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StudentSavvy.org CREDIT: Kevin & Amanda Fonts KG Fonts The Artventurous Life CHALLENGE #1:

StudentSavvy © 2017 Mummification is a process that the Egyptians practiced to prevent dead bodies from rotting. They believed in the afterlife and in Ka. They believed the physical body needed to be preserved so Ka could return even after death. The liver, lungs, stomach, brain, and intestines are removed from the body. They are placed in canopic jars inside the tomb. The body is covered in natron to remove all water from the body to help preservation. Then they wrap the body from head to toe. Between the layers of wrapping, amulets are placed to protect the body during its journey to the afterlife. A priest also reads prayers out loud during the wrapping process to ward off evil spirits during its journey. A mask is placed over the head, body, and shoulders.

The entire process takes about 70 days. The mummy is sealed in a case and placed inside a tomb in the pyramid.

During the mummification process, the human organs were removed and preserved inside canopic jars. The jars had hieroglyphic writing and the heads of different gods on top of the lids. The four sons of Horus (the god of the sky) are featured on the canopic jars. Each jar contains a different organ.

Natron was the preservative solution that the Egyptians used during the embalming process. It preserved the bodies and organs by drying out the moisture and it also served as a disinfectant.

The STEM Challenge: Using the supplies below, students must first design four canopic jars. To find inspiration on decorating the canopic jars, please visit http://www.museumofmythology.com/Egypt/canopic_jar.htm Using 4 slices of apple, students must test different mixtures using salt, baking soda, vinegar, and sugar. Out of the 4 slices, they must have a control group (no ingredients used on the apple) to measure the mummification process. They need to write down the exact measurements for each mixture using the next page. Each Canopic Jar needs to be labeled with the mixture. After applying the mixtures to the apples, they are placed inside the sealed jars. For the next four days, students must record their observations during the mummification process. After writing their end result and reflection, as a class discuss which mixtures best preserved the apple slices.

Materials for designing Materials/Ingredients for Canopic Jars: Mummified Apples:

Paint Apples Teaspoons Paint brushes Salt Cans with lids (such as mini Pringles) Baking soda Playdough or clay (optional) Vinegar Sugar

OUR STEM GROUP Student Names:

Predict: Brainstorm: Predict the effects of the different How are you going to tackle ingredients. Which ingredients do you this challenge? think will work the best at preserving the apple slices?

Mixture 1: Notes:

Mixture 2:

Mixture 3:

Control:

Day 1: Drawing: Notes:

Day 2: Drawing: Notes:

Day 3: Drawing: Notes:

Day 4 / END RESULT: Drawing:

Reflection Did you complete the challenge? Yes or No?

In your group, which mixture worked the best to preserve the apple slice:

If you could redo the experiment, how would you create your own Natron (the solution the Egyptians used)?

Were your predictions correct? How so? If not, what occurred instead?

Did you enjoy completing this challenge? If you could change it in any way (ex: materials), what would you change and why?

StudentSavvy © 2017 The Ancient Egyptian pyramids are one of the most magnificent man-made structures created throughout history. The Egyptians began building pyramids during the beginning of the Old Kingdom, around 4,500 years ago. Pyramids could take up to 30 years to build. No building plans were discovered, so it is still a mystery on how the pyramids were built. They did not use wheels but ramps to move large rocks and materials. There are theories that the slaves in Egypt built the pyramids, but recent discoveries suggest that skilled workers actually built them. There are tombs inside the pyramids that the workers were buried and rewarded for their hard efforts. If these workers were slaves, they would not have been rewarded with such honorable burials.

Triangular Pyramid Hexagonal Pyramid

***Students must engineer either a square or rectangular pyramid.

The STEM Challenge: Using the supplies below, students must design either a freestanding square or rectangular pyramid. The goal of the challenge is to design the tallest pyramid in the shortest amount of time. If glue is used instead of non-drying clay or marshmallows, allow for drying time. Students only need to use the timer during building time. They can stop the clock while their pyramid dries. The group who can build the tallest pyramid in the shortest amount of time wins the challenge. Students have two days to complete this challenge.

Materials: Toothpicks Timer Glue Marshmallows or non-drying clay (optional instead of glue)

OUR STEM GROUP Student Names:

Predict: Brainstorm: Predict how difficult this challenge How are you going to tackle this might be. What are some difficulties challenge? What type of pyramid you might run into while trying to are you going to build and why? complete this challenge?

Brainstorming Notes:

TRIAL 1: Drawing: Notes:

TRIAL 2: Drawing: Notes:

TRIAL 3: Drawing: Notes:

END RESULT: Drawing:

Reflection

Did you complete the challenge? Yes or No?

On a scale of 1 – 10, how difficult was this challenge for your group?

If you did NOT complete the challenge, what would you do differently next time?

Were your predictions correct? How so? If not, what occurred instead?

Did you enjoy completing this challenge? If you could change it in any way, what would you change and why?

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Mummies Mummification was practiced throughout most of Egyptian history. The earliest mummies from prehistoric times were probably accidental. By chance, dry sand and air (since Egypt has almost no measurable rainfall) preserved some bodies buried in shallow pits dug into the sand. The process evolved over time into an exact science in which the pharaohs of Egypt were mummified and buried in elaborate tombs. Members of the nobility and other high officials also received the same treatment; the process was an expens ive one, beyond the means of most. The earliest effective attempt at ificai h fa diceed i Phaah Sefe ife Heehee, he he f Khufu (als o known as Cheops), builder of the Great Pyramid. For religious reasons, some animals with religious significance, such as bulls, hawks, baboons, cats, birds, and crocodiles, were sometimes also mummified.

The mummification process took seventy days. The first step in the process was the removal of all internal parts that might decay rapidly. The brain was removed first by carefully inserting special hooked instruments up through the nostrils. It is believed that the brain was picked out in pieces, though new evidence suggests that the instruments iked he bai, iila cablig egg, in order to then drain the soupy brain through the nostrils. It was a delicate operation, one which could easily disfigure the face. The skull was then filled in by pouring hot resin (a sticky sap) through the nostrils to fill the skull cavity. The embalmers then cut a small opening in the left side of the abdomen and reached in to remove the organs of the abdomen and chest. They left only the heart in place, believing it to be the center of a person's being and intelligence. The other organs were preserved separately, with the stomach, liver, lungs, and intestines placed in special caie called canopic jars, which were buried with the mummy. The 4 canopic jars (representing the 4 sons of Horus, the son of Gods Isis and Osiris) became more and more elaborate as the process evolved. There is no evidence concerning what happened to other organs, such as the pancreas, bladder, gall bladder, etc.

4 canopic jars, often topped with the heads of a jackal, falcon, baboon, and human, held the stomach, liver, lungs, and intestines

The embalmers next removed all moisture from the body. This they did by covering the body with natron, a type of salt which has great drying properties, and by placing additional natron packets inside the body. When the body had dried out completely, embalmers removed the internal packets and lightly washed the natron off the body. The result was a very dried-out but recognizable human form. To make the mummy seem even more life-like, sunken areas of the body were filled out with linen, sawdust, and other materials. The body cavity was stuffed with frankincense and myrrh as a sort of potpourri to minimize the smell of the corpse.

Next the wrapping began. Each mummy needed hundreds of yards of linen. Priests carefully wound the long strips of linen around the body, even wrapping each finger and toe separately before wrapping the entire hand or foot. In order to protect the dead f iha, ale ee laced ag he appings. Amulets were small trinkets believed to protect the deceased from evil spells or bad luck. At several stages the form was coated with warm resin, and the wrapping resumed once again. At last the priests wrapped the final cloth in place and secured it. A picture of the God of the Underworld, Osiris, was drawn onto the linens. The mummy was complete. The priests preparing the mummy were not the only ones busy during this time. Although the tomb preparation usually had begun long before the person's actual death, now there was a deadline, and craftsmen, laborers, and artists worked quickly. There was much to be placed in the tomb that a person would need in the Afterlife. Furniture and statues were readied; wall paintings of religious or daily scenes were prepared; lists of food and prayers finished. Through a magical process, these models, pictures, and lists would become the real thing when needed in the Afterlife. Everything was now ready for the funeral.

As part of the funeral, priests performed special religious rites at the tomb's entrance. The most important part of the ceremony was called the "Opening of the Mouth". A priest touched the mouth of the mummy with a special instrument to "open" it; the dead person could now speak and eat in the Afterlife. They were now ready for their journey to the Afterlife. The mummy was placed in its carefully constructed coffin, unique to the size of the deceased, which was often then placed inside another coffin, and even another. The coffins would then be placed inside a large, decorated stone sarcophagus, and the large stone top, often weighing several tons, was slid across the top, hoping to conceal the mummy from the world especially grave robbers forever. The body was ready for the next step. The Egyptian idea of a "spirit" was complex, and really involved three spirits: the ka, ba, and akh. The ka, a "double" of the person, would remain in the tomb and needed the offerings and objects there. The ba, or "soul", was free to fly out of the tomb and return to it. It was the akh, perhaps translated as "spirit", which had to travel to the Underworld for the Final Judgmen. Here, the god Anubis would weigh their intact heart against a feather. Only if they had lived an honest life would the heart weigh less than the feather. Thoth, the Egyptian god of scribes, wrote down the results. If they were not honest, a waiting monster named Ammit, which was part dog, part crocodile, and part hippo, would devour them. If they were honest, and their body was intact, they would go through the gates of the Afterlife and live forever with Osiris.

A l i he lie hich ill eigh more? Your heart or the feather? Its either eternal life or being eaten by that dog / crocodile thing

Name______MUMMIES

1. Make a chronological list of the steps taken before wrapping the body.

2. What was the purpose of the amulets wrapped with the body?

3. What was the significance of the "Opening of the Mouth" ceremony?

4. What is the difference between a person's ka, ba, and akh?

5. Describe the "Final Judgment". 6th Grade Social Studies Packet #2

Hello all 6th Graders, We just want to let everyone know that we miss them so much and wish we could be back in school with you. We hope that you and your family are doing well. Below is the work for the next 2 weeks. We hope you will enjoy it as it includes a STEM project to ork on. We cant ait to see our results! Hae Fun!!!

Ms. Griffin Mrs. Hickman

Social Studies Standards: 2.B.2.a - Examine the practices and beliefs of world religions and philosophies 2.B.2.b - Describe the impact of various religions on a civilization 6.A.3.a - Identify and use knowledge of organizational structures, such as chronological order, cause/effect, main ideas and details, description, similarities/differences, and problem/solution to gain meaning 6.A.4.a - Identify and explain what is directly stated in the text 6.D.1.d - Access and process information that is factual and reliable from readings, investigations, and/or oral communications 6.D.2.a - Gather data 6.D.2.b - Make and record observations 6.E.1.c - Find relationships among gathered information

1) Read the article Mummies and anser the questions. 2) Complete the Mummified Apples in Canopic Jars STEM Challenge. While ou ont hae a STEM Group, you still need to complete all parts including the prediction, brainstorming, 3 different mixtures and a control group, 4 days of observation notes, and your reflection at the end. Bonus: If there is any way you can take pictures of your experiment that would be wonderful (but not required) If you are able, you can send us the pictures and we can make up a document to put on Google Classroom to share the pictures with everyone.