Feneralizeable to Sininfinite Variety of Items. Shape

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Feneralizeable to Sininfinite Variety of Items. Shape UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title Japanese Numeral Classifiers: A Syntactic, Semantic, and Functional Profile Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6879g2fw Author Downing, Pamela Publication Date 1984 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Japanese Numeral Classifiers: A Syntactic, Semantic, and Functional Profile By Pamela Ann Downing A.-B. (University of Iowa) 1970 M.A. (University of California) 1975 C.Phil. (University of California) 1981 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Approved: . .... (?~.x ChaSm nai^ S \ t w a t e ^ ’/k*a &T • • k» r u •• pf ••••••• . L • M • • • A t A • • • ^ fe***• Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Japanese Numeral Classifiers: A Syntactic, Semantic, and Functional Profile Copyright(c)l984 Pamela Ann Downing Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is impossible for me to adequately express my thanks to all the individuals who provided the moral and intellectual support that made it possible for me to complete this dissertation. First thanks is due to my primary informant, Yoshiko Matsumoto, who not only produced consistently thoughtful responses to my endless questions, but who suggested fruitful new lines of investigation that I otherwise might never have considered. My efforts were also blessed with the cooperation of an exceptionally helpful dissertation committee: Chuck Fillmore, who, with his lively interest in Japanese and everything else, constantly prodded me along with both encouragement and thought-provoking questions; tfally Chafe, who has been an unflagging support and major influence throughout my graduate career; and Haruo Aoki, who first introduced me to Japanese and who has shared an apparently bottomless wealth of information about it with me ever since. Whatever merits this dissertation may possess are largely due to the efforts of these people; its shortcomings are due only to me. I have also profited greatly from the cooperation of other scholars, both here and in Japan, where I was able to study thanks to a fellowship from the Japanese Ministry of Education. My original choice of a dissertation topic was made after helpful discussions with Professors Minoru Yasui, Shiro Hayashi, and, especially, Hideo Teramura of Tsukuba University, where I also benefited from the insights of many fellow students. Atsuroo Tsubomoto and Shinobu Mizuguchi were of special help during my stay at Tsukuba, and discussions with John Whitman, Wes Jacobsen, Akiko Kawasaki, and Kuniko Okubo were also very important, both in expanding my understanding of Japanese and in making my stay in Japan a pleasurable and profitable experience. The final version of the dissertation has been improved immeasurably by comments from Paul Kay, George Lakoff, Knud Lambrecht, and especially David Gordon and Pat Clancy, who loyally waded through even the most muddled intermediate versions and suggested how to unmuddle them. I also wish to express my gratitude for the support I received from my family and friends at Berkeley. I am especially thankful to my sister and brother-in-law, Sue and Peter Scotto, to my mother, who has provided i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Piller, Cathy O'Connor, and Karl Zimmer, whose friendship and concern often lifted my sagging spirits. And my most heartfelt thanks gc to Jane Danielewicz, who unstintingly shared her office, her time, and her infectious enthusiasm, and who often worked in my best interests with greater energy than even I could muster. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS Japanese examples are romanized phonemically, in accordance with the Kunreisiki system officially sanctioned by the Japanese government, with the exception that long vowels are indicated by a repetition of the vowel in question, rather than by a vowel marked with a circumflex. All examples which are actual recorded uses of classifiers are accompanied by one of the following symbols, to indicate the genre in which they originally appeared: 0 - oral FT - folktale F - (other) fiction NF - non-fiction Other examples have been constructed or elicited. Glosses for the Japanese examples contain the following abbreviations: COLL - collective marker INST - instrumental marker COM - comitative marker LOC - locative marker CONTR - contrastive marker NEG - negative marker COP - copula NMLZ - nominalizer CP - case particle NOM - nominative marker DAT - dative marker 03J - object marker EMPH - emphatic marker PL - plural marker EVID - evidential PP - pragmatic particle GEN - genitive marker PST - past tense marker HON - honorific marker Q - question marker IMF - imperative marker QUOT - quotative marker TOP - topic marker Linguistic forms cited from languages other than Japanese appear in the transcription system used by the author of the work from which the example is drawn. In some cases, e.g., Burmese, this results in the use of more than one system for iepresenting a single language. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Page Core Inventory ................................................... 13 Extended Inventory ............................................... 15 Indigenous Japanese Numerals of the Eighth Century ............... 28 Present-day Japanese Numerals ..................................... 29 Classifier Types ................................................. 38 Frequency Distribution of Classifiers Included in 500 Form Sample ............. »...................... 48 Frequency Distribution of Forms Listed in Studies in the Vocabulary of Modern Newspapers .......................... 50 Classifiers Listed on Questionnaire Ordered by Number of Informants Claiming to Use Them ....................... 52 Basic Classifiers Acquired First by Children ............... ..;.. A 56 Rarely Used Members of the S y stem............................... 68 Rarely Used Classifiers Related to Obsolete Artifacts, Nature, or Religion .................... 70 Classifiers Associated with Representative Members ............... 88 Numeral Classifier Domains in Japanese (from Sanches) ............ 96 Semantic Features of Some Japanese Classifiers (from Denny) ...... 99 Verified Superordinate - Subordinate Pairs ....................... 101 Overextensions in Child Language (from Clark) .................... 117 Recurrent Semantic Relations Between Numeral Classifier Referent Class and Independent Sense of the Classifier Morpheme .. 129 Distribution of Classifiers in Anaphoric Examples Collected ...... 150 Distribution of Numerals in Anaphoric Examples Collected ......... 150 Relative Antecedent - Anaphor Distance Measured in Number of Intervening Clause Boundaries ......................... 155 Relative Antecedent - Anaphor Distance Measured in Number of Intervening Sentence Boundaries ....................... 156 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Relative Antecedent - Anaphor Distance Measured in Number of Intervening Referents (Types) ......................... 157 Mean Antecedent - Anaphor Distance for Pronouns and Anaphoric Classifiers ........................................... 159 Numeral Classifier - Plural Marker Correlations (from Sanches and Slobin) ...................................... 176 Distribution of Noun Particles Used in Type 3 Constructions ..... 210 Distribution of Noun Particles Used in Introductory Mentions Involving All Four Types of Classifier Construction .... 212 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................. i TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS ........................................ ill LIST OF TABLES ........................................,.......... iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 Problems In defining numeral classifiers ..... 2 Definition of the numeral classifier in Japanese ... 10 Classifier corpus considered in this study ........ 11 Core inventory ............................... 13 Extended inventory ........................... 15 Classifier issues of general interest ............. 17 2 THE JAPANESE SYSTEM - HISTORY AND MORPHOLOGY ......... 27 The numeral system of the eighth century .......... 27 The classifier system of the eighth century ....... 30 Morphology and syntax of the present-day system .... 38 3 SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM ...................... 46 Distributional differences ........................ 46 Semantic properties influencing distribution . „.... 58 Nature of the referents associated with the classifier .............. 58 Referential range of the classifier .......... 71 Type of semantic cohesion within the referent class ................... 78 Internal structure of the referent class ..... 83 Summary of semantic properties of the system...... 93 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Recommended publications
  • The Japanese Writing Systems, Script Reforms and the Eradication of the Kanji Writing System: Native Speakers’ Views Lovisa Österman
    The Japanese writing systems, script reforms and the eradication of the Kanji writing system: native speakers’ views Lovisa Österman Lund University, Centre for Languages and Literature Bachelor’s Thesis Japanese B.A. Course (JAPK11 Spring term 2018) Supervisor: Shinichiro Ishihara Abstract This study aims to deduce what Japanese native speakers think of the Japanese writing systems, and in particular what native speakers’ opinions are concerning Kanji, the logographic writing system which consists of Chinese characters. The Japanese written language has something that most languages do not; namely a total of ​ ​ three writing systems. First, there is the Kana writing system, which consists of the two syllabaries: Hiragana and Katakana. The two syllabaries essentially figure the same way, but are used for different purposes. Secondly, there is the Rōmaji writing system, which is Japanese written using latin letters. And finally, there is the Kanji writing system. Learning this is often at first an exhausting task, because not only must one learn the two phonematic writing systems (Hiragana and Katakana), but to be able to properly read and write in Japanese, one should also learn how to read and write a great amount of logographic signs; namely the Kanji. For example, to be able to read and understand books or newspaper without using any aiding tools such as dictionaries, one would need to have learned the 2136 Jōyō Kanji (regular-use Chinese characters). With the twentieth century’s progress in technology, comparing with twenty years ago, in this day and age one could probably theoretically get by alright without knowing how to write Kanji by hand, seeing as we are writing less and less by hand and more by technological devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Works S11-1.Pub
    Fall 2010-Spring 2011 The Official Arts Publication of Sauk Valley Community College TheThe WorksWorks honorable mention in student visual art contest (above): Carlow, Ireland by William Brown Fiction Poetry Visual Arts The Anne Horton Writing Award 2011 Film Review Contest The Works Editorial Staff . Sara Beets Elizabeth Conderman Cody Froeter Tessa Ginn Tracy Hand Steven Hoyle James Hyde Jamie Lybarger Lauren Walter David Waters Faculty Advisor . Tom Irish * * * * * Special thanks to SVCC’s Foundation, Student Government Association, and English Department 2 Table of Contents . POETRY: First Place: Human Cannibalization: A Study, by Lauren Walter . 4 Honorable Mention: At the End of the Wind, by Phil Arellano . 6 Doesn’t Feel Right, by Sara Beets . 7 Goodnight, by Hayleigh Covella . 8 Two Caves, by Corey Coomes . .10 Doesn’t Feel Right, by Tessa Ginn . 11 Speed Kills, by Corey Coomes . 12 Something About Bravery, by Lauren Walter . .13 In My Place, by Jamie Lybarger . 14 Oh Sweetie, Oh Please, by Hayleigh Covella . 16 Mortal, by Sara Beets . 17 Hot Tears of Love, by Len Michaels . 18 Unimpressed, by Hayleigh Covella . 19 Planet Mars-Population: Failure, by Sara Beets . 20 Seventh Sin: A Collection of Poetry, by Sara Beets , Tessa Ginn, and Lauren Walter . 22 FICTION: First Place: Emperor Onion, by Elizabeth Conderman . 32 Honorable Mention: Buried, by Lauren Walter . 35 The Legend of the Pipperwhill, by Brooke Ehlert. 38 MICHAEL JUSTIN, by Rebekah Megill . 40 Just Animals, by Nick Sobottka . 42 The FINAL CHAPTER of NICK CARTER: The Price, by Jason Hedrick . 44 Pleasant Dreams, by Len Michaels . 47 A Very Short Story About Fruit Snacks, by Tom Irish .
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Musical Influence Through Data
    Modeling Musical Influence Through Data The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:38811527 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Modeling Musical Influence Through Data Abstract Musical influence is a topic of interest and debate among critics, historians, and general listeners alike, yet to date there has been limited work done to tackle the subject in a quantitative way. In this thesis, we address the problem of modeling musical influence using a dataset of 143,625 audio files and a ground truth expert-curated network graph of artist-to-artist influence consisting of 16,704 artists scraped from AllMusic.com. We explore two audio content-based approaches to modeling influence: first, we take a topic modeling approach, specifically using the Document Influence Model (DIM) to infer artist-level influence on the evolution of musical topics. We find the artist influence measure derived from this model to correlate with the ground truth graph of artist influence. Second, we propose an approach for classifying artist-to-artist influence using siamese convolutional neural networks trained on mel-spectrogram representations of song audio. We find that this approach is promising, achieving an accuracy of 0.7 on a validation set, and we propose an algorithm using our trained siamese network model to rank influences.
    [Show full text]
  • August 31, 1896
    _PORTLAND DAILY PRESS. ESTABLISHED JUNE 23. 1862—VOL. 34. PORTLAND, MAINE. MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 31, 1896. ISSsmailiStcS} PRTCE THREE CENTS. MISCEIXAK'BOITS. ACTIVE WORK NEEDED. SAILORS SAW SHAKES. VISITS GRANT’S TOMB. PROBABLE MURDER IN LINN. DEPRECIATED CURRENCY. _ / Much Silver Sentiment in Rack Districts Li Hung of Western States, Pays Respects to Memory of Dead Body of Sarah Collins Found Great Genera). Near Breakwater. Chioago, August 30.—Mr. Payno, act- Remarkable Experience of Ship ing chairman at the Republican national Gov. Boies That Is What Peo- Says A I'lorul Frightful Accident On [indications Are That the Woman Events Towards Grave headquarters said today: “Reviewing Wreath Deposited ou the Iron Fitchburg Converging Was Dealt With—Her Husband Tam O'Shanter, the campaign reports received in per- ple Want Basket—Afterwards Calls on Mrs. Sear Foully Crisis in son and I can aro en- Grant Orange. Doing Time for Darceny. Germany. by letter, say they where Presents Are Exchanged— I from the cities in the Western couraging Everywhere Crowds of People Greet Lynn, Mass., August 30.—The body of but is a faot and there is States, itj Him, Sarah Collins, a married woman, 28 PORTLAND CLIPPER RUNS no use that back in the ONLY MONEY LENDERS DESIRE ENGINEER denying it, agri- Now WAS KILLED AND FIRE- rears old, living in the roar of 66 Harbor NO RECONCILIATION IVITU cultural of the York, August 30.—Li Hung THROUGH ACRES OF REPTILES. regions Minnesota, Iowa, THE treet, was found at 6 this morning at GOLD STANDARD. Chang the faot the he attended a MAN FATALLY Dakotas and a despite INJURED.
    [Show full text]
  • Photovoice Brochure
    Different but equal… exploring cultural diversity within Deloitte A participatory-photography project conducted by Dr. Maria Quinlan, University College Dublin Different but equal… exploring cultural diversity within Deloitte A participatory-photography project conducted by Dr. Maria Quinlan, University College Dublin Contents Foreword 01 Project design and methodology 02 Findings 1. Inclusion, belonging and home 07 2. Challenges – dislocation and otherness assumptions 23 3. Opportunities – Deloitte and Ireland 41 Appendices Ethics and safety 55 Acknowledgements 56 Participants 57 02 Different but equal… exploring cultural diversity within Deloitte A participatory-photography project conducted by Dr. Maria Quinlan, University College Dublin Foreword We began this project unsure what we might find out. Do people from outside Ireland feel included? If they don’t, what will it take to resolve that? What does an inclusive workplace mean? The participants have been so open and shared their deepest personal experiences. What really stood out for me personally were the stories people shared about themselves. It is so easy to group and categorise people, but through their photos we see the individual shine through: their personal experiences, their hopes, their struggles and their desire to be part of Deloitte and At Deloitte, we aspire to offer the most its future. I was also delighted to see how inclusive workplace in Ireland for our much positivity shone through in terms of people. We know from the research that the opportunities people feel they have having real diversity, people with different both in Ireland and at Deloitte. backgrounds, perspectives, beliefs and ways of thinking and working together, I wish to thank each of them for their leads to better decisions and solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Between Record Matching and Data Repairing
    Interaction between Record Matching and Data Repairing Wenfei Fan1;2 Jianzhong Li2 Shuai Ma3 Nan Tang1 Wenyuan Yu1 1University of Edinburgh 2Harbin Institute of Technology 3Beihang University fwenfei@inf., ntang@inf., [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract cost: it costs us businesses 600 billion dollars each year [16]. Central to a data cleaning system are record matching and With this comes the need for data cleaning systems. As data repairing. Matching aims to identify tuples that re- an example, data cleaning tools deliver \an overall business fer to the same real-world object, and repairing is to make a value of more than 600 million GBP" each year at BT [31]. In database consistent by fixing errors in the data by using con- light of this, the market for data cleaning systems is grow- straints. These are treated as separate processes in current ing at 17% annually, which substantially outpaces the 7% data cleaning systems, based on heuristic solutions. This pa- average of other IT segments [22]. per studies a new problem, namely, the interaction between There are two central issues about data cleaning: ◦ record matching and data repairing. We show that repair- Recording matching is to identify tuples that refer to ing can effectively help us identify matches, and vice versa. the same real-world entity [17, 26]. ◦ To capture the interaction, we propose a uniform frame- Data repairing is to find another database (a candidate work that seamlessly unifies repairing and matching oper- repair) that is consistent and minimally differs from ations, to clean a database based on integrity constraints, the original data, by fixing errors in the data [4, 21].
    [Show full text]
  • JOE HILL; IWW SONGWRITER the Truth About "The Man Who Never Died ": $1.00
    PREAMBLE OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. There can he no peace so long as hunger and wa nt are found among millions of working people and the few , who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the wo rk ­ ers of the world organize as a class, take pos~e~sion of the earth and the machinery of production. and abolish the wage system. We find that the centering of the management of ind ustries in­ to fewe r and fewer hands makes the trade un ions unable to cope with the ever growing power of the employing class. The trade unio ns foster a state of affairs which all ows one set of work ers to be pitted aga inst another set of workers in the sa me industry. thereby helping defeat one another in wage wars. Moreover, the trade unions aid the employing class to mislead the workers into the belief that the working class have interests in common with their employers. These conditions can be changed and the interest of the work­ ing class upheld only by an organization formed in such a way that all its members in any one industry. or in all industries if necessary, cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in any department thereof, thus making an injury to one an inj ury to all . Instead of the conservative motto, '"A fair day's wage for a fair day's work ," we must inscribe on our banner the revolutiona ry watchword , "Abolition of the wage system." It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Better Is Better Than More: Complexity, Economic Progress, and Qualitative Growth
    Better is Better Than More Complexity, Economic Progress, and Qualitative Growth by Michael Benedikt and Michael Oden Center for Sustainable Development Working Paper Series - 2011(01) csd Center for Sustainable Development The Center for Sustainable Development Better is Better than More: Complexity, Economic Working Paper Series 2011 (01) Progress, and Qualitative Growth Better is Better than More: Complexity, Economic Progress, and Qualitative Growth Michael Benedikt Hal Box Chair in Urbanism Michael Oden Professor of Community & Regional Planning Table of Contents The University of Texas at Austin 1. Introduction, and an overview of the argument 2 © Michael Benedikt and Michael Oden 2. Economic growth, economic development, and economic progress 6 Published by the Center for Sustainable Development The University of Texas at Austin 3. Complexity 10 School of Architecture 1 University Station B7500 Austin, TX 78712 4. The pursuit of equity as a generator of complexity 21 All rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this paper may be reprinted or reproduced or quoted 5. The pursuit of quality as a generator of complexity 26 in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other Richness of functionality 31 means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information Reliability/durability 32 storage or retrieval system, without accompanying full Attention to detail 33 bibliographic listing and reference to its title, authors, Beauty or “style” 33 publishers, and date, place and medium of publication or access. Generosity 36 Simplicity 37 Ethicality 40 The cost of quality 43 6. Quality and equity together 48 The token economy 50 7.
    [Show full text]
  • The Functions and Evolution of Topic and Focus Markers
    The Functions and Evolution of Topic and Focus Markers by Paula Kadose Radetzky B.A. (Columbia University) 1991 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 1996 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Richard A. Rhodes, Co-chair Professor Eve E. Sweetser, Co-chair Professor H. Mack Horton Spring 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract The Functions and Evolution of Topic and Focus Markers by Paula Kadose Radetzky Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professors Richard A. Rhodes and Eve E. Sweetser, Co-chairs This dissertation examines the notions of topic and focus from both synchronic and diachronic points of view. Previous works have almost exclusively treated these concepts synchronically, and the historical studies which do exist have not successfully traced and motivated the individual stages of development. The sections on topic first propose and give cross-linguistic evidence for the following path of grammaticalization: locative/ contrastive topic marker > marker > marker This overview is followed by two text-based studies, one of the Japanese topic marker wa and the other of the Greek particle de. Because of their long written traditions, these two languages allow us to contextually view and motivate the intermediate stages of grammaticalization. The last part of the dissertation is a discussion of focus. It begins by developing a synchronic theory involving different levels of highlighting, and then it presents case studies of data primarily from Japanese and Korean, examining in detail the mechanisms by which demonstratives and copulas become focus markers in these languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Yosano Akiko's Princess Saho and Its Multiple Speakers
    WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL NO. 8 特集 5 特集 5 RILAS 研究部門「創作と翻訳の超領域的研究」 Yosano Akiko’s Princess Saho and its Multiple Speakers Janine BEICHMAN Abstract To translate is to interpret, and this is especially so for a difficult poet like Yosano Akiko. The translator con- fronting the task of interpreting the stupendous number of poems that Yosano Akiko (1878-1942) published over the course of her career begins, of course, by looking into the biographical background and reading as many com- mentaries as possible, but often that is not enough. Then come such avenues of inquiry as comparing iterations of the same themes within the corpus of the poetry itself, picking up echoes of Japanese classical and other litera- tures, and noting connections to Western literature, art, and ideas. In working with the poems here, I have used all these avenues. There is also one other approach, and that is to cycle between Akiko’s prose and her poetry. She often touched on the same topic and themes in both genres, sometimes using the prose to explain the poetry and even vice versa. The essay “Bosei Henchō wo Haisu” (I oppose the glorification of motherhood, 1916) is usually considered only in terms of its role in the public debate on the protection of motherhood (bosei hogo ronsō) that Akiko car- ried on in the media between 1916 and 1919, but it also provides a good background for reading her poetry. This is because Akiko explains her criticism of the glorification of motherhood by eloquently articulating her concep- tion of the self as multi-focal, a conception which in a certain sense is the philosophical counterpart of the multiple speakers that populate her poems.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Victorian Literature and the Biopolitics of Empire
    Life Expectancies: Late Victorian Literature and the Biopolitics of Empire by Jessica Leigh Davies A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Barbara Spackman, Co-chair Professor Charis Thompson, Co-chair Associate Professor David Bates Assistant Professor Donna Jones Associate Professor Ramona Naddaff Associate Professor Michael Wintroub Spring 2010 © Jessica Leigh Davies, 2010 Abstract Life Expectancies: Late Victorian Literature and the Biopolitics of Empire by Jessica Leigh Davies Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric University of California, Berkeley Professor Barbara Spackman, Co-chair Professor Charis Thompson, Co-chair By the end of the nineteenth century, the rise of evolutionary thinking had produced a radical new understanding of life as the underlying connectedness of all living beings. If only the fittest would survive, the problem was no longer about how to differentiate between species, as it had been for the philosophical tradition since Aristotle, but how to articulate differences within a species. This dissertation analyzes the complex relationship between biology, politics and power that emerged in late Victorian literature. I examine the ways in which biological thinking was never limited to biology itself, nor was it a metaphorical technique used to describe social relations or simply a way to transcribe a political discourse into biological terms. I argue that the difference between biology and politics completely collapsed, and that this indistinguishability functioned to expand and justify British colonialism. Inspired by Michel Foucault’s work on biopower, I demonstrate and expand his theory of nineteenth century biopolitics as a form of power that takes biological life as both its subject and object through a series of regulatory controls leveraged at entire populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Montague Grammatical Analysis of Japanese Case Particles
    Montague Grammatical Analysis of Japanese Case Particles Mitsuhiro Okada and Kazue Watanabe Keio University Sophia University 1 Introduction The Montague Grammar for English and other Indo-European languages in the literature is based on the subject-predicate relation, which has been the tradition since Aristotle in the Western language analysis. In this sense, for example, an object and a transitive verb are part of a verb phrase, that is, of a predicate, and the types of a transitive verb and of an object are assigned after the type of predicate (verb phrase) is fixed. When we try to construct categorial grammar and denotational semantics following this tradition, we meet the following deficiencies; • The type structure for transitive verbs and objects, hence their denota- tions, becomes very complicated. For example, the type for transitive verbs is; ((e t) —+ t) (e -4 t) • In order to get an appropriate type for a sentence within the ordinary categorial grammar, we first concatenate a transitive verb with an object and then a subject with the result of the first concatenation. Hence, the resulting grammar becomes very much word-order sensitive. It is easily seen that this kind of operation is not suitable for languages which have word-order flexibility like Japanese, where the following sentences are equivalent in meaning "I ate a cake."; (1) a. Watashi ga cake wo tabeta. I NOM cake ACC ate b. Cake wo watashi ga tabeta. cake ACC I NOM ate We employ the following notational convention in this paper. To each ex- ample sentence of Japanese, we append a gloss which shows the corresponding English expression to each Japanese word and an English translation.
    [Show full text]