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Case Concerning Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)

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Case Concerning Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) JUDGMENT OF 23 MAY 2008 2008 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE RECUEIL DES ARRE|TS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES AFFAIRE RELATIVE Av LA SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) ARRE|T DU 23 MAI 2008 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ Official citation: Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,p.12 Mode officiel de citation: Souveraineté sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks et South Ledge (Malaisie/Singapour), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008,p.12 Sales number ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente: 937 ISBN 978-92-1-071046-6 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ 23 MAY 2008 JUDGMENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) 23 MAI 2008 ARRE|T PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs 1. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-15 2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS 16-19 3. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 20-29 4. HISTORY OF THE DISPUTE 30-36 5. SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH 37-277 5.1. Arguments of the Parties 37-42 5.2. The question of the burden of proof 43-45 5.3. Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh before the 1840s 46-117 5.3.1. Original title to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 46-80 5.3.2. The legal significance of the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 81-101 5.3.3. The relevance of the 1824 Crawfurd Treaty 102-107 5.3.4. The legal significance of the letter “of donation” of 1825 108-116 5.3.5. Conclusion 117 5.4. Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh after the 1840s 118-272 5.4.1. Applicable law 118-125 5.4.2. The process for the selection of the site for Horsburgh lighthouse 126-148 5.4.3. The construction and commissioning of Horsburgh lighthouse, 1850-1851 149-163 5.4.4. The conduct of the Parties, 1852-1952 164-191 (a) Straits lights system and related British and Singa- pore legislation 166-180 (b) Constitutional developments and official descrip- tions of Singapore and Malaysia 181-189 (c) Johor regulation of fisheries in the 1860s 190-191 5.4.5. The 1953 correspondence 192-230 5.4.6. The conduct of the Parties after 1953 231-272 (a) Investigation by Singapore of shipwrecks in the waters around Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 231-234 (b) Visits to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 235-239 (c) Naval patrols and exercises around Pedra Branca/ Pulau Batu Puteh by Malaysia and Singapore 240-243 (d) The display of the British and Singapore ensigns on Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 244-246 (e) The installation by Singapore of military commu- nications equipment on the island in 1977 247-248 4 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ 12 TABLE DES MATIÈRES paragraphes 1. QUALITÉS 1-15 2. SITUATION GÉOGRAPHIQUE ET CARACTÉRISTIQUES 16-19 3. LE CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE GÉNÉRAL 20-29 4. HISTORIQUE DU DIFFÉREND 30-36 5. LA SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH 37-277 5.1. Argumentation des Parties 37-42 5.2. La question de la charge de la preuve 43-45 5.3. Statut juridique de Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh avant les années 1840 46-117 5.3.1. Titre originaire sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 46-80 5.3.2. La portée juridique du traité anglo-néerlandais de 1824 81-101 5.3.3. La pertinence du traité Crawfurd de 1824 102-107 5.3.4. La portée juridique de la lettre «de donation» de 1825 108-116 5.3.5. Conclusion 117 5.4. Statut juridique de Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh après les années 1840 118-272 5.4.1. Le droit applicable 118-125 5.4.2. Le processus de sélection de l’emplacement du phare Horsburgh 126-148 5.4.3. La construction et la mise en service du phare Hors- burgh entre 1850 et 1851 149-163 5.4.4. Le comportement des Parties entre 1852 et 1952 164-191 a) Le système des phares des détroits et la législation britannique et singapourienne y afférente 166-180 b) Evolution constitutionnelle et descriptions officielles de Singapour et de la Malaisie 181-189 c) La réglementation de la pêche par le Johor dans les années 1860 190-191 5.4.5. La correspondance de 1953 192-230 5.4.6. Le comportement des Parties après 1953 231-272 a) Enquêtes menées par Singapour sur les naufrages survenus dans les eaux entourant Pedra Branca/ Pulau Batu Puteh 231-234 b) Visites sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 235-239 c) Patrouilles et exercices effectués autour de Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh par les marines malai- sienne et singapourienne 240-243 d) Le déploiement des pavillons britannique et singa- pourien sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 244-246 e) L’installation de matériel de communication mili- taire par Singapour sur l’île en 1977 247-248 4 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ 13 PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH (JUDGMENT) (f) Proposed reclamation by Singapore to extend the island 249-250 (g) A Malaysian Petroleum Agreement 1968 251-253 (h) The delimitation of Malaysia’s territorial sea 1969 254-256 (i) Indonesia-Malaysia Continental Shelf Agreement 1969 and Territorial Sea Agreement 1970 257-258 (j) The Indonesia-Singapore Territorial Sea Agree- ment 1973 259 (k) Inter-State co-operation in the Straits of Singapore 260 (l) Official publications 261-266 (m) Official maps 267-272 5.5. Conclusion 273-277 6. SOVEREIGNTY OVER MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE 278-299 6.1. Arguments of the Parties 278-287 6.2. Legal status of Middle Rocks 288-290 6.3. Legal status of South Ledge 291-299 7. OPERATIVE CLAUSE 300 5 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH (ARRÊT) 13 f) Projet singapourien de récupération de terres en vue d’agrandir l’île 249-250 g) Accord pétrolier conclu par la Malaisie en 1968 251-253 h) La délimitation de la mer territoriale malaisienne en 1969 254-256 i) Accord de 1969 relatif au plateau continental et accord de 1970 relatif à la mer territoriale conclus entre l’Indonésie et la Malaisie 257-258 j) L’accord de 1973 entre l’Indonésie et Singapour rela- tif à la mer territoriale 259 k) Coopération interétatique dans le détroit de Singa- pour 260 l) Publications officielles 261-266 m) Cartes officielles 267-272 5.5. Conclusion 273-277 6. LA SOUVERAINETÉ SUR MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE 278-299 6.1. Argumentation des Parties 278-287 6.2. Statut juridique de Middle Rocks 288-290 6.3. Statut juridique de South Ledge 291-299 7. DISPOSITIF 300 5 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ 14 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 2008 YEAR 2008 23 May General List No. 130 23 May 2008 CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) JUDGMENT Present: Vice-President AL-KHASAWNEH, Acting President; Judges RANJEVA, SHI,KOROMA,PARRA-ARANGUREN,BUERGENTHAL,OWADA,SIMMA, TOMKA,ABRAHAM,KEITH,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR,BENNOUNA,SKOTNIKOV ; Judges ad hoc DUGARD,SREENIVASA RAO ; Registrar COUVREUR. In the case concerning sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge, between Malaysia, represented by H.E. Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Mohamad, Ambassador-at-Large, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, Adviser for Foreign Affairs to the Prime Minister, as Agent; H.E. Dato’ Noor Farida Ariffin, Ambassador of Malaysia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as Co-Agent; H.E. Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Albar, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Malay- sia, 6 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ 14 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE ANNÉE 2008 2008 23 mai Rôle général 23 mai 2008 no 130 AFFAIRE RELATIVE Av LA SOUVERAINETEu SUR PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) ARRE|T Présents: M. AL-KHASAWNEH, vice-président, faisant fonction de président en l’affaire; MM. RANJEVA,SHI,KOROMA,PARRA-ARANGUREN, BUERGENTHAL,OWADA,SIMMA,TOMKA,ABRAHAM,KEITH, SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR,BENNOUNA,SKOTNIKOV, juges; MM. DUGARD, SREENIVASA RAO, juges ad hoc; M. COUVREUR, greffier. En l’affaire relative à la souveraineté sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks et South Ledge, entre la Malaisie, représentée par S. Exc. M. Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Mohamad, ambassadeur en mission extra- ordinaire, ministère des affaires étrangères de la Malaisie, conseiller auprès du premier ministre pour les affaires étrangères, comme agent; S. Exc. Mme Dato’ Noor Farida Ariffin, ambassadeur de la Malaisie auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas, comme coagent; S. Exc. M. Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Albar, ministre des affaires étrangères de la Malaisie, 6 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/feab3a/ 15 PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH (JUDGMENT) H.E. Tan Sri Abdul Gani Patail, Attorney-General of Malaysia, Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C., Honorary Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit interna- tional, member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international, Mr.
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