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Basic Japanese Cheat Sheet

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Basic Japanese Formal Verbs Informal Verbs Verb Usages WA - Topic Marker Written with hiragana “ha”, but pronounced “wa” ・Marks a limited amount or extent of something. (”not more than”) だけ ・Used with できる (and other potential-form verbs) to mean “as ~ as possible” Present/Future Tense + ます Present/Future Tense + ば + なければ は ・Marks the topic of a sentence. (non-grammatical relationship) DAKE Past Tense + ました Past Tense If... + と If not... + ないと ・Contrasts one option or thing against others. (A vs. B, C, D) いちじかん だけ まって くだ さ い 。 できる だけ はやく かいて くだ さ い 。 かける だけ かいて くだ さ い 。 Progressive Tense + います Progressive Tense + いる + ら + なかったら ・Used when elaborating on things already known to the listener. Please wait for just one hour. Please write it as quickly as you can. Please write as much as you can. DOUBLE MEANING Negative Present/Future + ません Negative Present/Future + ない + ないと いけない くる ま は わたし が うんてん しました。 たなかさん は おかね を もっています。 Must/have to... Marks a firm extent/limit (usually one which presents a problem for the speaker). Negative Past Tense + ませんでした Negative Past Tense + なかった + なければ ならない As for the car, I was the one who drove it. Mr. Tanaka has money. (he is rich) ・ しか ・Emphasizes the negation of anything beyond the extent/limit. Command Form + くだ さ い Command Form + から SHIKA (U-Verbs) GA - Subject Marker Therefore, しか is always is used with a negative verb form. + なさい する → しろ After... + ら せんえん しか もっていません。 しゃしん で しか みた こと が ない。 あなた に しか できない。 Usually considered rude! (RU-Verbs) + くる こい ろ → + あとで が ・Marks the subject of a verb. (grammatical relationship) I haven’t but one thousand yen. I’ve never seen it except in pictures. Only you can do it. Negative Command + ないでください Negative Command + ないで Before... + まえに ・Distinguishes one option or thing from others. (A vs. ???) + な Because... + から／ので ・Used when adding new things/information to a conversation. ・Marks a degree or extent of something. (not small) Potential Form (U-Verbs) + ます Potential Form (U-Verbs) + る In order to... + ために ・Used when describing specific things with adjectives. ほど ・Marks an approximate number or length of time. = can/ able to (RU-Verbs) (RU-Verbs) Marks the greater element in a negative comparison. (”not as ~ as”) + られます + られる While... (at the same time) + ながら ・Marks objects of potential-form verbs. (can/able to) HODO ・ する→ できます くる → こられます する→ できる くる → これる Even if/when... + も ・(Used as an conjunction [between phrases]) : “..., but...” or “even though ..., ...” そのくるま は このくるま ほど はやくないです。 はら が いたく なった ほど わらいました。 (permissible) That car is not as fast as this car. I laughed so hard that my stomach became painful. Want to... + DOUBLE MEANING Want to... + May... たいです たい + も + いい にほんご が すこし はなせます。 たなかさん が おかね を もっています。 Don’t want to... + たくないです Don’t want to... + たくない Try to... to attempt & check the result + みる (I) can speak Japanese a little. Mr. Tanaka has the money. (with him now) Marks the lesser element in a positive comparison. (”more than”) Let’s... + ましょう Let’s... to make an effort + とする ・ WA vs. GA (Detailed Article) - http://nihonshock.com/waga より “From ~” (when closing a private letter) ・ Shall we.../Shall I ~ for you? + ましょうか ・ Shall we.../Shall I ~ for you? + か Must not... + はいけない YORI ・ Passive Form (U-Verbs) + Passive Form (U-Verbs) + To do in advance... + れます れる おく O - Object Marker Written with hiragana “wo”, but the “w” sound is very faint. その くるま は この くるま より はやい です。 = to be ~ed (RU-Verbs) + られます (RU-Verbs) + られる To do too much... + すぎる That car is faster than this car. する→ されます くる → こられます する→ される くる → こられる To do... and so on. + り + する ・Marks the object of a verb. を ・Marks a possibility or suggestion. Causative Form (U-Verbs) + せます Causative Form (U-Verbs) + せる To (irreversibly) do... + しまう ・With verbs of motion, shows where the motion occurs. ・Turns interrogative words into any~ words. = to allow/force (RU-Verbs) (RU-Verbs) Combination Verb でも someone to ~ + させます + させる + VERB 2 くつ を かいました。 そら を とぶ じぶん の こと を はなす。 DEMO ・(Used as an conjunction [before a phrase]) : “even so/but/however, ...” する→ させます くる → こさせます する→ させる くる → こさせる Chaining Phrases + PHRASE 2 (I) bought shoes. To fly (in) the sky To talk about (things of ) one’s self. おちゃ でも のみましょうか。 いつでも でんわ して くだ さ い 。 Shall we drink some tea or something? Please call me anytime. Conjugating Verbs Hiragana NI - The “Aiming” Particle Marks an approximate or negotiable degree, amount, or length of time. U-VERB RU-VERB する くる U-VERB TE/TA ENDINGS あ か が さ ざ た だ な は ば ぱ ま や ら わ ・Marks an indirect object (the person/thing an action is done for/directed toward) ・ Always use these endings. Always に (speaker feels that the stated number/extent is a fair and/or reasonable estimate) A KA GA SA ZA TA DA NA HA BA PA MA YA RA WA ・Marks a destination, direction or specific place for an action.(to/at) くらい はな. さ たべ. Ｘ し こ Final Kana of Verb KURAI Alternate form: ぐらい ・Marks a specific point in time (ie. Monday / 3pm / 1972 / July) ・ はな. し たべ. Ｘ し き う, つ, る → って った い き ぎ し じ ち ぢ に ひ び ぴ み り かんじ を じゅっかい ぐらい かく と わすれない よ。 はな. す たべ. る する くる I KI GI SHI JI CHI JI NI HI BI PI MI RI ・Marks a period of time that something repeats in. (ie. twice a week) If you write a kanji about 10 times, you won’t forget it. ぶ, む, ぬ → んで んだ はな. せ たべ. れ すれ くれ ・Marks direct objects for: なる (to become), あう (to meet), のる (to ride) く → いて いた う く ぐ す ず つ づ ぬ ふ ぶ ぷ む ゆ る ん はな. そ う たべ. よ う しよう こよう U KU GU SU ZU TSU ZU NU FU BU PU MU YU RU N かのじょ に ほん を あげた。 どようび に こうえん に いきましょう。いちにち に コーヒー を にはい のむ。 ・Means “only”, or “to the exclusion of other things” ぐ いで いだ (I) gave her a book. Let’s go to the park on Saturday. (I) drink 2 cups of coffee a day. ばかり Shift final sound たべ. て して きて → ・Informally, can be pronounced ばっかり / ばっか / ばっかし for emphasis. according to え け げ せ ぜ て で ね へ べ ぺ め れ BAKARI Hiragana chart. たべ. た した きた す → して した E KE GE SE ZE TE DE NE HE BE PE ME RE TO - The “Glue” Particle When quoting, と can become って (informal) あの きょうしつ は おんなのこ ばかり います。 かれ の いうこと は うそ ばっかり だ。 いく (to go) in TE/TA-form becomes いって/いった That classroom has nothing but girls in it. Everything he says is a lie. EXCEPTIONS → お こ ご そ ぞ と ど の ほ ぼ ぽ も よ ろ を ・Marks a person that an action is done with. The ending for verbs ending in is: O KO GO SO ZO TO DO NO HO BO PO MO YO RO WO と → う わ ・Links nouns to create a complete “and” group. ・Marks a starting place or time. ともだち から ききました。 いる (to need), はいる (to enter), しる (to know), きる (to cut) ・Marks quoted speech or phrasal objects: おもう (to think), かく (to write) I heard about it from a friend. U-VERBS Katakana から ・Marks a source of information. (THAT LOOK LIKE RU-VERBS) ・Shows a natural/predictable “if-then” relationship between clauses. さいふ を わすれた から はらえない。 かえる (to go home), すべる (to slide), ける (to kick) KARA ・Marks a reason when used after . ア カ ガ サ ザ タ ダ ナ ハ バ パ マ ヤ ラ ワ ・Marks onomatopoeic words. (words that mimic sounds) I can’t pay because I forgot my wallet. A KA GA SA ZA TA DA NA HA BA PA MA YA RA WA “And” group Phrasal object Forms of である (to be) Caution! かいぎ は いちじ から さんじ まで です。 ボス と じょうし と けんか しました。 いす が こわれた と おもいます。 こそこそ と はなす ・Marks an ending place or time. イ キ ギ シ ジ チ ヂ ニ ヒ ビ ピ ミ リ the meeting is from 1 o’clock until 3 o’clock. FORMAL INFORMAL SO N (I) had an argument with (my) boss and manager. (I) think the chair broke. to speak in whispers まで ・When followed by に, I KI GI SHI JI CHI JI NI HI BI PI MI RI means “by/before” あした までに レポート を かいて くだ さ い 。 Present Tense MADE Please write the report by tomorrow. です だ ウ ク グ ス ズ ツ ヅ ヌ フ ブ プ ム ユ ル ン DE - The “Enabling” Particle Past Tense でした だった ソ ン U KU GU SU ZU TSU ZU NU FU BU PU MU YU RU N Marks a place, area, or length of time inside which something occurs. ほうが Comparison Give/Receive Probable でしょう だろう で ・ TSU SHI Superior/Outsider Negative Present Tense ではありません じゃな い エ ヶ ゲ セ ゼ テ デ ネ ヘ ベ ペ メ レ ・Marks a method, tool or circumstance under which something happens. ・ Marks the greater element in a positive comparison E KE GE SE ZE TE DE NE HE BE PE ME RE Negative Past Tense ではありませんでした じゃな かった ・Marks a material or substance; composition.
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  • Borrowing-Overview

    Borrowing-Overview

    Intercultural Communication Studies XI:4 2002 Hoffer – Language Borrowing-Overview Language Borrowing and Language Diffusion:* an Overview Bates L. Hoffer Trinity University Perhaps the most frequently encountered product of cultural contact is the set of loanwords that follow from intercultural communication. This "Language Borrowing" section of ICS XI-4 begins with an introduction to some of the major contributions to the linguistic study of the field of language borrowing and a general treatment of some of the latest approaches Part I gives an overview of the scholarly approaches to the topic, primarily those since 1950 but including some of the earlier European work. Part II gives a contemporary case study on massive language borrowing and the subsequent diffusion of the loanwords throughout a society's language use. Part III gives some examples from many languages of the world of the most advanced stage of language borrowing and diffusion: dual language neologisms in daily use. PART I History of the Study of Borrowing Introduction Borrowing is the process of importing linguistic items from one linguistic system into another, a process that occurs any time two cultures are in contact over a period of time. Haugen's 1950 article on borrowing marks the beginning of the current interest in the topic. Much of the earlier work had dealt with historical linguistics and much of the following work has dealt with other areas of linguistics. The early study of the process of borrowing and its results emphasized items from the linguistic systems such as vocabulary, phonology, grammar. In the last four decades added emphasis has been given to the study of the borrowing of other elements in communication systems.
  • And Topic Markers Indicate Gender and Number by Means of the Pronominal Article They Follow (Ho-Kwe M.TOP, Ko-Kwe F.TOP and Mo-Kwe PL-TOP)

    And Topic Markers Indicate Gender and Number by Means of the Pronominal Article They Follow (Ho-Kwe M.TOP, Ko-Kwe F.TOP and Mo-Kwe PL-TOP)

    The elusive topic: Towards a typology of topic markers (with special reference to cumulation with number in Bolinao and gender in Nalca) Bernhard Wälchli (Stockholm University) [email protected] Helsinki; January 22, 2020 1 The elusive topic: Towards a typology of topic markers (with special reference to cumulation with number in Bolinao and gender in Nalca) Bernhard Wälchli (Stockholm University) Abstract At least since the 1970s, topic has been widely recognized to reflect an important category in most different approaches to linguistics. However, researchers have never agreed about what exactly a topic is (researchers disagree, for instance, about whether topics express backgrounding or foregrounding) and to what extent topics are elements of syntax or discourse or both. Topics are notoriously difficult to distinguish from a range of related phenomena. Some definitions of topic are suspiciously similar to definitions of definiteness, subject, noun and contrast, so the question arises as to what extent topic is a phenomenon of its own. However, topics are also internally diverse. There is disagreement, for instance, as to whether contrastive and non-contrastive topics should be subsumed under the same notion. This talk tries to approach the category type topic bottom-up by considering cross-linguistic functional diversity in marked topics, semasiologically defined as instances of topics with explicit segmental topic markers. The first part of the talk considers the question as to whether topic markers can be defined as a gram type with one or several prototypical functions that can be studied on the basis of material from parallel texts and from descriptive sources.