Low-Cost Point-Of-Care Biosensor Device for Clinical Diagnosis in Developing Countries

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Low-Cost Point-Of-Care Biosensor Device for Clinical Diagnosis in Developing Countries ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Doctorat en Biotecnologia Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia – Facultat de Biociències Low-cost point-of-care biosensor device for clinical diagnosis in developing countries Doctoral Thesis – 2020 Patricia Ramirez Priego Author Prof. Laura M. Lechuga Dr. Esther Vázquez PhD supervisor Tutor A mis padres Abstract Nowadays, Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis is carried out at centralised laboratories, employing bulky equipment, complex reagents, and trained staff, increasing costs and the time to obtain the results. For that reason, the aim of this Doctoral Thesis is to develop a point-of-care (POC) platform able to deliver a prompt and reliable response to TB diagnosis, taking advantage of a highly sensitive evanescent wave optical sensor. The POC platform integrates a novel photonic sensor consisting of a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer transducer array incorporated in a disposable microfluidic cartridge. Firstly, an optical characterisation was carried out to study the new POC performance and its ability to be employed for biosensing applications. Once the POC platform was optically characterised, diverse biofunctionalisation strategies were tested in order to incorporate specific antibodies as bioreceptors to the sensor surface. After an in-depth study, the optimal biofunctionalisation strategy was selected and employed for the analysis of the TB biomarkers. The TB biomarkers were evaluated in both buffer and biological samples, particularly human urine. The most promising and well- known TB biomarker was lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a bacterial cell wall component. In particular, this biomarker detection was validated with clinical samples from TB patients and healthy donors, showing the ability of our POC platform to discriminate those patients with active TB. Moreover, taking advantage of the photonic sensor design, which allows the simultaneous detection of six different biomarkers, we initiated the proof-of- concept of the POC platform for a TB biomarker panel detection using Dip- Pen Nanolithography for each corresponding bioreceptor deposition. Our results, if validated with larger clinical studies, could have important diagnostic implications taking into account the advantages added by our POC biosensor in comparison with the methods recommended by the World Health Organisation. i Resumen Actualmente el diagnóstico de Tuberculosis (TB) se realiza en laboratorios centralizados, empleando equipos voluminosos, reactivos complejos y personal capacitado, aumentando los costes y el tiempo para obtener los resultados. Por esta razón, el objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es el desarrollo de una plataforma point-of-care (POC) capaz de ofrecer una respuesta rápida y fiable en el diagnóstico de TB. Para llevar a cabo este objetivo, la plataforma POC integra un novedoso sensor fotónico incorporado en un cartucho de micofluídica desechable. El sensor fotónico consiste en un conjunto de interferómetros Mach-Zehnder que ofrecen una alta sensibilidad. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo una caracterización óptica para estudiar el rendimiento de la plataforma POC y su capacidad para ser empleada en aplicaciones biosensoras. Una vez caracterizada ópticamente, se evaluaron distintas estrategias de biofuncionalización para incorporar anticuerpos específicos como bioreceptores a la superficie del sensor. Después de un estudio en profundidad, se seleccionó y empleó la estrategia de biofuncionalización óptima para el análisis de los biomarcadores de TB. Los biomarcadores de TB se evaluaron tanto en solución tampón como en muestras biológicas, particularmente en orina humana. El biomarcador más prometedor y conocido de TB es el lipoarabinomanano (LAM), un componente de la pared celular bacteriana. En concreto, la detección de este biomarcador fue validada con muestras clínicas de pacientes con TB y donantes sanos, mostrando la capacidad de nuestra plataforma POC para discriminar a aquellos pacientes con Tuberculosis activa. Además, el diseño del sensor fotónico permite la detección simultánea de seis biomarcadores distintos. Teniendo esto en cuenta, hemos llevado a cabo una prueba de concepto del empleo de la plataforma biosensora POC para la detección de un panel de biomarcadores de TB utilizando nanolitografía Dip-Pen para la deposición de cada bioreceptor en cada sensor. Nuestros resultados, validados en estudios clínicos más amplios, podrían tener importantes implicaciones diagnósticas. Además, nuestro biosensor POC ofrece una serie de ventajas en comparación con los métodos recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. iii Agradecimientos Después de estos años de esfuerzo y trabajo, no sería justo culminar esta etapa sin agradecer a todas aquellas personas que, directa o indirectamente lo han hecho posible. En primer lugar, me gustaría dar las gracias a mi directora de tesis, la Profesora Laura Lechuga, por brindarme la oportunidad de realizar el doctorado en su grupo, y por toda la orientación y soporte recibido durante todo este tiempo. Gracias por confiar en mí cuando ni tan solo había terminado el grado, y por haberme animado a seguir en el mundo de los biosensores. Ha sido un autentico placer compartir y aprender tantísimas cosas de ti. I would also like to thank all the partners involved in the European POCKET Project. Without your valuable work and help, it would not have been possible to carry out this Thesis. Mainly, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Mahavir Singh and Dr Ayssar Elamin from LIONEX Diagnostics & Therapeutics GmbH (Germany) for collaborating with us and provide us all the biological reagents and clinical samples. I would also like to thank Pieterjan Soetaert from TRINEAN (Belgium) for helping me to solve all the technical problems with the POC platform. Agradecer también a todos los miembros y ex miembros del grupo nanoB2A por su apoyo en el día a día: Ana B., Jesús, Daniel, Santos, Adrián, Sonia, Priyanka, Roger, Berto, Maria, Alejandro, Leyre, Gisela y Paula. Durante todo este tiempo no he podido tener mejores compañeras de aventura, de despacho y de escape rooms, infinitas gracias a Olalla, Blanca y Nuria. Tampoc m’oblido de tots els moments after work i de totes les llagrimetes que ens han caigut al cinema, moltes gràcies per tots i cadascun dels moments viscuts Jessica. Agrair també tot el que m’ha ensenyat i tots els cops de mà que m’ha donat la M. Carmen. Gràcies a la Mireia per endolcir el final d’aquesta etapa i per transmetre’m aquesta energia tan positiva que desprèn. Bernat, llàstima que aquí no es puguin posar stickers per agrair-te tot el que m’has ensenyat i per tots els moments que hem compartit durant v aquest últim any pel laboratori. Quiero hacer una mención especial a Mª Cruz, que se ha convertido en mi mayor apoyo desde el primer día que llegó: muchísimas gracias por escucharme y apoyarme cuando más lo necesitaba. Por todos esos momentos de terapia y de risas en el trayecto de casa al trabajo y viceversa, y por todos los que están por llegar ahora que soy libre. Muchísimas gracias a mi parcerita (Cristina) por hacerme más amenos los días en el laboratorio y por todos los momentos vividos juntas. Gracias también a mi medio paisano cordobés, César, por haberme dejado aprender tantísimo de él y por ayudarme siempre que lo he necesitado. Por todas esas lecciones sobre la vida que he tenido el placer de recibir por parte de mis “hermanas mayores” Rebeca y Cristina Kurachi, os quiero y os echo de menos. Espero veros pronto cuando la situación sanitaria lo permita. ¡Habéis sido unos compañeros excepcionales! También quiero agradecer a los estudiantes de grado que he tenido el placer de supervisar y que me han ayudado con mi trabajo: Isabel y Pedro. Però sobretot agrair al meu primer estudiant, Miquel, al que li tinc un afecte especial i l’he vist créixer professionalment al laboratori. Pero sobre todo quiero agradecer a la gran amiga que me dio esta etapa: Denise. Te echo mucho de menos, nunca me olvido de todo lo que vivimos juntas en Barcelona y mis Navidades por tu ciudad, New York. De ti aprendí muchas cosas y aunque hoy nos separen 6162 km nuestra amistad nos mantendrá unidas. Por supuesto, no me olvido de mis amigas de toda la vida: Cristina, Sara y Noelia que han sobrellevado mi parcial y a veces total ausencia en sus planes. Muchas gracias a vosotras también por comprenderme y apoyarme en todo momento. Gracias también a mi familia: mis primas y primos, tías y tíos, abuela y abuelo, que a pesar de la distancia siempre estuvieron a mi lado para saber cómo iban mis investigaciones. Finalmente, todo esto no hubiese sido posible sin el apoyo incondicional de mis padres. Gracias por vuestros consejos y paciencia. Todo lo que soy hoy os los debo a vosotros por motivarme constantemente a alcanzar mis metas. Os quiero y os estaré eternamente agradecida. Muchas gracias a todos. vii Motivation and Objectives Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to WHO, TB is the ninth cause of death worldwide and the first cause of death globally from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. In 2018, TB infected 10 million people, resulting in 1.5 million deaths. Over 95% of TB cases and deaths occur in low-resource countries with weak health systems. However, registered incidence rates are low, especially in developing countries, due to the disadvantages of current diagnostic methods: cell culture, smear microscopy, and molecular tests. These techniques are slow, expensive, insufficiently accurate, time- consuming, not portable, and require trained laboratory technicians.
Recommended publications
  • Biosensors for Pandemics 2021 Abstracts Book
    On behalf of the Organising and the International Scientific Committees we take great pleasure in welcoming you for the 2nd edition of the Biosensors for Pandemics Online International Conference. “Biosensors for Pandemics: Reliable and efficient nanotech-based diagnostics in emergency situations” is an Online conference that will address main problems scientific community is facing nowadays for COVID-19 pandemics. The idea is to get together worldwide well-known experts in biosensing technologies who are working currently in COVID-19 diagnostics or have a great potential for application of their technologies in the near future. This conference is also addressed to specialists in virology, epidemiology and other health areas and communication technologies that are crucial for guiding biosensing community and their diagnostics ideas using biosensors in the right way. A virtual round table providing answers to participants and sharing ideas between speakers is also previewed. We are indebted to the following Scientific Institutions and Companies for their help and/or financial support: Institut Catala de Nanociencia I Nanotecnologia (ICN2) and Graphene Flagship. We also would like to thank all the speakers and participants that join us this year. We truly hope that Biosensors for Pandemics serves as an international platform for communication between science and business. Hope to see you again online in the next edition of Biosensors for Pandemics. Biosensors for Pandemics Organising Committee Biosensors for pandemics February 02 - 03,
    [Show full text]
  • Nanophotonic Biosensors for Deciphering Cell Regulation Pathways
    Doctorat en Biotecnologia Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia – Facultat de Biociències Nanophotonic Biosensors for Deciphering Cell Regulation Pathways Doctoral Thesis – 2016 César Sánchez Huertas Author Prof. Laura M. Lechuga Prof. Antoni Villaverde Director Tutor Abstract This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the development of innovative biosensor devices as alternative analytical techniques for the evaluation of different gene regulating pathways in order to obtain a more informative and accurate diagnosis and follow-up therapy of cancer. We propose the use of a novel nanophotonic biosensor for a rapid, highly sensitive and direct analysis of these regulating routes without the need of labeling or amplification steps. Different genetic and epigenetic disorders associated with cancer appearance and progression are studied taking advantage of circulating nucleic acids as target biomarkers. For the label-free detection and evaluation of these biomarkers, we have employed two different optical biosensors: (i) the well-known Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor, and (ii) a novel nanotechnology-based interferometric device, the Bimodal Waveguide (BiMW) biosensor. First, an in-depth study of different biofunctionalization strategies on both platforms is presented. Several surface chemistry procedures have been optimized for an efficient immobilization of nucleic acids as biorecognition elements that ensure a highly sensitive target detection with maximum selectivity and reproducibility, especially for the direct analysis of complex human samples such as urine or serum. The optimized strategies were applied for the evaluation of specific and clinically relevant gene regulation pathways, such as RNA alternative splicing events, micro-RNA regulation, or DNA methylation processes. All the developed methodologies have been assessed in terms of selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility, and in some cases, they have been validated with real samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosensors2020 Abstractsbook.Pdf
    F OREWORD On behalf of the Organising and the International Scientific Committees we take great pleasure in welcoming you for the 1st edition of the Biosensors for Pandemics Online International Conference. “Biosensors for Pandemics: Reliable and efficient nanotech-based diagnostics in emergency situations” is an Online conference that will address main problems scientific community is facing nowadays for COVID-19 pandemics. The idea is to get together worldwide well-known experts in biosensing technologies who are working currently in COVID-19 diagnostics or have a great potential for application of their technologies in the near future. This conference is also addressed to specialists in virology, epidemiology and other health areas and communication technologies that are crucial for guiding biosensing community and their diagnostics ideas using biosensors in the right way. A virtual round table providing answers to participants and sharing ideas between speakers is also previewed. We are indebted to the following Scientific Institutions and Companies for their help and/or financial support: ICN2 (Spain) and ACS Sensors (USA) We also would like to thank all the speakers and participants that join us this year. We truly hope that Biosensors for Pandemics serves as an international platform for communication between science and business. Hope to see you again online in the next edition of Biosensors for Pandemics. Biosensors for Pandemics Organising Committee Biosensors for pandemics May 06, 2020 I NDEX PAGE 3 COMMITTEES 4 SPONSORS 5
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoplasmonic Biosensors for Clinical Diagnosis at the Point of Care
    Doctorat en Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular – Facultat de Medicina Nanoplasmonic Biosensors for Clinical Diagnosis at the Point of Care Doctoral Thesis – 2015 Maria Soler Aznar Author Dr. M. Carmen Estévez Prof. Carles Arús Prof. Laura M. Lechuga Tutor Directors Abstract This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the development of novel analytical methodologies in optical biosensors as alternative solutions for diagnosis or therapy monitoring of relevant diseases, such as allergy, celiac disease or cancer. In particular, we propose the use of nanoplasmonic biosensors for a rapid, sensitive and label-free detection of biomarkers present in human fluids. Both the well-known Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor and an innovative nanoplasmonic biosensor based on gold nanodisks surfaces have been evaluated for their real application in the clinical field. The different biosensor methodologies make use of antibodies, either as biorecognition elements in immunoassays or as specific disease biomarkers for diagnostics. First, an in-depth study of two site-directed antibody immobilization strategies is presented for the direct immunoassay of protein biomarkers in biological fluids. In second place, a novel immunosensing strategy is proposed for the detection of gluten-derivative peptides in urine as a rapid and non-invasive technique for dietary control in celiac patients. On the other hand, two assays have been developed employing the nanoplasmonic biosensor to detect blood circulating antibodies as disease biomarkers. First, we have designed an alternative approach for drug allergy diagnosis (in particular for amoxicillin) based on dendrimer-based receptors, which enable the detection IgE antibodies directly in serum. And second, a new biosensing strategy is assessed to quantify specific tumor-related autoantibodies for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
    [Show full text]