Canopic Jar Lesson
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Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 45: Birds Statues (Falcon and Vulture)
International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2017, PP 39-48 ISSN 2349-4395 (Print) & ISSN 2349-4409 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.22259/ijeert.0503004 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 45: Birds Statues (Falcon and Vulture) Galal Ali Hassaan (Emeritus Professor), Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ABSTRACT The evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt is investigated in this research paper through studying the production of statues and figurines of falcons and vultures. Examples from historical eras between Predynastic and Late Periods are presented, analysed and aspects of quality and innovation are outlined in each one. Material, dynasty, main dimension (if known) and present location are also outlined to complete the information about each statue or figurine. Keywords: Mechanical engineering, ancient Egypt, falcon statues, vulture statues INTRODUCTION This is the 45th paper in a scientific research aiming at presenting a deep insight into the history of mechanical engineering during the ancient Egyptian civilization. The paper handles the production of falcon and vulture statues and figurines during the Predynastic and Dynastic Periods of the ancient Egypt history. This work depicts the insight of ancient Egyptians to birds lived among them and how they authorized its existence through statuettes and figurines. Smith (1960) in his book about ancient Egypt as represented in the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston presented a number of bird figurines including ducks from the Middle Kingdom, gold ibis from the New Kingdom and a wooden spoon in the shape of a duck and lady from the New Kingdom [1]. -
Death in the City of Light
DEATH IN THE CITY OF LIGHT The Conception of the Netherworld during the Amarna Period Master Thesis Classics and Ancient Civilizations Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University Name: Aikaterini Sofianou Email: [email protected] Student Number: s2573903 Supervisor: Prof. Olaf Kaper Second Reader: Dr. Miriam Müller Date: 14/08/2020 Table of contents Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1: Historical Context..................................................................................... 6 1.1 Chronology of the Amarna Period. ...................................................................... 6 1.2 Amenhotep IV: The Innovative Early Years of His Reign. ................................. 7 1.3 Akhenaten: The Radical Changes After the Fifth Year of His Reign and the End of the Amarna Period. .............................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: Religion and Funerary Ideology ........................................................... 14 2.1 Traditional Religion and the Afterlife................................................................ 14 2.2 Atenism: Its Roots and Development. ............................................................... 17 Chapter 3: Tombs and Non-elite Burials of the Amarna Period .......................... 22 3.1 Tombs: Their Significance and Characteristics. ................................................ 22 3.2 The Royal Tomb of Amarna ............................................................................. -
Ancient Egyptians Believed in an Afterlife
Note To the Teacher This kit is designed to help your students learn more about Ancient Egypt by viewing images from the Walters Art Museum collection. The scope ranges from the Middle Kingdom (Dynasties ca. 2061-1640 BCE) through the Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BCE). You will find ten images of objects from Ancient Egypt. In addition to the images, there is a timeline, essays about the museum objects; lesson plans for elementary, middle grades and high school, and bibliographies with resources to assist you in your class presentation. Resources include: a vocabulary list, books for you and your students, websites, videos and other art tools. TRK Borrowing Policy Please… 1. Return this kit in person or by mail on or by its due date. A valid credit card number is required to borrow Teacher Resource Kits. A $25.00 fee will be charged for kits that are returned up to one month late. Borrowers will be assessed the pur- chase cost of kits borrowed if materials are returned more than one month late. The box the TRK was sent in can be reused for its return. 2. Keep your TRK intact and in working order. You are responsible for the contents of this kit while it is in your possession. If any item is miss- ing or damaged, please contact the Department of School Programs at 410.547.9000, ext. 298, as soon as possible. 3. Fill out the TRK Evaluation so that kits can be improved with your input and student feedback. Please return the Teacher Resource Kit to: Department of School Programs Division of Education and Public Programs The Walters Art Museum 600 North Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21201-5185 Copyright Statement Materials contained in this Education kit are not to be reproduced or transmitted in any format, other than for educational use, without specific advance written permission from the Walters Art Museum. -
Ancient Egypt Handling Box
Ancient Egypt Handling Box Ancient Egypt handling collection Teacher Notes Welcome to the National Museum of Scotland. This box contains handling objects and resources designed to support learning about ancient Egypt. It contains 33 real and replica objects relating to the ancient Egyptian collections of National Museums Scotland. The objects are grouped into four themes: 1. Life 2. Mummification 3. Afterlife 4. Egyptology This Teachers Resource Pack for the Ancient Egypt handling collection is also available to download from our website: www.nms.ac.uk/nmosvisit#handlingbox National Museums Scotland Teachers’ Resource Pack Ancient Egypt handling collection Introduction The ancient Egyptian collections of National Our ancient Egyptian collections were begun Museums Scotland comprises around in 1819, and many of the objects derive from 6,000 items, including many unique and archaeological excavations by Alexander Henry internationally significant objects, such as Rhind (Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries royal statuary, reliefs, mummies, coffins, papyri, Scotland), the Egypt Exploration Society, British furniture, jewellery and textiles. School of Archaeology in Egypt, and Oxford Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and and Liverpool Universities. The museum also longest-lived civilisations, spanning almost has the only intact ancient Egyptian royal burial 4000 years of history. The River Nile and the group outside of Egypt. surrounding desert shaped ancient Egyptian The ancient Egyptian collections of National culture and how they saw the world. Egypt’s Museums Scotland are represented in this success derived from its natural resources, such informative and interactive learning resource. as fertile agriculture from the annual flood, Use the handling objects to create an exciting stone for building monuments, and precious and educational experience for your group and gold. -
Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Egyptians As the Learning Team are working from home and don’t have access to our actual handling artefacts, we have created a series of learning posts/pages based on our schools Egyptian loans box replicas and photographs of objects in our Ancient Lives Gallery. We’ve also put together a brief Ancient Egyptian history timeline. As well as the information here there is a short video to go with each object, available on the website and linked to our social media posts. Our information is short and easy to read - but remember this is about interesting you in the topic, it’s not the whole history of Ancient Egypt! Canopic Jars These are replica canopic jars. Canopic jars were used as part of the burial pro- cess, and held the internal organs of the mummified person. Each jar had a different head and held a different organ. Imsety had a human head and carried and protected the liver. Qebehsenuf had a falcon’s head and carried and protected the intestines. Hapy had the head of a baboon and carried and protected the lungs. Duamatef had the head of a jackal and carried and protected the stomach Replica mini canopic jars Canopic jar heads in the gallery Amulets In ancient Egypt amulets were created for a number of reasons. There were deities and symbols that transferred the powers that they represented. They were worn like modern charm bracelets, tucked into the bandages of a mum- mified person, or even woven into beaded burial nets. Ankh. Djed. Sekhmet. Eye of Horus. -
The Canopic Box of N%-Aa-Rw (BM EA 8539) *
THE CANOPIC BOX OF N%-aA-RW_ (BM EA 8539) * By AHMED M. MEKAWY OUDA Primary publication of the canopic box of Ns-aA-rwd, perhaps from Thebes dating to late Twenty- fifth/early Twenty-sixthD ynasties. No exact parallels exist for the texts on this box, which bears some unique epithets and unusual extensive formulations for the four protective goddesses, invoking a close relationship with Osiris and Horus, especially for Isis and Neith. The box’s owner, title, family, and status, as well as textual parallels for deities’ titles and epithets, are discussed. In the collections of the British Museum, there is a painted wooden canopic chest belonging to Ns-aA-rwd, in the form of a Pr-wr shrine with inclined roof (BM EA 8539; fig. 1).1 The museum acquired it as part of Henry Salt’s first collection, which arrived in London in 1821 and was accessioned in 1823. Each side displays a scene in which one of the four protective goddesses, Isis, Nephthys, Neith, and Selkis, are making a libation for one of the sons of Horus on the right, with four columns of hieroglyphic inscriptions on the left (fig. 2). The box (H. 44.5 cm, W. 45 cm, and D. 42 cm ) is in good condition apart from three fragmented lines on the sides of the box pertaining to Neith, Nephthys, and Isis, and a break in the sloping lid on the Nephthys side. Its provenance was not recorded, but the title of the owner (‘Singer in the interior (of the Temple) of Amun’) suggests it came from Thebes. -
Cwiek, Andrzej. Relief Decoration in the Royal
Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig -
The Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology Volume 1, 1990
THE BULLETIN OF THE AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR EGYPTOLOGY AU rights reserved ISSN: 1035-7254 Published by: The Australian Centre for Egyptology Macquarie University, North Ryde, N.S.W. 2109, Australia Printed by: Adept Printing Pty. Ltd. 13 Clements Avenue, Bankstown, N.S.W. 2200, Australia CONTENTS Foreword 5 Akhenaten and the Amarna Period Juliette Bentley 7 Queen Hetepheres I Gae Callender 25 An Early Treaty of Friendship Between Egypt and Hatti Dorrie Davis 31 Memphis 1989 - The Ptah Temple Complex Lisa Giddy 39 Excavations at Ismant El-Kharab in the Dakhleh Oasis Colin A. Hope 43 Saqqara Excavations Shed New Light on Old Kingdom History Naguib Kanawati 55 The Cult of Min in the Third Millenium B.C. Ann McFarlane 69 Nagc EI Mashayikh - The Ramesside Tombs Boyo Ockinga 77 The Place of Magic in the Practice of Medicine in Ancient Egypt Jim Walker 85 News From Egypt 97 3 QUEEN HETEPHERES I Gae Callender Macquarie University Queen Hetepheres I lived during Dynasty IV, from the time of Sneferu to Khufu. What little we know about her comes from her tomb: G 7000x at Giza. This tomb lies close to the pyramid of her son, Khufu, in the eastern sector of the Giza cemetery (see Figure. 1). The queen's tomb, which is really only a burial chamber at the foot of a 27 metre deep shaft, close to the pyramid of Khufu, was discovered by the Harvard-Boston team, led by Dr. George Reisner, in 1925. The tomb had not been plundered by robbers, and its preservation was certainly due to the fact that the entrance to the burial shaft had been concealed in the pavement in front of Khufu's mortuary temple. -
Egyptian Tomb
Egyptian Tomb Select the caption you wish to read from the index below or scroll down to read them all in turn Egyptian Tomb Coffin and cartonnage of Shep en-Mut 1-3 - Fragments of mummy cloth 4 - Canopic jar lid 5 - Mummy board of Au-set-shu-Mut 6 - Eyes of Horus 7-8 - Protective amulets 9 - Heart scarab 10 - Miniature stela 11 - Breastplate from a mummy 12 - Rock cut tomb-chapels 13 - Mummy mask fragment 14 - Coffin mask 15 - Mummy mask 16 - Ichneumon scroll box 17-18 - Mummified falcons 19 - Sarcophagus for an ibis 20 - Coffin fragment 21 - Inside the tomb of Pairy 22-24 - Ptah-Sokar-Osiris 25 - Shabti figures 26 - Shabti box fragment 27 - A seated man 28 - Cat figurine 29 - Figure with a tray of offerings 30 - Osiris 31 - King making an offering 32 - Anubis 33 - Ceremonial axe blade 34 - Wall ornaments 35 - Stele of Amenhotep I 36 - Hieroglyphic text 37 - Tomb relief fragment 38-39 - Funerary cones 40-41 - Inscription from a tomb 42-43 - Wall tiles Coffin and cartonnage of Shep en-Mut About 2,800 years old Probably from Thebes, Egypt The decoration and inscriptions on Shep en-Mut’s coffin and cartonnage reveal she was a married woman. She was the daughter of Nes-Amenempit who was a ‘carrier of the milk-jar’, or a cow-herd. Her body was carefully embalmed and wrapped in linen bandages. A small wax figurine of the god Duamutef was wrapped in the bandages. On the inside of the coffin is a painted image of the goddess Isis with her arms outstretched to encompass the body. -
Object Explore and Discover
Museum objects are irreplaceable evidence of our history and heritage and can really bring your lessons to life. Each of these downloadable resources explores one of the objects in our collection. For even more ideas, discover our loan boxes at http://schoolloans.readingmuseum.org.uk/ and search our amazing online database at http://collections.readingmuseum.org.uk/ Ancient Egyptian Shabti Follow this link to online database to see the object’s full record Object: Ancient Egyptian Shabti Museum object number: REDMG : 2003.176.1 Date: around 1500 BC Material: Turquoise Glazed Size: length 102 mm, width 30 mm A Shabti was a small figurine in the shape of a mummy. Mummies were people who had been skilfully embalmed so that their body would be preserved in the Afterlife. Shabtis were made from stone, wood or pottery. The oldest Shabtis were from the Middle Kingdom (2040-1750 BCE). They were placed in tombs inside special boxes or even hidden between the mummy’s wrapping’s. Shabtis were buried in the tombs of the dead in Ancient Egypt. Only the Pharaoh, the monarch of Ancient Egypt or powerful generals, priests or craftspeople were wealthy enough to have tombs. The grandest tombs were the stone pyramids, but many tombs were hidden so that robbers could not find them. The Ancient Egyptians believed that people took whatever they were buried with into the afterlife with them. Shabtis were seen as servants of the person who had been mummified. Everyone in Ancient Egypt was meant to help with farming in the Afterlife, shabtis (which means ‘answerer’) did the work instead of the dead person. -
Canopic Jars
Canopic Jars The practice of removing the internal organs and placing them in separate containers first appeared in the Old Kingdom. By the end of the Fourth Dynasty, four jars roughly carved of limestone with slightly domed stone lids were used. These jars were also made in pottery and colored white to simulate limestone. By the Middle Kingdom, the jars had human headed lids, intended to be idealized portraits of the deceased. This practice continued into the New Kingdom when the jars became associated with the deities known as the sons of Horus. Later in the New Kingdom, the jars were given sculpted heads and associated with the four sons of Horus: Imsety, with a human head who protected the liver; The baboon-headed Hapi, who guarded the lungs, Duamutef, the jackal headed, who was associated with the stomach and Quebeseneuf who oversaw the intestines. In the Third Intermediate Period, the internal organs were mummified and wrapped and put back inside the body cavity with wax images of the fours sons, but the tradition of jars continued and “dummy” or false Canopic jars with no internal space were carved of stone for inclusion in the burial. Fully functional Canopic jars returned at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and were used until the Roman Period. The term “Canopic Jar” is a misnomer and comes from the confusion by early travelers who equated these jars with the classical myth of Canopus, the captain of the ship of Sparta during the Trojan War. He was said to have sailed into the Nile Delta and was bitten by a poison serpent. -
Life & Death in Ancient Egypt—Teacher Notes
Life & Death in Ancient Egypt—Teacher Notes General information about these notes: These notes are designed to help your class get the most out of their self-guided visit. This pack focuses on some aspects of life and death in Ancient Egypt, including the Journey to the Afterlife ceremony. Please note that the children will be looking at a real mummy of a young boy, between the ages of four and six. Please do read the information panels where you will find additional information. In these accompanying notes there are hints and tips for asking your class more questions about what they are looking at. There are additional websites we recommend for you and/ or your class to find out more as well as ideas for activities back in the classroom. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/menu.html http://www.childrensuniversity.manchester.ac.uk/interactives/history/egypt/ Let’s begin with life...Case—Ancient & Crafty (The Pots) The ancient Egyptians developed the use of pottery around 7,000 years ago. Egyptian potters used the wheel to improve the quality and speed of production as early as 4,000 BC, creating pots from the two different types of clay seen in this display. Initially pottery was seen as one of their greatest technical achievements, but in later dynastic times the potter was viewed as dirty and they became the butt of jokes. People in the settlements along the River Nile called it ‘the river of life’. The river was essential for growing food (irrigation) and—of course—for the clay used for making storage pots.