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Home , Canopic jar, Mask of Tutankhamun

Egypt 3000 BCE 300-32 BCE The Nile River

Egypt was one of the more stable of the ancient cultures. This was due largely to the Nile River. The Nile River was easy to control, Because the Nile flooded at the right times of the seasons it delivered rich earth which allowed for plentiful crops.

This allowed for Egyptians for focus on other things. LIke art!. Beliefs. The Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic. That means they believed in many Gods

They also believed in an .

They buried their dead with many beautiful objects. They believed that the dead would enjoy these objects in their after life.

Tombs were very important to the What is a Canopic jar? A Canopic jar is a covered urn used Egyptians. in ancient Egyptian burials to hold >>Mummification the internal organs from an embalmed body >> the ka (life force)

Timeline:

Old kingdom-2649-2150 Pyramid text Middle Kingdom-2030-1640 Coffin text New kingdom -1550-1070 Papyrus books

Map of the Nile River The writing system: Hyroglifics

Egyptian Hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in . It combined logographic, symbolic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters Written on a material called Papyrus. Hieroglyphics were also carved on tomb walls and wooden coffins .

Gods

Egyptians believed that before the beginning of time, in the darkness of the primeval waters called nun, a mound arose, just as they do along the Nile during a rainy season. Out of this mound the creator God Amon later known as re (the sun God) was born and the sun

God brought light to the world. He then began to create other gods beginning with….. and who gave birth to>>>>>

Geb - earth - Sky - God of order, the God/ king who brought civilization. Seth- brother to Osiris (evil) who tried to murder him/ God of chaos. and - sister and wife of Osiris/ they put his broken body back together. Houris- God of the sky, sun and kingship

Thoth- God of knowledge often depicted “writing” -cow headed deity/ who breast fed a king -the God of the dead/ seen as the jackal headed figure. - God of justice and right doing. The feather is her symbol/ weighed against a heart.

Hunefers Scroll, Tomb of Hunefer Thebes, Egypt 19th Dynasty, 1290-1275 BCE (detailed image of scroll 1 foot 3 inches high) -Full scroll 18 feet by ½ inches long. The weight of the heart against a feather. Osiris sitting at a thorn behind him are his sister Isis and his wife Nephthys Pre- Unification Early in Ancient Egyptian history, the civilization was divided into two countries living next to one another. Each country had a diffrent ruler, but seemed to share cultural similarities. The two countries were known as...

Lower Egypt and The early Archaic and early Dynastic periods ended with the unification of Upper and . Egypt becomes one kingdom. Palette of King Narmer, From Hierakonpolis, Egypt Predynastic, 3000-2920 BCE, Slate 2 feet 1 inch high What do we see? >>Who is the man in power?

>>Hierarchy of Scale

Compare the two and fill in the blanks

This image shows ______about to attack a captive

Made of ______This image is of ______Victory over the ______people Made of _pink sandstone______Egyptians wore makeup

Egyptian men and women wore makeup

Makeup was used to enhance one's natural beauty, and was also used to protect the eyes from harsh sun rays.

>>>Bust of Nefertiti from the New Kingdom The Evolution of the Great Pyramids

Mastabas: the standard tomb type of early Egypt. Mastabas “bench” are a rectangular brick stone structure with sloping sides erected over an underground burial chamber. False door, where the Ka travels Stepped Pyramid: A series of Mastabas Stacked on top of each other to create a pyramid. Where a statue of the Burial person is Chamber placed Old Kingdom

“All powerful kings” Pyramids of Gizeh Fourth Dynasty, 2551-2528 BCE Smallest : Pyramid of Menkaure

Middle: Pyramid of Khafre

Largest : Pyramid for Khufu

Inside :On the bottom floor is tomb for the Queen and on the middle floor is the Grand gallery. Finally the top floor is for Khufu himself a Pharaoh.

There is a guarding the entrance to the tombs.

Statue of Khafre. From the Middle Pyramid of Gizeh, Fourth Dynasty. 2520-2494 BC, Diorite The statue is very stiff, rigid and there What do we see? is no negative space.

Khafre's back is glued to his chair.

What is Khafra wearing ?

What do you think the Foulkin represents? Menkaure and khamerernebty, from Gizeh, Egypt, fourth Dynasty. 2490-2472 BCE 4 feet 6 ½” high Seated Scribe, from , Egypt. Fourth Dynasty 2500 BCE, Painted Limestone, 1 foot 9” high Middle Kingdom “More human king” Fragmentary head of Senusret the 3rd, 12th Dynasty 1860 BC, Yellow Sandstone What were the Egyptian tombs used for? Coffin of nakht, Middle Kingdom 1802-1640 BCE New Kingdom

“A wealthy and powerful Egypt” Hatshepsut The women who would be king

A little bit about Hatshepsut->>>

She was one of the wife's of the pharaoh Thutmose the second, who passed away. She had never given birth to a son. She later claimed that her father had chosen her to be his successor as pharaoh. She then built monumental and a temple (Deir el Bahri) to back up this claim. Where she is often depicted as a male figure. Wearing the false beard and head piece.

Her rule lasted for about 2 decades .

Unfortunately many of these sculptures suffered and became destroyed through the years. Homework: Temples (due 2/6)

The old kingdom was known for the famous pyramids, while the New kingdom is known for its grandiose temples. Chose one of the following temples ( you can find the information in your textbook in chapter 3 pages 73-77) ● Temple of Hatshepsut ● Temple of Ramses the second ● Temple Of Amen-Re

Write a paragraph about 3- 4 sentences describing the temple and Answer the following questions: How did they light these temples? How/ what were they made of? Who were they made for? Gods

Egyptians believed that before the beginning of time, in the darkness of the primeval waters called nun, a mound arose, just as they do along the Nile during a rainy season. On this mound the creator god Amon later known as re (the sun god) was born and brought light to the world. He then began to create other gods beginning with….. Shu and Tefnut who gave birth to>>>>>

Geb - earth Nut- Sky Osiris- god of order, whom egyptians revered as the king who brought civilization. Seth- brother to osiris (evil) tried to murder him/ god of chaos. Isis and Nephthys- sister and wife of Osiris/ they put his broken body back together. Houris- god of the sky, sun and kingship

Thoth- god of knowledge often seen writing in egyptian artworks. Hathor-cow headed deity/ who breast fed a king Anubis-the god of the dead/ seen as the jackal headed figure in artwork. Maat - God of justice and right doing. The feather is her symbol/ weighed against a heart.

Aten the Sun Disk God Akhenaton, Colossal statue from the Temple of Aton, Khatarnak, Egypt 1353-1335 BC Sandstone, 13 feet high Amenhotep the 3rd

Tiye The mother of

Amenhotep - The father of Akhenaten Compare and Contrast Thutmose, bust of Nefertiti, from Amarna, Egypt. 18th dynasty 1353-1335 BC Portrait of , from Ghurah Egypt 18th Dynasty 1353-1335 BCE, wood,hammered and Lapis Lousi earrings Akhenaten and Nefertiti with their Three Daughters, from Amarna Egypt, 18th Dynasty 1353-1335

Death mask of from the innermost coffin in his tomb at Thebes, Egypt. 18th Dynasty 1323 BC, Hammered Gold And Precious Stones 3 coffins of King The tombs treasures can be classified into Inside His tomb two groups of objects. 1. objects the Pharaoh/king had already used when he was alive, which they believed he would continue to use in the afterlife. 2. objects made exclusively for the pharaohs after life, objects dedicated to him and for his use as he leaves the mortal world behind.

Golden throne, furniture, painted chest, extra

Objects made for his afterlife

Ritual beads, shaped like animals.

Falcon Collar, gold Found around Tutankhamun's neck. Process of Mummification:

1. Removal of the internal organs, starting with smashing the brain and draining it out through the nose. lungs Liver, stomach and intestines are put in canopic jars filled with Natron Salts. The heart is one of the most important internal organs and is removed with great care.

2. The body is stuffed with more Natron salt. Then covered in salt for about 35 days leaving the body to dry out completely.

3. Tree resin is poured over the body to seal it. The body is then massaged with seader oils and more resin.

4. The body is then wrapped with bandages made of linen

5. Finally, the body is placed is a series of nested coffins, like the one of King Tut. Where we see a large outer coffin followed by other smaller highly decorated coffins and ending with his head piece placed directly over the itself.