Chronology of Events
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CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA / SINGAPORE) EXTRACTED FROM THE WRITTEN PLEADINGS OF MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE Legends: MM - Memorial of Malaysia MCM - Counter-Memorial of Malaysia MR - Reply of Malaysia SM - Memorial of Singapore SCM - Counter-Memorial of Singapore SR - Reply of Singapore Date Event/Document Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks r 1433 The first written record of PBP (Pia M para 33 MR para 9 did not refer to Chiao) was given by the Chinese the description as stated by navigator Cheng Ho sometime MR para 9 MOFA. MR para 9 refers to before 1433. Chinese navigator named Zheng He. The supporting documentlarticle cited in support of MM para 33 is not annexed to the pleadings 1511 Malacca captured by Portuguese. MM para 37 The supporting documentlarticle cited in MCM para 29 support of MM para 37 and MCM para 29 is not annexed MR Appendix I para B.4 to the pleadings. SCM Appendix A para 2 1512 Sultan Mahmud established what MM para 37 Winstedt, A History of Winstedt, A History of Johore, became the Sultanate of Johor. Johore, p 14. p 14. is not annexed to the MCM para 29 pleadings. SCM para 2.8 Discussion Location AGC NotelRemarks Portuguese Barros reported that MCM para 19 MCM Vol3 Annex 7 'White Rock.. is very much in demand by the pilots of those parts'. MR para 77 Johor Sultanate began formal MCM para 29 relations with Dutch East lndies Company (VOC). VOC was formed as a corporation MR para 69, ftn 125 with six chambers. MR Appendix 1, para B.6 Hugo Grotius recorded Johor as a MM para 38, ftn 14 The supporting Sultanate which 'has long been document/article cited in considered a sovereign principality'. MCM para 29 support of MM para 38 is not annexed to the pleadings Date EventIDocument Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks 17 March Earliest Dutch Treaty with Johor MM para 78 MM para 78 cited the earliest 1606 Dutch Treaty as 17 March MR para 69 1606 while MR para 69 cited a different date of 17 May 1606. Para C.l of Appendix 1 of MR supported the date of 17 May 1606. 17 May 1606 Admiral Cornelis Matelieff de longe MM para 39 MM para 39 and MCM para of the VOC contracted on behalf of 30 do not relate to the event the States-General with the Sultan of MCM Para 30 as stated by MOFA. Johor for his assistance in seizing the city of Malacca from the MR para 69, Appendix 1, Portuguese. para C.l 1641 The combined forces of Johor and MM para 39 The supporting the Dutch jointly conquered Malacca document/article cited in from the Portuguese. The Dutch MCM para 30 support of MM para 39 and took the town of Malacca and Johor MCM para 30 is not annexed acquired the territory around the SCM Appendix A para 4 to the pleadings. town. Date EventIDocument Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks 1 April 1655 Internal communication from the MM para 78 MM Vol3 Annex 22 Dutch Governor of Malacca to the Dutch Governor-General in Batavia. MR Para 70, Appendix 1, (Proposed that the VOC send two Para B-7 boats to "cruise to the south of Singapore Straits under the Hook of SCM para 4-17, 4.1 Barbukit and in the vicinity of Pedra Branca". This was to prevent SR para 2.45 Chinese junks from reaching the Johor River.) 26 Letter from the Dutch Governor- MM para 78-79 MM Vol3 Annex 21 December General to the Directors of the VOC 1662 reporting that the Sultan of Johor MR para 71 Appendix I had protested against the Dutch para B.7 practice of diverting trade away from Johor River to Malacca. SCM para 4.16, 4.18, 4.19 1685 - 1699 Reign of Assassination of Sultan MR Appendix II para 14 Andaya L., The Andaya L., The Kingdom of Mahmud II. He was assassinated in Kingdom of Johor, Johor, 1641-1728 (1975), at 1699. SCM para 3.14(b) 1641-1 728 (1975), at p. 78-79 is not annexed to the p. 78-79. pleadings. SCM Appendix A para 4 Date EventIDocument Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks 7 February The VOC signed a "convention" MR Appendix I para C.3, 1787 (conventie) with Johor to resolve the C4 difficulty faced by the Johor ruler, Sultan Mahmud, in paying the indemnity required under the 1784 Peace Treaty. May 1787 A fleet of 90 vessels carrying 7000 MR Appendix I para C.4 warriors appeared in Riau and destroyed the Dutch garrison there. SCM Appendix A Para 7 December The VOC returned with a fleet from MR Appendix I para C.4 1787 Malacca and retook the island of Riau. SCM Appendix A para 7 1793 - 1815 During the Napoleonic wars British MM para 40 (1793-1 81 5) MCM para 33 states the took temporary control of strategic duration of 1795-1813 and Dutch possessions including MCM para 33 (1795-1 814) not 1795-1814. Malacca (1795), the Moluccas (1796) and Java (1811). MR para 69 (1795-1 81 3) MR para 69 states the duration of 1795-1814 and not 1795-181 3. Date EventIDocument Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks 1794 Sultan Mahmud and the VOC MR Appendix I para C.5 negotiated the return of authority over the island of Riau to the ruler for a payment of 50,000 Spanish dollars. 1795 Dutch officials surrendered the city MR Appendix I para C.5 of Malacca to the English. SCM para 3.14(d), Appendix A para 8 - 1812 Sultan Mahmud Ill of Johor died. He MR p 50 had two sons, Hussein and Abdul Raham, the latter took the throne. MR Appendix I para C.6, Appendix II para 17 SMC para 3.14(e), Appendix A para 9 SM Chapter Ill para 3.3 Date EventIDocument Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks 13 August Convention between Great Britain MM para 41 MM Vol2 Annex 1 1814 and the Netherlands Relative to the Dutch Colonies. (Dutch sovereignty MCM Para 33 over its colonies in various continents, including Asia, was restored.) 1818 The English returned Malacca and MR Appendix I para C.5, Riau to the Dutch State. The Dutch C.6, C7, Appendix II para recognized Abdul Rahman as 17 successor to Sultan Mahmud in return for his agreement to the re- SCM Para 3.14(d), establishment of the Dutch post on Appendix A Para 8, 10 Riau. 28 Treaty between the Dutch and Abdul MR Appendix 1 para C.5, November Rahman was signed which renewed C.6, C.15, Appendix II the 1784 Treaty. para 17 It was further elaborated in a treaty SCM para 3.1 4(d), of4April 1820. Appendix A para 8 Date Event/Document Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks 1819-1824 Great Britain and the Netherlands MCM para 15, 33, 36 MM Annex 1,5 MCM para 15 and 36 do not were in protracted negotiations on a relate to the event as demarcation of their spheres of SCM para 3.16, 2.22, 3.23 described by MOFA. influence in the region. MM para 15 and MM Annex 1 refers to a 3 August 1814 Convention between the Great Britain and Netherlands. SCM para 3.16 does not relate to the event as described by MOFA. SCM Chapter 2 only ends at para 2.1 1. Hence, there is no para 2.22. SCM para 3.23 does not relate to the event as described by MOFA. Date ~ Discussion Location AGC NotelRemarks 1 30 January Agreement between the EIC and the MM para 45,47, 62, 48, MM Vol2 Annex 2 MCM para 107 does not 1819 Temenggong of Johore. (EIC relate to 30 January 1819 obtained parts of Singapore to build Agreement. a factory.) MCM para 34,107 MR para 75, 96, 108, Appendix I para C.7, Appendix II para 17 SM para 1.7, 3.3 SCM Appendix A para 11 6 February Treaty of Friendship and Alliance MM para 45,48, 62, 167 MM Vol2 Annex 3 1819 between Sir Stamford Raffles and Sultan Hussain Mahummad Shah, MCM para 34 Sultan of Johore, and Dato Temenggong Sri Maharajah Abdul- MR para 67, 75, 96, 108, Rahman. (The Port of Singapore Appendix I para C8, was to be considered under the Appendix I1 para 17 immediate protection and subject to the regulations of the British SM para 1.7, 3.4 authorities.) SCM Appendix A para 11 Date Event/Document Discussion Location AGC NoteIRemarks 26 June Arrangements made for the MM para 48,62, 167 MM Vol2 Annex 4 MM para 46 which is not 1819 Government of Singapore, listed should be the most Singapore. Supplementary MR para 75, 96 relevant para in regard to the Arrangement was concluded with arrangements of 26 June the Sultan and Temenggong of 1819 referred to by MOFA. Johor, detailing the boundaries of the area on the island of Singapore which would be under the control of the EIC for purposes of establishing the factory. / 13 October The regalia was taken by force from MR Appendix I para C.9 1822 Engku Puteri by Dutch representatives making possible the SCM Appendix A Para 9 formal installation of Sultan Abdul Raham as ruler of Riau-Lingga the following year. Date EvenVDocument Discussion Location AGC NotelRemarks 10 January Letter from Crawfurd (Resident in MM para 80 MM Vol2 Annex 58 The document cited in 1824 Singapore) to Swinton (The support of MM para 80 is not Secretary to the Government in MR para 76 SCM Annex 2, 17 annexed to the pleading.