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The Cultural Role of Chess in Medieval and Modern Times 50Th Anniversary Jubilee of the Sandomierz Chess Discovery

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The Cultural Role of Chess in Medieval and Modern Times 50Th Anniversary Jubilee of the Sandomierz Chess Discovery The Cultural Role of Chess in Medieval and Modern Times 50th Anniversary Jubilee of the Sandomierz Chess Discovery MUZEUM ARCHEOLOGICZNE W POZNANIU BIBLIOTHECA FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI POSNANIENSES Volumen 21 The Cultural Role of Chess in Medieval and Modern Times 50th Anniversary Jubilee of the Sandomierz Chess Discovery edited by Agnieszka Stempin POZNAŃ 2018 Editor-in-chief of the Archaeological Museum in Poznań publications Marzena Szmyt Edited by Agnieszka Stempin Cooperation: Tomasz Kasprowicz, Anna Kowalska Reviewer of the volume and proofreading Mark Hall Translations Ирина Боровикова, Krystyna Kamyszek-Janiak, Magdalena Kardys, Monika Marcinkowska, Piotr Moskała, Wie- sława Stempin, Zofia Tabor, Анастасия Владимировна, Zofia Ziółkowska Accompanying photos separating papers Kateriny Zisopulu-Bleja Layout, setting and cover design Tomasz Kasprowicz Editorial Office ul. Wodna 27, 61-781 Poznań tel./fax: 0-61 852 82 51 e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-83-60109-57-1 ISSN 0208-4988 Printed by TOTEM.COM.PL sp. z o.o. sp. kom. ul. Jacewska 89, 88-100 Inowrocław © Copyright by Muzeum Archeologiczne w Poznaniu, Poznań 2018 Table of Contects Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Sandomierz Chess in the Context of the Medieval Chess Finds from Poland – 50 years of Mystery Andrzej Buko Sandomierz in the Twelfth Century: An Archaeological Perspectives .................................. 18 Agnieszka Stempin The Archaeology of Chess Pieces from Medieval Poland: Problems and Possibilities ........ 31 Dariusz Niemiec Did Conrad of Mazovia Play Chess on Wawel? ........................................................................ 55 Marek Florek, Monika Bajka, Kateriny Zisopulu-Bleja, Agnieszka Stempin The Sandomierz Chess Set from St. James’s Hill, Sandomierz: Reflections on the 1962 Excavations and a Report on the Re-Exploratory Excavations of 2014-2015 .................................................................... 67 Agnieszka Stempin Sandomierz Chessmen Revisited ................................................................................................ 81 Archaeology of Chess – Between East and West David Caldwell, Mark A. Hall The Hoard of Gaming Pieces from Lewis, Scotland: The Context and Meaning.................. 97 Alessandro Sanvito The Venafro Chess Set Before and After 1994 ........................................................................... 109 Olga Medvedeva The Spread of Chess in Medieval Belarus .................................................................................. 113 Marina Sergeeva Old Rus Chess Pieces of Bone and Antler from Kyiv and the Kyiv Region ........................... 133 Kristina Lavysh A Vizier from Lukoml and a Pawn from Volkovysk: on Imported and Locally Manufactured Products Among the Finds of Figurative Chessmen in Rus .......................... 141 Natalia Khamaiko Gaming Pieces from Recent Excavations of the Kyiv Podil ..................................................... 149 Terminology and Image of Chess in Medieval Written Sources Robert Bubczyk Ludus inhonestus et illicitus, or Why the Game of Chess Came in for Criticism in Medieval Europe ................................................................................ 159 Sylwia Konarska-Zimnicka Chess: Gambling or Noble Entertainment? A View from the Medieval Sources ................. 167 Maria Carmen Romeo The Literary World of 15th Century Valencia: The “Scachs d’amor” Manuscript and Its Three Authors .............................................................................................. 177 Krzysztof Pańczyk Multilingual Chess Terminology - a Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective ..................... 185 Around the Game Leszek Słupecki The Game of the Gods. Board Games as Pre-figuration of the Reality in Old Germanic and Old Norse Mythology ............................................................................................................ 203 Remigiusz Gogosz Chess and Hnefatafl: Playing Board Games in Old Icelandic Literature ............................... 207 Elżbieta Kusina, Jan Kusina Chess Collections in Krakow’s Museums ................................................................................... 219 Piotr Adamczyk Hunting for Games in the Margins of Polish Ludic History .................................................... 229 Reminiscences Szymon Maćkowiak Stanisław Ulam: Chess-player, Computer-scientist and Mathematician ............................... 241 Egbert Meissenburg Jerzy Giżycki (1919-2009): An Appreciation ............................................................................. 247 Authors......................................................................................................................................... 249 Poland – Sandomierz, May 25-26, 2012 The jubilee of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Sandomierz chess Conference: The Cultural Role of the Game of Chess over Centuries In 2012 half a century passed since the discovery in Sandomierz, Poland, of a mediaeval chess set. It has been housed in the District Museum in Sandomierz since 1980 and is one of its most valuable archaeo- logical exhibits. Various chess pieces and even complete sets dating several centuries back are known from museum exhibitions and private collections all over the world. However, most often they lack the context or even reliable information about the place of their finding and so belong to the group of beautiful, spectacular artefacts that very often offer no full cognitive possibilities as a source of scientific study. The Sandomierz find is thus one of the few stunning discoveries, not just because it comprises two almost complete sets (with only three pieces missing) but also because it was made during regular excavation work and is documented. The jubilee makes one reflect on the impact of the find on the scholars’ awareness of the subject, the state of research of games, including chess, and the use of the possibilities of scientific analysis in the study of the subject. The District Museum in Sandomierz in cooperation with the Poznan Archaeological Museum and the Polish Chess Federation, have taken the initiative to organize an international, conference and invited representatives of various disciplines of science who wanted to present their own studies into the role played by chess in the history of the European culture from the Middle Ages until present. The result of the two-day meeting was the presentation of over 20 papers, most of which are included in the presented publication. Chess, all over Europe, has found its supporters and their adaptation in the Middle Ages in various ways. The pages of this book include researchers on the history of the devel- opment of the royal game from the East and West of Europe, researchers dealing with various early and later related games, as well as verification studies undertaken after 50 years to update findings on the mystery of the discovery of early medieval chess in Sandomierz. We would like to thank all those who took part in the deliberations and presented their research in the form of articles collected in this volume. We would also like to thank all those who were involved in the organization of the conference, thanks to whom Sandomierz on the two May days of 2012 became the capital of the history of chess. Agnieszka Stempin Marzena Szmyt A view of the St. James Hill, circa 1880. Photo from the collection of the Diocesan Museum in Sandomierz; reproduced in Dawny Sandomierz, Sandomierz 2002 (ed. U. Stępień) Sandomierz, St. James Hill. Place of chess discovery and St. James Church Sandomierz Chess Pieces Liebe Freunde und Kollegen, sehr geehrte Teilnehmer der Internationalen Konferenz auch der Schachhistoriker in Sandomierz vom 25. bis 26. Mai 2012 anlässlich des 50jährigen Jubiläums des Fundes eines Schachspiels aus dem 12./13. Jahrhundert durch eine archäologische Expedition der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften! Erlauben Sie mir, Ihnen Erfolg für die Veranstaltung in Erinnerung an dieses bemerkenswerte Datum zu wünschen. Ich bedauere sehr, dass es die Umstände nicht erlauben, an Ihrem Forum teilzunehmen. Das ist um so bedauerlicher, als ich mich selbst viele Jahre mit Problemen archäologischer Forschungen zum Schach im Alten Russland beschäftigt habe und seinerzeit an der zweiten Auflage meines Buches „Schach im Alten Russland“ und an ihrer englischsprachigen Version „Chess in Old Russia“ (Zürich 1979) arbeitete, in der die Bedeutung dieses mittelalterlichen Fundes für die Erforschung der Geschichte der Schachkul- tur in Polen hervorgehoben wurde. Dabei habe ich mit großem Vergnügen die Äußerung von Frau Eligia Gąssowska über die erste Ausgabe meines Buches in der polnischen Zeitschrift für Archäologie im Jahre 1964 gelesen. Und dann haben natürlich die Reise nach Polen mit einer Gruppe russischer Professoren im Jahre 1975 und die Teilnah- me an zwei internationalen Konferenzen von Schachhistorikern in Kórnik unauslöschliche Eindrücke hinterlassen. Die letzteren waren von der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und persönlich von Frau Magister Maria Łuczak bestens organisiert worden. Ich nutze die Gelegenheit, hier noch einmal mein Beileid und meine Trauer zum viel zu frühen Tod dieser bemerkenswerten Vertreterin der polni- schen Schachkultur zu bekunden. Ich bin überzeugt, dass die neue Konferenz der Schachhistoriker wieder einen neuen Meilenstein in der Geschichte
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