" Frank: Carrickfergus: 262; 267; 291. m. J. L. McCartney: 290. REBENNA, dau. of James of Car­ ROBERT JAMES, s. of Shem, rickfergus: 291. brother of "Contractor" Frank: 290. JENNIE, dau. of James of Carrick­ MARY JANE (JEANIE), dau. of, gus: 265; 291. James, brother of "Contractor' SAUMAREZ, s. of William John of Frank: Scotland: 238; 292. m. James Dowling: 233; 291. SAMUEL I, s. of William John of MAGGIE, dau. of "Contractor" Scotland, killed as a boy: 237; Frank: 292. m. J. Nettleship: 231; 291. SHEM, s. of William John of Scot­ FRANK (FRANCIS), s. of "Con­ land, drowned as a boy: 237; 292. tractor" Frank: MARY JANE I (MINNIE), dau. m. Elizabeth McKnight: 231; of William John of Scotland, died 291. INDEX 351

ELIZABETH MAUDE, dau. of cally: "Contractor" Frank: 291. m. A. Leishman: 239; 292. ROBERT FREDERICK, s. of WILLIAM JOHN, s. of James who "Contractor" Frank: 291. d. tragically: REV. WILLIAM JAMES, of Illi­ m. Margaret Stewart: 292. nois, s. of James of Ilion, N. Y.: Studious coal-miner: 239. 235; 269-77; 291; 333-40. His descendants and the Family m. Nellie Gladys Dimock: 269; name: 239-40. 291. JEAN HARRIS, dau. of Agnes and In photographs: iv, 305; 319; W. Harris: 292. 326. WILLIAM HARRIS, s. of Agnes At Orangemen's parade: 235. and W. Harris: World War I: 269-70. m. Jean Gibson: 292. Pastoral charges: 271-73. Iran Spiritual Outreach Project: ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH 276; 337-40. CONSECUTIVE GENERATIONS, Tributes to his character: v-ix. See 289-92. MRS. NELLIE GLADYS DIMOCK DUBOURDIEU, wife of Rev. WILLIAM duBOURDIEU BEST, William James: 26, 33; 45, note s. of Robert Dubourdieu Best: 19· 235· 246· 268-71- 276· m. Edna Joyce Denman: 198; 29i; 329-32. ' ' , 241; 289. In photographs: 304; 316; 319; His photograph: 324. 326. Their children: Wendy Best; MARGUERITE dau. of James of Robert Dubourdieu Best; Jo­ Ilion, N. Y., died as a child: 269; anna Best. 198; 289. 291. ELEANOR BEST, dau. of Robert EDNA, dau. of John Ross of Maine: Dubourdieu Best: 289. m. Dr. Norman Brown: 263-64; MARY BEST, dau. of Robert Du­ 291. bourdieu Best: MISS MARION, dau. of John Ross m. G. Johnston: 289. of Maine: 224; 261; 283; 291. Their children: Catherine John­ ALBERT ROSS, of Newport, N. ston; Patrick Johnston; Doro­ H., s. of John Ross of Maine: thy Johnston: 289. m. Dorothy Upton: 200; 264-65; DEAN WALTER HURST, of New 291. Zealand, s. of Ida Best and Rev. WILLIAM JOHN, s. of Saumarez W. Hurst: 242. and grandson of William John of m. Betty Olphert: 289. Scotland: His photograph: 324. m. Mary Baker: 292. Their children: Brian Hurst; An­ JAMES, s. of Saumarez etc.: 292. thony Hurst; Molly Hurt: 289. ISABELLE, dau. of Saumarez etc.: LIEUT. THOMAS (NOEL) m. J. Mackenzie: 236; 292. HURST, of New Zealand: s. of ELIZA, dau. of Saumarez etc.: Ida Best Hurst: 241. m. J. Johnstone: 238; 292. m. Patricia Parsons: 289. SAUMAREZ, s. Saumarez etc.: 292. Their children: William Hurst; SARAH, dau. of Saumarez etc.: David Hurst; Shelley Hurst; m. R. Clark: 238; 292. Richard Hurst: 289. SHEM, of New Zealand, s. of ELEANOR MARY HURST, dau. of Saumarez etc.: Ida Best and Rev. W. Httrst: 289. m. Grace Frazer: 240-41; 292. m. J. M'Robert. JAMESINA (INA): dau. of Sau­ Their children: John M'Robert; marez etc.: Eleanor M'Robert; Agnus M'­ m. T. Cunningham: 239; 292. Robert; Jessica Mary Dubour­ MARY JANE, of Gary, Indiana, dieu M'Robert: 240; 289. dau. of Saumarez etc.: 239; 292. KENNETH FRANCIS CROZIER, WILLIAM JOHN, s. of Samuel II: of Belfast, s. of Elizabeth Burns m. Irene Taylor: 292. Crozier: 235; 290. CATHERINE, dau. of Samuel II: SYLVIA, dau. of Agnes Abernathy: m. R. Burns: 292. m. R. Robinson of Finaghy: 232; ISABELLA, dau. of Samuel II: 290. m. T. Ricci: 292. Their children: Rodney Saumarez JEAN, dau. of James who d. tragi- Robinson (married) and Clif- ~2 BABY ON HER BACK

ford Robinson: 290. Newport, N. H., killed as child: BLANCHE, dau. of Agnes Aber­ 265; 291. nathy: MARY, dau. of William John who m. Tom McVicar of Bangor, N. m. Mary Baker: I.: 232; 290. m. J. Walker (children): 292. Their children: Terence McVi­ SARAH, dau. of William John who car; and Sylvia McVicar: 232; m. Mary Baker: 292. 240; 290. MARGARET, dau. of William John MURIEL, dau. Agnes Abernathy: who m. Mary Baker: 292. m. William Weir of Knockadona, m. H. Gilchrist: children. Lisburn: 232; 290. MARGARET MACKENZIE, of Their children: Kevin Weir and Gary, Ind., dau. of Isabelle Mac­ Kathleen Weir: 290. kenzie: 238; 292. JAMES HOWARD DOWLING, of m. 1 W. Beasey. Their children: Belfast: s. of Jane Dowling: 233; Denise Beasey; Terry Beasie; 291. and Jacqueline Beasey: 292. Children: James Allen Dowling m. 2 Lee R. Gilbert, Ph.D.: 292. and Fiona Mary Dowling. 233; YVONNE JOHNSTON, dau. of 291. Eliza and J. Johnston: 292. JAMES CYRIL NETTLESHIP, s. m. Boyle. of Maggie Nettleship of Knock­ JAMES JOHNSTON, s. of Eliza dona: 231; 291. and J. Johnston: 292. Children: John Nettleship and SADIE CLARK, dau. of Sarah and Brion Nettleship: 291. R. Clark: 292. JOHN NETTLESHIP, s. of Maggie m. J. Stevenson. Nettleship of Knockadona: 291. VIVIENNE, of New Zealand, dau. WALTER NETTLESHIP, s. of of Shem who m. Grace Frazer: Maggie Nettleship of Knocka­ 292. dona: 291. LESLIE, of New Zealand, dau. of DOREEN NETTLESHIP, dau. of Shem who m. Grace Frazer: 292. Maggie Nettleship of Knocka­ EDITH CUNNINGHAM, dau. of dona: Jamesina Cunningham of Illinois: m. McKee: 291. m. Paul Cianci: 239: 292. SAMUEL, of Warren Gardens, Lis­ KATRINA, dau. of William John burn, s. of Francis (Frank) of who married Irene Taylor: 292. Belfast: 174; 231; 278; 291. WILLIAM JOHN, s. of William m. Gladys Best. John who married Irene Taylor: Their photograph: 323. 292. Their children: Alwyne; Estelle; m. Barbara Light. Their children: Samuel: 291. Karen Lyn and Linda Doro­ MARY, dau. of Francis (Frank) of thy: 292. Belfast, in America: 291. ISABELLE BURNS, dau. of Cath­ m. M. Fann. erine Burns: 292. Their children: Linda Fann; m. Raymond Smith. Their chil­ Sharon Fann: 291. dren: Suzanne Cathy Smith RICHARD JAMES, son of Rev. and Lynne Marguerite Smith: William James of Illinois: ix; 277- 292. 78; 283; 291; 330. PHYLLIS RICCI, dau. of Isabella m. Virginia Rachel Morris. Ricci: 292. Their photograph: 320; 326. m. Everett Ed Cook II: Their Their children: son: Everett Ed Cook III: 292. Deborah Jane: 2; 15; 33; 215; BARBARA RICCI, dau. of Isabella 246-47; 268-69; 278; 283; 291. Ricci: 292. David James: 268; 278; 291. MARGARET LEISHMAN, dau. of Daniel John: 268; 278; 291. Jean Leishman: 292. Thomas William: 278; 291. m. W. Truesdale. Their children in photographs: Children: David; Archie; Rich­ 296; 316; 321; 325; 326. ard: 292. JEANNE MARGARET, dau. of Al­ JOHN LEISHMAN, s. of Jean bert Ross of Newport, N. H.: Leishman: 292. 265; 291. m. Mary Leckenly. Their chil­ m. James Michael McKenna. dren: Archie Leishman; Tom JOHN ROSS, s. of Albert Ross of Leishman; Ian Leishman: 292. INDEX 353

JESSIE LEISHMAN, dau. of Jean Jacques, of Paris: 248; 322. Leishman: 292. Louis, Admiral: 248; 251. GRACE LEISHMAN, dau. of Jean Lucy, of Teheran: 247. Leishman: 292. Maurice and Pierre, of Paris: 9; m. J. Sasala. Their children: 248; 323. Jeanette Sasala; Margaret Rose Sasala. 292. DUBOURDIEUS: EUPHEMIA, dau of William John First, the: 7-8; 11; 173. who m. Margaret Stewart: 240; Galleys, in the: 95-96. 292. Government service: 240-42. m. J. Ingles. Their children: Mar­ Hypothetical genealogy: 92. garet Ingles; Isabella Ingles; Irish branch of the Family: 173 ff. and Alexander Ingles: 292. Isabeau duBourdieu: 92. JAMES, s. of William John who m. Isaac Bordieu of Rochefort: 30. Margaret Stewart: 239; 292. Joseph of Vitre and South Carolina: m. Edith Cookstone. Their chil­ 256. dren: Helen; and Diane: 292. Junior Branch of Family: 33; 97 ff. GRACE, dau. of William John who Lord James of Blaye: 29; 92. m. Margaret Stewart: 292. Middle name, used as: 240. Miss DuBourdieu who m. a Boy- MARGARET, dau. of William John bellaud: 90; 92-95. who m. Margaret Stewart: 242; New Zealand, of: 238; 240-42. 292. Scotland, of: 236-40. m. Harry Pinkerton. Their dau.: Senior Branch of Family: 33; 83 ff. Irene Pinkerton: 292. Shem, of Knockadona: 222-23. JOHN STEWART, of Canada, s. of Ships named DuBourdieu: 251-52. William John who m. Margaret Spellings of the name 4; 8; 10; 12- Stewart: 1,3; 54-55; 68; 223-25. m. H. Mengies. Their children: Tradition of entering ministry: 6; William John; and Colin: 239; 282. 278; 292. JEAN, dau. of William John who Dugue, Judith: 102. m. Margaret Stewart: 240; 292. Dundas, Canon W. H.: 178; 197, note m. James Martin. Their children: 22; 205; 222-23. Margaret Martin; John Mar­ His notebook: 222-23. tin; and Jean Martin: 292. Duquesne, Admiral, refuses to recant: WILLIAM JOHN, s. of William xxii. John who m. Margaret Stewart: Durand, Marie, in Tower of Con­ m. Grace Reid. 239; 292. stance: 63. DAVID STEWART: s. of William Dwarf, Church of the: 187. John who m. Margaret Stewart: 239; 292. E m. M. McFarlane. Their chil­ dren: William John; Yvonne; Eberhard, Paul: 26. David: 278; 292. Edict of Nantes:See Nantes. WILLIAM HARRIS, s. of William Edinburgh, Scotland: 266. Harris: 292. Edward VI, King of England: 114. JEAN HARRIS, dau. of William Elizabeth II, of England: 330. Harris: 292. Elwood, Illinois: 271. AGNES HARRIS, England: dau. of William Huguenot migrations there: 114; Harris: 292. 148. Tension between Huguenots and French Roman Catholics: 151. DUBOURDIEUS, Recent, of France: English Channel, a Protestant 110; 245-52. moat: 114. Aviation Pioneer: 245-46. Ennis: Benjamin Claude, de Hueslet: llO. Surgeon Saumarez dies there: 210. Bernard, Captain: 248-51. Buried in Old Franciscan Abbey Surrenders Martinique to a Brit­ there: 211-15. ish Dubourdieu: 194; 249. Photograph of his grave there: 316. Emile, and family, of Paris: 248; Militia Barracks there 210. 322. Episcopalians: 131. ~4 BABY ON HER BACK

F H Fann Family: 291. Haag brothers: 159-60. Farnsworth, Florence: 260. Hacket, Prof. Felix, of Dublin: 281. Fergus River: 211. Halahan Family: 203; 290. Fetherston, Sir Henry: 155. Hall, Russel E.: 275. Fevre, Marie le: 100. Ramadan, Iran: 340. Flattery, Mary: 288. Hamelot, Secretary of French Church Fleury: of Savoy: 139. Rev. Louis: 100; 105; 287. Hamilton College: 10. Rev. Pierre: 100. Hamilton: Louise: 102. Margaret Young: 266; 291. Flight of Huguenots: See Huguenots. Surgeon William Boyd: 266. Foltz, Dr. and Mrs. Eliot E., 275. William Boyd: 266. Forissier, Pastor Marc: 13; 17-18. Hanover, Knights of: 194-95. Fontainebleau, Edict of Nantes re- Harris Family: 292. voked at: xxii. Harvard, Illinois: 272. Forde, Rev. Robert: 196. Hastings, Marquis of: 182. Fort Caroline: 253. Hendricks, Mrs. Wessie Rentz: 255, France, map of: 24. note 6. Franciscan Abbey at Ennis: 211-15. Henry IV, King of France: xx. Frazer; Grace: 292. Higginson, Rev. Thomas: 181. French language declines in Ireland: Hugue, Judge, curator of Museum of 180-81. . Desert: 95. Fulham Palace: 153. HUGUENOT: Churches of Great Britain: 114-17; 122. G Colleges: 34. Debt to England and other Protes­ Gaillardy Family: 102-5. tant nations of Europe: 113-15. Galleys (warships) : 95-96. Flight from France: xxiii; 8; 80; Galley slaves: 95-96; 156-57. 147-48; 162-63; 174; 254-55. Galway, Earl of: Found Ireland's linen industry: 174- Succeeds the Schombergs: 136-37. 77. And the Irish linen industry: 175. Hope of returning to France: 120; Garnaud, Renee: 248. 122. Garonne River: 9. In Ireland: 174-189. Gary, Indiana: 235. Origin of movement: 57. Gem (Jem), Captain Richard: 196; Origin of name: xix. 288. Persecutions: xx-xxiii; 62-64; 86-87; Geneva, Switzerland - name "Hugue- 112; 147-48; 254. not" originates there: xix. Soldiers: xx-xxi; 41-42; 129; 131-34. Gennes Family: 101. Trades and professions: 229-30· George I, King of England: 155. 242-43. ' Georgetown, South Carolina: 256. Value to Ireland: xxiv; 174; 176- Gibson, Jean: 292. 77. Gilchrist Family: 292. Youth intermarry and their de­ scendants cease to be French: Gimlette, author: 240. 180. Glanville Family: 288. Hugues' eidgenossen: xix. Glenavy, Ireland: 179; 184; 187-88. Hurst: Glengarnock, Scotland: 236-37. Dean Walter: 198; 242; 289. Lieut. Thomas (Noel): 241; 171; Godefroy: See Brius, de. 289. Gorman Family: 196-97, 289. Hurtand, Pastor: 70. Grace of Alais: xxi. Granard, Earl and town of: 209-10. Great Lakes Family Church: 275. I Guatennens, Jean: 29. Ilion, New York: 267; 269. Guernsey, Island of: 102; 177-78. Illinois, Synod of: 276. Gwynne, Mrs. Grace: 143; 154. Indigo: 257. Gwynne, Robin D.: 121 Ingles Family: 240; 292. INDEX 355

Iran: 246; 269-70; 276; 337-40. Lart, C. E.: 111. Ireland: 132-35; 173-235. Laussac, Rev. de: 177. Debt to Huguenots: xxiv; 174; 176- Laussac, Miss Jean de: 177-78. 77. Lay abbots: 13-14. DuBourdieu migration to: 173-74. Lay-reader: 208, note 7. Huguenot artisans of: 229-30; 242- Le Bourdieu ( Bordieu etc.): See un- 43. .der Bordeu and DuBourdieu, Map: 172. Leckenly, Mary: 292. Militia: 124. Leishman Family: 239; 292. "Patriots" bomb Dublin Four Le Moyne, Rachel: 101. Courts Building: 206. Lescar, France: IO. Isle, Abbot Joseph de l': 142. Les Crees, church of: 117; 167, note Italy: 135-36. 11. lzeste and its Chateau Le Bordiu: Lesparre, France: 27-28. 16-18. Languedoc, France: 20. Leyden, Netherlands: State Museum of: 98-99. J University of: 99. Walloon Library of: 99. Jacobites: xx; 156. Light, Barbara: 292. James II, King of England: xxili; 53; Limerick, Maine: 267. 116; 130-32. Linen industry: 174-77. Orders Pastor Claude's book burn­ Lisburn, Ireland: ed: xxii. Castle Street: 180: 218; 311. At Battle of the Boyne: 132-34. Classical School: 180-83. Jefferson Park Presby. Church of Chi- French church: xxiii; 179-82. cago: 271-72. Guardhouse: 180. Jesuits: 116; 138. Hertford Estate homes: 231. Joanne, Queen: 8. Lime tree in the Rounds: 205-6. John, King, of Magna Charta fame: Memorial to Saurriarez Dubourdieu 330. in Cathedral: 183-84; 314-15. Johnson, Rev. Park: vii. Relics of French period: 181-82; Johnson, Rev. Paul: vii. 189. Johnston Family: 289. Rounds, origin of name: 205, note l. Johnstone Family: 238; 292. Warren Gardens: 231. Jones, Rev. William T.: vii. London, England: Jonesboro, Maine: 260. Austin Friars Church: 114. Jouonel, Andre: 26. French Church of the Savoy: 116- 22; 137-39. Great Fire: 116. K Longford, Ireland: 201-2; 209-10. Louire, France: 16. Keane, Susan: 288. Louis IX, King of France: 63. Kerr, Canon, of Lisburn Cathedral: Louis XIII, King of France: xx-xxi. 183. Louis XIV, King of France: Killead, Ireland: 192. Becomes king at age 5: xxi. Klondike, Canada: 266. Defeated in Holland: 131. Kneller, Sir Godfrey, miniature by: Exchanges prisoners: 156. 135; 303. Persecutes Huguenots: xxi. Knockadona, Ireland: 222-23; 232. Takes exception to sermon by Jean Knox, S. J.: 147-48; 281. de Bordieu: 70.

L M Lachicotte, Alberta: 257, notes 8 and Mackenzie, Isabelle DuBourdieu: 236; 10. 292. Lafitte, France: 32. Margaret: 236; 292. Lake Forest, Illinois: 278. Madaune: Lambeg, Ireland: Marie de, wife of Jean duBourdieu Saumarez Dubourdieu minister of Castetpugnon: 16. there: xxiii; 184-87. Ancient viscount rulers of Bearn: La Rochelle, France: xx; 147. 16. ~6 BABY ON HER BACK

Magheragall, Ireland: 208; 219; 230- Reformed church membership: 45. 31. Religious wars: 58. Parish register of: 219-21. University: 41 "Maize-hole Mountain" and maize­ Worship in homes: 77. holes: 267-68. Morlass, France, ancient capital of Majendie, Pastor of French Church of Bearn: 21. Savoy: 137. Makino, Rev. Alcira: viii. M Marion, Marie: 124. Morris, Virginia Rachel: 278; 291; 320. Margranetto: 260. Marmoy, Charles: 53-54. Moucheron, Catherine de: 110; 287. Marot, Psalms of: 63; 122. Mourne Mt. Water Scheme: 231. Marsan, Charles: 59. M'Robert Family: 240; 289. Marseilles: 95. Muir, Margaret: 292. Martin Family: 240; 292. Murdock Family: 330-31. Martin, Rev. Harold: vi. Murphy Family: 220; 290. Martinique captured by a DuBour­ N dieu: 194. Mary, Queen of England: xiii; 131. Nantes, Edict of: xx; 58; 62; 129. Sermon upon her death; 143. Altered by Grace of Alais: xxi. Mazarin, succeeds de Richelieu: xxi. Revoked at Fontainebleau: xxii; 62. McAllister Family: 238; 283· 292. Napoleon I, Emperor: 249. McArthur, Abigail DuBourdieu: 220; Neil, Eliza: 236; 292. 262. Nettleship Family: 231; 291. McBride, Margaret: 222; 290. Newlin, Rev. Fred: vi; 273. McCartney, J. L.: 290. Nieman, Mrs. Hubert: 326. McClelland, Aiken: 195. Nunes, France, recants because of McCluskin Family: 290. dragoons: xxii. McCormick Theological Seminary: Noailles, Duke of: 71-73. 269-70. Norsemen: 211. McFarlane, M.: 292. Northwestern University: 272. McGowan, Bridget: 289. McKay, Rev. Arthur: ix. 0 McKenna Family: 265; 291. McKnight, Elizabeth: 231; 291. O'Brien, King Donough: 211. McVicar Family: 232; 240; 290. O'Donovan, John: 193-94. Medici, Catherine de: 147. O'Hara Family: 238; 292. Marie de: xx. Olin, France: 19. Mengies, H.: 292. Oloron, France, Ste. Marie d': 16; Mermoz, pioneer aviator: 245-46. 296. Methuen, Lord: 266. Olphert, Betty: 289. Millard, E.: 150-51. Olson, Alice: viii. Minet, William and Susan: 125; 137. Orangemen's parade: 233-35. Monassut, France: 12; 15. Orthez, France: 15; 31. MONTPELLIER, France: p Bastille of: 74. Battle of the Poets: 76. Paris, France, city library: 26. Besieged by Louis XIV: 41-42; 58. Parsons, Patricia: 289. Capitol buildings: 76. Pau, France, Archives Department: Church records saved: 40; 44. 11; 14. Early history: 40-41. Paulet, Isabeau: 59-61. Execution place: 74; 305. Pays Basque: 9. Grand Temple: 46. Peeples, Rev. Robert: 255, notes 4, 5. Destruction of: 61; 75. Pequaket Trail: 267. Protestantism's largest: 46. Perrin, early Lisburn schoolmaster: Receives members only in pri- 182. vate: 48. Persecutions: xx-xxiii; 62-64; 86-87; Roman Catholics scheme to de­ 112; 147-48; 254. stroy: 60. Philip II, King of France: House for Cardinal's mistress on Confers Le Bourdieu on Godefroy on site: 75-76. de Brius: 7; 21. Little Temple: 43-44. Husband of Queene Joanne of Origin of Protestantism in: 41. Bearn: 8. INDEX 357

Pinet, Catherine: 138-39. Russell, George, marries Anna La Va­ Pinkerton Family: 240; 292. lade: I 79-80. Pittsburg-Zenia Theological Seminary: 273. s Planchet, Sieur: 71. Plantagenet, Sir Thomas: 330. Sadler, Cecil: 268. P-LHP: 139-40·. Saincte Marie, Roman Catholic priest: Poets, battle of: 76. 47-49. Pohl, Arthur: vi. Sampson, Margaret: 170; 194. Poitevin Family: 255. Santee River: 257. Portage Park Presbyterian Church: Saracens: IO. 273. Sarvetal, France: 32. Portauer, Madeline de: 16. Sasala Family: 292. Portugal: 136. Saurin, Hon. William: 182. Powers, T.: 289. Sausine, Pastor: 63. Poyteuin, Jean, third wife of Rev. Savory, Sir Douglas L.: xix; 78-79; Isaac duBourdieu: 43; 287. ll8; 183. Presbyterian: 131-32; 265; 267; 283. Joseph: xix; 119. Presidential Range: 267. Savoy, Duke of: Primerose, Elder: 120-21. Ally to William III: 135-36. Protestantism, origin in France: 57-58. Praises sermon of Jean de Bordieu: Purdon, Dr. Charles: 189; 219. 142. Puylaurens, France, Huguenot acad- Savoy, French Church of the: ll6-22; emy at: 68. 137-39. Pyrenees Mountains and provinces: Savoy Hospital: 115. 9; 16. Schomberg: Duke Charles killed in battle: 119; 136. Q-R Duke Frederick, commander-in­ chief for William III: 130-35; Rabot, Pastor Paul: 63-64. 234; 303. Ramsayer, Rev. Conway: vii. Killed at Battle of Boyne: xxiii; Ravaillac, assassin of Henry IV: xx. 119. Ravenel List of South Carolina Hu- Duke Menard: 133; 136. guenot settlers: ll 1; 255-56. Madam Frederick: 130; 140. Recherche to establish French nobil- Scottish DuBourdieus: 236-40. ity: 107. Sempre, Marie de: 16. Reformed Church of France: 254. Shem: origin of DuBourdieu use of Regeret, Madame Bemis: 17. name: 178. Regis, Pierre: 40; 44. Sill, John: 329. Reid, Grace: 292. Smith, Raymond, Family: 292. Religious Wars of France: 41-42; 57- Sokokis Indians: 267. 58. Somerville, Robert: ll7. Remington Arms Co.: 267. South Carolina: 254-60. Bennes, France: 33. Spanish Armada: xx. Resister, motto of Church of Desert: Spring Gardens French Church: 167, 62-63. note 11. Revere, Mass.: 265-66. St. Augustine, Fla.: 253. Revocation of Edict of Nantes: xxii; St. Francis of Assisi: 214. 62. St. Hippolyte Huguenot church, plot Rice production in South Carolina: to destroy: 47-50. 257. St. Jean d'Angely, siege of: 30; 147. Richard II, King of England: 3.30. St. Julian Family: 101. Richelieu, Cardinal de: xx-xxi; 147. Ste. Marie d'Oloron and cathedral: Ricci Family: 292. 16; 18; 296. Riddle, Mrs. Alpheus: 243, note 8. St. Quentin, France: 175. Riumayou, France: 12; 15. Ste. Suzanne, France: 15. Rival, Sieur: 156-57. Stewart, Margaret: 292. Robert Family of South Carolina: 255. Stitson, Mrs. Nina: viii. Robinson Family: 290. Strand, London: 116. Robinson, Mrs. George: vii. Stumpf, Rev. Paul: ix. Roland, leader in the Cevennes: 64. Stylites: vii. Ross, Abigail Wallace: 261; 265. Sunday, Evangelist William A.: 271. 358 BABY ON HER BACK

T Noble Jean: 68. Tabriz, Iran: 269-70; 340. w Tarente, Princess of: 101. Taylor, Irene: 292, W aldensians: Taylor, Rev. Wilford: 272. Lived near Montpellier: 41. Teg, Dr. William: 267. Schomberg comes to their aid: 136. Teheran, Iran: 276; 337-40. Walker Family: 292. Telemanque, Adventures of, edition Walloon: by Jean Annand Dubourdieu: 166- Library of Leyden: 99. 67. Refugees in England: 114. Thames River: 117; 131. \1/andsworth Huguenot churches 88. Thirty Years War: 67. Watts, Sir Isaac, poem on destruction Thompson, Rev. Shem, father-in-law of Grand Temple: 76. of Rev. Saumarez Dubourdieu: 178. Weekly, Prof. Ernest: 174. Source of family use of name Shem: Weir Family: 291. 178. Wells, Rev. Howard: viii. Toronto, Canada: 239. Western Springs Presby. Church: 275. Tortellier Family: 33; lll. Weston, Hannah: 260. Toulas, France: 19. Wharton, Lawrence R., Dr.: 53. Trafford Family: 158, White Family of South Carolina: 256- Trinity College, Dublin: 178; 183; 57. 202; 218. Widdess, Dr. J. H. D., of Dublin: Turlaugh, King: 211. 201; 207-8. Twechar, Scotland: 239. William III, King of England: xxiii· 130-35. ' Orders linen industry for Ireland: u 174-75. At Battle of Boyne: 133-34. Ulster Agricultural Society: 198. His banner as Prince of Orange: Ulster Journal of Archaeology: 207; 234. 219. Miniature by Sir Godfrey Kneller: Early source for this book: 4. 135; 303. Unet, France: 30. Williamites: xx. Utrecht, Treaty of: 156. Williams-Asman, Chaplain: 117. U zes, France: Wilmshurst Family: 197; 289. Jean de Bordieu's pastorate: 69-70. Winans, Mrs. Lloyd: vii. Martyrs: 70. Winnetka Presby. Church: 275. Upton, Dorothy: 264-65; 291. Worcester Art Museum: 99. Wren, Sir Christopher, designs French Church of Savoy: 116; 301. V X-Y-Z Vachan, Jean: 287. Valade, de La, Family: 86; 91-95· 161-62; 165; 177. ' Family estates in France: 161. Rev. Charles: 177; 179-80. Valet, Andree Le, dau. of Isaac du­ Bourdieu by an early marriage: 88· 91-95. ' Valeyrac, France: 29. Vaughn Family: 289. Vernue, Elder de la: 69. Vertheuil, France: 28. Vitre, France: 97; 100-101; 256. Ancient Protestant citadel: 100-101. Olivier DUBOURDIEU, king's rep­ resentative at Chateau of Vitre: 100-101. Origin of Junior branch of family there: 97. Voysine: Margaret: 68; 287.