A taste of the late 80s through the early '60s found in amateur stereo slides

by-Mark A. Willke storage box on the table is actually (perhaps using a tripod and a self- Stereo in Stereo! the base of an original box from a timer on the camera), but since it Realist ST-41/ST-61 camera and is unlabeled, the photographer and t's always fun to find old stereo viewer set. In addition to the the people in the view are all slides that include stereo photog- stereo interest contained in this unidentified and unknown. raphy equipment! I occasionally I shot, I also enjoyed that wallpaper, Our second view also includes a find ones in which the photogra- the little knick knack shelf and the Realist red-button viewer, but my pher has accidentally left his stereo lamp in the background. favorite part of this scene has to be camera case where it is visible in The film chips of this unlabeled the woman's hat with that curly the background, but views that image were attached to one of the decoration on the top! (Is that intentionally contain stereo equip- early Realist paper masks using the some sort of feather?) ment are more fun to discover. Realist heat-seal mounting kit. I've Labeled only with the couple's Our first find this time shows wondered whether this view might last name, this slide was mounted two gentlemen enjoying some have been a self-portrait set up by in an aluminum mask and glass. stereo slides with a couple of Real- one of the two men in the photo The photographer is unknown. ist red-button viewers. That slide From what I can tell from other slides in this collection, she and he operated a women's clothing store in Portland, Oregon, in the 1950s. (Watch for an interior shot of their store in a future installment of this column!) In fact, since there is a stack of fabric samples on the table between the pads of paper, my guess is that she and he are shown here in the process of ordering new merchandise for their store. Could she be referring to stereo slides of the styles available? 99

is column combines a love of stereo 7"photography with a fondness for 1950s-era styling, design and decor by sharing amateur stereo slides shot in the "golden age" of the Stereo Realist-the late 1940s through the early 1960s. From clothing and hoirstyles to home decor to modes of transportation, these frozen moments of time show what things were really like in the middle of the twentieth century. If you've found a classic '50s-era slide that you would like to share through this column, please send it to: Fifties Flavored Finds, 5670 SE 71st, Portland, OR 97206. As space allows, we will select a couple of images to reproduce in each issue. This is not a contest-just a place to share and enjoy Please limit your submission to a single slide. If the subject, date, location, photographer or other details are known, please send that along too, but we'll understond if it's not available. Please include return postage with your slide. Slides will be returned within 6 to 74 weeks, and while we'll treat your slide as carefully as our own, Stereo World and the NSA assume no responsibility for its safety.

Volume 28, Number 3 S'lEREOWDRLD A Pal~Icitlonol National Stereoscooic Association. Inc.

NSA BOCrrd of Directors Bill C. Vdalton, Choirmon dy Criscom eter Lorenz isell Norton Page 3 Page 4 Page 22 :. Treadwell lard Twichell !na E. Wright NS A Officers Mary AInn Sell, President Shab Le vy, Vice Preside1 3 Riverside's for You Dean Kamin, Vice President, / Larry Hess, Secretory in 2002 David VJheeler, Treosur 2 Editor's View Stereo World Sta Comments and John Dennis, Editor Observations Lawrence Kaufman, Contributiing Editor by john Dennis Mark Willke, Art Direct11r 4 U-Boat! Sylvia Dennis, Subscription b1""""".wrwyrr German Submarines Through Don R. Cibb!i, Bock Issues M'onoger 20 The Society Two World Wars News from the by Richard C. Ryder ---now .. LO. Reach ius: Stereosco ic NSA rMembership Society o/~merica (New membership5 , rrnrwni~b oddrr, by Norrnon B. P.O. Box 867C18, Portland, 01 Potterson -- 22 Goo Questions Concerninc Stereo World Subscripti6 and the Stereo Realist P.O. Box 86708, Portland, OR 9 e-mail: [email protected] 33 Newviews or: [email protected] Current Information Permamount on Stereo Today by Mark A. Willke Stereo WorloI Back Issue Service by David Storkmon 61 /ohn Dennis (Wnle for ovailahiliiy & pncrS8.) dSA, 23575 C.Ft, 77, Calhan, (:O 80808

Stereo World Editorial IOffice 32 A Berkshire 3-D (lerfm lo the rdjror, orfrlrr (i colrno br Ihr!ngr) 34 Classified 561 0 SE 71 st Ave., Portland, ()R 97206 Buy, Sell, or (503) 771 -4440 Trade It Here I Adventure e-mail: strwld@teleport.~rom

Stereo World Advertim sing (Clorsih~d& dirploy odr) 5610 SE 71st Ave., Portland, ()R 97206 (503) 771-4440 e-mail: [email protected] (lnr~rtilyer~ B o~,tlion ad$; Jeffrey Kraus PO Box 99, Modena, NY 125 (845) 255-791 3 e-mail: [email protected] Stereo World (ISSN 0191-4030) IS publ~shedbtmonthly by the Natlonal Oliver Wendell Holr nes Stereorcop~cAsroclatlon. Inc , PO Box Stereoscopic Research Library 86708, Portland, OR 97286 Entlre (AHMjored wiril lhr. Nnt!anol \I?r?acropllAismmt!on) contents 02001, all rlghts resewed 3665 Erie Ave., Cincinnati, 0H 45208 Material In this publlcatlon may not Front Cover: e-mail: vmmasell@cinti. net be reproduced w~thoutwrltten per- The recent discovery of this nearly 50-year-old tube of adhesive inspired rntsslon of the NSA, Inc Printed In USA A suhscrlptlon to Itereo World IS research into its surprising role in stereo history. See the article on "Coo" Stereoscopic Society of,America part of NSA membersh~p Annual by Mark A. Willke on page 22. (AH,l~alrdwilh lilt Nar!onoi Slermrropn Arconai!an) membership dues $26 th~rdclass US, Shab Levy, Membership Se,cretary 138 first class US, $38 Canada and foreign suriace, 156 lnternatlonal alr- 6320 SW 34th Ave., Portland, OR 97201 mall Annual rnembershlps Include SIX Back Cover: e-mail: [email protected] ISSUPS of Stereo IVorld, a plastic "Fleet of murderous 'U' boats, the greatest menace that ever faced our lorgnette vlewer and a membersh~p Empire, surrender at Hanvich, " No. 7 88 by Realistic Travels. This is just Stereo World on the 1 cl~rectory one of 21 U-boat related views in Richard Ryder's fascinating article WWW. stereoview.org Member, ltionol Stereoscoptic Union "U-boat! - German Submarines Through Two World Wars" on page 4. Comments and Observations EDITORSUE w john Dennis

ur backlog of material has directly responsible for sparking or overwhelming. Images and stories been almost embarrassingly reinforcing an addiction to all from five stereographers have 0full for some time, and there things 3-D in so many people- arrived so far, in quantities ranging comes a point when the choice is yours truly included. from two to 60. Our next issue will between publishing more or buy- "The Little Yellow Dinosaur" in feature this unique stereoscopic ing another file cabinet. The mail- the last issue and this issue's "Goo" coverage of an event that will con- ing proximity of this issue to the and "U-boat!" came from very dif- tinue to trigger both the best and previous one reveals what the ferent places in the holding pat- worst reactions around the world choice was, but a glance at the edi- tern, but their variety of subject for years to come. torial office makes the new file matter and obvious quality of Kaiser Credit Overdue idea sound good anyway. research, images and writing pro- Not mentioned in our feature Articles in various stages of vided a good balance while reduc- "The Kaiser Panorama Phenome- preparation tend to remain stacked ing (a little) the backlog. With non" (Vol. 28 No. 1) was the fact in a sort of holding pattern, with luck, they will inspire readers to that copies of the copyrighted the pick of which ones land on our submit more articles of similar stereoviews illustrating it had all pages first determined more by quality and make our backlog been supplied by the Munich available space and the editor's "problem" even worse! Photo Museum (Fotomuseum im hours of sleep than anything else. 9/11 3-D Miinchner Stadtmuseum). Our Last issue's "Polarizing 3-D View- apology for the omission and our ers" by William Eburn was a rela- The response to (and even ahead thanks for this special use by Stereo tively recent submission, but the of) the editorial invitation in Vol. 28 No. 1 for stereos of events, peo- World of the Kaiser Panorama available space was a good fit. ple and places related to the views go to Dr. Pohlmann, director Besides, it was hard to resist quick- of the Munich Photo Museum. psc ly sharing this story by a person so attacks of September 11 has been

upcoming NSA Explore the World National Conventions of 3-D Imaging, 11-15, 201 Past & Present, At the ~olidayInn in Riverside, Califorriia in Contact Mike Aversa: [email protected] or Lawrence Kaufman: kaufman3d(@earthlinIk.net for mor.e info 01* questio ns. Visit the NSA 2002 we b site at: http:llwvw.3dgea1 i STEREO% C I/ ' Ld L~~ -,d July 23-29, 2003 A' At the Embassy Suites in North Charleston, Sout na Only $% a year Contact Bill Mo 11 for more info or questic om from

NATIONAL TI STEREOSCOPIC J ~ly2004 ASSOCIATION At the Doubletree Jantzen Beach in Portland, Oregon Contact Diane Rulien for more info or questions: " [email protected] P.O. Box 86708 Portland, OR 97286

2 Volume 28, Number 3 SZEREO~RZD Riverside's for You in 2002 2002 National Stereoscopic Association Convention, July 11-15, Riverside, California

here is literally something for Pharaoh's Lost Kingdom Mini For more information, visit: every taste within a few miles Golf (8 miles) htt~://www.3dgear.com/NSA/.639 Tof Riverside. Here are just a few Antique Pedestrian Shopping of the nearby attractions: Mall (0.10 mile) California Speedway (15 miles) California Youth Soccer Stadium Located close to the convention site, the UCR/California Museum of Photography houses (15 miles) the vast Keystone-Mast Collection of 350,000 stereoviews. A visit will be among the activities scheduled for the convention. What looks like a huge box camera in the top Ontario Mills Outlet Mall center window is actually a walk-in camera obscura, one of the permanent attractions (15 miles) in the museum. (Stereo by Lawrence Kaufman) Galleria at Tyler Mall (5 miles) Hidden Valley Golf Course (10 miles) March Air Force Base and Museum (6 miles) Castle Amusement Park (4 miles) Disneyland - Magic Kingdom and California Adventure (45 miles) Knotts Berry Farm (45 miles) Lake ArrowheadIMountain Resorts (32 miles) San Manuel Casino (22 miles) Temecula Wineries (40 miles) Raging Waters (40 miles)

A wild ride at Shore Acres. 1 (Stereo by Gary Schacker) -

Southern California's Big Bear Lake, just one of the many natural attractions for stereography in the Riverside area. (Stereo by Gary Schacker)

S7EREOWDRT.D Volume 28, Number 3 3 German Submarines Through Two

lichard C. Ryder

/- I - r I w -1

"The Lusitania Leaving Dock in New York Crty, " No W26 10 1 by Keystone The very pair of eyes on the bridge sinkrng of the grant Cunard Irner by Schweiger's U-20 off southern Ireland on May 7, of the submarine was focused 1915 paralyzed US-German relatrons. An advertisement placed by the Imperial Eon the tiny speck on the hori- German Embassy appeared m New York papers the day of the Imer's departure zon. Kapitanleutnant Walther wornrng that Amencans who sailed on British ships did so "at their own risk. " Schweiger of the U-20stared at the image taking shape in his binocu- U-boat, angling to cross Schweiger's available (actually three, but lars. Passenger liner certainly. Big, bow at fairly close range. Schweiger intended to retain two with four stacks. There certainly Schweiger submerged the boat for emergencies during the voyage weren't many of those. British, and moved to the attack. It would home). The big ship changed obviously. Too fast to catch. But take a lucky shot on his part for, course to starboard, moving even maybe he wouldn't have to; the after a week on patrol in the Irish closer to the hidden U-boat. big liner was coming toward the Sea, U-20 had only a single torpedo Schweiger fired. The torpedo left the tube and streaked relentlessly "Fleet of murderous 'U' boats, the greatest menace that ever faced our Empire, sur- the striking the star- render at Harwich," No. 188 by Realistic Travels. Scores of U-boats turned themselves board side of the liner just aft of m at Harwich, the designated assembly polnt, at the end of the war. Note the saw- the bridge. The initial hit was fol- toothed net-cutter for penetrating anti-submarine nets on the boat at the lower rrght.- I a

I

Number 3 --mil IhnhMlcl

lowed by a second, greater explo- "British Armored Hampshire, lamestown Naval Review, " No. 180 12 by H. C. White. Sunk by a subman'ne-laid mine off the Orkneys in ]une of 19 16, the Hamp- sion, probably either coal dust in shire was carrying Lord Kitchener on a secret diplomatic mission to Russia at the time the nearly empty bunkers or the of her loss. big ship's boilers, but almost cer- tain'~ the of contraband flailing about in the chilly waters. sunken blockship and the island which the liner Only as the ship went down could dimly seen to starboard. Despite an however, illicitly carrying. The Schweiger make out the letters on almost moonless night, the north- great ship listed heavily to one the stern. Lusitania. ern lights danced on the horizon side, preventing the launching of Fast forward a quarter century. and cast an eerie shimmer on the most of her lifeboats, and sank by Captain Gunther Prien carefully surface of the water. The nerves of the bow in sixteen edged the prow of the U-47 gently everyone aboard the surfaced U- leaving hundreds of tiny figures between the dark hulk of the boat were stretched to the limit. For the small gap ahead was a tiny "The call which resounded around the world; Lord Kitchener's magic appeal for men," chink in the a giant and No. 267 by Realistic Travels. The most prominent victim of the U-boat war, Kitchener It wouldn't do to ring the doorbell. was at the time a member of the British War Cabinet and England's greatest living In front of them lay Scapa Flow, soldier.

-I 6 Volume 28, Number 3 52EREoWT,RW, "French at Close Range," No. 16049 by Keystone. Not a battleship at all, but the armored cruiser Leon Gambetta (check out the name on the ship), sunk off southern Italy in 191 6 by Austrian U-boat ace Georg Ritter von Trapp of The Sound of Music fame. the main anchorage of the power- The sinking of the Lusitania in ful British Home Fleet and the site May of 1915 was widely con- of the German Navy's greatest demned throughout the world, humiliation, the scuttling of the and most particularly in the Unit- Kaiser's proud in 1919. ed States, as a barbarous act of Against all odds, Prien would piracy committed against innocent succeed, torpedoing and sinking women and children, a flagrant the battleship Royal Oak, which violation of international law, and had been lying blissfully at anchor, the ultimate example of Germany's in the very heart of the enemy's notorious policy of "Unrestricted greatest naval base. Furthermore, Submarine Warfare." Yet, although U-47would cap this temerity by the policy would poison Ger- escaping, gliding silently out the many's relations with the United way she had come, while the States, the sinking itself did not, enemy searched futilely for the contrary to popular belief, lead culprit. Prien might have achieved directly to war. still more, had not the bulk of the The British government, though British fleet moved to an anchor- obviously distressed by the huge bring America to the brink of war, age off the west coast of Scotland casualty toll, was not entirely dis- even if it was Japan's attack on just days before. Nevertheless, this pleased by the results of the Lusita- Pearl Harbor that pushed her over brash young officer had achieved nia sinking. The prevailing attitude the edge. the seemingly impossible and U-47 of "Germany as villain" was one Nevertheless, in both conflicts, returned home to a hero's wel- that Great Britain, with her wide- "Unrestricted Submarine Warfare" come. spread control of both the sea and was a policy that was largely forced These two incidents, twenty-four international communications, upon Germany by circumstances, years apart, represent both the was only too happy to encourage. particularly her relative position of most infamous and the most glori- By 1939, the year the Second inferiority as a naval power. Prior ous moments of the German U- World War broke out, the German to 1914, the rules of "cruiser war- boat service, one of the most submarine policy seemed some- fare" against commercial vessels renowned yet controversial aspects how less horrifying, in a conflict had been clearly spelled out in a of the two great wars of the twenti- that would ultimately include the series of international agreements eth century. (The term U-boat itself widespread terror bombing of civil- to which Germany herself was a derives from "unterseeboot" or ians, use of the atomic bomb, and signatory. Specifically, these rules "underseaboat," the German the wholesale genocide of entire stated that neutral vessels could be equivalent of our word "subma- populations. Yet once again it detained if suspected of carrying rine.") would be the U-boats that would "contraband" (war supplies) to an

STJZREOWDRLLl Volume 28, Number 3 7 "Captured German submarine of the 'Deutschland' type, " No. 290 by Realistic enemy nation. Such vessels were to Travels. The Deutschland was unique, an unarmed, privately built and operated be escorted into a friendly port submarine blockade runner that created quite a stir when it showed up in Baltimore and searched; any contraband harbor in july of 19 16. Such ventures proved impractical and it was soon converted found could then legally be seized for war duties. before sending the vessel on its way. Neutral ships were never to ever aggressive Winston Churchill Bryan, who resigned rather than be sunk. On the other hand, was then the head) began to arm send them. enemy merchant ships could be merchant ships and instructed But Bryan was wrong. Despite sunk, but only after warning the them to try whenever possible to additional incidents, Wilson's ship in order to allow the passen- ram the fragile U-boats, the Ger- patient diplomacy eventually got gers and crew, as noncombatants, mans were faced with a dilemma. the Germans to abandon "unre- time to seek safety in the lifeboats. Not only were submarines slower stricted submarine warfareu-for These rules worked fairly well for and more vulnerable than almost the time being at least. the surface warships for which anything else afloat, but their By the start of 1917, however, they had originally been written. greatest advantage was stealth, the Germany was clearly losing the Unfortunately, they hadn't been ability to approach a target unseen war. Faced with the prospect of written with submarines in mind. and unsuspected. The Germans starvation in German cities, cour- When, in the summer of 1914, could either violate the rules or tesy of the British blockade, and the First World War broke out, vacate the seas. They chose the for- the imminent collapse of the Ger- Germany's battle fleet was largely mer. man army, bled white by the attri- confined to the and Nevertheless, the Germans tion of a "two-front" war, the Baltic by the presence of the great- argued, unsuccessfully as it turned Kaiser's military advisors saw only ly superior British , out, that equipping merchant one way out. Perhaps the U-boats based in the north of Scotland, ships with guns made them "de could force England's surrender exactly like a cork in a bottle. facto" warships and thus liable to before an unprepared America Meanwhile, England clamped a attack without warning. Even giant could make its presence felt in the tight blockade on Germany- liners like the Lusitania might be trenches of the Western Front. expanding the definition of "con- fair game. Anything was preferable to simply traband" to include such non-mili- Fair perhaps, but hardly intelli- sitting back and waiting for the tary items as food. America's trade gent. Outrage over the sinking was inevitable. with Germany vanished while that so universal throughout the Unit- As it turned out, the decision to with the Allied Powers increased ed States that, had President Wil- resume "unrestricted submarine dramatically. America protested- son not been wholeheartedly com- warfare" was both unsuccessful feebly-against the British actions. mitted to keeping America neutral, and unnecessary. America did With her access to the world's she probably would have entered enter the war, in April of 1917, as oceans denied, Germany turned to , the war then and there. As it was, foreseen, propelled by the resump- her new and as yet untried U-boat I Wilson's vociferous protests to Ger- tion of the U-boat attacks as well fleet. Nevertheless, she did try to I many were too bellicose for Secre- as a German attempt to embroil observe the rules of "cruiser war- I tary of State William Jennings Mexico in a war with the United fareu-at least at first. Yet, when I States by promising the return of the British Admiralty (of which the

I 8 VolumeZ8, Number 3 STEREOWVRCD Y ~mp.rtnlonr nd four tnrpdo tabu. "Interior of forward compartment of U boat 135 showing torpedo and four torpedo in U-35, managed to sink a stagger- tubes, " No. 293 by Realistic Travels. With only two torpedo tubes in evidence, this is most likely the after rather than forward torpedo room. Although torpedoes are ing 54 ships totaling 91,150 tons usually thought of as the most lethal and typical U-boat weaponry, more attacks in a single month, mostly by gun- were made using deck guns; de la Periere, for example, sank 54 ships in a single fire, and he did so without ever month but fired only four torpedoes in the process! violating the rules of "cruiser war- fare!" In all, de la Periere sank Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. placement of some 600 to 900 more than 200 ships, establishing The Mexicans were too smart to tons, a speed of 15 or 16 knots on him as the most successful U-boat fall for the bribe, and the "Zim- the surface and a mere crawl of 7.5 skipper of all time. In the spring of mermann Telegram" (as the offer knots submerged. It carried an 1918, another U-boat, in an excep- was called) was intercepted by the armament of from 10 to 16 torpe- tionally rare appearance in Ameri- British, who promptly released its does (but only 4 to 6 torpedo can waters, actually succeeded in contents to the suitably outraged tubes) and one or two deck guns. laying minefields in the Chesa- Americans. Ironically, on the East- There were also a few specialized peake and Delaware Bays. For a ern Front, the Russian army col- "U-" capable of operating time, it had seemed that the U- lapsed and the country itself was at much greater range from base boats might succeed in starving soon wracked by bloody revolu- but carrying fewer torpedoes, plus Britain into submission. tion. Within months, hundreds of a number of small UB-boats Although attention has tended thousands of German reinforce- designed primarily for coastal to focus largely-and deservedly- ments could be shipped from the defense, and the even smaller UC- on the practice of "unrestricted Eastern Front to France. Had the type minelayers. During the war, submarine warfare" against mer- Germans only held off on the deci- the Germans had employed a total chant shipping, this was not the sion to unleash the U-boats, they of approximately 360 submarines only dimension of the U-boats' would unquestionably have won of all types in active operations, contribution to the German war the war in the spring of 1918! But although no more than about 60 effort. The undersea craft also by then the Americans had arrived were in use at any one time. achieved several noteworthy suc- and Germany tottered to defeat. Nevertheless, by the end of the cesses against enemy warships, tor- Surprisingly, given what had war, U-boats had sunk, either pedoing and sinking a number of transpired, Germany had not even through direct attack or mining the older pre-Dreadnought battle- built her first submarine until 1906 operations, some 5,234 merchant ships and lesser warships, particu- and, by the outbreak of World War ships of more than 18 million larly in the more restricted waters I still had only 45-fewer than tons, along with 10 battleships, 18 of the Mediterranean. Perhaps the Britain, France, the , cruisers, 20 , and 9 sub- most spectacular achievement of or even Russia. The German war marines. In the course of this may- this nature occurred early in the on shipping did not commence hem, a total of 187 U-boats had war, before either side really under- until February of 1915 and even been lost, but not until the institu- stood the U-boat's potential. On then no more than 20 U-boats tion of an effective convoy system September 22, 1914, U-9, under were available for offensive opera- late in 1917 did the Allies gain the Lieut. Otto Weddigen, torpedoed tions. The typical German U-boat upper hand. One U-boat ace, and sank three British armored of had a surface dis- Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere, cruisers, Aboukir, Cressy, and Ho'pe, in broad daylight in waters not far

STEREOWDRLD Volume 28, Number 3 9 from the Dutch coast. The success, "Conning tower on one of the hugh[?] mine-laying German U boats," No. 292 by Realistic Travels. Note the anti-net rigging and prominent deck gun on the smaller which claimed 1,460 lives, would UC7 02 at left. not have been possible had Cressy and Hopre not stopped to rescue ' pointing likeness adorned a gressed. Chief among these was survivors from the first victim. famous British recruiting poster the invention of the "depth Furthermore, not all of the U- that would subsequently provide charge," a powerful underwater boats' successes involved the use of the model for James Montgomery bomb which could be dropped torpedoes and deck guns. Several Flagg's legendary "I Want You" from a warship like a or of the craft were also equipped to poster featuring Uncle Sam in a catapulted sideways from a "K- carry and lay underwater mines, similar pose in the U.S. gun" to form a ring of death and a few, such as the diminutive Curiously, the Germans were not around the suspected position of a UC-5, were designed solely for this the only ones to employ "U-boats" submerged U-boat; the depth purpose and did not carry torpe- in the First World War. Their allies charge sank to a pre-set depth does at all. The most spectacular the Austro-Hungarians also used where the water pressure set off a victim of a submarine-laid mine them with some success in the trigger mechanism and caused it to was the British armored cruiser Mediterranean and Adriatic. Aus- explode, sending powerful shock Hampshire which struck a mine tria's leading U-boat ace, Linien- waves against the fragile hull of a and sank rapidly in heavy seas schiffsleutnant Georg Ritter von nearby submarine. Since WWI U- near the Orkneys, north of Scot- Trapp, in the Austrian U-5, sank boats could not dive to very great land, on June 5, 1916. The mine in the French armored cruiser Leon depths to evade the charges and question was apparently one of a Gambetta (U-boats did seem to the Allied warship had only the U-75 group placed by (Lieut. Com- have a penchant for this class of most imprecise idea of where the mander Beitzen) on 28-29 May, in warship!) just off the heel of the U-boat might be, the attack an attempt to disrupt British fleet Italian "boot" in April of 1915. became something of a potentially movements before the Battle of Von Trapp, whose exploits also lethal game of underwater tag. Jutland. The attempt paid an unex- included sinking an Italian subma- Even if U-boats were rarely pected dividend. At the time of the rine, would go on in 1938 to an destroyed in such attacks, they sinking, the Hampshire was carry- even more courageous act-refus- could sometimes be damaged and ing the British Secretary for War, ing a commission in Hitler's new forced to the surface where they Field Marshal Lord Kitchener, on a German Navy in the wake of the could be finished off by gunfire or top secret diplomatic mission to Nazi takeover of Austria. Instead, ramming. Russia and the Field Marshal was von Trapp led his wife and large Another problem was the "Q- not among the few survivors. Arro- family in a daring escape from ship," a small merchant ship of gant and notoriously difficult to their homeland, an adventurous deceptively innocent appearance work with but nonetheless bril- flight to freedom immortalized in that was in fact a powerfully- liant, Kitchener had established an the musical The Sound of Music. armed decoy vessel designed as a enviable reputation during the The Allies struck back at the U- U-boat killer. Because U-boats had Sudanese and Boer Wars at the boats with a series of countermea- very limited capacity and carried turn of the century and had mas- sures which became ever more relatively few torpedoes in WWI, terminded British mobilization at sophisticated as the war pro- they often preferred to attack the start of WWI. His looming, i 10 volume 28, Number 3 SEXEOWDRCD "German Submarines, U- 139 and U- 159, in Cherbourg Harbour, " No. 5 15 1 by W. E. Troutman. The large "U-cruisers" U-139 and (possibly) U- 159, the latter never already wrecked by the effects of completed, were among Germany's largest U-boats. The similar U- 15 7 laid mineffelds the long war and the crippling in American waters and sank the liner Carolina by gunfire off the New Jersey coast- blockade, Germany was forced to one of the ship's lifeboats, crammed with survivors, reached shore amid a crowd of give up colonies and territory, astonished beachgoers in Atlantic City! stripped of most of her army and navy, and saddled with huge smaller targets on the surface, smaller field off Dover successfully "reparations" payments for all the using their deck guns. If the target closed off the to damages caused by both sides in turned out to be a Q-ship, hidden the U-boats. The North Sea Barrage the war. Premier Clemenceau of guns would suddenly appear and employed more than 70,000 France even wanted Germany to the U-boat, to its dismay, would mines-and accounted for no foot the bill for lifelong pensions discover a Lilliputian with fangs. more than a single U-boat! for French war veterans! Essential- Q-ships accounted for a fair num- No more effective was an ly, the Germans were forced to ber of U-boats sunk during World attempt by the British Navy to sign a "blank check" for these War I. shut up the German U-boat base at reparations, the full amount of Surface gunfire attack by a U- Zeebrugge, Belgium, by a daring which would be determined by the boat held other perils, besides Q- April 1918 raid. A force of marines Allies at a later date. ships. If a U-boat ventured too was landed on the harbor's defen- Predictably, the Germans neither close to its intended victim, it sive mole or jetty from the old forgot nor forgave the humiliation might find itself the target of an cruiser HMS Vindictive but failed to of Versailles. The German econo- attempted ramming. If successful, reach its assigned objectives. Fur- my soon collapsed utterly, with the such a deliberate collision would thermore, a number of blockships, German mark rendered totally almost always have fatal results for sunk in the channel entrance, worthless as hyperinflation ran the U-boat and a number met their failed to adequately seal off the U- amuck. Germany was in chaos, end in this way. Among the vessels boat base. Nevertheless, it was a with rioting in the cities and a that succeeded in sinking U-boats gallant effort and the mere fact Communist revolution a distinct in this manner were the large that it was tried shows the concern possibility. All of which led to the British battleship Dreadnought and inspired by the U-boats even at rise to power of a former corporal the White Star liner Olympic (sister- this late date. in the Kaiser's army, Adolf Hitler. ship of the ill-fated Titanic). had made And it was largely Hitler's attempts Despite all these measures, U- "freedom of the seas" a key ele- to regain German territory lost at boats remained such a threat that ment of his "Fourteen Points" Versailles that led directly to the the Allies would, in 1918, attempt peace plan and the punitive Treaty outbreak of World War I1 and the to seal them up with the so-called of Versailles that followed deprived reappearance of the U-boats. North Sea Mine Barrage, a suppos- Germany of her U-boat fleet. The By September of 1939, what edly impassible barrier extending peace was needlessly vindictive, Winston Churchill had called the from the Orkneys to Norway, a dis- placing the entire blame for the "twenty-year truce" was over and tance of 230 miles, with a width of war squarely on Germany and Europe was again at war. Once from 15 to 25 miles. It failed to making her pay through the nose. again, Germany found itself hope- have the desired effect, although a For a country whose economy was lessly outclassed at sea and, once

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"One of the Notorious U-boats Stranded on the South Coast of England after again, she would turn to the U- Surrender, " No. 7 9287 by Keystone. Numbers barely visible on the side of the boats to redress the balance. conning tower suggest this is the 267 foot U- 1 7 8, a 1,164 ton ocean minelayer In the wake of Hitler's denuncia- with 4 forward torpedo tubes and 2 mine tubes in the stern. tion of the Versailles Treaty, Ger- many had again begun to build U- lion tons, more than 62% of the accuracy, and power. boats in 1935. Nevertheless, the total Allied losses from all causes. In response to Hitler's invasion Fuhrer had informed his naval A total of 781 U-boats were lost. of Poland, Britain and France planners that there would be no Winston Churchill, who, before declared war on Germany on Sep- war before about 1944 and U-boat becoming Britain's Prime Minister tember 3, 1939, and within a day a construction had accordingly in May of 1940, had reprised his German U-boat had sunk the small received a low priority in compari- First World War role as First Lord British liner Athenia, killing a num- son to larger surface vessels like of the Admiralty, would later write ber of American passengers and the imposing battleship Bismarck. that "the only thing that ever real- evoking memories of the Lusitania. As a consequence, the outbreak of ly frightened me during the war In little more than a month, in war caught the German Navy was the U-boat peril." And he was addition to Prien's exploit at Scapa largely unprepared, with only 56 in a position to know. Flow, another U-boat succeeded in U-boats in service, only 22 of By far, the great majority of Ger- sinking C~ura~yeous,one of Britain's which were capable of long-range man U-boats employed during the few aircraft carriers, which had Atlantic operations. Although the Second World War were of the been futilely engaged in hunting German "Kriegsmarine" contained Type VII-C variety, more than 700 submarines. (U-boats would also some of the finest and most pow- such vessels being built. The Type account for the aircraft carriers Ark erful warships in the world, they VII-C boat was some 220 feet long, Royal and Eagle and the battleship were even more hopelessly over- with a displacement of 769 tons Barham, all torpedoed in the matched than the Kaiser's fleet had (871 submerged), attained a speed Mediterranean between 1941 and been in 1914 and the onus would of 17 knots on the surface (7.5 sub- 1942.) once again fall on the U-boats. merged), and carried a total of If anyone thought that the Sec- The "Battle of the Atlantic" last- fourteen torpedoes (fired from four ond World War in the Atlantic ed from September of 1939 to May bow and one stern tube), along would simply be a replay of events of 1945 and was the longest bat- with one 3.5-inch and several from twenty years before, they tle--or more appropriately "cam- I smaller deck guns and a crew of were mistaken. In the spring of paign"--of World War 11. The key 44. It had an operating range of 1940, Nazi armies quickly overran weapon in this lengthy struggle 6,500 miles. Although technologi- Norway, France, and the Low was the U-boat and once again it cally more sophisticated and capa- Countries. Now Britain stood would take the Allies approximate- ble of superior performance, such alone. German U-boats and even ly four years to finally master their vessels differed little in most battleships, operating from bases undersea foe. In the course of the respects from the U-boats of the in occupied France and Norway, struggle, the Germans built and First World War. The most notable could easily reach the shipping deployed almost 1200 U-boats, change was not in the boats them- lanes of the North Atlantic. which destroyed nearly 2800 Allied selves but in their weapons-torpe- Furthermore, with escort vessels merchant ships of some 14.5 mil- does of far greater speed, range, in critically short supply, the I

1 12 Volume 28, Number 3 ST'EREOW'ORLD - "Glorious Vindictive, whose gallant exploit at Zeebrugge will live for ever in the annals of our Navy," No. 7 14 by Realistic Travels. This caption is somewhat misleading since of German-occupied Norway to Vindictive was not lost during the famous but was however sunk as a Russia's few Arctic ports-a particu- blockship in an equally futile attempt to close the channel leading to the German larly dangerous and brutal voyage U-boat base at Ostend the following month. known in the convoy trade as the "Murmansk Run." The Russian British were reluctant to institute a expanse of ocean and there was convoys stretched British naval convoy system and most merchant now but a single target to find forces to the limit. ships sailed independently, trust- where there previously had been What was happening in the ing to luck to see them through. dozens of individual ships. Fur- Atlantic brought the war ever clos- The result was what became thermore, any U-boat attacking a er to America's shores as well. Pres- known in the U-boat service as the convoy risked destruction from the ident ROOsevelt, "Happy Time," with plentiful tar- escorting vessels, even if successful. the prevailing isO1a- gets, minimal risks, and almost no Now the U-boats had to come to tionism in the United States, was U-boat losses in exchange for mas- the enemy on his terms. The num- determined to do all sive enemy tonnage Sent to the ber of sinkings declined while U- he could "short of war" to aid bottom. One skipper, Otto boat losses grew. The "Happy Britain in the struggle. The result Kretschmer of U-99, alone sank 44 Time" came to an end in March of strained American the ships, a record seven in a single 1941 when Germany's three great- breaking point. This was especially patrol, and that didn't include the est U-boat aces, including Prien, true of the President's swap of 50 two that became so panicked by were eliminated in little more than WW1 for American his attack on a convoy that they a week. use of British naval bases in the collided and sank themselves! On The German response to the Western Atlantic. When the U.S. one occasion, Kretschmer even adoption of convoys had been cre- began as whimsically ordered a small ation of the "wolfpack"-a group far as Iceland, it was inevitable freighter to sail to France and turn of submarines that initially formed that armed with the U- itself over as a prize to the German a scouting line to locate a convoy, After a U-boat authorities there The ship dutifully then coordinated their attacks so fired on the destroyer USS Greer in tried to do so but was sunk en as to overwhelm the escorts. Now 1941, FDR route. a single convoy battle might his Navy to "shoot on sight" at The answer to the U-boat prob- involve a dozen U-boats, last for a German to lem in the Second World War week or more, and result in the mention that the destroyer had proved to be the same as it had sinking of a score of merchant been provocatively dogging the U- been in the First: the use of con- ships, with their precious cargoes boat's position at the time of the voys. A convoy was a large group of food, munitions, and fuel. attack. The result was an "unde- of merchant ships sailing in a box- Hitler's invasion of the Soviet clared naval war" between the U.S. like formation and surrounded by Union in June of 1941 expanded and Hitler's forces, a contest a protective screen of destroyers the conflict into the icy Arctic seas, in which the drew first and other escort vessels. Although for the only way to supply Russia to~edOingOne American a convoy covered a large area, it with much-needed war materials destroyer and then sinking anoth- was still hard to locate in the vast was by sea past the long coastline er~the Reuben lames, in Otto-

STEREO WORLD Volume 28, Number 3 13 sent depth charges, many escorts now carried "hedgehog," a cluster of underwater that could be projected ahead of the ship to bracket a suspected target with much greater precision. The Allies also began to form special "hunter-killer" attack groups consisting of a small "escort carrier" whose planes were used to locate surfaced U-boats and guide the accompanying destroyers to the target. When not engaged in actual combat, submarines were "Unterseeboot. Im vereisten Hafen des Stutzpunktes; die uber Kreuz laufenden Leinen - die forced to spend much of their time Spring - sind wegen des Eises lung geshoren, um die Bewegungen, die durch die Cezeiten on the surface recharging their und den Tidenhub im Hafen entstehen, bie diesem Eisgang besser ausgleichen zu konnen. " electrical batteries since their pow- [#A U-boat at the submarine base in an ice-clogged harbor. The mooring lines - the erful diesel engines could not be springlines - extending out to the boat are long and have a lot of slack to allow for move- used when submerged. Conse- ment of the boat caused by rising and falling tides and drifting ice.] - No. 5 7 in the Raum- quently, a surfaced U-boat could bild "Kriegsmarine" set; photographed by Dr. Trotter. often be surprised by aircraft, many of which now carried a cou- ple of depth charges as well. The climax came with a number of fierce convoy battles in the spring of 1943, especially an assault by a 20 U-boat wolf-pack on eastbound convoy ONS-5 dur- ing what became known as "Black May." The U-boats sank 12 mer- chantmen but lost six of their own number to the heavily reinforced escort, a pattern that was to become disturbingly familiar as time went on. What the U-boats did not know was that the Allies "Unterseeboot. Im Paket, d. h. nebeneinander liegen im Stutzpunkt. Auf dem vorderen could now predict their move-

Boot ist zur Musterung angetreten. " [A pack of U-boats moored alongside one another in ments. Thanks to a remarkable the submarine base. On the nearest boat, the crew is assembled to stand inspection.] - exercise in top-secret code-breaking No. 53 by Raumbild; photog. Enqelmeyer. known as "Ultra," the British and American high command was ber. As a result, Germany and tonnage sunk to that of new ships rapidly deciphering the radio America were already poised on built, what Churchill called a transmissions between the U-boats the brink of war when the "shapeless, measureless peril, and their home base. Japanese expressed in charts, curves, and By now, the U-boats were being rendered the entire question statistics." hunted relentlessly at sea and academic. As escorts became more plentiful ceaselessly pummeled from the air America's entry into the war and better armed, it became even in their heavy concrete pens on simplified matters for the U-boats harder for the U-boats to penetrate the French coast. Passage of the and provided them in the spring the convoys. Even night surface Bay of Biscay, once the easiest part of 1942 with a "Second Happy attacks, which had offered the of a U-boat's patrol, had now Time" off the east coast of the surest chance of success, became become a lethal death trap, thanks United States, where merchant more difficult to pull off. In place to long-range air patrols from ships continued to sail indepen- of the primitive sound-detecting Britain. Clearly, the hunters had dently, often silhouetted at night hydrophones of World War I, become the hunted. against the glow of coastal cities. many destroyers, destroyer escorts, The Germans countered with a Nevertheless, the Americans and corvettes now carried radar few surprises of their own. To learned quickly and shipyards were capable of detecting a surfaced U- allow the attack submarines to soon turning out large numbers of boat, sonar (called asdic by the remain on patrol for longer peri- "Liberty ships," prefabricated mer- British) for underwater detection, ods, special supply submarines, chant ships designed to be built and H/F D/F (high-frequency direc- called "milch cows," were dis- more rapidly than the U-boats tion-finders) for pinpointing a U- patched to refuel, reprovision, and could sink them. In essence, the boat's radio transmissions, along rearm the U-boats at sea. But, Battle of the Atlantic came down with improved sound-detecting thanks to "Ultra," the Germans to a war of numbers, the ratio of , gear. In addition to the ever-pre-

-1 14 Volume 28, Number 3 !i?Y3WOmRCD were often unpleasantly surprised to find the Allies waiting at the scheduled rendezvous point. To avoid the constant threat of air attack, the Germans adopted a Dutch invention, the "schnorkel," an extendable tube that brought air from the surface, allowing the U-boat to operate its diesels and recharge its batteries without sur- facing. The Germans also intro- duced an advanced acoustic torpe- do that homed in on the sound of a target ship's propellers. An entire- ly new kind of U-boat, capable of "Unterseeboot. Boot legt zum verholen auf einem anderen liegeplatz ab." [A U-boat casts unprecedented underwater speed, off to move to another berth.] - No. 54 by Raumbild; photoq. Enqelmeyer. might have created real havoc among Allied shipping but, fortu- nately for them, was developed too late to enter active service before war's end. None of this made any differ- ence and, by May of 1945, Hitler's "thousand-year Reich" was fin- ished. The U-boats had once again fought with great tenacity and had suffered an unbelievable 60% casu- alty rate. Fully 28,000 of their men would never return from patrol, and another 5,000, including U- 99's Kretschmer, were prisoners. Once again, as in the first war, "Unterseeboot. Der Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote (links) Admiral - bier noch they had almost driven Britain to Konteradmiral - Donitz begrusst die Besatzong eines nach erfolgreicher Fahrt in den her knees, but they had been utter- Stutzpunkt eingelaufenen U-bootes." [At the left, Supreme Commander of the U-boat fleet, ly unable to interfere with the vast Admiral Donitz (at this time still a rear admiral), greets the crew of a U-boat that has Normandy invasion and, despite returned to the submarine base from a successful patrol.] - No. 62 by Raumbild; their unquestioned courage, ulti- photog. M. W. mately failed in their overall mis- sion. it was a light sentence. He was the incredible volume of Keystone After the war, the victorious released from prison in 1956. sets produced during the early Allies placed the surviving Nazi Although far from plentiful, 1920s, and there are probably leaders on trial at Nuremburg for stereo images of U-boats do exist fewer different images of World war crimes. Among the defendants from both world wars. Given the War I than of the Civil War or was Admiral Karl Donitz, head of fact that the First World War was some other conflicts. Furthermore, the U-boats and briefly, following abundantly covered, with Key- a great number of the Underwood the death of Adolf Hitler, Nazi Ger- stone, Underwood, W. E. Trout- images eventually wound up in many's second and final fuhrer. man, and the British company the Keystone set and do not there- Despite the fact that several British Realistic Travels each producing lit- fore represent different views. I and American admirals were pre- erally hundreds of views, along have personally encountered no pared to testify in his defense that with the supreme notoriety of the more than a dozen actual U-boat the German Navy had fought a U-boats, it is perhaps surprising stereographs, although a greater "clean" war and that the U-boats that there are not more views of number perhaps relate directly or had done nothing in the Atlantic them. But it must be remembered indirectly to their activities. All of that the United States had not that the war was stereographed pri- the U-boat stereos themselves done, with more success, against marily from the Allied side and show captured or surrendered ves- the Japanese merchant marine in there were few opportunities to sels and most were taken subse- the Pacific, Donitz was sentenced document enemy naval activities. quent to the armistice of Novem- to ten years in prison. Given the Furthermore, the First World War ber 11, 1918. tens of thousands of Allied sailors was not as widely stereographed as An apparent exception to this and merchant seamen who had might at first appear. Although are two views by Realistic Travels died in the Battle of the Atlantic, it World War I views are by far the of the small submarine minelayer, would not have been expedient to military stereographs most com- UC-5, which went aground off the let him completely off the hook. monly encountered by collectors British coastal town of Harwich Nevertheless, as Nuremburg went, today, this is due almost entirely to and was captured on April 20,

S7'EREOWORLn Volume 28, Number 3 1 5 1916. It was subsequently dis- "Captured 'U' boat anchored in the Thames, " No. 142 by Realistic Travels. The small submarine minelayer UC-5, which went aground on the English coast in 7 97 6, shown played in the Thames and was here on subsequent display at Temple Pier. apparently the only German U-boat open to public inspection their periscopes. in March of 1917, it carried 6 tor- during the war. One of the smallest Perhaps the most unusual of the pedo tubes (4 bow, 2 stern), two of the U-boats, the UC-5 had been Realistic views is one that shows a 5.9-inch deck guns, and a crew of built by the A. G. Vulkan works in German submarine "of the 62. It also was one of only a hand- Hamburg and launched in June of Deutschland type." Deutschland and ful of U-boats to bear a name 1915. Only 11 1 feet long and dis- six similar boats were designed not rather than simply the customary placing a mere 168 tons (183 when as combat craft but as large under- number, being officially designated submerged), UC-5 carried a crew of sea freighters for transporting as the "Kapitanlerrtnant Schweiger" only 14. It was equipped with six highly valuable cargo through--or in honor the skipper who had mine tubes and a total of 12 mines rather under-the British blockade. sunk the Lusitonia. but no torpedo tubes and only a Before America entered the war, At 234 feet and 811/1,034 tons, single light machine gun. this privately-built undersea block- U-159, if she is indeed the other Coincidentally, it was Harwich, ade-runner made a daring trip to boat in the view, was substantially located at the southern end of the the United States, on her return smaller. Also built by Germaniaw- North Sea, that was chosen as the carrying a million-dollar cargo of erft and launched in May of 1918, primary receiving port for surren- vital war materials from Baltimore she was designed to carry 6 torpe- dering U-boats at the end of the to Bremen. Such mercantile U- do tubes, two 4.1 -inch guns, and a war, and other exceptional Realis- boats were impractical, however, crew of 39. She never saw action, tic Travels views show some of the and the Deutschland and its sisters however, and is listed as having dozens of German submarines were soon converted into combat been broken up before completion. anchored there. These views pre- craft. This does not necessarily preclude serve much interesting detail, such Not all the U-boats surrendered her having been moved to Cher- as the saw-toothed net cutters over at Harwich, and Troutman issued a bourg prior to scrapping, but it the bow, designed to assist the view of two boats, apparently U- does call into question Troutman's undersea craft in avoiding entan- 139 and U-159, in the French Chan- identification of the ship. glement in anti-submarine nets. nel port of Cherbourg. The accura- Perhaps the most dramatic of all Realistic also included at least two cy of the latter identification is the U-boat stereographs is also the views of U-boat interiors, both open to question, however. Fur- most common, a Keystone image allegedly taken in the forward tor- thermore, as is typical of the Trout- (No. 225 in the 300-card set) of a pedo room of the U-135. However, man views, the quality of the large boat stranded high and dry given that no more than two tor- prints leaves much to be desired. on the "south coast" of England pedo tubes are visible, it is proba- At 311 feet in length and a dis- after the surrender. This unique ble that the views in fact show the placement of 1,930 tons (2,483 perspective reveals some of the fea- stern torpedo room. Oddly, many submerged), U-139 was one of the tures of U-boat construction nor- of the Harwich boats soon fell vic- largest of the German U-boats of mally obscured when the boat is tim to looters, who even attempt- the First World War. Built by Ger- viewed in its natural element. ed to pry the reflecting lenses from maniawerft of Kiel and launched These include a pair of torpedo

1 16 Volume 28, Number 3 STE~OWDRW, "Near view, showing periscope of captured 'U' boat," No. 143 by Realistic Travels. officer, apparently looking for sub- Another, closer view of the UC-5 on display. marines, peering over the side of a patrolling destroyer, hardly an tubes on the port (left) side of the battleship"; in fact it turns out to efficient method of locating the bow and a horizontal series of be von Trapp's victim, the armored undersea craft, a pair of additional water-intake apertures for flooding cruiser Leon Gambetta. Also includ- destroyers may be seen in the dis- the space between the outer and ed in the "U-boat related" category tance. The other is a most dramatic pressure hulls when diving the are views, most notably a group by shot, taken from shore, purported- boat. A number of boats were dri- Underwood of the Cunarder ly showing a stranded submarine ven ashore on the English coast Aquitania, showing liners and being blown up in the near shal- during storms while being towed troopships painted in bizarre lows, while a large number of to scrapping facilities between "dazzle" camouflage schemes in Allied warships and transports look 1919 and 1922; this is apparently an effort to thwart the undersea on in the distance. Unfortunately, the 267 foot, 1,164/1,512 ton raiders. Not only enemies but there is nothing about the large ocean minelayer U-118, which was friends of the U-boats are shown explosion that even remotely sug- armed with 4 bow torpedo tubes as well. Realistic, for example, gests the actual presence of a and a 5.9-inch deck gun, and capa- produced a number of views of U-boat and the whole view, which ble of releasing up to 48 mines the German battleship Kaiserin and may have been taken at the from a pair of tubes in the stern. battlecruiser Derfflinger, taken at Dardanelles (and more likely repre- As far as U-boat related stereo- the large British naval anchorage sents the blowing up of an under- graphs are concerned, both Key- of Scapa Flow after their surrender. water mine broken free from one stone and H. C. White issued views It was here that they and the other of the extensive fields there), of the great Cunard liner Lusitania, great vessels of the High Seas Fleet should be regarded as suspect. The and other prominent U-boat vic- would be scuttled by their proud image was probably chosen (and tims were stereographed as well. crews in 1919 and here too that appropriately relabeled) to com- These included the armored cruiser Prien's U-47 would avenge them plete the story begun with the Hampshire, mined off the Orkneys twenty years later. "patrolling destroyers" view, which in 1916, in a pre-war view by H. C. The U-boat's weapons of choice it immediately followed in the White, as well as the ill-fated war- were also recorded, in a view (No. Realistic set. ship's most renowned passenger, 71) from the Keystone set showing Lastly, there are a number of Field Marshal Lord Kitchener, in a a torpedo and mines on display in views taken in the aftermath of the wartime view by Realistic Travels. London; the torpedo was taken epic 1918 raid on the German There are several other stereo- from the famous German cruiser- U-boat base at Zeebrugge, Belgium. graphs of pre-Dreadnought battle- raider Emden that was wrecked in These include a pair by Keystone ships and liners that met their fate the Indian Ocean, but differed lit- (Nos. 223-224 in the 300-card set) at the hands of the U-boats, most- tle from those employed by the showing the defensive mole ly taken in the years before the submarines. Views of anti-subma- assaulted by the British landing war. Among these is a most unex- rine warfare and the ships engaged force and the wreckage of a subma- pected discovery, a Keystone view, in it are likewise scarce, although rine at the base at the end of the actually fairly common, which is two views by Realistic Travels are war. This is probably a U-boat, mislabeled merely as a "French worthy of mention. One shows an

5TEREOWDRLLl Volume 28, Number 3 1 7 i71g chasm k%rtt2nl2 d*Wrn.?w# sf i t?arm;m nr+hrnuim

"An exciting chose - Br~tishdestroyers on the track of o Germon suhnlc~r~nc:" No. 101 although an old British submarine, by Realistic Travels. Not only were U-boats hard to locate underwater using the crammed with explosives, was primitive sound-detecting gear then available, but, until the development of the used during the raid in an attempt depth charge in 197 6, were almost impossible to attack when submerged. to destroy part of the harbor defenses. Perhaps more interesting front and back covers. As with the ic interest to recommend them. is a view by Realistic Travels that Raumbild volumes dedicated to One can certainly sympathize with shows one of the British blockships other aspects of the German mili- the rigorous and difficult condi- sunk in the channel in the failed tary, this one provides a spectacu- tions under which Dr. Troller car- attempt to block the U-boats' lar overview of the Reich's Navy, ried out his assignment, given the access from their base to the sea. with numerous views of the battle- heavy pack ice surrounding the Curiously, the ship is identified as ships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, U-boats in his two rather striking the Vindictive, but this is puzzling. destroyers, minelayers, E-boats views. Nevertheless, the other The old British cruiser was not (similar to the American PT boats), types of vessels, particularly the employed as a blockship at Zee- various auxiliaries, and coast battleships, seem to have gotten brugge, but rather to convey the defense forces along the Channel more comprehensive, not to say raiders attacking the mole to and coast. There are also the U-boats preferential, treatment. from their target. Perhaps this is and their crews, a series of a dozen Perhaps the most famous U-boat one of the two blockships, Iphige- images, including one of a crew in the world today achieved that nia and Intrepid, employed at Zee- meeting with Admiral Karl Donitz, status not through any sensational brugge. Alternatively, the Vindictive who headed the U-boat wing of exploits in the war at sea but by was expended in an equally futile the German Navy and lost two the whim of chance. On June 4, effort to block another German U- sons of his own in the sea war. 1944, two days before the Nor- boat base a few weeks later. The Nevertheless, one gets the impres- mandy landings, an American view can be either Vindictive or sion that the photographers, Dr. hunter-killer group under Captain Zeebrugge, not both. It does how- Troller, Engelmeyer, and an indi- Daniel V. Gallery and built around ever graphically illustrate this dra- vidual identified only as M. W., all the small escort carrier Guadalcanal matic phase of Allied anti-subma- attached to the Oberkommando encountered U-505 and forced the rine operations toward the close of der Wehrmacht (the German High German vessel to the surface. As the war. Command), were not really into the submarine crew hastily aban- Surprisingly, there may be more submarines. All of the stereographs doned ship, a boarding party of actual stereo images of U-boats in are exterior views, none are taken American sailors from the destroy- World War I1 than in World War I, of the conning tower, control er escort Pillsbrrry raced onto the thanks to the Raumbild-Verlag Die room, torpedo rooms or other crew sinking U-boat, disarmed the scut- Kriegsmarine book set of 100 stereo- quarters below decks, and not one tling charges, and succeeded in graphs. Written by Korvettencapi- of the images is actually taken towing the craft back to port, the tan Fritz Otto Busch and published from a U-boat's deck but rather first enemy warship captured by by Otto Schonstein of Munich, the from dockside or other vessels. the U.S. Navy through boarding 84-page volume contains a folding Moreover, some of the Engelmayer since the War of 1812. The U-boat, metal viewer, pocketed, like the and M.W. views are relatively dis- with its "enigma" cipher machine views, inside the heavy cardboard tant shots, with little of stereoscop- and code books intact, provided

18 Volume 28, Number 3 STEREOWQLD - "German battle cruiser 'Derfflinger,' which hauled down its flag at sunset to Admiral the wreck, Ballard concluded that Beatty, " No. 7 92 by Realistic Travels. In 191 9, many of the finest ships of the Ger- man High Seas Fleet were scuttled by their crews here in the huge British anchorage the explosion of the torpedo had of Scapa Flow, north of Scotland, which was also the scenc of Prien's sinking of the set off a volatile mixture of coal battleship Royal Oak twenty years later. dust and air in the ship's bunkers. Others are not so sure. exceptionally valuable information of the Irish Sea, wrapped in an Disputes remain over exactly to its captors. Today, U-505 resides inadvertent shroud of fishing nets, how much and what type of muni- not far from the shores of Lake with a peculiarly flattened appear- tions the Lusitania was carrying. Michigan, high and dry on the ance imparted as her internal bulk- Apparently the Germans knew of grounds of Chicago's Museum of heads gave way. (Curiously, the secret cargo. Did that justify Science and Industry, where it was because of the length of the great the sinking, even if only in a nar- the subject of a View-Master reel, ship, her bow had actually struck row, legal sense? part of the GAF three-reel pack, the bottom while her stern still As to the charges that the British "Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle and protruded high above the surface.) Admiralty, and especially its devi- the U-505," No. M-2 in the United How had this great leviathan ous First Lord, Winston Churchill, States Travel category. Images on fallen victim-and so quickly-to a had a hand in the sinking, this is the reel include an exterior view of single torpedo? most unlikely. Those who prefer to the submarine itself, plus interior And who bore the responsibility see a conspiracy in the series of shots of the control room, conning for the nearly 1200 people, includ- confusing signals the Admiralty tower, galley, torpedo room, and ing 94 children and 128 Ameri- sent to the doomed liner in the officers' quarters. cans, who lost their lives in the days before the sinking ignore a It has been almost ninety years tragedy? Was it the Germans, with number of important but not read- since Germany-and the world- their supposedly inhumane policy ily apparent facts. Yes, Churchill discovered the potential of the of "unrestricted submarine war- had commissioned a secret study U-boat, a frighteningly innovative fare"? Or had the British Admiral- on the likely American reaction to weapon that perhaps more than ty, hoping to lure the Americans the possible sinking of a large liner. any other helped to introduce the into the war, deliberately set up But it was part of his job to foresee twentieth century concept of total the great Cunard liner? And why contingencies and it would have war. Questions remain-about the didn't Captain Turner, Lusitania's been irresponsible for him to morality and consequences of its skipper, exercise more prudence ignore the possibility. Furthermore, use, the effectiveness of its when he entered waters in which the German U-boat campaign employment, its impact on the he knew U-boats were operating? against shipping had only been in two great wars in which it played The answer to many of these operation for two and a half such a vital part, and the responsi- questions may never be known. months and the British were still bility for the horrors it engen- When Bob Ballard, who discovered assessing the initial results. So, dered. This is particularly true of the Titanic, dove on the Lusitania although the British were con- its most famous-and infamous- in 1993, he found that the wreck cerned about the threat to the act. was lying directly on the fatal hole Lusitania, they weren't quite sure Today, the Lzisitania lies on her caused by the second explosion. how to react to it. side 300 feet down on the bottom Despite the problems in examining (Continued on pqye 31)

Sl'EJEOWoRLD Volume 28, Number 3 19 News from the Stereoscopic Society of America Norman B. Patterson

Reinvention In The Beginning usually meant as a putdown. The ome things and some people Photography,as we recognize it, question still is heard today and, have been accused of periodical- began in the late 1830s with the in my opinion, I think it always ly reinventing themselves. Sure- daguerreotype on silver-mirrored misses the point. Photography is S not Art and should not be con- ly photography, and in particular plates. Looking at one with a mag- stereography, fall into this catego- nifying glass, it was observed, was strained by such a comparison-it ry. It is a way of life and a renewal like looking at nature through a is so much, much more than Art. of life that leads to better things. telescope-the detail captured was Indeed, it can be as artistic as one But not everybody is ready or will- mind-boggling. Each picture was might desire. But it is a gem of ing to go along with the flow. unique but reversed left to right. many facets and has been used in Change is not universally wel- The "picture in a mirror" has its wondrous ways-with things comed, but in the past has been own charm not really matched by undreamed of yet to come. the irresistible force. (Sometimes, later photographic processes that The Print Society one is dragged screaming into the are much more practical to deal For the first half-century, and 21st century, as the expression with. I love daguerreotypes but I more, of its existence the Stereo- goes). The Stereoscopic Society has never felt the compulsion of trying scopic Society (founded in England had to deal with this all along and to make one-to do it properly is in 1893-American Branch orga- has survived for a long time.That tedious and difficult. We have our nized in 1919) dealt with mono- implies a certain flexibility among own methods now, more adapted chromatic stereo prints presented those drawn into the delights of to our times. in standard viewcard format. That 3-D imaging. Almost simultaneously with defined stereoscopy for the partici- I expect that many people found Daguerre, Fox Talbot in England pants. Unending discussions were a digital camera in their holiday was inventing paper photography. carried on about mixing home- stocking in 2001. It is part of the Though initially limited in resolu- made developers and other matters current upheaval affecting photog- tion by the paper texture, it pro- of importance to the darkroom raphy within all of its many facets duced a negative and the promise enthusiast, in addition to the ever- and we really do not know where of multiple copies, which in the present admonitions and tutoring it will lead us. According to the end would assure that this about proper alignment and stereo dictionary, "photography" is the approach, when eventually perfect- window. Transparencies appeared art of producing images on a sensi- ed, would prevail. I love talbotypes during this time in the form of tized surface by the action of radi- (sun drawings) but I never felt the viewcards that one could see ant energy, and especially light. compulsion of trying to make through-black & white, and often That leaves a lot of leeway for one-to do it properly is tedious home-mounted with difficulty. interpretation and a sea of and difficult. We have our own These were resisted at first but later uncharted territory to explore as methods now, more adapted to our accepted by enough members so technology opens vast new possi- times. that separate transparency folios bilities. Stereography,as we would recog- were circulated in some instances. nize it, began almost immediately But it was still traditional dark- after the first successful photo- room photography. graphs were made. The principles e Stereoscopic Society of America is a had been known for a long time. 1 in 200 7"group of currently active stereo photogra- Only the means of carrying them It was reasonably estimated long phers who circulate their work by meons of postal folios. Both print and transparency for- out had been lacking. It was more ago that for every 200 serious ama- mats are used, and several groups are oper- than doubly difficult to make an teur photographers there was per- ating folio circuits to met the needs in each acceptable stereograph in those haps 1 who was knowledgeable in format. When a folio arrives, a member views early days but there were those stereo photography. I cannot verify and makes comments on each of the entries who tried. I love the earliest stereo- that but I would be surprised if it of the other participants. His or her own view, which has traveled the circuit and has graphs, though each will likely were very different today, however been examined and commented upon by the have serious flaws. I wouldn't want much has changed in the mean- other members, is removed and replaced with to try to duplicate them though. time. We are advocates of a special- a new entry. The folio then continues its end- We have our own methods now, ty that strongly attracts only a lim- less travels around the circuit. Many long dis- tance friendships have formed among the more adapted to our times. ited subset of the population. Most participants in this manner over the years. of the people don't really like Stereo photographers who may be interest- Art? viewing devices and that has been ed in Society membership should write to the Almost at the start the question a barrier time and again in the Membership Secretary, Shab Levy, 6320 SW was heard "Is photography Art?" story of the public acceptance of 34th Ave., Portland, OR 97201. or "Can photography ever be Art?" stereoscopy. But the true stereo afi-

9lurne 28, Number 3 !?77%EOmRLD cionados are so taken by the 3-D participants. One could use com- one is pressed for time. This is con- effect that they will make any mercial processing-something the current with increased Internet adjustments needed to enjoy it. old Society members would not involvement. Most Society mem- have condoned. Today, PSA bers have email addresses now and Realist Revolution approved international stereo print communications between mem- About 1950 former Society competitions are abundant. View- bers has never been easier or so fre- member Seton Rochwite upset the cards are back on the front line of quent. Yet the folios move slower. status quo with his Stereo Realist amateur stereo formats. I believe that currently the most system and the reality of 3-D in On the other hand, some active Society circuit is its newest full living color, projected or in a decline in the popularity of trans- one, SSA-ONLINE. ,411 activity, post- hand viewer, was a new type of parencies is detectable, although ing of pictures and comments on siren-hard to resist. The old dedicated advocates are still abun- them, and so forth, is done on the hands held out and died hard but dant and doing great work. But in Internet. It is abuzz with activity by 1975 the print circuit was virtu- the popular culture, it is no longer and its list of participants is grow- ally defunct, having been sup- so welcome to get out the projec- ing at a steady pace.(One side planted by circuits that accepted tor and turn out the lights to treat effect is the growing respectability only entries compatible with Real- your visitors to your latest efforts, of the anaglyph as a really feasible ist-type viewers. Rut photography whether wearing Polaroid glasses option for onscreen viewing--digi- doesn't stay still-it is always mov- or not. If at all, people want to see tal does wonders for it). For sure, ing on, sometimes slowly, and at it on the TV screen with the lights photography and stereography are other times uncomfortably fast. on (what they have become accus- entering a time of great change-a Viewcard Revival tomed to) and for stereo that is reformation. And the creative The slow but sure advent of bet- still not feasible in any practical potential for new and innovative ter quality color prints (albeit of manner. developments in stereo applica- questionable archival properties) tions seems unbounded. Rut, like Digital and Online silver screen legend Betty Davis in started a print circuit revival that There has been a growing slow- Eve was not based necessarily in the movie All About we could down in Society folio activity The all be in for a BUMPY ride. aa hands-on darkroom work by the boxes aren't moving as fast. Every- 1 I Riverside's for You in 2002 1) 1

ZOO2 National Stereoscopic Association Convention, July 11-15 Holiday Inn, Riverside, California Contact Mike Aversa - [email protected] or Lawrence Kaufman - [email protected] for more information. NSA 2002 Riverside website: httv://www..3d~ear.~om/NSA~

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~~WDREDVolume 28, Number 21 and the mam by Mark A. Willke

s an admitted die-hard Stereo of products. Everything from the One of my favorites in this last Realist fanatic, I've probably Stereo Realist camera itself to a category has always been ST-21-15, A spent more than my share of packet of paper slide labels was list- simply listed as "Goo" with the time exploring the various acces- ed, and each item was assigned a description "for Permamounts". sories sold by the David White unique David White Company I couldn't help wondering if "Goo" Company over the years. A good part number. While some listings was a misprint or a joke the first way to appreciate the extent of included detailed descriptions or at time I came across it on a price list. what was available during the least a few key features that would I've learned additional information Realist's heyday is to read through differentiate a particular item from about it over the years, but in a the company's brochures and deal- other similar ones, there were decade of collecting Realist items er price lists from that era. These always other listings with only since first seeing Goo on a price often went on for many pages, cryptic names and little or no list, I had never found any of it. neatly cataloging an amazing array additional information. My luck changed recently though,

This tube of Coo (now dried to a solid state) was discovered safely tucked away in an old partially used box of Realist mounts, where it had probably been for nearly 50 years. The actual size of the tube (including the metal stopper) is about 5 inches long. (AN photos by the author unless noted.)

' 22 Volume 28, Number 3 SIEREOWDlUD system was featured on the front page of the arch,' 1957 issue of The ~e&st News. Some details about the mounts described in the article were revised by the time they actually became available, and even the name "Permamount" was to come later. when I discovered the tube illus- activated adhesive on one side. trated here in a partially used box The ST-2 mounting kit contained of Realist mounts. My wife had a the necessary equipment to adhere hard time understanding my pairs of film chips to these masks, excitement over an old dried out which were then inserted into tube of glue, and I'll have to admit cardboard folders or sandwiched feeling a little silly myself as I between glass before viewing. proudly held it in the air for the While the results obtained with family to appreciate! A this svstem were satisfactorv for L use 4th a hand viewer, the align- A slide mounting saga ment of the film chips was some- It turns out that Goo is just a times less than ideal. Also, the small part of an interesting and paper masks were only available in problem-filled chapter in Stereo two versions: "Distant" for most Realist slide mounting. With the scenes, and "Close Up" for very :ntroduction of the Stereo Realist close subjects. There was no :amera in 1947, the David White "Medium" for scenes shot some- Zompany's original slide mounting where in between, which some- iystem consisted of thin die-cut times created problems with proper japer masks with a layer of heat- image spacing and handling of the

SlEREOWT,RW Volume 28, Number 3 23 stereo window. When stereo pro- jection of Realist slides appeared on the horizon with a need for precise aligning and mounting, it became clear that a better and more exact mounting system was needed. The March, 1951 issue of The Realist News featured a front- page announcement of just such a system: Slide-mounting problems brought on by stereo projection have been complete- ly solved with a new system of mounting and a black plastic-glass combination slide frame. ...T he new method of mount- ing was perfected while development work was being done on the Stereo Real- ist Projector. It was essential that this be accomplished because stereo projection could not hope to be successful without a compatible system of mounting. Channels molded into the plastic frame of the Permamount held the film chips in place, According to the article, the first sandwiched between two pieces of glass that fit into their own recesses. The self-adhesive public announcement of this new Prestoseal sticker then covered the whole side of the mount, holding all the pieces together. system had been made earlier in the month at the 26th annual feet), "Medium" (for subjects from sealer completely eliminates any need for national convention and photo- 3 to 15 feet, with the stereo win- taping slides. The slides are absolutely uniform and very neat when grouped in graphic trade show of Master dew set at 4 feet),and "Close-up" (for subjects from 2.5 to 4 feet, with a file box. Although lighter in Photographic Dealers and Finishers weight, the combination plastic-glass the window set at 2.5 feet)' in Atlantic City. mount is much more resistant to break- Stereo pictures for projection have def- The new slide frame itself is molded age than other materials. inite limitations as to the distances that from black plastic and is extremely sim- can be accommodated on the same ple to assemble. The two pieces of glass The end of the article stated that slide. In the past, each slide necessitated for the slide are slightly smaller than the the new mounts were available at major adjustments to the projector glass used to date. After cleaning the authorized Realist dealers in boxes because the film was always placed in glass and dusting the frame, one sheet of of 20 for $3.00 or boxes of 100 for the same position in the mask. As a glass is placed in the plastic frame. The $13.50. result, audiences were subjected to film is then dropped into accurately considerable eye-strain during the molded recesses and the second sheet of The trouble begins adjustment process. glass is placed over the film. The entire Four months later in the next The new system is based around three unit is sealed together with a self-sealing issue of The Realist News uuly different spacings of the windows and adhesive paper, which has space for 1951)) a small article appeared labeling. three different openings. By selecting the under the headline "New Perma- In addition to the ease of assembly proper mask for the mounting of individ- mounts Encounter Delays," which ual stereo pairs, slides come on the and being adaptable for both projector was probably of particular interest screen very close to perfect alignment. and viewer, the new system has many to those who had attempted to The spacing decided upon for the three other advantages. It is extremely accu- masks has proven to be the complete rate. There is no chance of the film slip- obtain the new (and previously answer to the projection problem. ping, coming off the mask, or getting un-named) mounts. out of alignment. It eliminates the need When trouble strikes it has the annoy- The three different versions of for an aligning jig, as well as the heating ing habit of striking in bunches.And it the mount were listed as "Distant" unit and iron. ...One major advantage to really struck hard at the David White (for subjects from 5 feet to infinity, those who desire to mount their own Company after the convention in with the stereo window set at 7 slides is that the pressure-sensitive paper Atlantic City.

The smallest package of Perma- mounts available was priced at ,# $3.00. Each box contained 20 mount frames, 40 pieces of glass, and 20 Prestoseal stick- ers. Although Permamounts seem to have had a rather brief production period, they can be found in several styles of pack- aging. The green and ivory box (left) was the earlier style, and %-. %-. "/ the textured silver box (right) appeared in the mid 1950s.

24 Volume 27, Number 6 5TEREO WRLD d At this trade show, the manufacturers of the Stereo Realist built the major por- tion of their exhibit around an exclusive method of mounting and companion Permamounts which were the final answer to all the problems of mounting for projection. Before the show opened, orders were placed for the material from which to make the Permamounts, and an adequate supply of samples were received. Hundreds of dealer orders were taken at the show, publicity and advertising material was sent out, and announcement was made in The Realist News. And then, BAM! The roof fell in! First of all, immediately after the con- vention word was received that the material for the Permamount was not available. Secondly, the adhesive used on the sealer proved to be in short supply and a substitute was needed. As we go to press, samples of new materials are expected almost hourly. A better adhesive has been discovered, and the proper plastic is assured by the producer. Announcements will be made as soon as possible. One change has been made in the Permamounts. Instead of being black in color, they will be a light color. Not only is the appearance of the slides improved, but the light color reflects heat from the projector instead of absorbing it and chances of warpage from heat are greatly reduced.

No News is Bad News? Permamounts were made in three different versions, each with a sliqhtly The next few issues of The Realist different window size and spacing. This allowed proper stereo News contained not a single men- and viewing of most slides, no matter how close or distant the subject. The ST-2 7 - 10 "Distant" mount (top) was intended for subjects from 5 tion of the Permamounts, and feet to infinity, with the stereo window set at 7 feet. The ST-2 7 - 7 2 from this lack of an update, some "Medium" mount (center) was intended for subjects from 3 to 15 feet, readers might have assumed that with the stereo window set at 4 feet). The ST-2 7 - 7 7 "Close-UD" mount the problems had been overcome (bottom) was intended for subjects from 2.5 to 4 feet, with the stereo and the mounts were in the stores. window set at 2.5 feet. However, in the May 1952 issue, more than a year after the first announcement, was the headline People with a lot of slides to mount could save some money by buying larger quantities of "Stereo Perma-mounts Will Reach Permamounts. The boxes shown here each sold for 8 7 3.50, and contained 7 00 mount frames, 200 pieces of glass, and 7 00 Prestoseal stickers. An even larger package of Per- Dealers' Shelves This Month." mamounts was available, selling for $60.00, that contained 500 mount frames, 7 000 Realist Perma-mounts are ready! pieces of glass, and 500 Prestoseal stickers. According to the latest information, the long-awaited stereo-mounting system will be introduced this month and limit- ed quantities of the new mounts should begin to appear on dealers' shelves around the nation. Development of this new and correct system of mounting is one of the most significant things done by the David White Company since the Realist and companion viewer were engineered. Its true value to stereo in general and stereo projection in particular will become apparent after it is in wide-spread use and people see for themselves what it does.

STEREOWORLD Volume 28, Number 3 25 David nit. Sale. company Goo to the Rescue! Milwaukee, wis. With the good news came some bad news though-a problem with the paper seal occasionally coming loose was mentioned later in the same article. Since this seal was responsible for holding the entire The viewing of REALIST assembled slide mount together, a simultar~u~l~ :::gdes projection has made it to mountsproJection. or Basically tr failure of this element was no slightly varied *spa~i~~r~~untsystema system consists of of three are shown on the screen quntinl Compatibb small matter! It seems likely that series Of slides is Ch pre-adJust the slide. before in PermamountS. One adJUstment at the beginning a search for a solution to this that'is necessary when Your slides are a occasional problem may have Value Of this system mounted i the slides are in use. Of ~ectedthem in contributed to the long delay You have viewedcannot them be appreciate .hat theyp~~j~Orand handled them, ' in getting Permamounts into Uterials Of Which the mounts YOU. You willbegin to pro- production. Possible when working ~o~.ibleworking withreally the accuracy for .it,, a Papera" mademask. 1s far superior to the acc,acy Perfect stereo projectlonpermamounts have the dem of Permamounts are being released WARNING i knowing that in possibly 5% of the slides that have been mounted, the adhesive used on the paper has not held. Due to weather conditions, occasionally it is impossible to take all of the curl out of the film by rewinding it backwards before mounting. This steady pressure has on a very small number pushed the paper sealer away from the plastic mount. This slight defect can be easily corrected by the use of a special, non- hardening adhesive ("COO") between the mount and the first piece of glass and then another small amount of this adhesive between between the two sheets of glass. A dab no more than 118" in diameter should be used. This takes but a few seconds and completely eliminates the prob- lem. It also has the additional advantage of sealing the entire unit together and preventing any move- ment of the glass. The advantages of Permamounts so many times outweigh this very slight defect that Perma-mounts are being released I with full knowledge of this slight short- 1 Permamounts when they finally became available consisted of two coming. double-sided typewritten pages. The "Warning" heading on page one called attention to the discussion of the Prestoseal sticker sometimes letting go, and the recommenda- Below that paragraph, in paren- tion to use Goo when mounting to solve the problem. theses, were the words "Your dealer has a supply of 'GOO'," although no model number or price was Paqe four of the oriqinal Permamount instructions included specific instructions on the given. (A dealer price list from the US; of GOO with the mounts. following year, 1953, shows the USE retail price at that time was 354.) "COO" A separate adjacent article stated earlier, there is a mber of ur slides may separate - th; ase from announced a new simplified me plastic frame. One hundrea percenr insurance against LlllS our dealel Permamount mounting kit (ST-3) can be had by using the adhesive which has been sent to y along with this shipment of Permamounts. This is "GOO". that consisted of a film cutter, on the 4 small dab, no more than 1/8 inch in diameter, is placed ..- tweezers, and plastic sorting box, olastic frame in the center before dropping in the first sneer or all in a fitted cardboard box, for ass. This glass is pressed down and the adhesive is spread out a very thin layer. The film is placed in the proper position, $8.50. other small 1/8 inch dab of this adhesive is placed on this eet of glass and the second sheet of glass is then placed in David White Company officials point sition. The paper sealer is then applied according to directions. out that the regular Realist mounting kit e adhesive will take over the entire load of holding the mount gether. The adhesive will also prevent any possible movement will not become obsolete because cam- the glass after the slide is in use. The paper sealer now becomes era owners may mount only their best mply a facer to trim off the appearance and permit labeling space. pictures in Permamounts. The remaining u will find this process very easy, taking only a few seconds, d it is 100% assurance that the slides will hold under any tate stereo pictures can be mounted in the possible conditions. Do not 1try to useior! the this cell j ulose ace ob. regular cardboard folders for reasons of cements. "I GOO" is tl he perfecit cement f economy if desired.

26 Volume 28, Number 3 JTEKEOWDRLD One more problem? that does not shrink over a period of but I found no reference to them Stereo photographers who had time as did some of the older film. As a in any David White Company or result of the shrinkage, recesses on the been anxiously waiting all this Realist price list or brochure after Permamounts were found to be about 1954, leading me to believe they time for Permamounts to finally 1/61 inch too small. appear would have to wait some Tools from which these mounts are were only available for a few years. more! The latest difficulty was made have been changed at the David I spoke to Ron Zakowski, long- explained in the October 1952 White Company. Shipments of the new time (and now retired) David issue of The Realist News, although Permamounts should be starting within White Company employee, to see it was somewhat buried in an arti- four weeks!! if he might know how long the cle about problems that had been Permamounts were manufactured. I have been unable to find any He kindly took the time to search corrected with the ST-63 Handi- further reports of delays in the Viewer. for the original production records release of the Permamounts, so it but was not able to locate them. Permamounts were ready for release appears that they must have finally However, he felt that the mounts several months ago. But "fortunately," a arrived in the stores, more than a truck strike came along and held up ship- were probably still available into year and a half after they were 1955 or 1956. ments. And it was a lucky thing, because announced. Seventeen months it was discovered in the meantime that later, in the March 1954 issue of Twist although Permamounts worked beauti- A Labeling fully with older film, it was a different The Realist News, a front page story One interesting peculiarity of story with fresh film. In some cases, the noted the introduction of the the Permamount is that its label is fresh film was slightly larger than the Stereo Realist aluminum masks, located on the back of the slide, mount, causing it to buckle inside the and the discontinuance of the instead of the front as with most mount. original paper masks. Production other types of stereo mounts. This Some months ago Eastman improved of the permamounts apparently is because the actual edges that its film base, and is now using material continued for a while after that, mask and define the borders of the image were molded into the Eventuall~a new redesrgned Permamount rnstructron sheet was produced, consistrngof a mount itself, and therefore could srngle double-sided sheet (the back of whrch 1s shown here). ~~~~~~~tl~the with only be located on the side oppo- site the Prestoseal sticker. In order appeared, as there rs no mentron of Goo or of problems to create the sharpest edges during wrth the mount comrng apart. viewing or projection, this frame a lecond sheet Of '1 has to be in front of the film, there- hos been glarr over the film ln ltS filmofter kt pl0' by relegating the label to the back. - Instructions on mounting your~1.25 ~ort~ng proper recess !" the 1,4Yre 4 dlstrlbuted I" Your t,c frame See Fig This was a change that many pea- cut of the PO- pie must have found confusing or - -- Toke a I place the plostlc f'ome 01 the 'Ip- reces or"o UP per bocktng at least uncomfortable. 1 have not w,th the str,p on the presto Sealer the notch On mat,ng pull ~crarsthe sealer compiled any actual statistics, but I frome Is lothe ,, ,,f ,,f ,he Remove both 5des of Pa *,."re I ,-- would say that many of the stereo ,,ght see ~lg per hocking frorn presto Sealer - be sure both slides I've seen mounted in perma- corefully dean glass j F ,,,,dew opentngs are re' mounts have been mounted back- place One sheet of gloss See Fig 5 the p~ortlcfrome See wards, with the film's emulsion ," 'O Fig 2 ~1,~"the paper by hold facing the front of the mount. toke the ~1~"~.2 the plo,tl~frame tweeze- - *lth That way when the slide's image is I he I n left qng the hold film finger and Dust off openmg of the P~~~~'~your one viewed correctly, the label would morLed 1~ . E~~IS,O~fl d ,ng the presto sealer ', w,th ~~.t,cmo

I,."..1 ly, the masking of the film chips c' will not be quite as precise as with some other mounting systems, because the windows See Ftg 3 in the Permamount's frame 1 are always held away from 1 the film by the thickness of

~~RCDVolume 28, Number 3 27 produced though, and there was no mention of them in The Stereo Realist News articles. I did run across several boxes of them a while back though, so I know they do exist. They were assigned the following part numbers: ST-21-50 Permamount (2x2) ST-21-51 Permamount Prestoseal stickers (2x2) Contrary to what most people were accustomed to at the time, this side of the Permamount was intended to be the front of the mount. The ST-21-52 Prestoseal sticker (with its space for labeling the slide) was placed on the Permamount slide glass (2x2) back of the mount. A permanent mount? Unfortunately, time has often a piece of glass. In contrast, um" version was not originally not been kind to slides mounted in aluminum masks and even some planned (similar to the lack of a Permamounts, making their name paper masks are positioned right "Medium" version of the original seem rather ironic. Many of the up against the film for a precise paper masks) and was addedto the Permamounted slides that I've razor-sharp edge, and then glass other two somewhere further seen from the 1950s are in pretty (if used) is placed on the outside along in the design process. sad shape today. The Prestoseal of the mask rather than being The glass and the "Prestoseal" sticker's adhesive has often dried contained inside of it. stickeri were assinned their own out, sometimes resulting in the Going by the numbers part numbers, e

28 Volume 28, Number 3 5TEREOWDRLD dried and hardened into a single solid lump, so seeing Ron's pristine samples was quite a surprise! The use of an improved adhe- sive toward the end of production would also explain why the origi- nal (typewritten) Permamount instruction sheet included several paragraphs about the need for and use of Goo in the mounting process, but the later instruction sheet (which was actually typeset, illustrated with photos, and print- ed on much nicer paper) didn't even mention Goo at all. I have not had the opportunity to dissect any Permamounts that had been assembled with the addi- tion of Goo, so I can't report first- hand about the condition of such slides. However, judging by the strength of the dried blobs of Goo on the outside of the tube, I would suspect that a slide containing Goo could not be disassembled without breaking the mount. This seems to have been an amazingly strong adhesive! The "Fix it Forev- er!" slogan on the front of the tube may not have been much of an exaggeration. (Other selling points on the tube included: "Tough," "Flexible," "Won't crack," "Waterproof," and "Oil and gasoline resistant.") Of course, there's a good chance that the Prestoseal sticker on a slide mount- ed with Goo would have still oozed adhesive and wrinkled over the years, but at least the mount wouldn't fall apart. Who made Goo? Despite the wrinkles and scrapes Permamounts may have seemed permanent at first, but apparently no one could foresee in my tube of Goo, I was still able what would happen to them over time. While some examples have survived better than to make out the words "Wm. K. others, many today appear similar to these. The Prestoseal sticker is often wrinkled, and Walthers, Inc., Milwaukee, Wiscon- dried adhesive that has oozed out from under the edges creates a dirty, jagged frame sin." around its top. Just out of around the image windows. (Since these slides are labeled as having been taken while curiosity, I checked a current Mil- Permamounts were still making their trouble-filled journey to the marketplace, these images waukee phone directory, and was must have been remounted into Permamounts once they became available, or perhaps the surprised to find the company still photographer was just way behind in his mounting!) (Original photogropher unknown) listed there. I wrote to them with the hope that someone would still the largest suppliers of parts, Mr. Walthers did some research recall the Goo adhesive that they supplies and accessories for that into the history of Goo and found produced for the David White hobby. Their current catalog con- that it was first introduced in Company nearly 50 years ago. My tains thousands of products related 1948, which would have been letter was promptly answered by to model railroading, and although about four years prior to it's rec- Mr. J. Phillip Walthers himself, the Wm. K. Walthers, Inc. manufac- ommendation for use with Perma- president of the firm and the third tures many of them, they carry mounts. He noted that Goo was generation Walthers to hold that items from over 300 other manu- initially developed to permanently position. He provided a brief histo- facturers as well. You'll find a com- affix porous and non-porous items. ry of his company, which began in plete searchable catalog, a more Although it was not unusual for 1932 as a manufacturer of hard to detailed history of the company, the David White Company to have find parts for model railroads. Over and lots of other information on some of its products custom- the years it has grown into one of their website: www.walthers.com . manufactured by outside suppliers,

mWDRCD Volume 28, Number 3 29 a few items that were assigned such an ideal solution to the Per- David White Company, Mr. David White Company part num- mamount adhesive problem that Walthers shared my letter with his bers over the years were originally they assigned it a part number and father, Mr. Bruce Walthers, long- invented and sold by such firms sold it in photo stores along with time employee and current chair- for less specialized uses before the mounts. (Another existing man of the board. He did not being adopted into the David product that became a David remember the specific arrangement White Company product line. White Company accessory was the that the two companies had in Such was the story with Goo. Even ST-59 Kinnard tripod (see SW vol. which one sold the other's product though it was made by a company 22, no. 5, page 16), which, under its own part number, or how dedicated to model railroading and coincidentally, was made by yet such a deal came to be, but he did was not originally intended for another unrelated Milwaukee firm!) recall having the David White slide mounting, the David White In his search for information Company as a customer in the Company apparently considered it about Goo and its use by the early 1950s. One more surprise Goo can be found today in the Wm. K. Walthers, Inc. searchable catalog on their Considering the seemingly brief website: w.walthers.com . production of the Permamount, I "-tscape:Walthers Model Railroad Mall -- product information page '- - e] !3 was curious about whether Goo I .I 9 had fared any better. I asked Mr. >me Search Walthers if his records showed

Loc- - .. , . //WWW walthers comiexec/produ~+1nfo/904-2q9 all-What's Related how long the company had manu- factured Goo, but his answer to that question was completely unexpected: Goo is still available today! The Walthers website includes a locator feature that determines the nearest hobby shops where you can find items from their catalog, so I used it to find a shop in my area. Sure enough, there was a good supply of Goo in stock, and the proprietor there assured me that it was still a favorite among model railroaders. In fact he told me that there was a brief period a few years back when the production of Goo was slowed or halted, but there was such an outcry from people who had come to depend on it that it was soon available once again! What is it about Goo that has gained it such a following? It remains slightly flexible when it dries, explained the shop propri- etor, which allows it to absorb shocks and stress while maintain- ing its permanent hold. He provid- ed an example of a situation in which this flexibility makes Goo the perfect solution. Small metal weights are often attached inside model railroad cars, so that the cars' small-scale overall weight more closely corresponds to that of their full-size counterparts. An adhesive such as super glue or an epoxy could be used to attach these weights, but the rattling and vibrations of the cars moving over the tracks would be enough to eventually break the bond of these somewhat brittle adhesives. The lasting flexibility of Goo allows it to easily withstand such condi-

30 Volume 28, Number 3 S7'EREOWOLD That threat, if Captain Turner anelles campaign just then begin- had followed his orders, should ning in the Mediterranean, an DANGER' EXTREMELY FLAML':' have been minimal in any case. innovative plan for which the First \ VAPOR HARW .. ( ee back pa?" , There were only a few U-boats Lord bore the prime responsibility operating off the , so and which, had it been carried out F,ir'ltRQ~';k"*" the odds of encountering one were properly, might well have ended ADL ~5~7-x relatively slim. The liner should the war with an Allied victory in k have been able to outrun any U- 1915. It was the failure of the Dar- boat (except one submerged direct- danelles, not the Lusitania, that ly ahead), and the ship should not drove Churchill from power and IX IT FOREVER! have succumbed to a single torpe- tarnished his career for twenty do. Yet Captain Turner, who evi- years. Yet one wonders whether he

Touph dently thought he knew more was not from time to time haunted FlexlMe Won't Crack than the Admiralty, was not stay- by images of the great liner sinking Waterpmot C 8 Gasoline Reslafl ing well offshore to avoid the by the bow five miles off the Old potential U-boat threat but had Head of Kinsale on that bright instead closed the Irish coast to May afternoon so long ago. check his position, and he was not The author wishes to acknowledge steaming at full speed as instructed the gracious assistance of Duncan but had slowed to time his arrival Woods of Cygnus Graphics and Ernst at Liverpool with a favorable tide. Weber in providing translations of the Lastly, Churchill was preoccu- Raumbild-Verlag material used in this pied at the time with the Dard- Goo then (from the 1950s, left) and article. r'rr'r now (right). "German U-505 Submarine" - overview of the captured German Type IX U-boat outside tions, for a worry-free bond. (In Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry; from the View-Master packet Colleen Moore's addition to the Goo adhesive itself, Fairy Castle and the U-505 (No. M-2). the Wm. K. Walthers, Inc. catalog also includes an accessory called the Goo "Mikro Tip" nozzle-a tiny plastic spout that attaches to a tube of Goo and allows for extremely precise application to small parts.) If you've been itching to try mounting some slides in those dusty old Permamounts you picked up a while back, don't forget to buy a fresh tube of Goo before you start. That way you can follow the original mounting instructions verbatim, and give your slides a better chance Gf holding together! "Submarine Control Room" - Some of the complicated equipment required by a skilled and highly-trained crew to operate a World War I1 German U-boat; from the U-505 View- The search goes on... Master reel. Now that I've finally found myself a tube of ST-21-15 Goo, I'll keep busy looking for examples of other obscure Realist items, like the ST-27 and ST-29 Static-Master brushes (with their tiny bit of radioactive material!), the ST-521 cable release, or maybe even some rolls of the ST-21-7 slide binding tape for glass mounting. (A collec- tion wouldn't be complete without all eight tape colors listed on the price sheet: red, black, green, white, blue, silver, orange-yellow, and deep orange!) err

JTEREOWORLD Volume 28, Number 3 31 ARCHIVAL SLEEVES: clear 2.5-mil Polv~ro~vlene A Berkshire 3-D CDV (3 318' X 4 318') per 100: $8 case of 1000: $70 CDV POLYESTER (2-mil ) per 100: $13 case of 1000: $120 CDV PAGE 6-pocket top load per page $0.50 case of 100: $20 Adventure POSTCARD (3 314' X 5 314') per 100: $9 case of 1000: $80 4' x 5' per 100: $9 case of 1000: $80 special exhibit of 3-D percep- STEREO I#6 314 COVER (3 314' x 7') per 100: $10 case of 1000: $90 Ation, imaging and history will STEREO POLYESTER per 100: 2-mil $16 or 3mil $22 CABINET 1 CONTINENTAL (4 3/8' X 7') per 100: $1 1 case of 1000: $100 run at the Berkshire Museum in # 10 COVER (4 318' x 9 518') per 100: $22 caseof 500: $100 Pittsfield, MA, from January 19 5' x 7' per 50: $8 caseof 200: $30 through May 6,2002. BOUDOIR (5 112' X 8 112') per 25: $7 caseof 500: $90 8' x 10' per 25: $9 caseof 200: $45 On the weekend of March 15-16, ll'x14' per 10: $9 case of 100: $50 each night a different 3-D movie 16' x 20' New! Improved! Sealed! per 10: $22 case of 100: $140 will be shown: March 15 Fri. 8pm Russell Norton, PO Bx 1070, New Haven, CT 06504-1070 House of Wax and March 16 Sat. US SHIPPING (48 States): $4 per order. lnst~tut~onalb~lllng. (2001) Connectrut orders add 6% tax on entlre total ~ncludingsh~pp~ng. 8pm Dial M for Murder. Titled "Adventures in 3 Dimen- sions", the exhibit takes visitors through the history and develop- PRECISION FOLDING STEREO VIEWER ment of 3-D, from Victorian-era For all standard stereoscopes and post-World War I1 Reallst 3D stereo sl~des. NEW View-Masters to modern-day appli- Glass or cardboard cations. The exhibit captures and mounted. Folds flat, LARGE celebrates the timeless appeal of we~ghsonly 1 oz 3-D with a fun, 1950s retro-style Prepa~dmlnlmum order LENS $1 0 0O.Add $2.00 for design while offering hands-on sh~pp~ngand handl~ng activities for visitors to explore FREE CATALOG AVAILABLE how our eyes and brains work TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE together to view the three- 800-223-6694 dimensional world. MAJOfr CRtDl I LARDS ACLEPrEO Call the museum for hours and TAYLOR MERCHANT CORP. 212 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 admission rates at (413) 443-7171. The movies are not yet listed on the website: www.berkshiremuseum but it provides more about the rest of the exhibit. rr~s 3-D Catalog

0 Supplies for Stereographers CI 3-D slide viewers 0 Print stereoscopes 0 3-D slide mounts O 3-D slide mounting supplies O Books about 3-D & in 3-D

Visit our World Wide Web Catalog at www.stereoscopy.com/reel3d ,maA, Reel 3-D Enterpriser, Inc. P.O. Box 2368 Culver City, CA 9023 1 USA Telephone: + l (3 10) 837-2368 Fax: +I (310) 558-1653 e-mail: [email protected]

32 Volume 28, Number 3 STEREO WDRW Current Information on Stereo Today David Starkman & john Dennis

Shady Respite for Realist Lenses Virtual Stereo The Realist lens cover acts as a 1 Library Open partial lens shade for light from 1 he Stereoscopic Displays and directly above, but offers no shade Applications Virtual Library is a for any light from the sides. Over T new online repository of selected the many years of their existence, Stereoscopic Imaging publications Realist lenses have experienced now out of print and difficult to countless cleanings, and not obtain. It is the goal of the Virtual always with the safest materials. Library to make some of these vol- The accumulated scratches (many umes easily accessible once again visible only under magnification) by converting selected publications can degrade images causing into electronic editions. reduced contrast, haziness, and an The first title in the SD&A Virtual impression of poor focus. Library is the 1982 book Founda- Real lens shades can help, and ist lens barrels, and simply slide tions of the Stereoscopic Cinema by the 3D Development Company over the lenses like filters. Pro- Lenny Lipton, which provides a has recently removed the need to Shades are 38.50 plus shipping wide ranging analysis of many hunt down vintage shades. Their from 3D Development Company, stereoscopic topics. The book's pri- "Pro-Shades" are machined from PO Box 100, Savage, MN 55378, mary focus is the stereoscopic cine- polymer material that won't sales@re~resentatives.comor ma but several background sec- scratch the chrome plating of Real- www.re~resentatives.com/3D. tions are equally relevant to the I many diffeient types of stereoscop- 1 ic display devices available today. This book provides a wealth of information for both the novice 1 Old Idea,I New S~inI and those already active in the images, which provide the infor- he use of turntables or similar field of stereoscopic imaging. (See mation for a computer to display Tdevices for taking sequential SW Vol. 9 No. 4, page 20.) Includ- (or change) the object in any posi- stereos of small objects goes back ed with the download is a 5 page tion, animated, in stereo, or both. many years. Done with attention errata list for the original book. to lighting and background, it can At $5,000 this isn't for the casual Foundations of the Stereoscopic user-and the camera isn't includ- produce 3-D images that rival any Cinema is available now as a free ed! The 3D Scan Top will, however, other technique. (For producing download from the SD&A work with a variety of digital cam- stereographs with a scanning elec- Virtual Library: tron microscope, it's the only tech- eras. (Thanks to Rtrssell Norton for this item.) htt~://www.stereosco~ic.ora/library.

niaue.) I ko; the folks at Olvmpus Cam- 1 era have brought the ioicept into the digital age with the Olympus Upcoming Stereo Exhibitions 3D Scan Top-a high-tech ncluded here are closing dates Southern Cross International turntable designed for use with a Exhibition. Formats: Slides. Clos- digital camera. The device goes far I and contacts for upcoming PSA ing date: March 29, 2002. Ray beyond positioning small objects approved stereo exhibitions. The Moxom, 46 Glenayr Ave, West for a left and right pair of shots. PSA Stereo Division's website: Ryde NSW 2114, Australia, email: The object is placed on the htt~://members.aol.com/psastereohas [email protected] Fees: turntable for two complete revolu- a number of current exhibition N. America $15. Others $15. tions, once in an upright position entry forms available. and once on its side. The Scan 45th Wichita International Exhi- Cascade. Formats: Slides, Cards & Top's control software instructs the bition. Formats: Slides & Cards. Digital (participants may enter camera to shoot from 48 to 144 Closing date: March 1, 2002. any 2 of the 3 sections). Closing Alan Zimmerman, 8818 Roland date: June 8, 2002. Shab Levy, column depends on reoders for St., Wichita, KS 67213, 6320 SW 34th Ave, Portland, information. (We don't know everything!) [email protected] OR 97201-1082, email: Please send informotion or questions to ~ovid Fees: N.America $6, Others $7. [email protected] Fees: N. ~r,PO. Box ; Starkmon, NewViews Editc 1/68, Deduct $1 for Internet delivery America $7, Others $7. 33 Culver City, CA 9023 1. 1 1 of postcard.

STEREOWDRLD Volume 28, Number 3 33 3-D BOOKS, VIEWERS, and paraphernal~ato suit SINGLE CAMERA 3D slldebar w~th6 Inch expo- ALWAYS BUYING STEREO VIEWS AND REAL every stereoscopic whim and fancy, all at terrific sure distance with vertical adapter $30.00 u.s. PHOTOS of U.S. Mint, U.S. Treasury, and Bureau prices! For a free list, write, call or fax Cygnus Twin camera slidebar with 24 inch exposure dis- of Engraving & Printing. High prices paid for Graphic, PO Box 32461, Phoenix, AZ 85064- tance in vertical format. 17inches in horizontal. stereo views and real photos I need of U.S. Mint 2461, tellfax (602) 279-7658. $45.00 u.s. See www.ematic.com/Pauls3D coining operations, Treasury and BEP paper -- money engraving & printing operations 1860s- 3D NUDES and erotica CD-ROM: 400t contempo- 1920s. Especially seeking U.S. Mint interiors rary images by award winning photographers and exteriors from Philadelphia; San Francisco; Boris Starosta and Larry Ferguson. Full screen STEREO REALIST f:2.8 camera. Superb condition New Orleans; Denver; Carson City, Nevada; stereo pairs and anaglyphs. Includes 3d glasses. with like new case. $385.00. T.D.C. 716 projec- Dahlonega, Georgia; Charlotte, NC; plus U.S. Information: www.3d6.com; beautvQ3d6.com ; tor. Exceptionally clean with new polarizing fil- Treasury & Bureau of Engraving & Printing oper- Dynamic Symmetry, POB 772, Charlottesville, ters. $285.00. Add shipping. James Ramsey, PO ations, Washington, DC and various U.S. Assay VA 22902. Box 164, Kermit WV 25674, (304) 393-3172. offices. Please e-mail the image to dsundman ADULTS ONLY - 3D nudes and Erotica Online. STEREO VIEW & VIEWER collection to be sold to @littletoncoin.com or mail or FAX photocopy, Visit awesome3d.com and xxx3d.com to see our the highest bid. Detailed list for $1.00. Submit to with price and condition noted. I'll reply within naughty collection of 3D anaglyphs, Realist for- D.P. Parisi, 38 Ardmore Place, Buffalo, NY 48 hours. Attn Dave Sundman, c/o Littleton Coin mat3D slide sets, CD Roms and other exciting 14213-1 446. Co., One Littleton Coin Place, Littleton, NH 03561, FAX 603-444-3512, (est. 1945). adult products. Over 50 sexy amateur and cen- -- - - terfold models on our sites. Take $5 off any STEREO VIEWER LENSES. - two wedge-shaped lenses, each molded and embodied in 1.5" ARE YOU SURE you still need your vintage Ger- order of $25 or more, just mention this ad. Awe- many stereo cards? Please check your collection some 3D, 100-E-highway 34 - PMB 155, square frame. Precision optical quality: build, experiment. $7.95 postpaid (USA). Taylor-Mer- and contact me. Klaus Kemper, Kommerschei- Matawan, NJ 07747 - Sample Slide set of 8 only dterstr. 146, D-52385 Nideggen, Germany. $25. chantcorp. 212 W. 35th St., New York, NY - 10001, (800) 223-6694. AUSTRALLIAN IMAGES, stereo or otherwise, BOOK, The Siege at Port Arthu~;hardback with ephemera, comics, etc. Pay cash, or trade in 3-D viewer. $15 Econ Air. (Cash preferred). Ron STEREO VIEWS for sale on our website at: www.daves-stereos.com e-mail: wood@ cards. Warren Smythe, 258 Cumberland Rd. Blum, 2 Hussey Ave., Oaklands Park SA 5046, Auburn, NSW 2144 Australia, ~smvthe Australia. pikeonline.net or contact us by writing to Dave - @tia.com.au. or Cyndi Wood, PO Box 838, Milford PA 18337 -- CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD Photographic His- phone (570) 296-6176. Also wanted, views by L. BICYCLES AND MOTORCYCLES. Any stereoptics, tory Museum. Stereographs of the first Hensel of NY and PA. photographs, ephemera, medals, catalogs, transcont~nentalrallroad are now on d~splayat. memorabilia, etc. related to early cycling. htt~.//CPRR.org STEREOVIEW PRICE GUIDE. Only $7.00!! Great - - -- for people buying from auctions and for collec- Singles or collections. Generally 1860-1955. JOHN WALDSMITH'S "Stereo Views, An Illustrat- tors who want to know the latest realized auction Permanent want. Loren Shields, PO Box 211, ed History and Price Guide" available signed values. Only numbered views over $50 are list- Chagrin Falls, OH 44022-0211, Phone (905- 886-691 1, [email protected].

from the author, $22.95 softbound, add $2.95 ed. Doc Boehme, 1236 Oakcrest Ave. W, -- - p~- postage and handling. Please note: the hard- Roseville, MN 551 13 www.iamdoc.com. BUYING SAVANNAH GEORGIA and southern bound edition is sold out. Mastercard, VISA and STEREOVIEWS, CDVs, CABINETS, etc. Direct stereoviews. Also buying pre-1930 Georgia and Discover accepted. John Waldsmith, 302 southern postcards. Historical Savannah items Granaer Rd.. Medina. OH 44256. sale: send me your wants. Tim Mclntyre, 137 Nile, Stratford Ontario, N5A 4E1, Canada. Tel: also wanted. Call (912) 447-8968 or write Clif- NEW BUBBLE LEVEL for Stereo Realist. Advanced 519-273-5360, Fax: 519-273-7310, email: ford Burgess, 404 E. oglethorpe Avenue, Savan- polymer ring with precision glass bubble. Sim- [email protected], web page: htt~://www.orc.cal nah. GA 31401. ple installation, just snap in the center viewfind- -timoni. I collect: Canada and Europe views - let COLLECT, TRADE, BUY & SELL: 19th Century er. precision engineered by 3D Development me know what you have. images (cased, stereo, Cdv, cabinet & large Company. Visit us at: SUBSCRIPTIONS: award winning contemporary paper) Bill Lee, 8658 Galdiator Way, Sandy, UT www.re~resentatives.com/3D 84094. [email protected] Specialties: West- or e-mail: [email protected]. stereoscopic images by Boris Starosta. Erotic or -- ern, Locomotives, Photographers, Indians, Min- --- ContemporaryIDigital image subscriptions avail- able in various formats. Information: ing, J. Carbutt, Expeditions, Ships, Utah and www.starosta.com; [email protected]; 3D occupational As one of the benefits of membership, NSA Showcase. POB 772. Charlottesville. VA 22902. CORTE-SCOPE VIEWS or sets, any subject or Amembers are offered free use of classified condition. No viewers unless with views. John advertising. Members may use 100 words per VIEW-MASTER COLLECTION, 2000 plus reels, viewers, Chinese Art, Mushroom reels (-11 Han- Waldsmith, 302 Granger Rd., Medina, OH year, divided into three ads with a maximum 44256. of 35 words per ad. Additional words or addi- dlettered, single and three reel, and Foreign. tional ads may be inserted at the rate of 204 $4,000 for all. Jack Scannell, RR1, Box 232, EMPTY KEYSTONE BOX for 100 card England set per word. Please include payments with ads. Haskell, OK 74436, (918) 482-2384 or (918) and Primary Vol. 38.4 set, good condition. Also We cannot provide billings. Ads will be placed 494-6298. looking for complete Primary Vol. 5&6 set. in the issue being assembled at the time of Visit stereoviews.com, the Maine Antique Photo- James Farrell, (510) 537-4940, jwfarrell their arrival unless a specific later issue is graphica Gallery, for stereoviews and other fine @aol.com. requested. - 19th and 20th Century photographs, books, FAIRMONT, WEST VIRGINIA stereoviews and Send 011 ads, with payment, to: eDhemera and eaui~ment. stereoviews from elsewhere in West Virginia. I STEREO WORLD Clossifieds, also buy other West Virginia photos, including 5610 SE 71st, Portlond, OR ! postcards, and old paper items. Tom Prall, PO (A ra te sheet for display ads 1s ovalrao~errom Box 155, Weston, WV 26452, wvabooks the same addres!i. Please send SASE.) @aol.com. - --

34 Volume 28, Number 3 ~OWDRLD STEREO PHOTO TOOLS FOOD-RELATED STEREOVIEWS. fru~tand veg- etable harvesting, da~riesand farms, factories, SUDEBARS for dln~ngscenes, open-air markets, general stores. SLR'daceediumForrnaUnticular The more unusual the better. Quick reply guar- anteed from Jeanne Schinto, 53 Poor Street, Heavy Duty up to 38" Long Andover MA 01810-2501, rifisQmediaone.net. -- ~ TWlN CAMERA MOUNTS I BUY ARIZONA PHOTOGRAPHS! Stereoviews, cabinet cards, mounted photographs, RP post Horizontal-Vertical-Todn cards, albums and photographs taken before PANORAMIC PHOTOGRAPHY PANO-HEAD II 1920. Also interested in Xeroxes of Arizona stereographs and photos for research. Will pay JASPER ENGINEERING postage and copy costs. Jeremy Rowe, 2120 S. 1240 A Pear Ave. Mtn. View CA 94043 Las Palmas Cir., Mesa, AZ 85202. WWW.STEREOSCOPY.COM/ JASPER INDIANS & WESTERN, especially Colorado; all formats (especially large); delegation, survey, Email Jasper31baol.com-----Phone 650-967-1578 railroad, mining; Jackson, Russell, Savage, O'Sullivan, Hillers, etc. Rob Lewis, 1560 Broad- way #I500, Denver, CO 80202, (303) 861 -2828, THE TAYLOR-MERCHANT #TO7 SEREOPnCON VlEWER [email protected]. - BRINGS YOUR 82.95 ea. - less In quantity. Add $2.00 shipp~ng. LOUIS HELLER of Yreka and Fort Jones, Califor- IMAGE TO LIFE! -mc * NYS remidents - nia. Anything! Also, any early California or west- Quality lenses. please add tax. ern views wanted. Carl Mautz, cmautz Exceptional durability. Qnccn.net, (530) 478-1610. FREE - -~ Weighs 112 oz. CATALOG Simple, easy AVAILABLE MUYBRIDGE VIEWS - Top prices paid. Also operation. CALL Michigan and Mining - the 3Ms. Many views Folds TOLL FREE: available for trade. Leonard Walle, 47530 Edin- flat. 800-22Sg691 borough Lane, Novi, MI 48374. CREDIT CARDS - ACCEPTED NEWBURYPORT, MASS stereoviews by Meinerth, '-1 Mosely, Reed and others. Buy or trade. Scott Nason, 12 Marlboro St., Newburyport, MA TAYLOR- 01950. (978) 462-2953. MERCHANT CORP. 21 2 West 35th St. REALIST VISTA stereo viewer. D. Smekal, 17865 New York. NY 10001 Rosebery Ave., West Vancouver, BC, V7V 225, Canada, Tel: 604-926-3023, Fax: 604-922-2855. - SINGLE VIEWS, or complete sets of "Longfellow's You are invited to join tk Wayside Inn" done by D. C. Osborn, Artist, Ass- abet, Mass., Lawrence M. Rochette, 169 Wood- land Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752. s1 -- STEREO REALIST 1525 Accessory Lens Kit for Macro Stereo Camera; Realist 2066 Gold Button WTHERN- CALIFORNI--- ?A Viewer; Realist &drawer stereo slide cabinet in Exc.+ or better condition (must contain Realist m Ir ive and entertaining I i t meetir QF logo); Baja 8-drawer stereo slide cabinet with plastic drawers marked "Versafile". Mark Willke, n nemle !Oter 200 SW 89th Ave., Portland, OR 97225. (503) 797-3458 days. m3 ! exhibbit ions STEREOVIEWS OF OCEANLINERS, steamships, cruiseships - all periods, any format. Also, views Conact David W. Kuntz, Tr raurer, 2840P Qnrilh~llDr .. Rancho Palo s Verda. CA. of Catalina Island, CA. Philip Baskin, 3 Bull St., 310-377-5393, Fax 310-377-4 362, davidkur IQ@ homc.ccIm, hnp:l,%onne.nrthlinkn I Newport, RI 02840, pvatalrnvQhome.com.

- ~ - YOU COULD HAVE told the world of your stereo needs in this ad space! Your membership enti- 3D Development Company tles you to 100 words per year, divided into three ads with a maximum of 35 words per ad. Addi- P.O. Box 100 tional words and additional ads may be inserted Savage, MN 55378-9998 at the rate of 206 per word. Send ads to the 30 Supplies - Accessories - & More! National Stereoscopic Association, P.O. Box 1 Please Visit Our Internet Site 14801, Columbus, OH 43214. A rate sheet for I display ads is available upon request. (Please http Ilwww.representatives.coml3D send SASE for rate sheet.) -- ~- €-Mail: [email protected]

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36 Volume 28, Number 3 SlEREoWPRID AUCTIONS

aeffere~nsiereapiice (Since 1981)

John Saddy 50 Foxborough Grove London, Ontario N6K 4A8 CANADA

Main Phone Line (519) 641-4431 Personal Fax Line (519) 641-2899 E-mail: [email protected]

CONSIGNMENTS VYEI,COME FROM ANYWHIHIEJRE ON EA1RTIF-I

Take advantage of my powerful, extensive, and ever-expanding mailing list, built up through world-wide advertising and reputation so you the consignor can benefit from excellent prices on choice material.

TERMS FOR CONSIGNMENT

EACH LOT IS CHARGED ITS INDIVIDUAL COM TS REALIZED PRICE.

If lot realizes up to $40 ...... 30% "I SPECIALIZE IN If lot realizes $41 .OO to $200.00 ...... 25% CONSIGNMENTS; If lot realizes $201 .OO to $500.00 ...... 20% I BUY TOO!" If lot realizes $501 .OO or more ...... 15%

Ranging in price from bulk lots

cameras and other equipment.

DOGS AWD CATS (B620) Said for SI7OS.

- ->

Liberty Hand at ' the Phlladelphia THE MIJNSTERS (8481) 1876 Exhibition Sold for $490.

Contact me to get on my mailing list Please specify if your interest b Stereo Cards, View-Master, or both.