Nanoplasmonic Biosensors for Clinical Diagnosis at the Point of Care

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Nanoplasmonic Biosensors for Clinical Diagnosis at the Point of Care Doctorat en Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular – Facultat de Medicina Nanoplasmonic Biosensors for Clinical Diagnosis at the Point of Care Doctoral Thesis – 2015 Maria Soler Aznar Author Dr. M. Carmen Estévez Prof. Carles Arús Prof. Laura M. Lechuga Tutor Directors Abstract This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the development of novel analytical methodologies in optical biosensors as alternative solutions for diagnosis or therapy monitoring of relevant diseases, such as allergy, celiac disease or cancer. In particular, we propose the use of nanoplasmonic biosensors for a rapid, sensitive and label-free detection of biomarkers present in human fluids. Both the well-known Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor and an innovative nanoplasmonic biosensor based on gold nanodisks surfaces have been evaluated for their real application in the clinical field. The different biosensor methodologies make use of antibodies, either as biorecognition elements in immunoassays or as specific disease biomarkers for diagnostics. First, an in-depth study of two site-directed antibody immobilization strategies is presented for the direct immunoassay of protein biomarkers in biological fluids. In second place, a novel immunosensing strategy is proposed for the detection of gluten-derivative peptides in urine as a rapid and non-invasive technique for dietary control in celiac patients. On the other hand, two assays have been developed employing the nanoplasmonic biosensor to detect blood circulating antibodies as disease biomarkers. First, we have designed an alternative approach for drug allergy diagnosis (in particular for amoxicillin) based on dendrimer-based receptors, which enable the detection IgE antibodies directly in serum. And second, a new biosensing strategy is assessed to quantify specific tumor-related autoantibodies for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The work in this Thesis combines the wide knowledge of the research group in the design and fabrication of powerful biosensor technology with the development of surface activation chemistry and bioanalytical techniques to overcome current challenges related to costly and time-consuming clinical analysis. Besides, the strong experience of our research group in technological transfer and the established collaborations during this doctoral work with companies as Biomedal S.L. or Protein Alternatives S.L. open up interesting opportunities to facilitate the technology-transfer process for the real implementation of Point-of-Care biosensors. i Resum Aquesta Tesi Doctoral se centra en el desenvolupament de noves metodologies analítiques en biosensors òptics com a solucions alternatives per a la diagnosi o la monitorització terapèutica de diferents malalties, com ara l’al·lèrgia, la celiaquia o el càncer. En particular, es proposa l’ús de biosensors nanoplasmònics per a la detecció de biomarcardors presents en fluids humans de manera ràpida, sensible i que no requereixi d’amplificació de senyal o de l’ús d’etiquetes. Tant el ja ben establert biosensor de Ressonància de Plasmó Superficial (SPR) com un innovador biosensor nanoplasmonic basat en nanodiscs d’or han estat avaluats per a la seva aplicació real en l’àrea clínica. Les distintes metodologies biosensores presentades estan basades en l’ús d’anticossos, tant com a elements de bioreconeixement o com a biomarcadors específics de malalties. Primer, es presenta un estudi en profunditat de dues estratègies d’immobilització orientada d’anticossos per tal d’obtenir immunoassaigs en format directe de biomarcadors proteics en fluids biològics. En segon lloc, es proposa una nova estratègia immunosensora per a la detecció de pèptids derivats del gluten directament en orina com a tècnica ràpida i no invasiva per al control dietètic de pacients celíacs. A més, s’han desenvolupat dues metodologies utilitzant el biosensor nanoplasmònic per a detectar anticossos circulants en sang com a biomarcadors de malalties. Per una banda, s’ha dissenyat una estratègia alternativa per a la diagnosi d’al·lèrgia als medicaments (en particular a l’antibiòtic amoxicil·lina) basada en uns receptors dendrimèrics per a la detecció directa d’anticossos tipus IgE en sèrum. Finalment, s’ha avaluat una nova estratègia biosensora per a quantificar específicament autoanticossos tumorals per a la diagnosi precoç de càncer colorectal. El treball d’aquesta Tesi combina l’experiència del grup de recerca en el disseny i fabricació de tecnologia biosensora avançada i innovadora amb el desenvolupament de tècniques bioanalítiques i de química de superfície per tal de superar els reptes actuals relacionats amb el cost i el temps requerit per a les anàlisis clíniques. A més, l’àmplia experiència del grup de recerca en transferència tecnològica i les col·laboracions establertes durant la tesi doctoral amb empreses com Biomedal S.L. o Protein Alternatives S.L. obren oportunitats interesants de cara a facilitar el procés de transferència tecnològica per a la implementació real de biosensors tipus Point-of-Care. iii Acknowledgements Llega el momento de compartir la gran alegría y satisfacción que significan llegar hasta aquí con todas aquellas personas que, de una forma u otra, lo habéis hecho posible. Quiero empezar agradeciéndole a Laura Lechuga haberme dado la oportunidad de empezar el doctorado en su grupo, por confiar en mí, por ayudar a que no pierda la motivación por la investigación y siga luchando por mis sueños. Por supuesto, un inmenso agradecimiento a M. Carmen Estévez: moltes gràcies per tot l’esforç i la dedicació que has posat des d’un primer moment en ajudar-me i acompanyar-me durant aquest projecte. Per endinsar-me en aquest món, per ensenyar-me tantíssimes coses i per mostrar-te sempre tant o més interessada que jo en resoldre qualsevol complicació. Has sigut una directora envejable. Quería mostrar también un especial agradecimiento a todos aquellos investigadores que han colaborado en el desarrollo de esta Tesis. Al grupo del Dr. Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa de la Universidad de Málaga, el Dr. Ángel Cebolla y la gente de Biomedal S.L., el Dr. Ignacio Casal y su grupo del CIB y Protein Alternatives S.L., y cómo no al Dr. Sergio Valenzuela y su familia, sin todos ellos el trabajo no hubiera sido posible. Also I want to thank to Prof. Hatice Altug for giving me the opportunity to work with her group, to actively participate in their projects and to appreciate my work and offer me the chance to continue my research career. Pero todo esto no hubiera sido tan especial sin los inigualables NanoB2A Group. Todos y cada uno de vosotros tendréis siempre un rinconcito en mi corazón que me hará recordar mi camino hacia el doctorado con una gran sonrisa. Aquel grupo de mis comienzos en la ETSE formado por grandes como David Regatos, Laurita o Elena, y los que continuaron hasta el deseado edificio raro, como Mar o Daphné, o los creadores de mi juguete nanoplasmónico, Bert y Borja. Los que siguen en el grupo, David Fariña, Ana o Silvia, y las nuevas pero no desconocidas incorporaciones, como Rebeca o Adrián. Un particular recuerdo también para los NanoB2A temporales como Paty o Anna Serra que me ayudaron con el trabajo, y especialmente para Melissa, Adrián y su querida esposa Mane con quien compartimos tan buenos momentos. Y es que, ¿qué sería del grupo sin la comunidad mexicana? Sam, Jesús, Daniel y mi niña, Iraís, quien tanto apoyo me ha transmitido y de quien he aprendido grandes verdades como aquello de “yo conozco mis defectos y, algunos, me encantan”. Gracias por dejarnos conocer un trocito de ese país extraordinario a través de tan buena gente y haberos convertido en grandes amigos. A vosotros, como a las otras nuevas y no- tan-nuevas incorporaciones, Joel, Gerardo, Jhonattan, Santos y Blanca, ¡mucha suerte y muchos v ánimos! No me olvido de mi italiana favorita, Stefiiii: imprescindibles nuestros momentos de estrés y des-estrés en el ICN2 y los mejores ratos fuera de aquel maldito edificio. Y por último pero no menos importante, mi niño, César, el mejor compañero de viaje, de aventuras (incluso de aquellas que alargan la tesis xD), de agobios y momentos duros pero sobretodo, el mejor compañero de risas, complicidades y momentos inigualables en el trabajo y fuera de allí. Porque 4 años de una amistad así solo son el principio de lo que está por venir, ¡te quiero mucho! Mil gracias por todo. I sortint d’allà, una primera parada a Barcelona i tota la gent que ha format part de la meva vida aquestos anys a la ciutat. Als veins i veïnes del millor barri-barri, heu fet que em senta meu allò de que el Fort Pienc no és un barri, és un sentiment. No us oblidaré mai. I com no, a tots els valencians a Barcelona, en especial als meus Cérvols de la Safor, la família que totes desitgem tindre a prop quan vivim lluny de casa. Però un gràcies enorme és per tu Pau. Perquè mai oblidaré aquell dia a Benimaclet que em vas prometre que si me’n venia a Barcelona, venies amb mí. I ací has estat, éssent part imprescindible de la meua vida a Barcelona i fins i tot, part fonamental en aquesta tesi. T’estime! Baixant cap al sud, faré una primera parada a Vinaròs, per aquella gran família que em fan sentir especial i orgullosa. Al cap i casal la segona parada, per un xiquet, Lluís, amb qui vaig començar compartint la Química i que m’ha demostrat ser un company d’il·lusions i un amic per sempre, molts ànims futur doctor! I a la fí, Potries. No puc oblidar-me d’aquelles amistats, les de sempre, sobretot la meua Mà de Fàtima. Marta, Patri, Rut i Alba sabeu que sou, heu sigut i sereu imprescindibles per ajudar-me a superar qualsevol repte que em propose. Que no puc demanar més que seguir tinguent-vos al meu costat i saber que, després de tants anys, ja res pot trencar el que ens uneix.
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