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The Global Dimensions of Britain and France's Crimean War Naval Campaigns Against Russia, 1854-1856

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The Global Dimensions of Britain and France's Crimean War Naval Campaigns Against Russia, 1854-1856 The Global Dimensions of Britain and France’s Crimean War Naval Campaigns against Russia, 1854-1856. Andrew C. Rath Department of History McGill University, Montreal November 2011 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. © Andrew C. Rath, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-79095-3 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-79095-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. I Abstract The Crimean War was fought far outside its namesake peninsula in the Black Sea Region. Between 1854 and 1856, Anglo-French naval forces attacked the Russian Empire in the Baltic, White Sea, and Pacific. These campaigns receive little attention from modern historians, and much of the work that does exist relies on a limited number of English-language sources. This dissertation, on the other hand, is a comprehensive examination of these campaigns built on a foundation of primary documents written in English, French, and Russian. It also synthesizes relevant secondary scholarship in order to provide a comprehensive background for the three major European belligerents and to consider the perspectives of the other polities impacted by the conflict, specifically Sweden-Norway, Denmark, China, and Japan. This work’s approach yields a more complete understanding of the worldwide context in which the Crimean War occurred. Ultimately, the wide-ranging imperial conflict that emerges starkly contrasts with customary depictions of the conflict as a petty, regionalized example noteworthy only as a cautionary tale of failed diplomacy and generalship or as a venue for advances is battlefield medicine, journalism, and photography. La Guerre de Crimée se déroula aussi hors de sa péninsule éponyme dans la région de la Mer Noire. Entre 1854 et 1856, des forces franco-britanniques attaquèrent l’Empire Russe dans la Mer Baltique, la Mer Blanche, ainsi que dans l’Océan Pacifique. Ces campagnes ont reçu peu d’attention de la part des historiens des temps modernes, et la majorité de ces effort se basent seulement sur des sources anglaises. Au contraire, ce mémoire contient une analyse exhaustive de ces campagnes se basant sur des documents originaux anglais, français et russes. Il synthétise les études modernes dans le but d’offrir un arrière-plan complet pour les trois grandes puissances européennes, ainsi que dans le but de considérer les perspectives des autres puissances impactées par le conflit, en particulier la Suède-Norvège, le Danemark, la Chine et le Japon. L’approche de cette étude offre une compréhension exhaustive du contexte mondial dans lequel la Guerre de Crimée se déroula. Finalement, le conflit impérial de grande envergure qui émerge s’oppose aux présentations usuelles du conflit comme étant un insignifiant exemple régional de note seulement comme un avertissement d’une diplomatie et d’une stratégie échouée, ou simplement comme une avenue pour des progrès dans la médecine de guerre, le journalisme ainsi que la photographie. II Acknowledgements This work is the product of the combined expertise and efforts of a large team. Special thanks are due to the author’s doctoral supervisor Professor Valentin Boss and his wife, Ms. Militsa Krivokapich-Boss. Their current and former colleagues in the Department of History at McGill University also gave generously of their time and expertise. In addition to recognizing Drs. Carman Miller and John Zucchi at McGill, the author especially wishes to acknowledge the assistance generously provided by Ms. Susanne Pastuschek and Dr. Craig Rath. Dr. Brian Farrell (National University of Singapore), Dr. Barry Gough (Wilfred Laurier University and the Royal Military College of Canada), Dr. David Goldfrank (Georgetown University), Dr. Ann Saab (University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Dr. Sarah Paine (United States Naval War College), and Dr. Ian Stone (Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge) all gave generously of their time as well. Assembling and interpreting a wide range of sources in English, French, Russian, German, and Swedish would not have been possible without the linguistic acumen of Sven Carlsson (Swedish); Natalia Goldchteine, Natalia Evdokimova, Ekaterina Filippova, Mark Conrad, Maria Hristova, and Darya Ivashniova (Russian); Johanna Beil (German); Daniel and Azusa Lachapelle Lemire (Japanese); and Celeste Lordet, and Sarah Limoges (French). The author is also grateful for the efforts of McGill’s Interlibrary Loan Service and Ms. Tatiana Bedjanian as well as the financial assistance provided by the United Kingdom Society for Nautical Research. The staffs of the United Kingdom National Maritime Museum and National Archives in Greater London and the Service Historique de la Défense at Vincinnes were extremely helpful. A great deal of credit is also due to Mr. Guy Hannaford of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Professor Andrew Lambert of King’s College (London), Dr. Ruslan Davydov of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Michèle Battesti of the French Institut de Recherche Stratégique de l'École Militaire, or IRSEM. The inevitable typographic errors are the sole responsibility of the author. Table of Contents Abstract I Acknowledgements II Introduction and Notes 2-8 Literature Review 9-24 1. Historical and Resource Background 25-43 2. Political Background 44-75 3. Strategy and Pre-War Planning 76-112 4. War in the Baltic, 1854 113-155 5. Campaigns in the White Sea, 1854-1855 156-188 6. The Crimean War in the Pacific, 1854 189-230 7. Campaigns in the Baltic and Pacific, 1855 231-264 Conclusion 265-273 References 274-294 2 Introduction More Than A Crimean War The Crimean War was fought far from its namesake peninsula in what is now Ukraine. Between 1854 and 1856, British and French forces attacked Czarist Russia in the Baltic, White Sea, and Pacific Ocean. The latter two campaigns receive little attention from modern historians, and much of the work that does exist relies primarily or even exclusively on British archival sources. When it comes to understanding a multifaceted conflict, such a concentration is “excessively partial and limited.”1 Fortunately, the pioneering works of area specialists and maritime historians have provided detailed analyses of the struggle for control of the Baltic between 1854 and 1856. Yet even those efforts have not adequately shaped our understanding of the conflict. As recently as 2004, the then-British Ambassador to Finland “pointed out that Finland was well over a thousand miles north of the Crimea” when the war’s sesquicentennial celebrations in Helsinki were first mentioned by a colleague.2 The Crimean War was not the type of ‘World War’ seen in the eighteenth, early nineteenth, or twentieth centuries. The Seven Years’ and Napoleonic Wars involved more extensive areas and many more belligerents in naval and land warfare “far more intense and prolonged” than anything seen between 1854 and 1856.3 Anglo-French campaigns against Russia in East Asia were not even the “First Pacific War” featured in the title of the only modern English-language monograph on the subject.4 The complexity of hostilities outside the Crimean Peninsula, though, illuminates the most appropriate method for examining the struggle. Considering the wide range of powers and issues ultimately demonstrates that the Crimean War was much more than a few battles and a siege in southern Ukraine. Events in the Baltic, White 1 Grainger, John D. The First Pacific War: Britain and Russia, 1854-1856. (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2008), IX. 2 Kirk, Matthew. “Crimea in Finland: Her Majesty's Ambassador to Finland, Matthew Kirk, Describes the Impact of the Crimean War on That Country and How It Is Being Commemorated.” History Today, Vol. 54, No. 8 (August, 2004). Pgs. 3-4. 3 Fletcher, Ian and Natalia Ishchenko. The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires. (Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 2004), XI. 4 Grainger, John D. The First Pacific War: Britain and Russia, 1854-1856. (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2008). A Russian work, Zavrazhnov, Yuri. [Russian-language]. Forget The Admiral: A Historical Reflection with Investigation. (Petropavlovsk, Russia: Novaia Kniga, 2005), also claims on its first page that the struggle “was the first world war.” 3 Sea, and Pacific instead mattered both in terms of understanding the conflict and its impact, which extended far beyond the narrow terms codified by the 1856 Treaty of Paris.
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