Graham's Crayfish Snake Regina Grahamii

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Graham’s crayfish snake Regina grahamii Kingdom: Animalia FEATURES Phylum: Chordata Graham’s crayfish snake averages 18 to 28 inches in Class: Reptilia length. Its back is brown or dark olive, and a broad, Order: Squamata yellow stripe is present along each lower side. The belly is yellow and may or may not have markings. Family: Natricidae The scales are keeled (ridged). ILLINOIS STATUS common, native BEHAVIORS Graham’s crayfish snake may be found throughout © Scott Ballard Illinois except in those counties that border the Wabash and Ohio rivers. It is not abundant in any area. This snake lives in ponds, streams, sloughs, swamps and marshes. Graham’s crayfish snake is semiaquatic. It hides under stones or debris along the water’s edge and sometimes in crayfish burrows or other burrows. It basks on rocks and in branches overhanging the water. It is active in the day except in the hot summer months when it becomes nocturnal. This snake may flatten its body when disturbed and/or release large amounts of bad- adult smelling musk from glands at the base of the tail. It overwinters in crayfish burrows or other burrows. Mating occurs in April or May. The female gives birth to from 10 to 20 young in late summer, the number depending on her size and age. Graham’s crayfish snake mainly eats crayfish that have just shed their exoskeleton but will also take other crustaceans, ILLINOIS RANGE amphibians and fishes. © U.S. Army Corps of Engineers © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © Brad M. Glorioso Aquatic Habitats lakes, ponds and reservoirs; marshes; rivers and streams; swamps; wet prairies and fens Woodland Habitats none Prairie and Edge Habitats none © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Check List 17 (1): 27–38
17 1 ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES Check List 17 (1): 27–38 https://doi.org/10.15560/17.1.27 A herpetological survey of Edith L. Moore Nature Sanctuary Dillon Jones1, Bethany Foshee2, Lee Fitzgerald1 1 Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. 2 Houston Audubon, 440 Wilchester Blvd. Houston, TX 77079 USA. Corresponding author: Dillon Jones, [email protected] Abstract Urban herpetology deals with the interaction of amphibians and reptiles with each other and their environment in an ur- ban setting. As such, well-preserved natural areas within urban environments can be important tools for conservation. Edith L. Moore Nature Sanctuary is an 18-acre wooded sanctuary located west of downtown Houston, Texas and is the headquarters to Houston Audubon Society. This study compared iNaturalist data with results from visual encounter surveys and aquatic funnel traps. Results from these two sources showed 24 species belonging to 12 families and 17 genera of herpetofauna inhabit the property. However, several species common in surrounding areas were absent. Combination of data from community science and traditional survey methods allowed us to better highlight herpe- tofauna present in the park besides also identifying species that may be of management concern for Edith L. Moore. Keywords Community science, iNaturalist, urban herpetology Academic editor: Luisa Diele-Viegas | Received 27 August 2020 | Accepted 16 November 2020 | Published 6 January 2021 Citation: Jones D, Foshee B, Fitzgerald L (2021) A herpetology survey of Edith L. Moore Nature Sanctuary. Check List 17 (1): 27–28. https://doi.
[Show full text]
Reptiles in Arkansas
Terrestrial Reptile Report Carphophis amoenus Co mmon Wor msnake Class: Reptilia Order: Serpentes Family: Colubridae Priority Score: 19 out of 100 Population Trend: Unknown Global Rank: G5 — Secure State Rank: S2 — Imperiled in Arkansas Distribution Occurrence Records Ecoregions where the species occurs: Ozark Highlands Boston Mountains Arkansas Valley Ouachita Mountains South Central Plains Mississippi Alluvial Plain Mississippi Valley Loess Plain Carphophis amoenus Common Wormsnake 1079 Terrestrial Reptile Report Habitat Map Habitats Weight Crowley's Ridge Loess Slope Forest Obligate Lower Mississippi Flatwoods Woodland and Forest Suitable Problems Faced KNOWN PROBLEM: Habitat loss due to conversion Threat: Habitat destruction or to agriculture. conversion Source: Agricultural practices KNOWN PROBLEM: Habitat loss due to forestry Threat: Habitat destruction or practices. conversion Source: Forestry activities Data Gaps/Research Needs Genetic analyses comparing Arkansas populations with populations east of the Mississippi River and the Western worm snake. Conservation Actions Importance Category More data are needed to determine conservation actions. Monitoring Strategies More information is needed to develop a monitoring strategy. Carphophis amoenus Common Wormsnake 1080 Terrestrial Reptile Report Comments Trauth and others (2004) summarized the literature and biology of this snake. In April 2005, two new geographic distribution records were collected in Loess Slope Forest habitat within St. Francis National Forest, south of the Mariana
[Show full text]
BULLETIN Chicago Herpetological Society
BULLETIN of the Chicago Herpetological Society Volume 54, Number 5 May 2019 BULLETIN OF THE CHICAGO HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY Volume 54, Number 5 May 2019 A New Record of the Nile Soft-shelled Turtle, Trionyx triunguis, in Lebanon . Piero Carlino, Nahed Msayleb, Hasan Hamza and Olivier S. G. Pauwels 101 The Rantoul–Paxton Railroad Corridor: Relictual Herpetofauna and Noteworthy Records . Tristan D. Schramer 104 Toad Stools: Part Four . Dennis A. Meritt Jr. 108 Possible Parthenogenesis in the Two-striped Garter Snake, Thamnophis hammondii . Jeremy Fontaine and Thomas Owens 109 Some Natural History Observations and Photos of the Nesting Behavior of Desert Tortoises in Arizona . Roger A. Repp 110 What You Missed at the April Meeting: Chris Lechowicz . .John Archer 114 Advertisements . 116 New CHS Members This Month . 116 Cover: Red-eyed treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas. Drawing by Jessica Wadleigh. STAFF Membership in the CHS includes a subscription to the monthly Bulletin. Annual dues are: Individual Membership, $25.00; Editor: Michael A. Dloogatch --- [email protected] Family Membership, $28.00; Sustaining Membership, $50.00; Copy editor: Joan Moore Contributing Membership, $100.00; Institutional Membership, Photo editor: Steve Barten $38.00. Remittance must be made in U.S. funds. Subscribers outside the U.S. must add $12.00 for postage. Send membership 2019 CHS Board of Directors dues or address changes to: Chicago Herpetological Society, Membership Secretary, 2430 N. Cannon Drive, Chicago, IL 60614. President: Rich Crowley Vice-president: Jessica Wadleigh Manuscripts published in the Bulletin of the Chicago Herpeto- Treasurer: John Archer logical Society are not peer reviewed. Manuscripts and letters Recording Secretary: Gail Oomens concerning editorial business should be e-mailed to the editor, Media Secretary: Kim Klisiak [email protected].
[Show full text]
The Journal of North American Herpetology
ISSN 2333-0694 JNAHThe Journal of North American Herpetology Volume 2017(1): 11-18 29 March 2017 jnah.cnah.org NOCTURNAL ARBOREALITY IN SNAKES IN THE SWAMPLANDS OF THE ATCHAFALAYA BASIN OF SOUTH-CENTRAL LOUISIANA AND BIG THICKET NATIONAL PRESERVE OF SOUTHEAST TEXAS BRAD M. GLORIOSO1,2 AND J. HARDIN WADDLE1 1U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA 2 Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT — The southeastern United States is home to a diverse assemblage of snakes, but only one species, the Rough Greensnake (Opheodrys aestivus), is considered specialized for a predominantly arboreal lifestyle. Other species, such as Ratsnakes (genus Pantherophis) and Ribbonsnakes/ Gartersnakes (genus Thamnophis), are widely known to climb into vegetation and trees. Some explanations given for snake climbing behavior are foraging, thermoregulation, predator avoidance, and response to flood. Reports of arboreality in snake species typically not associated with life in the trees (such as terrestrial, aquatic, and even fossorial species) usually come from single observations, with no knowledge of prevalence of the behavior. Here, we report on arboreality of snake species detected during 8 years of night surveys in the Atchafalaya Basin of south-central Louisiana and 5+ years of night surveys in Big Thicket National Preserve in southeast Texas. We recorded a total of 1,088 detections of 19 snake species between the two study areas, with 348 detections above ground level (32%). The Rough Greensnake and Western Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis proximus) accounted for nearly 75% of total arboreal detections among the two study areas. However, with one exception, all snake species detected more than once between both study areas had at least one arboreal detection.
[Show full text]
Thirty-Nine Species of Snakes Inhabit Illinois, Dwelling in Forests, Grasslands
I l l i n o i s yellowbelly water snake Nerodia erythrogaster SNAKESSNAKES eastern hognose snake Heterodon platirhinos eastern worm snake Carphophis amoenus racer Coluber constrictor western ribbon snake Thamnophis proximus Graham’s crayfish snake Regina grahamii northern water snake Nerodia sipedon western mud snake Farancia abacura smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata western fox snake Pantherophis vulpinus prairie kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster bullsnake Pituophis catenifer diamondback water snake Nerodia rhombifer common kingsnake Lampropeltis getula red milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum syspila brown snake Storeria dekayi rough green snake Opheodrys aestivus black rat snake juvenile cottonmouth juvenile ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus black rat snake Pantherophis spiloides cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus timber rattlesnake juvenile copperhead juvenile eastern massasauga juvenile timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix eastern massasauga Sistrurus catenatus Species List Family Colubridae This poster was made possible by: eastern worm snake Carphophis amoenus hirty-nine species of snakes inhabit Illinois, dwelling in forests, grasslands, marshes, swamps, ponds, racer Coluber constrictor ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus western mud snake Farancia abacura Illinois Department of Natural Resources lakes, streams, rivers, and sloughs. Some species are quite common, while others are very rare. These eastern hognose snake Heterodon platirhinos prairie kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster Division of Education common kingsnake Lampropeltis getula Division of Natural Heritage reptiles are solitary predators that eat a variety of prey. Snakes have interesting structural features Classification: red milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum syspila T yellowbelly water snake Nerodia erythrogaster Illinois State Museum Kingdom Animalia diamondback water snake Nerodia rhombifer including the Jacobson’s organ, which is used to detect odors.
[Show full text]
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE Michael Joseph Dreslik Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820 (217)259-9135, email – [email protected] PERSONAL Born 22 August 1972 Flushing, Queens, New York AREAS OF RESEARCH INTEREST Conservation, Population, Spatial, Behavioral, Community, and Physiological Ecology of Reptiles and Amphibians EDUCATION DEGREES EARNED PH.D. University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Major – Natural Resource Ecology and Conservation, 1/97 – 12/05, Major Professor – Dr. C. A. Phillips Dissertation: Ecology of the Eastern Massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus c. catenatus) from Carlyle Lake, Clinton County, Illinois. University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. xxxvii+353 pp. M.SC. Eastern Illinois University, Major – Biology, 8/94 – 5/96, GPA 3.7(4.0), Major Professor – Dr. E. O. Moll Thesis: Ecology and community relationships of the River Cooter, Pseudemys concinna, in a southern Illinois backwater. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois. v + 69pp. B.Sc. Eastern Illinois University, Major – Zoology, 8/92 – 5/94, A.Sc. Lake Land Community College, Major – Biology, Education, 8/90 – 5/92 Cum Laude WORK EXPERIENCE POSITIONS HELD 1/2015 – Present Urban Biotic Assessment Program Coordinator – Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Illinois. 7/2008 – Present Academic Professional – Herpetologist – Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Illinois. 1/2007 – 6/2008 Assistant Research Scientist – Illinois Natural History Survey, Division of Biodiversity and Ecological Entomology, Champaign, Illinois. 7/2005 – 12/2006 Assistant Technical Scientist II – Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Champaign, Illinois. 1/2004 – 7/2005 Field Ecologist – Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Champaign, Illinois.
[Show full text]
Cheyenne Bottoms Reptiles and Amphibians
Amphibians FROGS & TOADS Great Plains Toad CHEYENNE Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area is Anaxyrus cognatus home to at least nine species of Woodhouse’s Toad BOTTOMS amphibians. Additional species may Anaxyrus woodhousii occur at the Bottoms but have not yet Blanchard’s Cricket Frog been observed. Acris blanchardi The name "amphibian" comes from the Greek root words "amphi" meaning Boreal Chorus Frog "both" and "bios" meaning "life", which Pseudacris maculata refers to all amphibians' lifestyles of living Western Narrow-mouthed Toad Gastrophryne olivacea both in water and on land. While some WESTERN TIGER SALAMANDER amphibians can live away from water Plains Leopard Frog (terrestrial), they require water (aquatic) Lithobates blairi for at least part of their life cycle. American Bullfrog All Kansas amphibians deposit eggs Lithobates catesbeianus Reptiles,TurtlesReptiles,Turtles in water, which hatch into aquatic larvae. Plains Spadefoot && Toad and frog larvae are called tadpoles, Spea bombifrons salamanders are referred to as larva. Some salamander larvae can remain in AmphibiansAmphibians that stage for their entire lives, but most SALAMANDERS larvae (including tadpoles) eventually Western Tiger Salamander metamorphose (change) into adults. Ambystoma mavortium Adult frogs and salamanders tend to stay near water and have very thin, moist Thanks to Curtis Schmidt at the skin, while toads, with thicker, dry skin, Sternberg Museum of Natural History and can venture further from water. Frogs and Curtis Wolf at Kansas Wetland Education Center toads can be distinguished by their calls, for expertise in updating this list. and can be heard in the wetlands, PLAINS LEOPARD FROG Funded in part by your especially immediately after spring and hunting license dollars and Cheyenne Bottoms summer rains.
[Show full text]
SNAKES-OF-ILLINOIS-2019.Pdf
SNAKES AND THE LAW IN ILLINOIS SNAKES OF ILLINOIS If you wish to do research on or keep snakes as pets in Illinois, there are some regulations you should be aware of: (1) Permits are required to study, work with, or maintain venomous snakes. (2) There are captive maintenance regulations for any boa, python, or anaconda. (3) Permits are required to study, work with, or maintain endangered/threatened species. (4) Permits are required to work with, or collect snakes from public lands such as a NORTHERN TIMBER state park, nature preserve, or national forest. And RATTLESNAKE (5) There are personal possession SOUTHERN limits for any native species of snake. COPPERHEAD (6) It is illegal to buy, sell, trade, barter, or breed any wild-caught Illinois snakes, any resulting offspring from them, or any lineage of Illinois origin. The full list of regulations regarding the legalities of snakes or any other reptile or Text and illustrations by: amphibian can be found at the following links Scott R. Ballard for the Illinois Herp Code: Natural Heritage Biologist Herpetologist Herp Code Statute-- Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs5.asp? 1027 S. Division St. ActID=3563&ChapterID=41 Carterville, IL 62918 (618) 694-3398 Herp Code Ad Rules-- [email protected] https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/adrules/documen ts/17-885.pdf COTTONMOUTH EASTERN Equal opportunity to participate in programs of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and those funded Illinois is home to 40 species of snakes. Only 4 WATER MASSASAUGA of the 40 species are venomous.
[Show full text]
Indigenous and Established Herpetofauna of Caddo Parish, Louisiana
Indigenous and Established Herpetofauna of Caddo Parish, Louisiana Salamanders (8 species) Genus Species Common Name Notes Kingdom: Animalia >> Phylum: Chordata >> Class: Amphibia >> Order: Caudata >> Suborder: Salamandroidea Family: Ambystomatidae Ambystoma - Mole Ambystoma maculatum Spotted Salamander Salamanders Ambystoma opacum Marbled Salamander Ambystoma talpoideum Mole Salamander Ambystoma texanum Small-mouthed Salamander Family: Amphiumidae Amphiuma - Amphiuma tridactylum Three-toed Amphiuma Amphiumas Family: Plethodontidae Eurycea - Brook Eurycea quadridigitata Dwarf Salamander Salamanders Family: Salamandridae Notophthalmus - Notophthalmus viridescens Central Newt Eastern Newts louisianensis Kingdom: Animalia >> Phylum: Chordata >> Class: Amphibia >> Order: Caudata >> Suborder: Sirenoidea Family: Sirenidae Siren - Sirens Siren intermedia nettingi Western Lesser Siren 1 of 7 To comment on this checklist or for additional (possibly updated) copies, contact: L.E.A.R.N., (318) 773-9393; PO Box 8026, Shreveport, LA 71148; [email protected] Indigenous and Established Herpetofauna of Caddo Parish, Louisiana Frogs (17 species) Genus Species Common Name Notes Kingdom: Animalia >> Phylum: Chordata >> Class: Amphibia >> Order: Anura >> Suborder: Neobatrachia Family: Bufonidae Anaxyrus - North Anaxyrus fowleri Fowler’s Toad American Toads Family: Eleutherodactylidae Subfamily: Eleutherodactylinae Eleutherodactylus - Eleutherodactylus Rio Grande Chirping Frog Alien species / Isolated Rain Frogs cystignathoides campi record- call
[Show full text]
Graham's Crayfish Snake
Graham's Crayfish Snake Regina grahamii Taxa: Reptilian SE-GAP Spp Code: rGCSN Order: Squamata ITIS Species Code: 174127 Family: Colubridae NatureServe Element Code: ARADB27020 KNOWN RANGE: PREDICTED HABITAT: P:\Proj1\SEGap P:\Proj1\SEGap Range Map Link: http://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/datazip/maps/SE_Range_rGCSN.pdf Predicted Habitat Map Link: http://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/datazip/maps/SE_Dist_rGCSN.pdf GAP Online Tool Link: http://www.gapserve.ncsu.edu/segap/segap/index2.php?species=rGCSN Data Download: http://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/datazip/region/vert/rGCSN_se00.zip PROTECTION STATUS: Reported on March 14, 2011 Federal Status: --- State Status: MS (Non-game species in need of management), NE (NC) NS Global Rank: G5 NS State Rank: AR (S2), IA (S4), IL (S5), IN (SNA), KS (S4), LA (S4), MO (S4), MS (S5), NE (S2), OK (S3), TX (S5) rGCSN Page 1 of 3 SUMMARY OF PREDICTED HABITAT BY MANAGMENT AND GAP PROTECTION STATUS: US FWS US Forest Service Tenn. Valley Author. US DOD/ACOE ha % ha % ha % ha % Status 1 226.0 < 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Status 2 4,813.9 5 37.6 < 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 Status 3 0.0 0 2,224.4 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 Status 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Total 5,039.9 5 2,262.0 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 US Dept. of Energy US Nat. Park Service NOAA Other Federal Lands ha % ha % ha % ha % Status 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Status 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Status 3 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Status 4 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Total 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Native Am.
[Show full text]
A Check List of North American Amphirians and Reptiles
A CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN AMPHIRIANS AND REPTILES BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER AND THOMAS BARBOUR FIFTH EDITION COPYRIGHT, 1917, 1923, 1933, in39iiiirl 1943 BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE «iUL 291843•) PRINTED FOR THE L'NIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. SEP 22 1843 I I B H A « "1, Mrs. Gaige suggests the following changes ; SEP 2lj 1943 Dear Sir : It has just been called to my attention that, by some unexplainable oversight the entry of Sceloporus umlulatus undulatus has been omitted from the Checklist. The final citation should be to the paper by H. M. Smith in Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. of Mich., no. 387, Oct. 31, 1938, p. 7. Type locality: Charleston, South Carolina. Range: Coastal areas from southeastern Louisiana across the basal half of the Florida Peninsula to central South Carolina. \'ery truly, T. B. l.S','. Coluber iaeiiialus rnthveiii: .San Luis Potosi & Michoacan. Smith, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 39 (<>), 1941 : 388-98. l+.'i. Jjimnrnnellis iiliertta: Coahuila. Smith. Cooeia ("i). 1941 : lii. Dear Sir: Mr. Roger Conant calls to my attention another oversight, the omission of Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Troost), Gloyd and Conant, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 7, No. 2, 1943, p. 164. Type locality: Western Tennessee. Range : The valley of the Rio Grande (Mouth of Devil's River and Eagle Pass) and the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, eastward at least to the vicinity of Mobile, Alabama; north in the Mississippi Valley through western Tennessee to southern Illinois, and west as far as Miller County, Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma.
[Show full text]
Checklist of Oklahoma Amphibians and Reptiles
! Texas nightsnake (Hypsiglena torquata) ! Prairie kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster) Other resources ! Speckled kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) Conant, Roger and Joseph T. Collins. ! Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum) A Field Guide to Reptiles and ! Coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum) Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. 4th Edition, Expanded. ! Plainbelly watersnake (Nerodia erythrogaster) Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. ! Broad -banded watersnake (Nerodia fasciata) Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to ! Diamond-backed watersnake (Nerodia rhombifer) Checklist of Oklahoma Western Reptiles and Amphibians. ! Northern watersnake (Nerodia sipedon) Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ! Rough greensnake (Opheodrys aestivus) Amphibians and Reptiles Gh Vitt, Laurie J., and Janalee P. Caldwell. ! (Pantherophis emoryi) Great100 Plains ratsnake Herpetology: An Introductory Biology ! Black ratsnake (Pantherophis obsoletus) of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th ! Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer) Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, ! Graham’s crayfish snake (Regina grahamii) 2013. ! Glossy crayfish snake (Regina rigida) Powell, Robert, Joseph T. Collins, and ! Queen snake (Regina septemvittata) Errol D. Hooper, Jr. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental This checklist of the herpetofauna occurring ! (Rhinocheilus lecontei) Long-nosed snake United States and Canada. 2nd in Oklahoma was compiled based on A Field ! Groundsnake (Sonora semiannulata) Edition. Lawrence: University Press of Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of ! Brownsnake (Storeria
[Show full text]